Gall-wasp-parasitoid
Guides
Closterocerus
Closterocerus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera). Species within this genus are predominantly larval parasitoids of various insect hosts, including leafmining Lepidoptera, Chrysomelidae beetles, and gall-forming Eulophidae. Several species have been documented as effective biological control agents, particularly against invasive pests. The genus exhibits considerable diversity in host associations and geographic distribution across multiple continents.
Orthopelmatinae
Orthopelmatinae is a monogeneric subfamily of Ichneumonidae containing only the genus Orthopelma. Members are Holarctic idiobiont endoparasitoids specialized on cynipid gall wasps, primarily Diplolepis species on roses. The subfamily exhibits the rare egg-larval parasitoid strategy, with females ovipositing directly into host eggs.