Value-chain
Guides
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pestchinch-bugphloem-feederwarm-season-grass-pestbuffalograsszoysiagrassneonicotinoid-resistanceintegrated-pest-managementHemipteraBlissidaewestern-North-Americahost-preferencesystemic-insecticideagricultural-pestgrain-crop-pestsorghumcornwheatricebarleyoatsryecrabgrassfoxtailgoosegrassjohnsongrassbarnyardgrassfall-panicumtall-fescueKentucky-bluegrassperennial-ryegrasscreeping-bentgrassSt.-Augustinegrasscentipedegrassbermudagrassphloem-sap-feederturfgrass-managementinsecticide-degradationimidaclopridclothianidinthiamethoxampesticide-efficacyhost-suitabilitynymphal-mortalityfecunditysurvivalhost-relocationstoloniferous-growthgrass-architecturechoice-behaviorpolyphagyspecialist-feedingpest-of-lawnsgolf-course-pestsports-turf-pestresidential-pestagricultural-entomologyeconomic-entomologyintegrated-turf-managementBarber-1918Western-NearcticCentral-AmericaNorth-AmericaUnited-StatesCanadaCaliforniaColoradoKansasMontanaNebraskaNew-MexicoAlbertaBritish-ColumbiaManitobaSaskatchewantrue-bugLygaeidaeHeteropteraPentatomomorphaLygaeoideaHexapodaArthropodaInsectaAnimaliaEukaryotaMetazoaarthropodinsectbugplant-feeding-insectsap-feedereconomic-pestmanaged-grasslandresearch-subjectfield-efficacyHPLC-analysissystemic-distributionleaf-tissue-concentrationdifferential-mortalityinconsistent-controlinsecticide-resistancepest-managementturfgrass-scienceagronomyhorticulturelandscape-managementhost-plant-resistancecultivar-susceptibilitypopulation-dynamicsmovement-behaviorcolonizationreproductiondevelopmentnymphadultwing-polymorphismmorphologyidentification-keydiagnostic-charactergeographic-rangespecies-distributionnative-rangeintroduced-rangeoccasional-pestseasonal-activitymonitoringscoutingtreatment-thresholdaction-thresholdeconomic-injury-leveldamage-symptomplant-discolorationstuntingturf-damageyield-losscrop-protectionpest-controlchemical-controlbiological-controlcultural-controlresistant-varietieshybrid-selectionplanting-datecrop-rotationweed-managementhabitat-manipulationconservation-biological-controlnatural-enemiespredatorsparasitoidspathogenspopulation-regulationecosystem-servicedisserviceagricultural-intensificationurbanizationclimate-changerange-expansioninvasive-potentialquarantinephytosanitaryregulatory-pestspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmolecular-identificationDNA-barcodingmorphological-taxonomysystematicsphylogenyevolutionadaptationhost-racebiotypepopulation-geneticsgene-flowselection-pressureinsecticide-selectionresistance-managementintegrated-resistance-managementsustainable-agricultureecological-intensificationprecision-agriculturesmart-farmingdigital-agricultureremote-sensingproximal-sensingdecision-support-systemexpert-systemmodelingsimulationforecastingrisk-assessmentvulnerabilityexposuresensitivityadaptive-capacityresiliencetransformationfood-securitynutrition-securitylivelihoodsrural-developmenturban-agricultureperi-urban-agriculturegreen-infrastructurenature-based-solutionecosystem-approachOne-Healthplanetary-healthsustainability-sciencetransdisciplinary-researchstakeholder-engagementknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policyadaptive-governanceadaptive-managementlearning-by-doingparticipatory-researchcitizen-sciencecommunity-based-monitoringtraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgefarmer-knowledgepractitioner-knowledgeexpert-knowledgescientific-knowledgeknowledge-integrationknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationextensionadvisory-servicecapacity-buildingeducationtrainingawarenesscommunicationoutreachengagementpartnershipcollaborationnetworkplatformdatabaserepositoryopen-accessopen-dataopen-scienceFAIR-principlesdata-sharingdata-interoperabilitystandardizationharmonizationquality-assurancequality-controlmetadataprovenancetransparencyreproducibilityreplicabilityrigorrobustnessuncertaintyconfidencevalidationverificationcalibrationsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-making-under-uncertaintyprecautionary-principleadaptive-decision-makingrobust-decision-makingdynamic-adaptive-policy-pathwaysreal-options-analysisportfolio-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysiscost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysiseconomic-analysissocio-economic-analysisimpact-assessmentrisk-analysisvulnerability-assessmentadaptation-assessmentmitigation-assessmentsustainability-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentfootprint-analysismaterial-flow-analysisinput-output-analysiscomputable-general-equilibriumagent-based-modelingsystem-dynamicsBayesian-networkmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinegenetic-algorithmoptimizationheuristicmetaheuristicsimulation-modelprocess-based-modelstatistical-modelempirical-modelmechanistic-modelhybrid-modelensemble-modelmodel-selectionmodel-averagingmodel-validationmodel-calibrationmodel-evaluationgoodness-of-fitpredictive-performanceforecast-skillearly-warningearly-actionrapid-responseemergency-preparednesscontingency-planningcrisis-managementdisaster-risk-reductionresilience-buildingtransformational-adaptationincremental-adaptationmaladaptationadaptation-limitsadaptation-constraintsenabling-conditionsbarriersopportunitiesco-benefitstrade-offssynergiesantagonismsspillover-effectsleakageadditionalitypermanencereversibilityirreversibilitytipping-pointthresholdnon-linearitycomplexityemergenceself-organizationfeedbackcascading-effectteleconnectiontelecouplingspatial-heterogeneitytemporal-variabilityscalecross-scale-interactioncross-sectoral-interactioncross-disciplinary-integrationinterdisciplinaritytransdisciplinaritymode-2-knowledge-productionpost-normal-scienceextended-peer-communityboundary-workboundary-objecttrading-zonecontact-zonethird-spacehybrid-spaceliminal-spacereflexivitypositionalitysituated-knowledgestrong-objectivityfeminist-science-studiesscience-and-technology-studiesactor-network-theorysocial-construction-of-technologylarge-technical-systemssociotechnical-systemssociotechnical-transitionsmulti-level-perspectivestrategic-niche-managementtransition-managementbackcastingvisioningscenario-planningfutures-studiesanticipatory-governanceresponsible-innovationresponsible-research-and-innovationethicsequityjusticefairnessinclusiondiversitydecolonizationindigenous-rightsfood-sovereigntyagroecologyregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agriculturesustainable-intensificationagroforestrysilvopastureintegrated-crop-livestock-systemintegrated-pest-and-disease-managementintegrated-soil-fertility-managementintegrated-water-managementintegrated-landscape-managementecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationblue-infrastructureurban-green-spacecommunity-gardenallotment-gardenhome-gardenkitchen-gardenpermaculturefood-forestedible-landscapeproductive-landscapemultifunctional-landscapecultural-landscapeheritage-landscapeprotected-areaconservation-arearestoration-arearewildingreconciliation-ecologyconservation-biologyrestoration-ecologylandscape-ecologyecosystem-ecologypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologymacroecologybiogeographyphylogeographytaxonomybiosystematicsevolutionary-biologyquantitative-geneticsmolecular-ecologygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsgeographic-information-systemglobal-positioning-systemunmanned-aerial-vehiclesatellite-imageryhyperspectral-imagingthermal-imagingLiDARradaracoustic-monitoringeDNAenvironmental-DNAmetabarcodingmetagenomicsparticipatory-monitoringindigenous-and-local-knowledgefarmer-field-schoolplant-clinicintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-natural-resource-managementlearning-based-managementknowledge-based-managementevidence-based-managementsmart-agricultureagroecological-agriculturebiodynamic-agricultureholistic-managementmanaged-grazingrotational-grazingmob-grazingforest-farmingalley-croppingriparian-bufferwindbreakshelterbeltliving-fencecontour-farmingterracingcover-croppinggreen-manurecompostingvermicompostingbiocharbiofertilizerbiostimulantbiocontrolaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlmicrobial-controlentomopathogenic-nematodeentomopathogenic-fungusentomopathogenic-bacteriumentomopathogenic-viruspredatorparasitoidparasitecompetitorantagonistnatural-enemybeneficial-insectpollinatordecomposerdetritivorenutrient-cyclingsoil-healthsoil-biologysoil-microbiomerhizospherephyllosphereendospheremycorrhizanitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationplant-growth-promotioninduced-systemic-resistancesystemic-acquired-resistancepriminghormesiscross-tolerancestress-memoryepigeneticstransgenerational-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectparental-effecthost-microbe-interactionplant-microbe-interactioninsect-microbe-interactionmultitrophic-interactionfood-webtrophic-cascadeapparent-competitionresource-competitioninterference-competitionexploitation-competitionscramble-competitioncontest-competitiondensity-dependencedensity-independenceregulationlimitationbottom-up-controltop-down-controlsideways-controlmesopredator-releasetrophic-trickletrophic-subsidyspatial-subsidytemporal-subsidyecosystem-engineerfoundation-specieskeystone-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorecosystem-service-providerecosystem-service-beneficiaryprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicecultural-servicesupporting-servicehabitat-servicepollination-servicepest-control-servicenutrient-cycling-servicewater-purification-serviceair-purification-serviceclimate-regulation-serviceerosion-control-servicerecreation-serviceaesthetic-servicespiritual-serviceeducational-servicescientific-serviceexistence-valueoption-valuebequest-valuedirect-use-valueindirect-use-valuenon-use-valuetotal-economic-valuewillingness-to-paywillingness-to-acceptcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transferecosystem-accountingnatural-capital-accountinggreen-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorindex-of-sustainable-economic-welfarehappy-planet-indexplanetary-boundariesdoughnut-economicsdegrowthsteady-state-economycircular-economysharing-economycollaborative-consumptionprosumermaker-movementurban-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsbioponicsintegrated-multi-trophic-aquaculturerecirculating-aquaculture-systembiofloc-technologyalgae-cultivationinsect-farmingcellular-agricultureprecision-fermentationcultivated-meatplant-based-meatalternative-proteinnovel-foodfood-technologyfood-innovationfood-system-transformationfood-lossfood-wastepost-harvest-lossvalue-chainsupply-chaincold-chainlogisticsinfrastructurestorageprocessingpackagingdistributionretailconsumptiondietary-patternfood-choiceconsumer-behaviorfood-environmentfood-policyfood-governancewater-securityenergy-securityclimate-securityenvironmental-securityhuman-securitysustainable-development-goalsagenda-2030paris-agreementkunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkunited-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-changeunited-nations-convention-to-combat-desertificationunited-nations-convention-on-biological-diversitystockholm-conventionrotterdam-conventionbasel-conventionmontreal-protocolkyoto-protocolnagoya-protocolcartagena-protocolaitar-guidelinesipbesipccfaowhowtoundpunepunescoworld-bankimfoecdg20g7euauaseanmercosurnaftausmcacptpprcepbretton-woods-institutionsmultilateral-development-banksbilateral-development-agenciesnon-governmental-organizationscivil-society-organizationscommunity-based-organizationsfarmer-organizationsproducer-organizationscooperativessocial-enterprisesimpact-investingblended-financegreen-bondsocial-bondsustainability-bondcatastrophe-bondinsurancereinsurancerisk-poolingrisk-transferrisk-retentionrisk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserecoveryreconstructionrehabilitationbuild-back-betterbuild-back-greenerbuild-back-fairerjust-transitiongreen-transitiondigital-transitionsocial-protectionsafety-netcash-transferin-kind-transferfood-assistancenutrition-assistanceschool-feedingsocial-and-behavior-change-communicationnutrition-educationdietary-diversificationbiofortificationindustrial-fortificationsupplementationtherapeutic-feedingcommunity-based-management-of-acute-malnutritioninpatient-management-of-acute-malnutritionprevention-of-acute-malnutritiontreatment-of-acute-malnutritionmanagement-of-moderate-acute-malnutritionmanagement-of-severe-acute-malnutritionwastingunderweightmicronutrient-deficiencyanemiaiodine-deficiencyvitamin-A-deficiencyzinc-deficiencyiron-deficiencyfolate-deficiencyvitamin-D-deficiencycalcium-deficiencyobesityoverweightdiet-related-non-communicable-diseasediabetescardiovascular-diseasecancerdental-cariesmental-healthcognitive-developmenthuman-capitaleconomic-growthproductivitylabor-force-participationemploymentlivelihoodincomepovertyinequalitysocial-exclusionmarginalizationsustainabilityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityspatial-equitytemporal-equityprocedural-equitydistributional-equityrecognitional-equitycapability-approachhuman-developmenthuman-flourishingwell-beingquality-of-lifelife-satisfactionhappinesssubjective-well-beingobjective-well-beingmaterial-well-beingrelational-well-beingexperiential-well-beingeudaimonic-well-beinghedonic-well-beingpsychological-well-beingsocial-well-beingphysical-well-beingspiritual-well-beingenvironmental-well-beingplanetary-well-beingecohealthglobal-healthpublic-healthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthfood-safetywater-safetyair-qualitysoil-qualitybiodiversityecosystem-functionecosystem-stabilityecosystem-resilienceecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalnature's-contributions-to-peopleurban-natureurban-biodiversityurban-ecosystemurban-forestryurban-greeningurban-coolingurban-heat-islandclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationclimate-resilient-agriculturelow-emission-agriculturecarbon-neutral-agriculturecarbon-negative-agricultureagroecological-intensificationintegrated-watershed-managementintegrated-coastal-zone-managementintegrated-marine-and-coastal-area-managementintegrated-water-resources-managementparticipatory-managementpolycentric-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governanceparticipatory-governancedeliberative-governancetransformative-governancesocial-innovationtechnological-innovationinstitutional-innovationorganizational-innovationbusiness-model-innovationpolicy-innovationsystem-innovationsocio-technical-transitionsustainability-transitiondigital-transformationagricultural-transformationrural-transformationurban-transformationlandscape-transformationecosystem-restorationecosystem-rehabilitationecosystem-reconstructionecosystem-replacementecosystem-protectionecosystem-conservationecosystem-managementecosystem-stewardshipecosystem-governancebiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagebiocultural-rightsbiocultural-community-protocolfree-prior-and-informed-consentaccess-and-benefit-sharingtraditional-knowledgeaction-researchinterdisciplinary-researchmultidisciplinary-researchcross-disciplinary-researchproblem-oriented-researchsolution-oriented-researchuse-inspired-researchfundamental-researchapplied-researchdevelopment-researchimplementation-researchscaling-researchoutcome-evaluationprocess-evaluationeconomic-evaluationmulti-criteria-analysisparticipatory-evaluationdevelopmental-evaluationutilization-focused-evaluationrealist-evaluationtheory-based-evaluationcontribution-analysisprocess-tracingqualitative-comparative-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolitical-economy-analysispower-analysisgender-analysissocial-inclusion-analysispoverty-analysisvulnerability-analysisresilience-analysisadaptation-analysismitigation-analysissustainability-analysisscenario-analysisforesightanticipatory-analysisroadmappingpathway-analysistransition-analysistransformation-analysisgovernance-innovationfinancial-innovationmarket-based-instrumentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesecosystem-service-valuationinclusive-wealth-accountingsustainable-development-goals-indexenvironmental-performance-indexglobal-food-security-indexglobal-hunger-indexnutrition-indexwater-poverty-indexenergy-development-indexmultidimensional-poverty-indexhuman-development-indexgender-development-indexgender-inequality-indexinequality-adjusted-human-development-indexplanetary-pressures-adjusted-human-development-indexsustainable-development-reportworld-happiness-reportworld-development-reportworld-resources-reportglobal-risks-reportglobal-adaptation-reportemissions-gap-reportproduction-gap-reportadaptation-gap-reportfinance-gap-reportbiodiversity-outlookclimate-change-outlookland-degradation-outlookwater-outlookenergy-outlookfood-outlookagriculture-outlookforestry-outlookfisheries-outlookaquaculture-outlooklivestock-outlookcrop-outlooktechnology-outlooksocial-outlookeconomic-outlookregional-outlookcountry-outlooksectoral-outlookthematic-outlookspecial-reporttechnical-reportworking-paperdiscussion-paperpolicy-briefissue-brieffact-sheetguidelinemanualhandbooktoolkitframeworkprotocolstandardindicatorbenchmarktargetgoalobjectivestrategyplanprogramprojectinitiativealliancecoalitionhubcenterinstituteacademyuniversitycollegeschoolresearch-centerthink-tankobservatorymonitoring-systemearly-warning-systemalert-systemresponse-systemrecovery-systemlearning-systemknowledge-systeminformation-systemdata-systemarchivelibrarymuseumcollectionexhibitiondemonstrationpilotcase-studybest-practicelesson-learnedsuccess-storyfailure-storyinnovationinventiondiscoverybreakthroughfrontiercutting-edgestate-of-the-artemergingtrendingdisruptivetransformativerevolutionaryevolutionaryincrementalradicalsystemicholisticintegratedinterconnectedinterdependentcomplexcomplicatedsimplewickedtameuncertainambiguousvolatiledynamicadaptiveresilientrobustfragilevulnerablesensitiveexposedat-riskin-dangerthreatenedendangeredcriticalurgentimmediateshort-termmedium-termlong-termstrategictacticaloperationalfoundationalstructuralfunctionalproceduralbehavioralattitudinalculturalsocialeconomicpoliticalenvironmentaltechnologicalinstitutionalorganizationalindividualcollectivecommunitysocietalgloballocalnationalregionallandscapeseascapewaterscapeairscapebiospherenoospheretechnospheresociosphereecospherehydrosphereatmospherelithospherepedospherecryosphereanthroposphereurban-sphererural-sphereagricultural-spherenatural-spheremanaged-sphereprotected-sphererestored-spheredegraded-spheretransformed-sphereconnected-spheredisconnected-sphereintegrated-spherefragmented-sphereresilient-spherevulnerable-sphereadaptive-spheremaladaptive-spheresustainable-sphereunsustainable-sphereequitable-sphereinequitable-spherejust-sphereunjust-sphereinclusive-sphereexclusive-spherediverse-spherehomogeneous-spherecomplex-spheresimple-spheredynamic-spherestatic-spherestable-sphereunstable-spherepredictable-sphereunpredictable-spherecontrollable-sphereuncontrollable-spheremanageable-sphereunmanageable-spheregovernable-sphereungovernable-spherenavigable-sphereunnavigable-spheretraversable-sphereuntraversable-spherepermeable-sphereimpermeable-sphereporous-spherenon-porous-spheretransparent-sphereopaque-spherevisible-sphereinvisible-spheretangible-sphereintangible-spherematerial-sphereimmaterial-spherephysical-spheremetaphysical-sphereempirical-spheretheoretical-spherepractical-sphereapplied-spherepure-spherebasic-spherestrategic-spheretactical-sphereoperational-spherefoundational-spheresuperstructural-sphereinfrastructural-spherestructural-spherefunctional-sphereprocedural-spherebehavioral-sphereattitudinal-spherecultural-spheresocial-sphereeconomic-spherepolitical-sphereenvironmental-spheretechnological-sphereinstitutional-sphereorganizational-sphereindividual-spherecollective-spherecommunity-spheresocietal-sphereglobal-spherelocal-spherenational-sphereregional-spherelandscape-sphereseascape-spherewaterscape-sphereairscape-spherebiosphere-spherenoosphere-spheretechnosphere-spheresociosphere-sphereecosphere-spherehydrosphere-sphereatmosphere-spherelithosphere-spherepedosphere-spherecryosphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphereurban-sphere-sphererural-sphere-sphereagricultural-sphere-spherenatural-sphere-spheremanaged-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-spherepure-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphereurban-sphere-sphere-sphererural-sphere-sphere-sphereagricultural-sphere-sphere-spherenatural-sphere-sphere-spheremanaged-sphere-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-sphere-spherepure-sphere-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphereEntedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoidbiological-controlgall-associatedleafminer-parasitoidChalcidoideaHymenopteraEulophidaeEntedoninaetropical-forestagricultural-pest-controlsawfly-parasitoidthrips-parasitoidant-associatedrice-pestCecidomyiidaeTenthredinidaePontaniaClosterocerusCeranisusAfronymphaAmetallonChrysonotomyiaOmphale-genus-groupcanopyunderstoreyecological-plasticityBangladeshPanamaAfricaNew-ZealandEuropeSenegalSouth-AfricaDemocratic-Republic-of-the-CongoUgandaendoparasitoidlarval-parasitoidegg-parasitoidhost-specificityforest-habitatdegraded-habitatmid-altitude-rainforestlowland-rainforesttropical-Americaclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlintegrated-pest-managementrice-hispaDicladispa-armigeragall-waspsawfly-gallleafminerant-symbiosisFormicidaeKhaya-senegalensisOchna-pulchramorphological-taxonomymolecular-taxonomy28S-rDNACOICytBnew-species-descriptiongeneric-revisionhost-rangeparasitoid-complexfood-webecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managemententomophagoushyperparasitoidinquilinecurculionidApion-minimumPhyllocolpa-leucostictaChrysocharisEntedonAsecodesPleurotroppopsisAfrotroppopsisZaommomentedonApleurotropisKratoysmaPlatocharisSchizocharisParahorismenusAtullyaTropicharisChrysochuriscruymirabilisoryzamyntoreminpashaicarinatumdussiaelongicaudatamachaeriaeunimaculataclavigergorgonaenseauripunctatagalbinalaeviscutaphenacapsiacecvoraelongatapontaniaeheyeririsbecimilletiaenewbyiFörster-1856Chalcidoidea-phylogenybiodiversityspecies-richnesscryptic-speciesmolecular-diagnosticshost-plant-associationhabitat-specificitycanopy-faunaunderstorey-faunaforest-stratificationtropical-biodiversityAfrotropicalNeotropicalPalaearcticNearcticOrientalAustralasianPacificHolarcticbiogeographytaxonomic-revisionannotated-keycataloguetype-specimenmuseum-collectionslide-mounted-specimensmorphometricsgenitaliawing-venationantennaeclypeusmandiblesmalar-spacescapepedicelflagellumgastervertexsuturecolor-patternpale-femoradark-gastersexual-dimorphismmalefemaleovipositoremergencerearingquarantinefield-collectionforeign-explorationaugmentative-releasepesticide-resistancesustainable-agriculturefood-securityrice-productioncereal-pestvegetable-pestfruit-pestornamental-pestforest-pesturban-pestinvasive-speciesnative-rangeintroduced-rangeestablishmentspreadimpactnon-target-effectshost-specificityrisk-assessmentenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalresearch-symposiumproceedingspeer-reviewedZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyFar-Eastern-EntomologistRussian-Entomological-JournalBelgian-Journal-of-EntomologyFlorida-EntomologistPan-Pacific-EntomologistEntomological-NewsProceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-SocietyTransactions-of-the-American-Entomological-SocietyJournal-of-Natural-HistoryZoological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-SocietyBioControlJournal-of-Economic-EntomologyEntomologia-Experimentalis-et-ApplicataEnvironmental-EntomologyOecologiaCladisticsMolecular-Phylogenetics-and-EvolutionHeredityCanadian-EntomologistProceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-WashingtonAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaBulletin-of-Entomological-ResearchNeotropical-EntomologyJournal-of-Asia-Pacific-EntomologyTurkish-Journal-of-ZoologyPolish-Journal-of-EntomologyNorth-Western-Journal-of-ZoologyEntomologica-AmericanaEntomologische-BerichtenSahlbergiaDugesianaActa-Zoologica-LilloanaFolia-Entomologica-MexicanaRevista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-ArgentinaBoletin-de-la-Asociacion-Espanola-de-EntomologiaEntomologicheskoe-ObozrenieEntomological-ReviewZoological-Institute-RASProceedings-of-the-Zoological-Institute-of-the-Russian-Academy-of-SciencesTaiwan-Agricultural-Research-InstituteCouncil-of-AgricultureUniversity-of-CaliforniaRiversideEntomology-Research-MuseumCalifornia-Department-of-Food-and-AgriculturePierce's-Disease-Control-Programbiological-control-programintegrated-pest-management-programresearch-progress-reportannual-summarytechnical-reportsymposium-proceedingsconference-abstractposter-presentationinvited-papermonographbook-chapteridentification-guideillustrated-keyannotated-cataloguetype-materialvoucher-specimencollection-curationtaxonomysystematicsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingspecies-complexsibling-speciesspecies-boundariesgeographic-variationpopulation-geneticsgene-flowreproductive-isolationhost-racebiotypestrainlaboratory-rearinginsectarymass-productionreleasemonitoringimpact-assessmentefficacyeconomic-evaluationcost-benefit-analysisfarmer-adoptionextensioneducationpolicyregulationinternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingtrainingworkshopfield-daydemonstrationon-farm-researchparticipatory-researchfarmer-field-schoolsustainable-intensificationagroecologyconservation-biological-controlhabitat-managementfloral-resourcesrefugebuffer-zonelandscape-complexityconnectivityspillovernatural-enemy-diversityfood-web-structuretrophic-interactionsmultitrophicindirect-effectstrait-mediateddensity-dependentinverse-density-dependentfunctional-responsenumerical-responsesearching-efficiencyhandling-timeoviposition-behaviorhost-selectionhost-acceptancehost-suitabilityhost-qualityhost-stage-preferenceegg-loadprogeny-allocationsex-ratiolocal-mate-competitionsib-matinginbreedingfitnesslongevityfecunditydevelopment-timethermal-requirementsdegree-daysphenologysynchronyasynchronyseasonal-adaptationdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessheat-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistancedispersalflightwalkingforagingpatch-usearea-restricted-searchoviposition-markinghost-markingsuperparasitismmultiparasitismintraguild-predationhyperparasitismautoparasitismheteronomous-hyperparasitismfacultative-hyperparasitismobligate-hyperparasitismprimary-parasitoidsecondary-parasitoidtertiary-parasitoidmummyaphid-mummyscale-mummypupal-parasitoidegg-larval-parasitoidlarval-pupal-parasitoididiobiontkoinobiontectoparasitoidsolitarygregariouspolyembryonythelytokyarrhenotokydiploidhaplodiploidchromosome-numbergenome-sizetranscriptomeproteomemetabolomemorphomephenomeextended-phenotypeniche-constructionecosystem-engineeringkeystone-speciesecosystem-service-providerfunctional-groupguildtrophic-levelenergy-flownutrient-cyclingdecompositionpredationherbivoryparasitismmutualismcommensalismcompetitionapparent-competitionexploitative-competitioninterference-competitionscramble-competitioncontest-competitionresource-partitioningniche-differentiationcharacter-displacementco-evolutionarms-raceRed-Queengeographic-mosaiclocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-adaptationepigeneticstransgenerational-effectsmaternal-effectspaternal-effectsparental-caremating-systemsexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemate-choicelekterritoryaggressionalarmdefensevenomallomonekairomonesynomonesemiochemicalpheromonetrail-pheromonealarm-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonemarking-pheromoneoviposition-deterrenthost-marking-pheromoneplant-volatileinduced-plant-defensesystemic-acquired-resistanceinduced-systemic-resistanceprimingvolatile-organic-compoundgreen-leaf-volatileterpenoidphenylpropanoidjasmonic-acidsalicylic-acidethyleneabscisic-acidgibberellinauxincytokininbrassinosteroidstrigolactonenitric-oxidereactive-oxygen-specieshypersensitive-responseprogrammed-cell-deathautophagyapoptosisnecrosispathogen-associated-molecular-patterndamage-associated-molecular-patternpattern-recognition-receptoreffector-triggered-immunitygene-for-geneavirulencevirulenceeffectortoxinphytotoxinmycotoxinbacterial-toxinviral-toxininsecticidal-proteincry-proteinvip-proteincyt-proteinsporeconidiumappressoriumhaustoriummyceliumsclerotiumfruiting-bodybasidiocarpascocarpperitheciumcleistotheciumpycnidiumacervulussporodochiumsymptomsigndisease-triangledisease-cycleepidemicendemicpandemicoutbreakeradicationcontainmentmanagementcontrolpreventionforecastingwarning-systemdecision-support-systemexpert-systemmodelsimulationeconomic-thresholdeconomic-injury-levelaction-thresholdtreatment-thresholddamage-thresholdaesthetic-injury-levelcultural-controlphysical-controlmechanical-controlchemical-controlgenetic-controlsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniqueprecision-agriculturesite-specific-managementvariable-rate-applicationremote-sensinggeographic-information-systemglobal-positioning-systemunmanned-aerial-vehicledronesensorimagingspectroscopymachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionimage-analysispattern-recognitionclassificationsegmentationdetectiontrackingcountingsamplingsampling-plansequential-samplingbinomial-samplingpresence-absence-samplingfixed-precision-samplingvariable-precision-samplingspatial-samplingtemporal-samplingstratified-samplingcluster-samplingsystematic-samplingrandom-samplingconvenience-samplingjudgment-samplingexpert-samplingquota-samplingsnowball-samplingrespondent-driven-samplingcapture-recapturemark-recapturemark-resightdistance-samplingline-transectpoint-transectstrip-transectplotquadratpitfall-trapMalaise-trappan-trapwater-panyellow-panblue-panwhite-panflight-interception-trapwindow-trapcanopy-foggingbeating-traysweep-netaerial-netground-netaquatic-netD-vacvacuum-sampleraspiratormouth-aspiratormechanical-aspiratorberlese-funnelTullgren-funnelWinkler-extractorpitfallbarber-trappitfall-arraydrift-fencefunnel-traplight-trapUV-lightblack-lightmercury-vaporsodium-vaporLEDactiniccolor-trapsticky-trappheromone-trapsynthetic-pheromonenatural-pheromonekairomone-trapfood-baitprotein-baitsugar-baitfermentation-baitalcohol-baitvinegar-baitmolasses-baitfruit-baitmeat-baitfish-baitdung-baitcarrion-baitdecoylureattractantrepellentdeterrentantifeedantoviposition-stimulantarrestantsuppressanttoxicantstomach-poisoncontact-poisonfumigantsystemictranslaminarresidualpersistentnon-persistentbroad-spectrumnarrow-spectrumselectivenon-selectivetarget-specifichost-specificmode-of-actionnerve-poisonacetylcholinesterase-inhibitorGABA-antagonistsodium-channel-modulatornicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-agonistryanodine-receptor-modulatorchitin-synthesis-inhibitorjuvenile-hormone-mimicecdysone-agonistmicrobial-pesticideentomopathogenic-nematodeentomopathogenic-fungusentomopathogenic-bacteriumentomopathogenic-virusentomopathogenic-protozoaBacillus-thuringiensisBtBacillus-sphaericusPaenibacillus-popilliaeSerratia-entomophilaMetarhizium-anisopliaeBeauveria-bassianaLecanicillium-lecaniiIsaria-fumosoroseaNomuraea-rileyiHirsutella-thompsoniiEntomophthoraNeozygitesNosemaVairimorphaThelohaniaAnticarsia-gemmatalis-nucleopolyhedrovirusAgMNPVCydia-pomonella-granulovirusCpGVSpodoptera-exigua-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirusSeMNPVAutographa-californica-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirusAcMNPVnucleopolyhedrovirusgranuloviruscypovirusentomopoxvirusiridovirusparvovirustetravirusnodavirusreoviruspicornavirusiflavirusdensovirusbirnavirustotiviruspartitivirushypovirulencemycovirusbacteriophagephagetransductionconjugationtransformationhorizontal-gene-transfervertical-gene-transfermobile-genetic-elementtransposonplasmidintegrongenomic-islandpathogenicity-islandsymbiosis-islandmetabolic-islandresistance-islandvirulence-factorantibiotic-resistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceherbicide-resistancefungicide-resistancebactericide-resistancenematicide-resistancemolluscicide-resistancerodenticide-resistanceresistance-managementresistance-monitoringresistance-detectionresistance-diagnosisresistance-mechanismmetabolic-resistancetarget-site-resistancepenetration-resistancebehavioral-resistancecross-resistancemultiple-resistancenegative-cross-resistancesynergismantagonismpotentiationsafeneradjuvantsurfactantspreaderstickerextenderbufferacidifierdefoamerdrift-retardantrainfastnessUV-protectantformulationemulsifiable-concentratewettable-powderwater-dispersible-granulesuspension-concentratecapsule-suspensionmicroencapsulationnanotechnologycontrolled-releaseslow-releaseattract-and-killsterile-insect-releaseinundative-releaseinoculative-releaseconservationaugmentationclassicalneoclassicalnew-associationtargetedarea-widesuppressionprotectionproductionintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-productionorganic-farmingbiodynamic-farmingpermacultureagroforestrysilvopastureclimate-smart-agricultureconservation-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingagriculture-4.0internet-of-thingsbig-datacloud-computingblockchaindistributed-ledgertraceabilitytransparencycertificationstandardgovernancestakeholdervalue-chainsupply-chainfood-systemnutrition-securitylivelihoodincomeemploymentgenderyouthsocial-inclusionequityfairnessjusticeethicsanimal-welfareenvironmental-protectionbiodiversity-conservationecosystem-restorationland-degradation-neutralitydesertificationdeforestationreforestationafforestationforest-restorationwetland-restorationgrassland-restorationsoil-restorationsoil-healthsoil-organic-mattersoil-carbonsoil-biodiversitysoil-faunasoil-microbiomerhizospherephyllosphereanthropospheretechnospherebiosphereecospherehydrosphereatmospherelithospherepedospherecryosphereclimate-changeglobal-warminggreenhouse-gascarbon-dioxidemethanenitrous-oxidefluorinated-gascarbon-sequestrationcarbon-storagecarbon-sinkcarbon-sourcecarbon-neutralcarbon-negativenet-zeroclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationclimate-resiliencevulnerabilityexposuresensitivityadaptive-capacitytransitionpathwayscenarioprojectionforecastpredictionuncertaintyriskhazarddamagelossadaptationmitigationresiliencesustainabilitysustainable-developmentsustainable-development-goalsSDGAgenda-2030Paris-AgreementConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCBDNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-ProtocolAichi-TargetsKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Frameworkpost-2020-biodiversity-frameworkOne-HealthPlanetary-HealthEcoHealthOne-WelfareOne-WorldOne-Futureinterdisciplinarytransdisciplinarymultidisciplinarycross-disciplinaryintersectoralmultistakeholderpartnershipcollaborationcooperationnetworkplatformhubcenter-of-excellencecapacity-developmentinstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-supportscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policyscience-diplomacytechnology-transferknowledge-transferknowledge-exchangeknowledge-sharingopen-accessopen-dataopen-scienceopen-innovationcitizen-sciencecommunity-based-monitoringaction-researchtransformative-researchsolution-oriented-researchproblem-driven-researchimpact-oriented-researchimplementation-researchoperational-researchapplied-researchbasic-researchfundamental-researchstrategic-researchtactical-researchadaptive-researchinnovationinventiondiscoverybreakthroughfrontieremergingconvergingenablingdisruptivetransformativeexponentialdigitalbiologicalphysicalcognitivesocialinstitutionaltechnologicalecologicalevolutionaryrevolutionaryincrementalradicalsystematicholisticintegratedcomprehensiveinclusiveparticipatorybottom-uptop-downmiddle-outhybridmixed-methodsqualitativequantitativeempiricaltheoreticalconceptualanalyticalcomputationalexperimentalobservationaldescriptivecorrelationalcausalmechanisticpredictiveprescriptivenormativeevaluativeassessmentappraisalreviewauditevaluationoutcome-evaluationprocess-evaluationcost-effectivenesscost-benefitcost-utilitymulti-criteria-decision-analysisstakeholder-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolitical-economy-analysisgender-analysisyouth-analysisvulnerability-analysisrisk-analysisuncertainty-analysissensitivity-analysisscenario-analysissystems-analysislife-cycle-assessmentfootprintwater-footprintcarbon-footprintecological-footprintnitrogen-footprintbiodiversity-footprintland-footprintmaterial-footprintsocial-footprinthealth-footprintplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsregenerativerestorativecirculargreenbluebioeconomycircular-economysharing-economygig-economyplatform-economydigital-economyknowledge-economycreative-economycare-economywellbeing-economydegrowthpost-growthsteady-statedoughnutsufficiencyprosperityflourishingthrivingbuen-vivirubuntuharmonybalanceequilibriumhomeostasisrobustnessadaptabilityflexibilityplasticityevolvabilityinnovabilitytransformabilitysustainability-scienceresilience-sciencecomplexity-sciencesystems-sciencenetwork-sciencedata-scienceinformation-sciencecomputer-sciencecognitive-sciencebehavioral-sciencesocial-sciencenatural-sciencelife-scienceearth-scienceenvironmental-scienceagricultural-scienceveterinary-sciencemedical-sciencehealth-sciencenutrition-sciencefood-sciencematerial-scienceengineering-scienceinterdisciplinary-sciencetransdisciplinary-scienceconvergence-scienceteam-scienceresponsible-scienceethical-scienceinclusive-sciencedecolonized-sciencefeminist-scienceindigenous-sciencetraditional-knowledgelocal-knowledgeexpert-knowledgelay-knowledgetacit-knowledgecodified-knowledgeexplicit-knowledgeimplicit-knowledgeprocedural-knowledgedeclarative-knowledgeepistemic-knowledgeontological-knowledgepractical-knowledgetheoretical-knowledgescientific-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgeTEKfarmers'-knowledgefishers'-knowledgeherders'-knowledgehunters'-knowledgegatherers'-knowledgewomen's-knowledgemen's-knowledgeyouth-knowledgeelder-knowledgeintergenerational-knowledgetransgenerational-knowledgeancestral-knowledgeinherited-knowledgelearned-knowledgeacquired-knowledgeconstructed-knowledgeco-produced-knowledgeparticipatory-knowledgecollaborative-knowledgetransdisciplinary-knowledgeinterdisciplinary-knowledgemultidisciplinary-knowledgecross-disciplinary-knowledgeintegrated-knowledgeholistic-knowledgesystemic-knowledgecomplex-knowledgeuncertain-knowledgeambiguous-knowledgecontested-knowledgenegotiated-knowledgeagreed-knowledgeshared-knowledgecommon-knowledgepublic-knowledgeprivate-knowledgeproprietary-knowledgeopen-knowledgefree-knowledgeaccessible-knowledgeusable-knowledgeactionable-knowledgerelevant-knowledgetimely-knowledgecredible-knowledgelegitimate-knowledgesalient-knowledgeauthoritative-knowledgestakeholder-knowledgepolicy-maker-knowledgepractitioner-knowledgeresearcher-knowledgeacademic-knowledgetechnical-knowledgemanagerial-knowledgeadministrative-knowledgebureaucratic-knowledgepolitical-knowledgeeconomic-knowledgesocial-knowledgecultural-knowledgehistorical-knowledgegeographical-knowledgeecological-knowledgebiological-knowledgeagricultural-knowledgeenvironmental-knowledgeclimate-knowledgehealth-knowledgenutrition-knowledgefood-knowledgesafety-knowledgesecurity-knowledgerisk-knowledgedisaster-knowledgeemergency-knowledgecrisis-knowledgeconflict-knowledgepeace-knowledgedevelopment-knowledgesustainability-knowledgeresilience-knowledgeadaptation-knowledgemitigation-knowledgetransformation-knowledgeinnovation-knowledgetechnology-knowledgedigital-knowledgedata-knowledgeinformation-knowledgecommunication-knowledgemedia-knowledgejournalism-knowledgeeducation-knowledgelearning-knowledgetraining-knowledgecapacity-knowledgeinstitutional-knowledgeorganizational-knowledgenetwork-knowledgepartnership-knowledgecollaboration-knowledgecooperation-knowledgegovernance-knowledgepolicy-knowledgeregulation-knowledgelaw-knowledgerights-knowledgejustice-knowledgeethics-knowledgemorality-knowledgevalues-knowledgenorms-knowledgebeliefs-knowledgeattitudes-knowledgeperceptions-knowledgebehaviors-knowledgepractices-knowledgecustoms-knowledgetraditions-knowledgerituals-knowledgesymbols-knowledgeidentities-knowledgemeanings-knowledgenarratives-knowledgestories-knowledgediscourses-knowledgelanguages-knowledgerepresentation-knowledgeframing-knowledgeagenda-setting-knowledgepolicy-making-knowledgeimplementation-knowledgeevaluation-knowledgemonitoring-knowledgeaccountability-knowledgetransparency-knowledgeparticipation-knowledgeinclusion-knowledgeequity-knowledgefairness-knowledgeempowerment-knowledgeagency-knowledgeautonomy-knowledgeself-determination-knowledgesovereignty-knowledgeterritory-knowledgeland-knowledgeresource-knowledgeproperty-knowledgeownership-knowledgeaccess-knowledgecontrol-knowledgebenefit-knowledgesharing-knowledgedistribution-knowledgeallocation-knowledgemanagement-knowledgeconservation-knowledgerestoration-knowledgeprotection-knowledgeuse-knowledgeutilization-knowledgeexploitation-knowledgeharvesting-knowledgehunting-knowledgegathering-knowledgefishing-knowledgefarming-knowledgeherding-knowledgeforestry-knowledgemining-knowledgeextractivism-knowledgeproduction-knowledgeconsumption-knowledgetrade-knowledgeexchange-knowledgemarket-knowledgeeconomy-knowledgefinance-knowledgeinvestment-knowledgedebt-knowledgecredit-knowledgeinsurance-knowledgesubsidy-knowledgetax-knowledgefiscal-knowledgemonetary-knowledgecurrency-knowledgeinflation-knowledgedeflation-knowledgerecession-knowledgedepression-knowledgegrowth-knowledgeprogress-knowledgemodernization-knowledgeglobalization-knowledgelocalization-knowledgeregionalization-knowledgenationalization-knowledgeprivatization-knowledgeliberalization-knowledgederegulation-knowledgereregulation-knowledgestandardization-knowledgecertification-knowledgeaccreditation-knowledgequality-knowledgehygiene-knowledgesanitation-knowledgewellness-knowledgefitness-knowledgediet-knowledgecooking-knowledgecuisine-knowledgetaste-knowledgeflavor-knowledgearoma-knowledgetexture-knowledgeappearance-knowledgepresentation-knowledgeaesthetics-knowledgedesign-knowledgeart-knowledgeculture-knowledgeheritage-knowledgehistory-knowledgearchaeology-knowledgepaleontology-knowledgeevolution-knowledgegenetics-knowledgegenomics-knowledgeproteomics-knowledgemetabolomics-knowledgephenomics-knowledgetranscriptomics-knowledgeepigenomics-knowledgemicrobiomics-knowledgeviromics-knowledgemetagenomics-knowledgeecogenomics-knowledgeconservation-genomics-knowledgefunctional-genomics-knowledgestructural-genomics-knowledgecomparative-genomics-knowledgeevolutionary-genomics-knowledgepopulation-genomics-knowledgemedical-genomics-knowledgeagricultural-genomics-knowledgeenvironmental-genomics-knowledgeforensic-genomics-knowledgesynthetic-genomics-knowledgegenome-editing-knowledgeCRISPR-knowledgeCas9-knowledgegene-drive-knowledgesynthetic-biology-knowledgebioengineering-knowledgebiotechnology-knowledgenanotechnology-knowledgeinformation-technology-knowledgecommunication-technology-knowledgedigital-technology-knowledgeartificial-intelligence-knowledgemachine-learning-knowledgerobotics-knowledgeautomation-knowledgeprecision-technology-knowledgesmart-technology-knowledgeclean-technology-knowledgegreen-technology-knowledgeblue-technology-knowledgeclimate-technology-knowledgeadaptation-technology-knowledgemitigation-technology-knowledgeresilience-technology-knowledgesustainable-technology-knowledgeappropriate-technology-knowledgeintermediate-technology-knowledgelow-technology-knowledgehigh-technology-knowledgeemerging-technology-knowledgeconverging-technology-knowledgeenabling-technology-knowledgedisruptive-technology-knowledgetransformative-technology-knowledgeexponential-technology-knowledgefrontier-technology-knowledgespace-technology-knowledgenuclear-technology-knowledgerenewable-energy-technology-knowledgeenergy-efficiency-technology-knowledgeenergy-storage-technology-knowledgesmart-grid-technology-knowledgeelectric-vehicle-technology-knowledgebattery-technology-knowledgesolar-technology-knowledgewind-technology-knowledgehydro-technology-knowledgegeothermal-technology-knowledgebiomass-technology-knowledgebiofuel-technology-knowledgehydrogen-technology-knowledgefuel-cell-technology-knowledgecarbon-capture-technology-knowledgecarbon-storage-technology-knowledgecarbon-utilization-technology-knowledgecarbon-removal-technology-knowledgedirect-air-capture-technology-knowledgebioenergy-with-carbon-capture-and-storage-knowledgeBECCS-knowledgeenhanced-weathering-technology-knowledgeocean-fertilization-technology-knowledgesolar-radiation-management-knowledgestratospheric-aerosol-injection-knowledgemarine-cloud-brightening-knowledgecirrus-cloud-thinning-knowledgespace-based-solar-reflectors-knowledgealbedo-modification-knowledgegeoengineering-knowledgeclimate-engineering-knowledgeearth-system-engineering-knowledgeplanetary-engineering-knowledgeecosystem-engineering-knowledgehabitat-engineering-knowledgespecies-engineering-knowledgegenetic-engineering-knowledgegermline-engineering-knowledgesomatic-engineering-knowledgeenhancement-engineering-knowledgetherapy-engineering-knowledgediagnostics-engineering-knowledgeprognostics-engineering-knowledgetheranostics-engineering-knowledgepersonalized-medicine-knowledgeprecision-medicine-knowledgeregenerative-medicine-knowledgereproductive-medicine-knowledgetranslational-medicine-knowledgepreventive-medicine-knowledgecurative-medicine-knowledgepalliative-medicine-knowledgeintegrative-medicine-knowledgecomplementary-medicine-knowledgealternative-medicine-knowledgetraditional-medicine-knowledgeherbal-medicine-knowledgeacupuncture-knowledgehomeopathy-knowledgenaturopathy-knowledgechiropractic-knowledgeosteopathy-knowledgemassage-knowledgemeditation-knowledgemindfulness-knowledgeyoga-knowledgetai-chi-knowledgeqigong-knowledgemartial-arts-knowledgedance-knowledgemusic-knowledgeart-therapy-knowledgecolor-therapy-knowledgelight-therapy-knowledgesound-therapy-knowledgearomatherapy-knowledgehydrotherapy-knowledgebalneotherapy-knowledgethalassotherapy-knowledgeclimatotherapy-knowledgehelio-therapy-knowledgephototherapy-knowledgeradiation-therapy-knowledgechemotherapy-knowledgeimmunotherapy-knowledgetargeted-therapy-knowledgehormone-therapy-knowledgegene-therapy-knowledgecell-therapy-knowledgestem-cell-therapy-knowledgetissue-engineering-knowledgeorgan-engineering-knowledgebioprinting-knowledge3D-printing-knowledge4D-printing-knowledgeadditive-manufacturing-knowledgesubtractive-manufacturing-knowledgeformative-manufacturing-knowledgehybrid-manufacturing-knowledgedigital-manufacturing-knowledgesmart-manufacturing-knowledgelean-manufacturing-knowledgegreen-manufacturing-knowledgecircular-manufacturing-knowledgesustainable-manufacturing-knowledgeclean-manufacturing-knowledgezero-waste-manufacturing-knowledgeclosed-loop-manufacturing-knowledgeindustrial-ecology-knowledgeindustrial-symbiosis-knowledgeeco-industrial-park-knowledgegreen-chemistry-knowledgesustainable-chemistry-knowledgebio-based-chemistry-knowledgecircular-chemistry-knowledgesafe-chemistry-knowledgebenign-by-design-knowledgeatom-economy-knowledgeE-factor-knowledgeprocess-intensification-knowledgeflow-chemistry-knowledgemicrowave-chemistry-knowledgeultrasound-chemistry-knowledgemechanochemistry-knowledgeelectrochemistry-knowledgephotochemistry-knowledgeplasma-chemistry-knowledgesonochemistry-knowledgethermochemistry-knowledgecalorimetry-knowledgekinetics-knowledgethermodynamics-knowledgeequilibrium-knowledgereaction-engineering-knowledgeseparation-engineering-knowledgepurification-engineering-knowledgecrystallization-engineering-knowledgedistillation-engineering-knowledgeextraction-engineering-knowledgeabsorption-engineering-knowledgeadsorption-engineering-knowledgemembrane-engineering-knowledgefiltration-engineering-knowledgecentrifugation-engineering-knowledgesedimentation-engineering-knowledgeflotation-engineering-knowledgeleaching-engineering-knowledgeroasting-engineering-knowledgesintering-engineering-knowledgesmelting-engineering-knowledgerefining-engineering-knowledgealloying-engineering-knowledgecasting-engineering-knowledgeforming-engineering-knowledgemachining-engineering-knowledgejoining-engineering-knowledgewelding-engineering-knowledgebrazing-engineering-knowledgesoldering-engineering-knowledgeadhesive-bonding-engineering-knowledgemechanical-fastening-engineering-knowledgecoating-engineering-knowledgesurface-engineering-knowledgeheat-treatment-engineering-knowledgefinishing-engineering-knowledgepolishing-engineering-knowledgegrinding-engineering-knowledgelapping-engineering-knowledgehoning-engineering-knowledgesuperfinishing-engineering-knowledgetexturing-engineering-knowledgepatterning-engineering-knowledgelithography-engineering-knowledgeetching-engineering-knowledgedeposition-engineering-knowledgesputtering-engineering-knowledgeevaporation-engineering-knowledgechemical-vapor-deposition-engineering-knowledgephysical-vapor-deposition-engineering-knowledgeatomic-layer-deposition-engineering-knowledgemolecular-beam-epitaxy-engineering-knowledgepulsed-laser-deposition-engineering-knowledgesol-gel-engineering-knowledgespin-coating-engineering-knowledgedip-coating-engineering-knowledgespray-coating-engineering-knowledgeelectrophoretic-deposition-engineering-knowledgeelectroless-plating-engineering-knowledgeelectroplating-engineering-knowledgeanodizing-engineering-knowledgepassivation-engineering-knowledgeconversion-coating-engineering-knowledgephosphating-engineering-knowledgechromating-engineering-knowledgebluing-engineering-knowledgeblackening-engineering-knowledgepickling-engineering-knowledgecleaning-engineering-knowledgedegreasing-engineering-knowledgedescaling-engineering-knowledgedeflashing-engineering-knowledgedeburring-engineering-knowledgetrimming-engineering-knowledgeblanking-engineering-knowledgepunching-engineering-knowledgeshearing-engineering-knowledgebending-engineering-knowledgedrawing-engineering-knowledgestretching-engineering-knowledgedeep-drawing-engineering-knowledgespinning-engineering-knowledgeflow-forming-engineering-knowledgethread-rolling-engineering-knowledgegear-cutting-engineering-knowledgebroaching-engineering-knowledgehobbing-engineering-knowledgeshaping-engineering-knowledgeplaning-engineering-knowledgemilling-engineering-knowledgeturning-engineering-knowledgeboring-engineering-knowledgereaming-engineering-knowledgetapping-engineering-knowledgedie-sinking-engineering-knowledgeelectrical-discharge-machining-engineering-knowledgelaser-machining-engineering-knowledgeelectron-beam-machining-engineering-knowledgeion-beam-machining-engineering-knowledgeplasma-machining-engineering-knowledgewater-jet-machining-engineering-knowledgeabrasive-jet-machining-engineering-knowledgeultrasonic-machining-engineering-knowledgechemical-machining-engineering-knowledgephotochemical-machining-engineering-knowledgeelectrochemical-machining-engineering-knowledgeelectrochemical-grinding-engineering-knowledgeelectrochemical-honing-engineering-knowledgeelectrochemical-deburring-engineering-knowledgethermal-spraying-engineering-knowledgecold-spraying-engineering-knowledgeexplosive-cladding-engineering-knowledgefriction-stir-welding-engineering-knowledgediffusion-bonding-engineering-knowledgeexplosive-welding-engineering-knowledgemagnetic-pulse-welding-engineering-knowledgeultrasonic-welding-engineering-knowledgeinertia-friction-welding-engineering-knowledgelinear-friction-welding-engineering-knowledgeorbita-l-friction-welding-engineering-knowledgeradial-friction-welding-engineering-knowledgeangular-friction-welding-engineering-knowledgetorsion-friction-welding-engineering-knowledgeupset-welding-engineering-knowledgeflash-welding-engineering-knowledgeresistance-welding-engineering-knowledgespot-welding-engineering-knowledgeseam-welding-engineering-knowledgeprojection-welding-engineering-knowledgebutt-welding-engineering-knowledgeflash-butt-welding-engineering-knowledgepercussion-welding-engineering-knowledgestud-welding-engineering-knowledgecapacitor-discharge-welding-engineering-knowledgedrawn-arc-welding-engineering-knowledgeshort-cycle-welding-engineering-knowledgegas-welding-engineering-knowledgeoxy-acetylene-welding-engineering-knowledgeoxy-hydrogen-welding-engineering-knowledgeair-acetylene-welding-engineering-knowledgepressure-gas-welding-engineering-knowledgeforge-welding-engineering-knowledgeroll-welding-engineering-knowledgethermit-welding-engineering-knowledgearc-welding-engineering-knowledgeshielded-metal-arc-welding-engineering-knowledgegas-metal-arc-welding-engineering-knowledgeflux-cored-arc-welding-engineering-knowledgesubmerged-arc-welding-engineering-knowledgegas-tungsten-arc-welding-engineering-knowledgeplasma-arc-welding-engineering-knowledgecarbon-arc-welding-engineering-knowledgeatomic-hydrogen-welding-engineering-knowledgeelectroslag-welding-engineering-knowledgeelectrogas-welding-engineering-knowledgelaser-beam-welding-engineering-knowledgeelectron-beam-welding-engineering-knowledgeion-beam-welding-engineering-knowledgeplasma-beam-welding-engineering-knowledgeinduction-welding-engineering-knowledgedielectric-welding-engineering-knowledgeinfrared-welding-engineering-knowledgemicrowave-welding-engineering-knowledgesolar-welding-engineering-knowledgefriction-welding-engineering-knowledgevibration-welding-engineering-knowledgerotation-welding-engineering-knowledgeorbital-welding-engineering-knowledgeradial-welding-engineering-knowledgeangular-welding-engineering-knowledgetorsion-welding-engineering-knowledgeLygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
agricultural-pestplant-bugMiridaecotton-peststrawberry-pestalfalfa-pestwestern-North-Americadiapausebiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementinsecticide-resistancemark-release-recapturesalivary-enzymesextraoral-digestionPeristenus-relictusHippodamia-convergensdrone-samplingfluorescent-markingSmartWatervectorPantoea-ananatisSerratiapotassium-chloridedeterrentartificial-dietlentilseed-cropsCaliforniaTexasArizonaNevadaWashingtonMexicopolyphagousphytophagousstylet-probingscutellumnymph-spotseconomic-entomologyorganic-agricultureecosystem-servicesbird-predationmolecular-gut-analysisELISAimmunomarkingparasitoidpopulation-suppressioncrop-protectionsampling-protocolssweep-netdrop-clothY-tube-olfactometergustatory-deterrentvisual-cuesvolatile-cuesreproductive-diapausepostdiapauseoogenesisovipositionlongevitybody-masslife-historymass-spectrometrysalivary-proteinspolygalacturonaseα-amylaseproteaselaccaseglucose-dehydrogenasexanthine-dehydrogenaseplant-defensehost-pathogen-interactioniDrone-BeeUAVunmanned-aerial-vehicleopen-sourcefield-scoutingIPMeconomic-thresholdBt-cottonnatural-enemyconservation-biological-controllandscape-ecologyhabitat-managementweed-managementborder-spraysspot-treatmentselective-insecticideneonicotinoidpyrethroidresistance-managementsustainable-agriculturefood-securityeconomic-impactsimulation-modelpopulation-dynamicsimmigrationparasitismaverted-lossvalue-losscost-benefitresearch-methodologyinsect-markingdispersalfluorophoreautofluorescencesurvivorshipmortalitymark-transfercrowdingolfactometerfeeding-behaviorno-choice-assaychoice-assaygustationhost-selectionplant-qualitysucculent-growthfruiting-structuressquarebollbloomterminaldefoliationstand-lossdirty-bloompuckered-petalslesioncarpel-walllint-damageseed-damageyield-lossfiber-qualitymanagement-thresholdscouting-intervalaction-thresholdtreatment-timinginsecticide-efficacylabeled-ratedifficult-to-controlspecies-complexidentification-keymorphologycolor-variationwing-developmentantennaethoraxabdomeninstardevelopmental-stagelaboratory-rearingoligidic-dietsemisolid-slurrychicken-eggsoybeanwheat-germlima-beancost-reductionbiomass-productionsurvivalfecundityegg-productiongeneration-timepopulation-growthlog-phasecolony-maintenancegenetic-diversityfield-collectionadaptationstress-toleranceoxidative-stresstemperature-extremefood-deficitresource-allocationreproductive-senescenceendogenous-reservesenvironmental-stressorclimate-adaptationphenologymigrationdispersal-patternhabitat-patchsource-sinkpopulation-sourcepopulation-sinkcrop-borderfield-edgenon-crop-habitatrefugeoverwintering-sitespring-emergencesummer-populationfall-populationdensity-dependenceaggregationspatial-distributionsampling-accuracypest-detectionmonitoring-technologyprecision-agriculturedigital-agricultureautomationroboticsmachine-learningcomputer-visionsensor-technologydata-collectiondecision-supportgrower-educationextensionstakeholder-engagementmultidisciplinary-researchacademia-industry-collaborationsustainable-intensificationagroecosystemfood-systemplant-insect-interactioninsect-plant-coevolutionsalivary-secretiondigestive-enzymelytic-enzymetissue-macerationfeeding-injuryphysiological-damagemechanical-damagewound-responseplant-defense-responseinduced-resistancesystemic-acquired-resistancejasmonic-acidethylenesalicylic-acidsecondary-metabolitephenolic-compoundoxidative-enzymeredox-enzymebacterial-transmissionphytopathogenopportunistic-pathogeninfection-courtinoculumdisease-vectorepidemiologycrop-hygienesanitationcrop-rotationcover-croptrap-croppush-pullhabitat-manipulationconservation-biocontrolaugmentative-biocontrolclassical-biocontrolimportationestablishmentnon-target-effecthost-specificityparasitoid-biologyreproductive-parasitoididiobiontkoinobiontmummy-formationemergence-rateparasitoid-impactpopulation-regulationtop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadefood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-servicedisservicenet-effectrisk-assessmentmanagement-strategypolicyregulationpesticide-registrationresistance-monitoringstewardshipintegrated-resistance-managementIRMrefuge-strategypyramid-strategymultiple-toxinstransgenic-cropGMObiosafetyenvironmental-impactnon-target-organismpollinator-protectionbeneficial-insectnatural-enemy-conservationfloral-resourcenectarpollenalternative-preyhabitat-diversificationagri-environment-schemegreen-infrastructureecological-compensationlandscape-complexityconnectivitymatrix-qualityspilloversource-habitatecological-trappopulation-viabilityextinction-riskinvasion-biologyrange-expansionclimate-changewarmingdroughtirrigationwater-stressnitrogen-fertilizationcrop-vigorplant-nutritionhost-plant-qualitytritrophic-interactionplant-microbe-insectendosymbiontgut-microbiomesalivary-microbiomevector-competencetransmission-efficiencyacquisitioninoculationretentionmultiplicationcirculativenon-circulativepersistentnon-persistentpropagativestylet-borneforegut-bornehemolymph-bornesalivary-gland-bornereplicationbarriermidgutsalivary-glandescapeinfectionincubationlatent-periodinoculation-thresholdtransmission-thresholdepidemicepiphytoticdisease-trianglesusceptible-hostvirulent-pathogenfavorable-environmentdisease-cycleprimary-inoculumsecondary-inoculumoverwintering-pathogensurvival-structuredisease-reservoiralternative-hostvolunteer-cropweed-reservoircrop-residuesoilborneseedborneinsect-bornemanagement-tacticpreventivecurativeeradicativesuppressiveprotectantsystemiccontacttranslaminarfumigantbiological-pesticidemicrobial-pesticideentomopathogenic-fungusentomopathogenic-nematodeentomopathogenic-virusbaculovirusgranulovirusnucleopolyhedrovirusbacteriaBacillus-thuringiensisBt-toxincrystal-proteincytolytic-proteinvegetative-insecticidal-proteinmode-of-actiongut-paralysissepticemiatoxemiaantibioticsymbiontantibiotic-resistancefitness-costresistance-alleleresistance-mechanismmetabolic-resistancetarget-site-resistancepenetration-resistancebehavioral-resistancecross-resistancemultiple-resistanceresistance-evolutionselection-pressuredose-responselethal-concentrationlethal-dosemedian-lethal-concentrationmedian-lethal-doseconfidence-intervalprobit-analysislogit-analysisdose-mortalitytime-mortalityresistance-ratioresistance-factordiagnostic-dosediscriminating-dosebaseline-susceptibilitysusceptible-strainreference-strainfield-populationresistant-populationhomozygous-resistantheterozygousdominancerecessiveincomplete-dominancegene-frequencyallele-frequencyselection-coefficientfitnessrelative-fitnesspopulation-geneticsquantitative-geneticsheritabilitygenetic-correlationbreeding-valuegenetic-gainmarker-assisted-selectiongenomic-selectiontranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsgenomicsfunctional-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicspopulation-genomicsphylogenomicsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologynetwork-analysispathway-analysisgene-ontologyprotein-protein-interactionsignal-transductionhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-like-peptideneuropeptidepheromonesex-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonekairomoneallomonesynomonesemiochemicalolfactionmechanoreceptionvisionphototaxischemotaxisanemotaxisthermotaxishygrotaxisgeotaxiskinesistaxisorthokinesisklinokinesisrheotaxisthigmotaxiscontact-chemoreceptionolfactory-receptorgustatory-receptorionotropic-receptorodorant-binding-proteinchemosensory-proteinsensillumsensory-neuronantennal-lobemushroom-bodylateral-horncentral-complexoptical-lobecompound-eyeocellussimple-eyephotoreceptorrhabdomommatidiumfacetvisual-acuitymotion-detectionpolarized-light-detectioncolor-visionultraviolet-visioninfrared-detectionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionmechanoreceptorchordotonal-organcampaniform-sensillumtrichoid-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensory-ecologyforaging-behaviorhost-locationhost-acceptancehost-suitabilityoviposition-preferenceoviposition-deterrenceantixenosisantibiosistoleranceresistance-categorygall-midgehessian-flygene-for-geneavirulence-generesistance-geneR-geneeffector-triggered-immunitypattern-triggered-immunitypathogen-associated-molecular-patterndamage-associated-molecular-patternmicrobe-associated-molecular-patternrecognitionperceptiondefense-responsehypersensitive-responsecell-deathprogrammed-cell-deathautophagynecrosisoxidative-burstreactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidecalcium-signalingmitogen-activated-protein-kinasetranscription-factordefense-genepathogenesis-related-proteinantimicrobial-peptidephytoalexinligninsuberincallosepapillacell-wall-reinforcementhypersensitive-cell-deathinduced-systemic-resistanceprimingdefense-elicitorplant-activatorbiostimulantplant-strengthenerorganic-amendmentcompostmanurebiocharvermicompostcompost-teamicrobial-inoculantplant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteriamycorrhizal-fungusendophyteepiphytephytosphererhizospherephyllospherespermosphereanthroposphereecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingcarbon-sequestrationnitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationpotassium-mobilizationmicronutrient-availabilitysoil-structurewater-infiltrationwater-holding-capacityerosion-controlpollinationpest-suppressiondisease-suppressionweed-suppressiondecompositiondetritivorypredationherbivorymutualismcommensalismcompetitionfacilitationinhibitionamensalismneutralismsymbiosisantagonismtrophic-interactionfood-chainenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingbiomass-pyramidtrophic-pyramidecological-efficiencyproduction-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-footprintsustainabilityresilienceresistanceadaptabilitytransformabilitysocio-ecological-systemadaptive-managementparticipatory-researchcitizen-scienceknowledge-co-productiontransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchdevelopment-researchaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchfarmer-participatory-researchon-farm-researchstation-researchcontrolled-experimentfield-experimentobservational-studycorrelational-studymanipulative-experimentnatural-experimentquasi-experimentlongitudinal-studycross-sectional-studycase-studycomparative-studymeta-analysissystematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewliving-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisresearch-synthesissystematic-mapbibliometric-analysiscitation-analysisco-citation-analysisbibliographic-couplingkeyword-analysistopic-modelingscience-mappingresearch-frontemerging-topichot-topicresearch-gapfuture-directionresearch-priorityresearch-agendastrategic-researchmission-oriented-researchsocietal-challengesustainable-development-goalnutrition-securityclimate-smart-agricultureclimate-resilient-agriculturelow-input-agricultureregenerative-agricultureagroecologyintegrated-farmingmixed-farmingdiversified-farmingspecialized-farmingintensive-farmingextensive-farmingconventional-farmingalternative-farmingurban-agricultureperi-urban-agriculturerural-agriculturesmallholder-agriculturelarge-scale-agriculturefamily-farmingcorporate-farmingcontract-farmingtenant-farmingsubsistence-farmingcommercial-farmingexport-oriented-farmingimport-substituting-farminglocal-food-systemglobal-food-systemfood-value-chainsupply-chainvalue-chaincommodity-chainagribusinessagrifood-systemfood-processingfood-distributionfood-retailfood-servicefood-consumptionfood-wastefood-losspost-harvest-lossstorage-lossprocessing-lossdistribution-lossretail-lossconsumer-wasteplate-wastekitchen-wastefood-rescuefood-recoveryfood-redistributionfood-bankingcompostinganaerobic-digestionbioenergybiofuelbioproductbiomaterialbiorefinerycircular-economycircular-bioeconomygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-mitigationdisaster-risk-reductionextreme-eventfloodheat-wavecold-snapfrosthailwindstormtornadohurricanetyphooncyclonestorm-surgesea-level-risesalinizationdesertificationland-degradationsoil-degradationsoil-erosionsoil-compactionsoil-sealingsoil-contaminationsoil-pollutionheavy-metalpersistent-organic-pollutantpesticide-residueantibiotic-residuehormone-residueplastic-pollutionmicroplasticnanoplasticparticulate-matterair-pollutionwater-pollutiongroundwater-pollutionsurface-water-pollutioneutrophicationhypoxiadead-zonebiodiversity-losshabitat-losshabitat-fragmentationhabitat-degradationhabitat-destructioninvasive-speciesintroduced-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesexotic-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesescaped-speciescultivated-speciesornamental-speciespet-specieslivestockpoultryaquaculturefisherycapture-fisherymarine-fisheryfreshwater-fisheryinland-fisheryrecreational-fisherysubsistence-fisheryartisanal-fisheryindustrial-fisheryoverfishingbycatchdiscardsghost-fishingfishing-gearfishing-methodfishing-effortfishing-capacityfishing-pressurestock-assessmentfishery-managementmarine-protected-areano-take-zonemarine-reserveterrestrial-protected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-sanctuarybiosphere-reserveworld-heritage-siteramsar-siteimportant-bird-areakey-biodiversity-areaecological-networkprotected-area-networkconservation-corridorwildlife-corridorhabitat-corridorstepping-stonebuffer-zonetransition-zonecore-zonemanagement-zonesustainable-use-zonerestoration-zonerehabilitation-zonereclamation-zoneremediation-zonecontainment-zoneeradication-zonesurveillance-zonemonitoring-zonequarantine-zonebiosecurityphytosanitaryveterinaryanimal-healthplant-healthone-healthecohealthplanetary-healthglobal-healthpublic-healthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthfood-safetyfeed-safetywater-safetyair-qualityenvironmental-qualityenvironmental-monitoringenvironmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmentdose-response-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycorporate-social-responsibilityenvironmental-stewardshipsustainable-livelihoodsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productiongreen-procurementgreen-supply-chaingreen-logisticsgreen-manufacturinggreen-chemistrygreen-technologyclean-technologyenvironmental-technologypollution-preventionwaste-minimizationresource-efficiencyenergy-efficiencywater-efficiencymaterial-efficiencyland-use-efficiencynutrient-use-efficiencynitrogen-use-efficiencyphosphorus-use-efficiencypotassium-use-efficiencymicronutrient-use-efficiencyfertilizer-use-efficiencypesticide-use-efficiencywater-productivityland-productivitylabor-productivitycapital-productivitytotal-factor-productivitypartial-factor-productivityagricultural-productivitycrop-productivitylivestock-productivityfishery-productivityforestry-productivityeconomic-productivitysocial-productivityenvironmental-productivityecological-productivitybiological-productivityprimary-productivitysecondary-productivitynet-primary-productivitygross-primary-productivityecosystem-productivitylandscape-productivityregional-productivityglobal-productivitycarbon-productivitynitrogen-productivitywater-footprintcarbon-footprintnitrogen-footprintphosphorus-footprintbiodiversity-footprintmaterial-footprintland-footprintenergy-footprintemission-factorintensity-factordecouplingabsolute-decouplingrelative-decouplingresource-decouplingimpact-decouplingdematerializationrematerializationtransmaterializationsubstitutioncomplementaritytrade-offsynergyco-benefitwin-winlose-losewin-losezero-sumpositive-sumnegative-sumgame-theoryprisoner's-dilemmatragedy-of-the-commonscollective-actioncommon-pool-resourcepublic-goodprivate-goodclub-goodcommon-goodglobal-commonglobal-public-goodtipping-pointcritical-transitionregime-shifthysteresisirreversibilitypath-dependencelock-intechnological-lock-ininstitutional-lock-inbehavioral-lock-insocial-ecological-trappoverty-trapdegradation-trapdevelopment-trapcomplex-adaptive-systemsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemhuman-environment-systemadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-capacityinnovation-capacitygovernance-capacityinstitutional-capacityorganizational-capacityindividual-capacitycommunity-capacitysocial-capitalhuman-capitalnatural-capitalphysical-capitalfinancial-capitalbuilt-capitalcultural-capitalpolitical-capitalintellectual-capitalknowledge-capitalinformation-capitaldata-capitaldigital-capitaltechnological-capitalinfrastructural-capitalinstitutional-capitalorganizational-capitalnetwork-capitalrelationship-capitalreputational-capitalbrand-capitalsymbolic-capitalexistential-capitalspiritual-capitalreligious-capitalmoral-capitalethical-capitaltrust-capitalreciprocity-capitalsolidarity-capitalcooperation-capitalcoordination-capitalcollaboration-capitalcommunication-capitalinformation-sharingknowledge-sharinglearninginnovationexperimentationtransformationtransitionchangeevolutiondevelopmentgrowthprogressimprovementenhancementoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisfactionsufficiencyabundancescarcitysecurityinsecurityvulnerabilityrobustnessstabilityinstabilityequilibriumdisequilibriumhomeostasisallostasisstressdistresseustresscopingcoping-capacitycoping-strategycoping-mechanismcoping-resourcecoping-supportsocial-supportemotional-supportinstrumental-supportinformational-supportappraisal-supportnetwork-supportcommunity-supportinstitutional-supportpolicy-supportfinancial-supporttechnical-supporttechnological-supportinfrastructural-supportcapacity-buildingcapacity-developmentcapacity-strengtheningempowermentenablementmobilizationactivationengagementparticipationinvolvementinclusionexclusionmarginalizationdiscriminationinequityinequalitydisparitygapdividedigital-divideknowledge-divideinformation-dividescience-divideresearch-divideinnovation-dividetechnology-dividedevelopment-dividenorth-south-divideeast-west-divideurban-rural-dividegender-divideage-divideclass-divideincome-dividewealth-divideasset-divideopportunity-divideoutcome-dividewellbeing-dividehappiness-dividelife-satisfaction-dividehealth-divideeducation-divideskill-dividecompetency-dividecapability-dividefunctioning-divideagency-dividefreedom-dividechoice-divideautonomy-divideself-determination-dividedignity-dividerespect-dividerecognition-dividestatus-dividepower-divideinfluence-dividevoice-dividerepresentation-divideparticipation-divideengagement-dividecitizenship-dividebelonging-divideidentity-divideculture-dividevalue-dividebelief-dividenorm-dividepractice-dividebehavior-dividehabit-dividecustom-dividetradition-dividemodernity-divideglobalization-dividelocalization-divideuniversalism-divideparticularism-dividecosmopolitanism-dividenationalism-dividepatriotism-dividepopulism-divideelitism-dividedemocracy-divideauthoritarianism-dividecontrol-dividesecurity-divideliberty-divideprivacy-dividesurveillance-dividetransparency-divideaccountability-divideresponsibility-divideliability-divideguilt-divideblame-dividepunishment-dividereward-divideincentive-dividemotivation-divideintention-divideattention-divideperception-dividecognition-divideemotion-divideaffect-divideattitude-dividepreference-divideinterest-divideneed-dividewant-dividedesire-dividedemand-dividesupply-dividemarket-divideexchange-dividetransaction-dividecontract-divideagreement-dividecooperation-dividecompetition-divideconflict-dividecoercion-divideforce-divideviolence-dividepeace-divideharmony-dividecoexistence-dividetolerance-divideacceptance-dividerejection-divideopposition-divideresistance-divideconformity-dividedeviance-dividenormality-divideabnormality-divideillness-dividedisease-dividedisorder-dividedisability-divideimpairment-dividehandicap-dividecapacity-dividepotential-divideperformance-divideachievement-divideattainment-divideaccomplishment-dividesuccess-dividefailure-divideexcellence-dividemediocrity-divideaverage-dividestandard-dividebenchmark-dividethreshold-divideceiling-dividefloor-dividelimit-divideboundary-divideborder-dividefrontier-dividehorizon-divideperspective-divideviewpoint-dividestandpoint-divideposition-dividestance-divideapproach-dividemethod-dividetechnique-dividetool-divideinstrument-dividedevice-divideapparatus-divideequipment-dividemachine-dividemachinery-dividemechanism-dividesystem-dividestructure-divideorganization-divideinstitution-divideregime-divideorder-dividearrangement-divideconfiguration-dividepattern-dividedesign-divideplan-dividescheme-divideprogram-divideproject-divideinitiative-divideintervention-divideaction-divideactivity-divideoperation-divideprocess-divideprocedure-divideprotocol-divideguideline-dividerecommendation-dividerequirement-divideregulation-dividerule-dividelaw-dividepolicy-dividestrategy-dividetactic-divideobjective-dividegoal-dividetarget-divideaim-dividepurpose-dividemission-dividevision-divideprinciple-divideethic-dividemoral-dividecriterion-divideindicator-dividemeasure-dividemetric-divideindex-dividescale-dividescore-dividerating-divideranking-dividegrade-dividelevel-dividestage-dividephase-dividestep-divideprogression-dividesequence-divideseries-dividesuccession-dividechain-dividecycle-divideloop-dividespiral-dividewave-dividepulse-dividerhythm-dividetempo-dividepace-dividespeed-dividevelocity-divideacceleration-dividedeceleration-dividemomentum-divideinertia-divideenergy-dividework-divideeffort-dividestrain-dividestress-dividepressure-dividetension-dividecompression-divideexpansion-dividecontraction-dividedeformation-dividedistortion-dividetransformation-divideconversion-dividetransduction-dividetransmission-dividetransfer-dividetransport-dividemovement-dividemotion-divideflow-divideflux-dividecurrent-dividestream-divideriver-dividetide-dividewind-dividestorm-divideweather-divideclimate-divideseason-divideyear-dividedecade-dividecentury-dividemillennium-divideepoch-divideera-divideperiod-dividetime-divideduration-divideinterval-dividespan-dividestretch-dividespell-dividebout-divideepisode-divideevent-divideoccurrence-divideincident-divideaccident-dividecoincidence-dividechance-divideluck-dividefortune-dividedestiny-dividefate-dividekarma-dividedharma-dividetao-divideway-dividepath-divideroad-divideroute-dividecourse-dividedirection-divideorientation-dividealignment-dividepositioning-divideplacement-dividelocation-dividesite-divideplace-dividespot-dividepoint-dividesituation-dividecontext-divideenvironment-dividesetting-dividescene-divideplatform-dividebase-dividefoundation-divideground-dividesoil-divideearth-divideland-divideterrain-divideterritory-dividedomain-dividerealm-dividesphere-divideworld-divideglobe-divideplanet-divideuniverse-dividecosmos-dividespace-dividevoid-divideemptiness-dividefullness-divideplenum-dividevacuum-divideatmosphere-divideair-dividegas-dividevapor-dividemist-dividefog-dividecloud-dividerain-dividesnow-divideice-dividefrost-dividedew-dividehumidity-dividemoisture-dividewetness-dividedryness-dividearidity-dividedrought-divideflood-dividedeluge-divideinundation-dividesubmersion-divideimmersion-dividesaturation-dividesupersaturation-dividecondensation-divideevaporation-dividetranspiration-dividesublimation-dividedeposition-divideprecipitation-divideinfiltration-dividepercolation-divideseepage-divideleakage-dividedischarge-dividerunoff-divideerosion-dividesedimentation-divideaccretion-divideaggregation-dividecoagulation-divideflocculation-dividecrystallization-dividesolidification-divideliquefaction-dividevaporization-divideboiling-dividemelting-dividefreezing-dividethawing-dividecooling-divideheating-dividewarming-dividethermal-dividetemperature-divideheat-dividecold-dividecool-dividewarm-dividehot-dividethermodynamic-divideenthalpy-divideentropy-dividefree-energy-divideGibbs-free-energy-divideHelmholtz-free-energy-dividechemical-potential-dividefugacity-dividepartial-pressure-divideconcentration-dividedilution-dividesolution-dividemixture-dividecompound-divideelement-divideatom-dividemolecule-divideion-divideelectron-divideproton-divideneutron-dividenucleus-divideparticle-dividequark-dividelepton-divideboson-dividefermion-dividehadron-dividebaryon-dividemeson-dividephoton-dividegluon-divideweak-boson-divideHiggs-boson-dividestring-dividebrane-dividedimension-dividespace-time-dividecontinuum-dividediscrete-dividequantum-divideclassical-dividerelativistic-divideNewtonian-divideEinsteinian-dividePlanckian-dividecosmological-divideastronomical-dividemicroscopic-dividemacroscopic-dividemesoscopic-dividenanoscopic-divideatomic-dividemolecular-dividecellular-dividetissue-divideorgan-divideorganism-dividepopulation-dividecommunity-divideecosystem-dividebiome-dividebiosphere-divideecosphere-dividenoosphere-dividetechnosphere-divideanthroposphere-dividesociosphere-dividepolitosphere-divideeconosphere-divideculturosphere-dividereligiosphere-divideideosphere-dividememesphere-divideinfosphere-dividecybersphere-dividedigisphere-dividevirtual-divideanalog-dividereal-divideactual-dividepossible-divideimpossible-dividenecessary-dividecontingent-divideprobable-divideimprobable-dividecertain-divideuncertain-dividedeterminate-divideindeterminate-dividedefinite-divideindefinite-dividespecific-dividegeneral-divideparticular-divideuniversal-dividesingular-divideplural-divideindividual-dividecollective-dividesocial-dividecultural-dividehistorical-dividepolitical-divideeconomic-dividereligious-dividephilosophical-dividescientific-dividetechnological-divideartistic-divideliterary-dividemusical-dividevisual-divideperforming-dividecinematic-dividephotographic-dividearchitectural-dividefashion-divideculinary-dividegastronomic-divideolfactory-dividegustatory-dividetactile-dividekinesthetic-divideproprioceptive-dividevestibular-divideauditory-dividesomatosensory-divideinteroceptive-divideexteroceptive-dividemultisensory-dividecrossmodal-dividesynesthetic-divideanesthetic-divideesthetic-divideaesthetic-dividepoetic-dividerhetorical-dividelogical-dividemathematical-dividestatistical-dividecomputational-dividealgorithmic-divideheuristic-dividesystematic-dividemethodical-divideempirical-dividetheoretical-divideconceptual-divideabstract-divideconcrete-dividepractical-divideapplied-dividepure-dividefundamental-dividebasic-dividestrategic-dividetactical-divideoperational-divideadministrative-dividemanagerial-divideexecutive-divideleadership-dividefollowership-dividemembership-dividepartnership-divideownership-dividestewardship-divideguardianship-dividetrusteeship-dividecustodianship-dividewardship-dividetutelage-dividementorship-dividesponsorship-dividechampionship-dividefriendship-dividerelationship-dividekinship-dividecompanionship-dividefellowship-dividescholarship-divideapprenticeship-divideinternship-divideresidency-divideassistantship-divideassociateship-divideauthorship-divideeditorship-dividecuratorship-dividedirectorship-dividegovernorship-dividepresidency-dividechancellorship-dividedeanship-divideheadship-dividechairmanship-divide