Parasitoid-wasps

Guides

Acmopolynema
fairyflies
Acmopolynema is a genus of fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) established by Ogloblin in 1946. Species in this genus are minute parasitoid wasps, with new species described from India and distributional records from China, Japan, Madagascar, and other regions. The genus belongs to a family renowned for containing some of the smallest known insects.
Hymenoptera Mymaridae fairyflies egg-parasitoids parasitoid-wasps
Agrilus planipennis
Emerald Ash Borer, EAB
Agrilus planipennis, the emerald ash borer, is a highly destructive invasive beetle native to northeastern Asia. First detected in North America in 2002 (Michigan) and European Russia in 2003, it has since spread to 36 U.S. states, five Canadian provinces, and across Eastern Europe. The species has killed hundreds of millions of ash trees, causing severe ecological and economic damage. In its native range, it occurs at low densities without significant tree mortality; in invaded regions, it typically kills over 90% of ash trees within 2–4 years of establishment.
invasive-species forest-pest biological-control Fraxinus jewel-beetle Buprestidae North-America Europe Asia quarantine parasitoid-wasps chemical-ecology urban-forestry firewood-movement Spathius Tetrastichus Oobius Cerceris-fumipennis citizen-science Wasp-Watchers
Anogmus
Anogmus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, first described by Foerster in 1856. These small parasitoid wasps belong to the subfamily Pteromalinae and are part of the diverse radiation of pteromalid wasps that attack various insect hosts. The genus is documented from parts of northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Poland.
parasitoid-wasps Pteromalidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera European-fauna
Asthenolabus
Asthenolabus is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Heinrich in 1951. The genus belongs to the diverse parasitoid wasp family, whose members are characterized by their role as parasitoids of other insects. Records indicate presence in Scandinavia, though detailed biological information remains limited.
ichneumonidae parasitoid-wasps scandinavia
Aulogymnus
Aulogymnus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Förster in 1851. Members of this genus are small parasitoid wasps, part of a diverse family that primarily parasitizes other insects. The genus has been recorded from Europe and Asia. Specific biological details for the genus as a whole remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
parasitoid Eulophidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Palearctic wasps insects arthropods entomology taxonomy Förster-1851 Denmark Spain Tibet China Europe Asia minute-wasps chalcid-wasps Eulophinae Terebrantes Apocrita Hexapoda Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Aulogymnus small-wasps tiny-wasps parasitic-wasps biological-control insect-parasitoids systematics morphology identification keys Nearctic Oriental Xizang citizen-science iNaturalist observations records distribution Förster 1851 genus accepted valid synonymy chalcidoid chalcid chalcids eulophid eulophids eulophid-wasps eulophines parasitoid-wasps parasitic-Hymenoptera biological-control-agents insect-diversity biodiversity fauna entomological hymenopteran arthropod hexapod hexapods pterygote pterygotes endopterygote endopterygotes holometabolous holometabola tiny-insects minute-insects small-insects microhymenoptera micro-wasps micro-parasitoids micro-chalcids micro-eulophids wing-venation antennae thorax diagnostic-characters taxonomic-keys identification-keys generic-keys Nearctic-fauna European-fauna Asian-fauna Tibetan-fauna Spanish-fauna Danish-fauna poorly-known data-deficient understudied cryptic-diversity host-unknown biology-unknown life-history-unknown ecology-unknown distribution-records occurrence-records specimen-records museum-records database-records GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI Wikipedia Universal-Chalcidoidea-Database Key-to-Nearctic-eulophid-genera literature sources references citations bibliography original-description type-species type-locality nomenclature systematic-entomology hymenopterology chalcidology parasitology biological-control-research integrated-pest-management IPM agricultural-entomology forest-entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology urban-entomology conservation-entomology insect-ecology community-ecology population-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology phylogenetics phylogeny molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding taxonomy-and-phylogeny classification biodiversity-informatics biogeography historical-biogeography phylogeography dispersal vicariance speciation diversification evolution adaptation natural-selection sexual-selection life-history-evolution host-parasitoid-interactions coevolution tritrophic-interactions food-webs ecosystem-services natural-enemies biocontrol augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control conservation-biological-control invasive-species-management pest-management sustainable-agriculture organic-farming agroecology ecosystem-health environmental-monitoring bioindicators indicator-species climate-change global-change habitat-loss fragmentation conservation-status IUCN red-list not-evaluated research-needs knowledge-gaps future-research priorities specimen-collection vouchering museum-collections natural-history-collections digitization data-sharing open-science FAIR-principles citizen-science-contributions community-science public-engagement science-communication education outreach natural-history insect-watching wasp-watching nature-observation biodiversity-appreciation
Bootanomyia
Bootanomyia is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Megastigmidae. Members are small chalcidoid wasps that develop as parasitoids within oak galls induced by cynipid gall wasps. Two European species morphologically keyed to B. dorsalis have been introduced to North America: one clade found in New York, and another in the Pacific Northwest. These introductions represent the first documented cases of Bootanomyia establishment in North America.
