Eulophidae
Guides
Achrysocharoides
Achrysocharoides is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. The genus was erected by Girault in 1913 and includes species distributed across Europe, North America, and the Oriental region. Members are known for their specialized parasitism of leaf-mining moths in the family Gracillariidae, particularly Phyllonorycter species. The genus exhibits unusual reproductive strategies, including split sex broods where male and female offspring develop in separate host individuals—a trait rare among parasitoid wasps and virtually restricted to this genus.
Acrias
Acrias is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1847. The genus belongs to the subfamily Entiinae and is part of the diverse chalcidoid wasp radiation. Members of this genus, like other eulophids, are likely parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The genus is rarely encountered in collections and has received limited taxonomic study.
Aprostocetus
Aprostocetus is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, established by Westwood in 1833. With approximately 800 described species, it has a global distribution across all major zoogeographic regions. Species are primarily ectoparasitoids or endoparasitoids of insects inhabiting plant galls, including gall midges (Cecidomyiidae), gall wasps (Cynipoidea), and other hosts spanning Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Blattodea, Orthoptera, and Neuroptera. Some species are phytophagous, inducing galls directly on plants. The genus is economically significant as a source of biological control agents for invasive pests.
Astichus
Astichus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, subfamily Entiinae. Species are associated with bracket fungi and woody polypores, where they develop as endoparasitoids of Ciidae beetles (minute tree-fungus beetles). The genus was first described by Förster in 1856 and has been recorded from the Nearctic, Palearctic, and Afrotropical regions. South African species exhibit distinctive coloration and patterning that separates them from congeners in other regions.
Aulogymnus
Aulogymnus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Förster in 1851. Members of this genus are small parasitoid wasps, part of a diverse family that primarily parasitizes other insects. The genus has been recorded from Europe and Asia. Specific biological details for the genus as a whole remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
parasitoidEulophidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraPalearcticwaspsinsectsarthropodsentomologytaxonomyFörster-1851DenmarkSpainTibetChinaEuropeAsiaminute-waspschalcid-waspsEulophinaeTerebrantesApocritaHexapodaAnimaliaArthropodaInsectaAulogymnussmall-waspstiny-waspsparasitic-waspsbiological-controlinsect-parasitoidssystematicsmorphologyidentificationkeysNearcticOrientalXizangcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationsrecordsdistributionFörster1851genusacceptedvalidsynonymychalcidoidchalcidchalcidseulophideulophidseulophid-waspseulophinesparasitoid-waspsparasitic-Hymenopterabiological-control-agentsinsect-diversitybiodiversityfaunaentomologicalhymenopteranarthropodhexapodhexapodspterygotepterygotesendopterygoteendopterygotesholometabolousholometabolatiny-insectsminute-insectssmall-insectsmicrohymenopteramicro-waspsmicro-parasitoidsmicro-chalcidsmicro-eulophidswing-venationantennaethoraxdiagnostic-characterstaxonomic-keysidentification-keysgeneric-keysNearctic-faunaEuropean-faunaAsian-faunaTibetan-faunaSpanish-faunaDanish-faunapoorly-knowndata-deficientunderstudiedcryptic-diversityhost-unknownbiology-unknownlife-history-unknownecology-unknowndistribution-recordsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-recordsdatabase-recordsGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIWikipediaUniversal-Chalcidoidea-DatabaseKey-to-Nearctic-eulophid-generaliteraturesourcesreferencescitationsbibliographyoriginal-descriptiontype-speciestype-localitynomenclaturesystematic-entomologyhymenopterologychalcidologyparasitologybiological-control-researchintegrated-pest-managementIPMagricultural-entomologyforest-entomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyurban-entomologyconservation-entomologyinsect-ecologycommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyphylogeneticsphylogenymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingtaxonomy-and-phylogenyclassificationbiodiversity-informaticsbiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyphylogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationdiversificationevolutionadaptationnatural-selectionsexual-selectionlife-history-evolutionhost-parasitoid-interactionscoevolutiontritrophic-interactionsfood-websecosystem-servicesnatural-enemiesbiocontrolaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlinvasive-species-managementpest-managementsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingagroecologyecosystem-healthenvironmental-monitoringbioindicatorsindicator-speciesclimate-changeglobal-changehabitat-lossfragmentationconservation-statusIUCNred-listnot-evaluatedresearch-needsknowledge-gapsfuture-researchprioritiesspecimen-collectionvoucheringmuseum-collectionsnatural-history-collectionsdigitizationdata-sharingopen-scienceFAIR-principlescitizen-science-contributionscommunity-sciencepublic-engagementscience-communicationeducationoutreachnatural-historyinsect-watchingwasp-watchingnature-observationbiodiversity-appreciationAulogymnus bouceki
Aulogymnus bouceki is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, described by Schauff and Gates in 2005. The genus Aulogymnus belongs to the subfamily Eulophinae, a group of small parasitoid wasps. The specific epithet honors the Czech entomologist Jan Bouček, a prolific contributor to chalcidoid systematics. As a member of Eulophidae, it is likely a parasitoid, though specific host associations for this species remain undocumented in the provided sources.