parasitoid-wasps oak-galls invasive-species Megastigmidae Cynipidae biological-introductions North-America Europe genetic-barcoding mtCOI
Ceraphron
Ceraphron is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Ceraphronidae, superfamily Ceraphronoidea. These wasps are among the least known members of the Hymenoptera, with very little published information on their biology, ecology, or host associations. The genus serves as the type genus for both its family and superfamily. Ceraphron species are morphologically diverse and have proven difficult to characterize using standard DNA barcoding methods due to their unusual molecular properties.
Ceraphronoidea parasitoid-wasps poorly-known DNA-barcoding-difficulties unbarcodable type-genus
Colpa
Colpa is a genus of scoliid wasps comprising 24 recognized species distributed across six subgenera. Phylogenetic analysis has repositioned this genus from the tribe Campsomerini to a sister-group relationship with Scoliini, rendering Campsomerini non-monophyletic. This taxonomic revision has prompted proposals for either establishing a new tribe Colpini or transferring the genus to Scoliini. Species occur across multiple continents including North America, Africa, and Eurasia.
scoliid-wasps mammoth-wasps parasitoid-wasps Hymenoptera Scoliidae scarabaeid-parasitoids biological-control
Crabronidae
Square-headed Wasps, Sand Wasps, Digger Wasps
Crabronidae is a large family of solitary wasps within the superfamily Apoidea, containing over 200 genera and more than 9,000 species. Formerly treated as a subfamily of Sphecidae, it was elevated to family status following taxonomic revision. The family is now recognized as paraphyletic, with bees (Anthophila) and Sphecidae having arisen from within it. Members are commonly known as square-headed wasps, sand wasps, and digger wasps.
solitary-wasps predatory-wasps parasitoid-wasps digger-wasps sand-wasps square-headed-wasps progressive-provisioning nest-guarding prey-paralysis
Cratocentrinae
Cratocentrinae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps (Chalcididae) established by Steffan in 1951. The group was historically recognized by specific morphological characters that have been subject to recent reappraisal. West Palaearctic species were reviewed in 2018, with first European records documented and two new species described. The subfamily includes genera such as Cratocentrus and Philocentrus.
chalcid-wasps parasitoid-wasps West-Palaearctic taxonomic-revision
Cyphomyrmex
fungus-growing ants
Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.