Aulogymnus io
Aulogymnus io is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Girault in 1916. It belongs to a group of parasitoid wasps known for their role in biological control of other insects. The genus Aulogymnus is part of the diverse Eulophinae subfamily, whose members are typically small parasitoids associated with various host insects. Available distributional records indicate presence in Massachusetts.
Aulogymnus smithi
Aulogymnus smithi is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Eulophidae, described by Schauff and Gates in 2005. The genus Aulogymnus belongs to the subfamily Eulophinae within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Eulophid wasps are typically small parasitoids, and members of this genus are known to attack various insect hosts.
Baryscapus
Baryscapus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species are endoparasitic, developing within the bodies of other insects. Host associations span multiple insect orders including Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. Some species are important biological control agents, particularly against agricultural and forestry pests.
Burkseus robustus
Burkseus robustus is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, described by Perry in 2019. It belongs to a genus of parasitoid wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Records indicate this species has been documented in Costa Rica (Alajuela province), Colombia (Boyacá department), and Canada. As a member of Eulophidae, it likely functions as a parasitoid of other insects, though specific host relationships remain undocumented.
Ceranisus
Ceranisus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species are solitary larval endoparasitoids of thrips (Thysanoptera), with females laying eggs within early larval instars of their hosts. The genus has received attention for its potential in biological control of agricultural thrips pests, including Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella occidentalis, and F. intonsa. Strains collected worldwide show variation in biology and behavior based on geographic origin and phenotypic appearance.
Ceranisus americensis
Ceranisus americensis is a Nearctic species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae. It is one of several thrips-attacking species placed in the genus Ceranisus. The species was described from North America and has been recorded from Canada and the United States. Like other members of the genus, it is a parasitoid of thrips (Thysanoptera).
Chrysocharis
Chrysocharis is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species are primarily larval parasitoids of leafmining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and casebearing moths (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae). The genus has been studied for biological control applications, particularly against agricultural pests such as Liriomyza leafminers and the larch casebearer. At least 18 species occur in North America north of Mexico, with additional diversity in Europe and the Oriental region.
Chrysocharis assis
Chrysocharis assis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Walker in 1839. It belongs to a genus of minute wasps known for their role as biological control agents of leaf-mining insects. The species has been documented in multiple Canadian provinces, suggesting a distribution across northern North America. Like other members of its genus, it likely parasitizes larvae of agromyzid leaf-mining flies, though specific host associations for this species require further documentation.
Chrysocharis beckeri
Chrysocharis beckeri is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, described by Carl M. Yoshimoto in 1973. It was one of six new species described in a revision of the subgenus Chrysocharis s. str. for North America north of Mexico. The revision included species keys, morphological descriptions, and host records for 18 species total.