fungus-growing-ants attine-ants Myrmicinae Neotropical mutualism fungiculture Leucocoprineae monogyny parasitoid-wasps social-parasitism chemical-ecology alkaloid-venom nest-architecture behavioral-plasticity cytogenetics chromosome-evolution Guiana-Shield Brazil Panama Puerto-Rico Mesoamerica Argentina United-States Texas California Florida yeast-gardens mycelial-gardens rimosus-complex strigatus-complex age-polyethism trophallaxis thanatosis feigning-death Diapriidae Acanthopria Mimopriella Megalomyrmex social-parasite C.-longiscapus C.-transversus C.-laevigatus C.-rimosus C.-minutus C.-lectus C.-cornutus C.-costatus pheromones 3-octanol farnesenes trail-following alarm-signal diketopiperazines antifungal-compounds defensive-behavior colony-defense flight-response recruitment Lanchester's-laws karyotype chromosome-number rDNA microsatellites FISH chamber-depth gallery-length fire-disturbance savanna-forest-transition arboreal-nesting clay-auricles soil-nests wood-nests epiphytic-nests moss-nests coconut-nests desiccation-susceptibility moist-habitats basal-attine phylogenetics sister-group chemical-evolution venom-alkaloids behavioral-manipulation host-parasite-interaction ecosystem-engineering nutrient-cycling decomposition organic-matter insect-feces exoskeleton-substrate garden-transplantation worker-polymorphism queen-number dealate-queens alates brood-care ecdysis-assistance foraging sugar-collection plant-exudates fungal-domestication nodule-cultivation mycelium-cultivation agricultural-behavior nest-entrance funnel-structure exposed-gardens symbiont-diversity geographic-variation research-model evolutionary-biology mutualism-evolution ant-fungus-coevolution chemical-communication social-insects eusociality colony-size small-colonies slow-movement crypsis debris-mimicry predation-avoidance parasitoid-defense wasp-killing colony-abandonment resource-rescue thief-ant-defense venom-resistance toxicity-tolerance behavioral-suppression playing-dead alkaloid-manipulation fungal-secondary-metabolites antibacterial-compounds antiviral-compounds garden-protection microbial-defense nest-microclimate temperature-regulation humidity-requirements depth-effects fire-adaptation disturbance-ecology habitat-specificity substrate-specialization clay-construction soil-manipulation architectural-plasticity vertical-nesting embankment-nesting overhang-nesting pendant-nests swallow-nest-mimicry research-accessibility field-biology tropical-ecology Neotropical-myrmecology biodiversity conservation invasive-species-context native-species biological-control Integrated-Pest-Management agricultural-ecology forest-ecology savanna-ecology transitional-habitats disturbed-areas urban-ecology anthropogenic-impact climate-sensitivity habitat-limitation range-boundaries dispersal colonization establishment population-dynamics demography colony-density nest-spacing intraspecific-competition interspecific-competition territoriality resource-defense combat-behavior aggression-levels recruitment-behavior chemical-signaling alarm-pheromones trail-pheromones recognition-cues cuticular-hydrocarbons venom-composition defensive-secretions mandibular-glands Dufour's-gland metapleural-glands antibiotic-production grooming-behavior fungal-inoculation integumental-fungi yeast-growth larval-grooming garden-maintenance substrate-preparation fecal-fertilizer anal-trophallaxis crop-regurgitation fluid-application drying-behavior nodule-formation transplantation-behavior garden-establishment ceiling-gardens root-association architectural-innovation nest-site-selection microhabitat-choice moisture-requirements thermal-buffering predator-avoidance parasite-avoidance disease-resistance social-immunity collective-behavior division-of-labor task-allocation temporal-polyethism worker-age nurse-workers forager-workers soldier-caste-absence monomorphism worker-size-variation queen-worker-differentiation reproductive-caste gyne-production male-production seasonal-reproduction colony-founding claustral-founding non-claustral-founding fungal-inoculum founding-queen first-worker-generation nutritional-dependency fat-reserves metabolic-adaptation digestive-physiology enzyme-complement fungal-enzyme lignocellulose-degradation nutritional-mutualism obligate-mutualism vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission symbiont-switching cultivar-replacement garden-failure colony-mortality population-turnover generation-time longevity survivorship life-expectancy aging senescence reproductive-investment