Chrysocharis clarkae
Chrysocharis clarkae is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, described by Carl M. Yoshimoto in 1973 as part of a revision of the subgenus Chrysocharis s. str. in North America north of Mexico. The species is one of six newly described in that revision. Members of the genus Chrysocharis are generally known as parasitoids of leaf-mining insects.
Chrysocharis giraulti
Chrysocharis giraulti is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, one of 18 species in the subgenus Chrysocharis s. str. occurring in North America north of Mexico. The species was described by Yoshimoto in 1973 to replace the preoccupied name petiolata Girault. It belongs to a group of small chalcidoid wasps whose members are primarily parasitoids of leaf-mining insects.
Chrysocharis minuta
Chrysocharis minuta is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Christer Hansson in 1986. Like other members of the genus, it is presumed to be a parasitoid of leaf-mining insects, though specific host records for this species remain limited. The species has been documented in western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada, and the United States.
Chrysocharis nephereus
Chrysocharis nephereus is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Walker in 1839. It has been studied in Northern England, where its biology was examined alongside allied species. The species is recorded across multiple Canadian provinces, suggesting a Holarctic distribution. As a member of Chrysocharis, it likely functions as a parasitoid of leaf-mining insects, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.
Chrysocharis occidentalis
Chrysocharis occidentalis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Girault in 1916. The genus Chrysocharis comprises small chalcidoid wasps known for their role as biological control agents of leaf-mining insects. Like other members of Eulophidae, this species likely develops as an internal parasitoid of larval insects, though specific host associations for C. occidentalis remain poorly documented. The species has been recorded from western North America including California and Canadian provinces.
Chrysocharis prodice
Chrysocharis prodice is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1839. The genus Chrysocharis comprises species known as parasitoids of leaf-mining insects, particularly flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae). This species is recorded from multiple Canadian provinces, indicating a northern distribution pattern. Like other eulophids, it likely plays a role in regulating populations of herbivorous insects in forest and agricultural ecosystems.
Chrysocharis viridis
Chrysocharis viridis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Nees in 1834. It belongs to a genus known for biological control of leaf-mining insects. The species has been recorded from England and western Canada (Alberta, British Columbia). As with many Chrysocharis species, it likely parasitizes agromyzid leaf-mining flies, though specific host records for this species require verification.
Chrysocharis wahli
Chrysocharis wahli is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, described from California in 1995. The genus Chrysocharis comprises small chalcid wasps that parasitize leaf-mining insects. This species is known only from the type locality in California and remains poorly studied.
Chrysonotomyia auripunctata
Chrysonotomyia auripunctata is a parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Ashmead in 1894 from Florida. The species is characterized by golden-yellow body coloration with dark punctate markings. It belongs to a genus of minute chalcid wasps that are understudied but likely associated with gall-forming insects on oaks and other plants.
Cirrospilus
Cirrospilus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Species within this genus are primarily ectoparasitoids of leaf-mining insects, particularly gracillariid moths such as the citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella). Several species have been investigated and employed as biological control agents against agricultural pests, with notable examples including C. ingenuus, C. diallus, C. pictus, and C. coachellae. The genus exhibits variation in host specificity, fecundity, and developmental rates influenced by temperature and host stage.
Closterocerus
Closterocerus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera). Species within this genus are predominantly larval parasitoids of various insect hosts, including leafmining Lepidoptera, Chrysomelidae beetles, and gall-forming Eulophidae. Several species have been documented as effective biological control agents, particularly against invasive pests. The genus exhibits considerable diversity in host associations and geographic distribution across multiple continents.
Closterocerus cinctipennis
Closterocerus cinctipennis is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Ashmead in 1888. The species is known from scattered records across the eastern and central United States, with documented occurrences in California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, and New York. As a member of the genus Closterocerus, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations for this species remain undocumented. The specific epithet 'cinctipennis' refers to the banded or girdled appearance of the wings.
Closterocerus damastes
Closterocerus damastes is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1847. It belongs to the subfamily Entedoninae, a group of small parasitoid wasps. The genus Closterocerus includes species that are primarily parasitoids of other insects. Distribution records indicate presence in Canada, specifically Ontario.