colony-growth colony-decline budding fission reproduction-mode genetic-structure relatedness mating-system nuptial-flight mate-choice sperm-storage colony-odor nestmate-recognition foreign-rejection agonistic-behavior territorial-marking boundary-defense raiding-behavior robbing-behavior cleptobiosis dulosis slavery inquilinism guest-ants myrmecophiles nest-associates commensalism inquilines parasite-tolerance host-manipulation venom-alkaloid pyrrolidine indolizidine piperidine nonanal farnesene sesquiterpene agriculture-chemical gaster-extract chemical-diversity chemical-simplicity evolutionary-precursor derived-chemistry biosynthetic-pathway semiochemical infochemical communication information-transfer colony-organization social-structure polygyny queen-condition dealation wing-shedding ovarian-development fecundity egg-laying brood-development developmental-rate temperature-dependence humidity-dependence food-availability nutritional-quality fungal-productivity garden-yield worker-production colony-efficiency energy-allocation resource-allocation foraging-efficiency search-behavior prey-detection food-retrieval transport-behavior load-size travel-speed path-integration orientation navigation homing-behavior learning memory experience individual-recognition context-dependent-behavior threat-assessment risk-management predator-inspection alarm-propagation recruitment-activation mobilization colony-response emergency-behavior panic-response controlled-response defensive-strategy offensive-strategy escalation de-escalation conflict-resolution fight-avoidance retreat-behavior surrender-signal dominance-hierarchy reproductive-skew worker-policing queen-policing egg-eating oviposition-suppression reproductive-conflict kin-conflict worker-reproduction male-production-by-workers anarchy social-parasitism-detection parasite-recognition enemy-recognition nest-intrusion nest-defense perimeter-defense chamber-defense brood-defense queen-defense self-sacrifice suicidal-defense autothysis sting-use mandible-use spraying-behavior gaster-flexion chemical-defense mechanical-defense armor cuticle-thickness pigmentation masquerade mimicry Batesian-mimicry Muellerian-mimicry aggressive-mimicry Wasmannian-mimicry myrmecophily myrmecophagy ant-plant-mutualism trophobiosis extrafloral-nectary domatia plant-ant-interaction herbivore-defense seed-dispersal pollination ecosystem-service functional-role trophic-position detritivore decomposer saprotroph necrotroph fungivore omnivore predator scavenger trophic-level energy-flow carbon-cycling nitrogen-cycling phosphorus-cycling soil-formation bioturbation aeration water-infiltration microbial-community bacteria actinomycetes Pseudonocardia disease-suppression garden-hygiene weeding-behavior pruning-behavior fungal-grooming antibiotic-application mutualist-protection agricultural-disease crop-pathology escovopsis garden-parasite competitor-fungus pathogen-defense immune-response individual-immunity grooming allogrooming self-grooming nest-cleaning refuse-management fecal-management waste-disposal midden-formation territory-size home-range foraging-range recruitment-range exploration exploitation information-use public-information private-information cue-use signal-use communication-network interaction-network social-network colony-network population-network community-ecology species-interaction apparent-competition exploitative-competition interference-competition resource-partitioning niche-differentiation habitat-filtering environmental-gradient altitudinal-distribution latitudinal-distribution continental-distribution island-distribution endemism biogeography phylogeography historical-biogeography vicariance range-expansion range-contraction refugia glacial-cycles climate-change-impact habitat-fragmentation deforestation land-use-change agricultural-intensification urbanization pollution pesticide-exposure heavy-metal-accumulation conservation-status population-viability extinction-risk protected-area reserve-design habitat-corridor connectivity metapopulation source-sink-dynamics rescue-effect mass-effect ecological-theory behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology trait-based-ecology comparative-analysis phylogenetic-comparative-methods character-evolution ancestral-state-reconstruction convergent-evolution parallel-evolution adaptive-radiation species-diversification speciation hybridization introgression gene-flow genetic-differentiation population-structure molecular-ecology genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics volatile-organic-compound cuticular-hydrocarbon glandular-secretion sting-apparatus mandible-morphology head-morphology mesosomal-morphology petiolar-morphology gastral-morphology leg-morphology antennal-morphology sensilla chemoreception mechanoreception thermoreception photoreception vision compound-eye ocelli brain-morphology neuroanatomy learning-capacity memory-capacity cognitive-ability problem-solving tool-use sequence-learning route-learning spatial-memory temporal-memory social-learning cultural-transmission tradition colony-personality behavioral-syndrome boldness exploration-tendency activity-level aggression-level foraging-tendency defensive-tendency stress-response physiological-stress thermal-stress desiccation-stress starvation-stress immune-challenge wound-healing metabolic-rate respiration energy-expenditure water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubules rectum hindgut midgut foregut crop proventriculus digestive-enzyme nutrient-absorption lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism amino-acid-metabolism nitrogen-excretion uric-acid urea ammonia osmolyte cryoprotectant heat-shock-protein stress-protein antioxidant-defense oxidative-stress reactive-oxygen-species aging-biology senescence-theory disposable-soma antagonistic-pleiotropy mutation-accumulation life-history-theory r-K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity reproductive-effort parental-investment maternal-effect paternal-effect epigenetics DNA-methylation histone-modification non-coding-RNA gene-regulation transcription-factor signaling-pathway hormone juvenile-hormone ecdysone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing reproductive-signaling caste-determination sex-determination environmental-sex-determination genetic-sex-determination haplodiploidy arrhenotoky thelytoky parthenogenesis arrhenotokous-parthenogenesis automixis apomixis central-fusion terminal-fusion genomic-imprinting parental-conflict kin-selection inclusive-fitness Hamilton's-rule relatedness-asymmetry sex-ratio-theory local-mate-competition local-resource-competition local-resource-enhancement split-sex-ratio worker-sex-ratio queen-sex-ratio colony-sex-ratio population-sex-ratio operational-sex-ratio effective-population-size genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression heterosis hybrid-vigor genetic-load mutation-rate effective-number-of-codons codon-usage-bias GC-content genome-size karyotype-evolution chromosomal-rearrangement fusion inversion translocation polyploidy aneuploidy chromosomal-polymorphism rDNA-cluster heterochromatin euchromatin centromere telomere nucleolus-organizer-region satellite-DNA minisatellite microsatellite simple-sequence-repeat transposable-element retrotransposon DNA-transposon horizontal-gene-transfer endosymbiont Wolbachia Cardinium Rickettsia Spiroplasma bacterial-symbiont fungal-symbiont viral-symbiont parasite pathogen disease epidemiology transmission-dynamics virulence resistance tolerance recovery immunity vaccination prophylaxis medicinal-behavior self-medication thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation social-thermoregulation microclimate-selection nest-temperature brood-temperature fungal-garden-temperature metabolic-heat heat-dissipation evaporative-cooling behavioral-cooling fanning ventilation chamber-design gallery-design entrance-design air-flow humidity-regulation water-collection water-storage desiccation-resistance cuticular-waterproofing spiracle-control respiratory-water-loss excretory-water-loss water-recycling metabolic-water dietary-water environmental-water rainfall-dependence seasonal-activity dry-season wet-season monsoon drought flood fire disturbance succession primary-succession secondary-succession climax-community pioneer-species habitat-specialist habitat-generalist edge-species interior-species gap-species canopy-species understory-species ground-species subterranean-species arboreal-species liana-species epiphyte-species lithophyte-species rheophyte-species aquatic-margin-species terrestrial-species fossorial-species cursorial-species scansorial-species volant-species winged-reproductive dealate ergatoid brachypterous apterous polymorphism caste-polymorphism queen-polymorphism male-polymorphism size-polymorphism allometry isometry shape-variation morphological-integration modularity evolvability constraints developmental-stability fluctuating-asymmetry directional-asymmetry antisymmetry phenotypic-plasticity reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction grandparental-effect indirect-genetic-effect social-environment-effect colony-effect density-dependence frequency-dependence negative-frequency-dependence positive-frequency-dependence apostatic-selection anti-apostatic-selection search-image predator-learning prey-learning friend-recognition cuticular-hydrocarbon-profile gestalt-odor colony-specific-odor individual-specific-odor task-specific-odor age-specific-odor reproductive-odor queen-odor queen-pheromone primer-pheromone releaser-pheromone signal-pheromone modulatory-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone recruitment-pheromone aggregation-pheromone sex-pheromone marking-pheromone territorial-pheromone defensive-pheromone poison-gland Dufour-gland mandibular-gland postpharyngeal-gland metapleural-gland sternal-gland tarsal-gland anal-gland rectal-gland pygidial-gland mandibular-brush tibial-spur stridulatory-organ subgenual-organ Johnston's-organ tympanal-organ hair-sensillum campaniform-sensillum basiconic-sensillum coeloconic-sensillum placoid-sensillum sensilla-trichodea sensilla-basiconica sensilla-coeloconica sensilla-ampullacea sensilla-campaniformia sensilla-placodea olfactory-receptor-neuron gustatory-receptor-neuron mechanoreceptor-neuron thermoreceptor-neuron hygroreceptor-neuron photoreceptor-neuron visual-processing olfactory-processing gustatory-processing mechanosensory-processing central-complex mushroom-body antennal-lobe optic-lobe suboesophageal-ganglion ventral-nerve-cord sympathetic-nervous-system neurosecretion neurohemal-organ corpus-cardiacum corpus-allatum prothoracic-gland ventral-gland pericardial-gland neuroendocrine-regulation hormonal-regulation pheromonal-regulation neural-regulation behavioral-regulation social-regulation environmental-regulation developmental-regulation reproductive-regulation metabolic-regulation homeostatic-regulation allostatic-regulation stress-regulation immune-regulation circadian-rhythm circannual-rhythm photoperiodism thermoperiodism biological-clock zeitgeber entrainment free-running-period phase-response-curve masking-effect arousal-threshold sleep torpor diapause quiescence dormancy aestivation hibernation cold-hardiness heat-hardiness desiccation-hardiness anoxia-hardiness starvation-hardiness radiation-hardiness pressure-hardiness gravity-perception magnetic-field-perception electric-field-perception sound-perception vibration-perception substrate-borne-signal air-borne-signal seismic-signal chemical-signal visual-signal tactile-signal auditory-signal multimodal-signal composite-signal redundant-signal amplifying-signal attenuating-signal honest-signal deceptive-signal costly-signal cheap-signal conventional-signal index-signal handicap-signal amplifier social-selection sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice male-male-competition female-female-competition parent-offspring-conflict sibling-conflict worker-queen-conflict worker-worker-conflict sexual-conflict antagonistic-coevolution arms-race evolutionary-dynamics community-dynamics ecosystem-dynamics biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle water-cycle trophic-transfer production-efficiency consumption-efficiency assimilation-efficiency ecological-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency 10%-rule food-chain food-web trophic-cascade top-down-control bottom-up-control wasps-control donor-control recipient-control interaction-strength interaction-web ecological-network network-topology network-metrics degree-distribution connectance nestedness compartmentalization robustness fragility resilience recovery-time return-time elasticity perturbation pulse-disturbance press-disturbance chronic-disturbance acute-disturbance catastrophic-disturbance natural-disturbance anthropogenic-disturbance habitat-destruction habitat-degradation habitat-modification habitat-loss habitat-isolation edge-effect matrix-effect permeability corridor-effect stepping-stone source-population sink-population metapopulation-dynamics extinction-debt colonization-credit relaxation-effect time-lag historical-legacy priority-effect founder-effect bottleneck-effect selection natural-selection artificial-selection directional-selection stabilizing-selection disruptive-selection balancing-selection frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection r-selection K-selection c-selection s-selection a-selection bet-hedging-selection fluctuating-selection correlational-selection multivariate-selection indirect-selection correlated-response genetic-correlation phenotypic-correlation environmental-correlation correlation-matrix variance-covariance-matrix G-matrix P-matrix E-matrix M-matrix quantitative-genetics heritability narrow-sense-heritability broad-sense-heritability genetic-variance additive-genetic-variance dominance-variance epistatic-variance environmental-variance phenotypic-variance genotype-environment-interaction-variance maternal-variance paternal-variance common-environment-variance special-environment-variance measurement-error-variance response-to-selection realized-heritability predicted-response breeder's-equation selection-gradient selection-differential Lande-equation multivariate-breeder's-equation genetic-constraint evolutionary-constraint developmental-constraint functional-constraint phylogenetic-constraint historical-constraint trade-off allocation-trade-off acquisition-trade-off conversion-trade-off maintenance-trade-off reproduction-survival-trade-off growth-reproduction-trade-off immune-reproduction-trade-off stress-reproduction-trade-off foraging-predation-trade-off competition-colonization-trade-off tolerance-resistance-trade-off plasticity-canalization-trade-off generalist-specialist-trade-off speed-accuracy-trade-off exploration-exploitation-trade-off individual-colony-trade-off within-colony-trade-off between-colony-trade-off life-history-trade-off demographic-trade-off ecological-trade-off evolutionary-trade-off optimization maximization minimization satisficing marginal-value-theorem optimal-foraging-theory optimal-diet-theory central-place-foraging patch-use-theory giving-up-density giving-up-time predation-risk energetic-cost opportunity-cost handling-time search-time travel-time encounter-rate prey-density prey-profitability prey-choice diet-breadth niche-width niche-overlap niche-partitioning resource-selection habitat-selection settlement-choice nest-site-choice host-choice oviposition-choice foraging-choice path-choice route-choice central-place territory core-area edge-area boundary perimeter area volume shape configuration spatial-pattern temporal-pattern diel-pattern seasonal-pattern annual-pattern multiannual-pattern cyclical-pattern irregular-pattern random-pattern clumped-pattern uniform-pattern regular-pattern aggregated-pattern overdispersed-pattern underdispersed-pattern Poisson-distribution negative-binomial-distribution Taylor's-power-law spatial-autocorrelation temporal-autocorrelation cross-correlation spectral-analysis wavelet-analysis time-series-analysis population-time-series community-time-series ecosystem-time-series long-term-study long-term-monitoring long-term-experiment chronosequence space-for-time-substitution paleoecology paleontology fossil-record trace-fossil coprolite nest-fossil amber-inclusion subfossil quaternary holocene pleistocene neogene paleogene cretaceous mesozoic cenozoic geological-time deep-time evolutionary-time ecological-time generational-time physiological-time perception-time reaction-time decision-time memory-time learning-time developmental-time life-span colony-lifespan queen-lifespan worker-lifespan male-lifespan larval-development-time pupal-development-time egg-development-time incubation-time doubling-time half-life relaxation-time resilience-time resistance-time lag-time lead-time forecast-time prediction-time planning-time management-time conservation-time restoration-time mitigation-time adaptation-time speciation-time diversification-time extinction-time persistence-time transience-time ephemerality permanence stability instability equilibrium non-equilibrium steady-state dynamic-state transient-state asymptotic-state attractor repeller limit-cycle chaos stochasticity determinism predictability unpredictability complexity emergence self-organization pattern-formation spatial-self-organization temporal-self-organization spatiotemporal-self-organization swarm-intelligence collective-decision-making consensus-decision quorum-response wisdom-of-crowds information-cascade cultural-evolution gene-culture-coevolution niche-construction extended-phenotype extended-organism superorganism colony-as-individual colony-as-unit-of-selection group-selection multilevel-selection reciprocal-altruism by-product-mutualism amensalism competition predation herbivory parasitism parasitoidism chemical-mimicry tactile-mimicry visual-mimicry acoustic-mimicry defensive-mimicry Vavilovian-mimicry Bakerian-mimicry Gilbertian-mimicry Poultonian-mimicry Browerian-mimicry auto-mimicry