Closterocerus utahensis
Closterocerus utahensis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Crawford in 1912. The species epithet "utahensis" suggests a type locality or association with Utah, though published distribution records indicate occurrence across multiple U.S. states including Arizona, California, Connecticut, Hawaii, and Maryland. As a member of the genus Closterocerus, it belongs to a group of small chalcid wasps that are typically parasitoids of other insects, particularly gall-forming or leaf-mining insects. The species is documented in museum collections including the UCR Entomology Research Museum.
Derostenus
Derostenus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Westwood in 1833. The genus contains five recognized species distributed across Asia, Europe, and North America. European and North American species are solitary endoparasitoids of leaf-mining moth larvae in the genus Stigmella (Nepticulidae), while the biology of Asian species remains unknown. Two species groups have been established based on morphological differences: the gemmeus group (European and North American species) and the sulciscuta group (Asian species).
Derostenus freemani
Derostenus freemani is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described from the Nearctic region in 1973. It is a solitary endoparasitoid of Stigmella larvae (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), minute moths commonly known as pygmy or midget moths. The species was originally placed in the subgenus Nearctostenus, though subsequent revision abandoned this subgeneric division in favor of species-group classification, placing D. freemani in the gemmeus group alongside European species.
Diglyphus
Diglyphus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species are larval ectoparasitoids of leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and some Lepidoptera leafminers. Several species, particularly D. isaea and D. begini, are commercially used for biological control of agricultural leafminer pests in greenhouses and field crops. The genus contains at least 15 European species, with additional species described from Asia and North America.
Diglyphus pulchripes
Diglyphus pulchripes is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae. It belongs to a group of tiny wasps known as jewel wasps or pteromalids, which are characterized by their parasitoid life history where immature stages develop inside host insects, eventually killing the host. The species has been documented in Canada across multiple provinces. Like other members of its genus, it likely parasitizes leaf-mining insects, though specific host associations for this species require further documentation.
Diglyphus websteri
Diglyphus websteri is a tiny parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae. It belongs to a genus known for biological control of leafmining insects. The species has been documented in laboratory settings for parasitoid research.
Elachertus
Elachertus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species within this genus are primarily larval ectoparasitoids of Lepidoptera, with documented associations on hosts including tortricid, geometrid, syntomid, and gelechiid moths. Several species have been studied for their potential in biological control of forest and agricultural pests. The genus exhibits variation in life history strategies, with most species being idiobiont ectoparasitoids, though at least one species (E. scutellatus) has been reported as koinobiont.
Elasmini
Elasmini is a historical subfamily name in the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), erected by Förster in 1856. It is currently treated as a synonym and is no longer recognized as a valid taxonomic rank within Eulophidae. The name reflects early attempts to subdivide the diverse eulophid wasps based on morphological groupings that subsequent research has not supported as monophyletic.
Elasmus polistis
Elasmus polistis is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Burks in 1971. It is an ectoparasitoid specializing on the brood of paper wasps in the genus Polistes. The species has been documented attacking prepupae and pupae inside host nests, entering despite defensive behaviors by adult wasps. It has been recorded from the United States and Brazil, with confirmed host associations including multiple Polistes species.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
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Euderomphale is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Girault in 1916. Members of this genus belong to the subfamily Entedoninae, a group characterized by their small size and parasitic lifestyle on other insects. The genus is part of the hyperdiverse chalcidoid wasp radiation, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Euderus albitarsis
Euderus albitarsis is a parasitic wasp in the family Eulophidae, belonging to the subgenus Euderus s. str. and forming the namesake of the 'albitarsis species group' within the genus. It was originally described by Zetterstedt in 1838 under the basionym Entedon albitarsis. The species has been recorded from Canada (Alberta, Manitoba) and the Canary Islands.
Eulophus
Eulophus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species are gregarious ectoparasitoids, primarily attacking lepidopteran larvae. The genus has been extensively studied for its biological control potential, particularly E. pennicornis against the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea. Wasp larvae feed externally on host caterpillars and possess sophisticated host manipulation capabilities including developmental arrest and immune suppression.
Eulophus anomocerus
Eulophus anomocerus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae. The genus Eulophus comprises small chalcidoid wasps known primarily as ectoparasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae. This species was described by Crawford in 1912 and has been recorded in several Canadian provinces. As with most Eulophidae, the species likely exhibits koinobiont parasitoid biology, allowing the host to continue developing while the parasitoid feeds.
Euplectrus comstockii
Euplectrus comstockii is an ectoparasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae that parasitizes larval Lepidoptera. Adult females inject venom containing a developmental arrestant that arrests host molting and metamorphosis, maintaining the host in a suitable state for parasitoid offspring development. The species has been studied extensively for its host-parasitoid interactions, venom biochemistry, and potential use in biological control programs. Developmental timing varies with temperature: at 24°C and 72.8% relative humidity, the egg stage lasts approximately 1.75 days, larval stage 5.0 days, prepupa 0.95 days, and pupa 5.5 days.
Euplectrus platyhypenae
Euplectrus platyhypenae is a gregarious ectoparasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae that develops externally on lepidopteran host larvae. The species has been documented attacking fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in laboratory studies and peanut foliage-feeding caterpillars in Oklahoma. Females exhibit host strain preference, ovipositing preferentially on corn-strain fall armyworm over rice-strain hosts. Development is rapid, with egg-to-adult times of approximately 9.8–10.5 days depending on host strain.
Galeopsomyia
Galeopsomyia is a New World genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species within this genus function as hyperparasitoids, attacking gall-inducing wasps of the genera Eurytoma and Torymus, and have been documented as parasitoids of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) and the citrus leafminer. A notable species was fortuitously discovered providing biological control of the citrus pest Phyllocnistis citrella. The genus exhibits intraspecific phenotypic matching in ovipositor size relative to gall thickness.
Hemiptarsenus
Hemiptarsenus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species in this genus are primarily known as larval parasitoids of leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae), with some species also attacking Lepidopteran hosts. The genus has been studied extensively for its potential in biological control of agricultural pests, particularly leafminers affecting vegetable crops. Multiple species have been described from Asia, with new species continuing to be discovered in China.
Horismenus
Horismenus is a large genus of eulophid wasps (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) comprising over 400 described species, primarily distributed in the Americas. Species are predominantly parasitoids, with documented associations including bruchid beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in bean seeds, cerambycid beetles, mantid oothecae, and other insects. Several species exhibit hyperparasitoid behavior. The genus has been the subject of recent taxonomic revision due to cryptic species diversity revealed through molecular analysis.
Horismenus fraternus
Horismenus fraternus is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Fitch in 1856. The genus Horismenus comprises small parasitoid wasps that develop within the bodies of other insects. Records indicate this species occurs in eastern Canada, specifically Ontario and Quebec. Like other eulophids, it likely functions as a parasitoid of insect hosts, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Melittobia
Melittobia is a genus of tiny parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, notable for extreme polymorphism, complex social behaviors, and highly female-biased sex ratios. Females exhibit three distinct morphs—winged 'fliers,' short-winged 'jumpers,' and wingless 'crawlers'—determined by larval density rather than genetics. Males are blind, flightless, and comprise only about 5% of offspring, produced asexually through arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. The genus attacks prepupae and pupae of solitary bees, wasps, and other insects in their hosts' nests, with some species also parasitizing fruit flies and flesh flies. Several species are well-studied model organisms for genetics, developmental biology, and behavioral ecology, though taxonomic confusion persists due to extreme morphological plasticity.
Minotetrastichus
Minotetrastichus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species are ectoparasitoids of leaf-mining insects, primarily targeting larvae and pupae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. The genus was established by Kostjukov in 1977. Detailed biological information exists primarily for Minotetrastichus frontalis, which parasitizes the lime leaf miner Phyllonorycter issikii.