intra-specific-mimicry inter-specific-mimicry molecular-mimicry cellular-mimicry tissue-mimicry organ-mimicry behavioral-mimicry reproductive-mimicry social-mimicry nest-mimicry food-mimicry predator-mimicry prey-mimicry host-mimicry guest-mimicry cleptoparasite cuckoo-parasite inquiline guest myrmecophile termitophile aphidophile coccidophile scale-insect-associate mealybug-associate whitefly-associate planthopper-associate treehopper-associate leafhopper-associate cicada-associate butterfly-associate moth-associate beetle-associate fly-associate wasp-associate bee-associate ant-associate spider-associate mite-associate tick-associate nematode-associate flatworm-associate roundworm-associate annelid-associate mollusk-associate crustacean-associate millipede-associate centipede-associate insect-associate vertebrate-associate bird-associate mammal-associate reptile-associate amphibian-associate fish-associate plant-associate fungus-associate bacteria-associate virus-associate archaea-associate protist-associate algae-associate lichen-associate bryophyte-associate pteridophyte-associate gymnosperm-associate angiosperm-associate monocot-associate dicot-associate herb-associate shrub-associate tree-associate vine-associate epiphyte-associate lithophyte-associate rheophyte-associate hydrophyte-associate xerophyte-associate mesophyte-associate hygrophyte-associate sciophyte-associate heliophyte-associate pioneer-plant-associate climax-plant-associate disturbance-plant-associate successional-plant-associate ant-plant-protection-mutualism ant-plant-food-body-mutualism ant-plant-domatia-mutualism ant-plant-extrafloral-nectary-mutualism ant-plant-seed-dispersal-mutualism ant-plant-pollination-mutualism ant-plant-agriculture-mutualism ant-fungus-mutualism ant-bacteria-mutualism ant-virus-mutualism ant-nematode-mutualism ant-mite-mutualism ant-tick-mutualism ant-spider-mutualism ant-wasp-mutualism ant-fly-mutualism ant-beetle-mutualism ant-butterfly-mutualism ant-moth-mutualism ant-bird-mutualism ant-mammal-mutualism ant-reptile-mutualism ant-amphibian-mutualism ant-fish-mutualism ant-human-mutualism ant-domestic-animal-mutualism ant-pest-mutualism ant-crop-mutualism ant-forest-mutualism ant-savanna-mutualism ant-grassland-mutualism ant-desert-mutualism ant-wetland-mutualism ant-riverine-mutualism ant-riparian-mutualism ant-montane-mutualism ant-lowland-mutualism ant-coastal-mutualism ant-island-mutualism ant-continental-mutualism ant-tropical-mutualism ant-temperate-mutualism ant-subtropical-mutualism ant-boreal-mutualism ant-austral-mutualism ant-paleotropical-mutualism ant-neotropical-mutualism ant-afrotropical-mutualism ant-oriental-mutualism ant-palearctic-mutualism ant-nearctic-mutualism ant-holarctic-mutualism ant-pan-tropical-mutualism ant-cosmopolitan-mutualism ant-endemic-mutualism ant-widespread-mutualism ant-restricted-mutualism ant-rare-mutualism ant-common-mutualism ant-abundant-mutualism ant-scarce-mutualism ant-threatened-mutualism ant-invasive-mutualism ant-native-mutualism ant-exotic-mutualism ant-introduced-mutualism ant-naturalized-mutualism ant-feral-mutualism ant-urban-mutualism ant-rural-mutualism ant-agricultural-mutualism ant-natural-mutualism ant-anthropogenic-mutualism ant-pristine-mutualism ant-degraded-mutualism ant-restored-mutualism ant-conserved-mutualism ant-managed-mutualism ant-sustainable-mutualism ant-unsustainable-mutualism ant-resilient-mutualism ant-fragile-mutualism ant-robust-mutualism ant-vulnerable-mutualism ant-resistant-mutualism ant-susceptible-mutualism ant-tolerant-mutualism ant-intolerant-mutualism ant-flexible-mutualism ant-inflexible-mutualism ant-plastic-mutualism ant-canalized-mutualism ant-adaptive-mutualism ant-maladaptive-mutualism ant-optimal-mutualism ant-suboptimal-mutualism ant-efficient-mutualism ant-inefficient-mutualism ant-productive-mutualism ant-unproductive-mutualism ant-successful-mutualism ant-unsuccessful-mutualism ant-stable-mutualism ant-unstable-mutualism ant-persistent-mutualism ant-transient-mutualism ant-obligate-mutualism ant-facultative-mutualism ant-specific-mutualism ant-generalized-mutualism ant-exclusive-mutualism ant-non-exclusive-mutualism ant-symbiotic-mutualism ant-non-symbiotic-mutualism ant-trophic-mutualism ant-defensive-mutualism ant-dispersive-mutualism ant-pollination-mutualism ant-agriculture-mutualism ant-construction-mutualism ant-nutrient-mutualism ant-protection-mutualism ant-cleaning-mutualism ant-transport-mutualism ant-storage-mutualism ant-processing-mutualism ant-consumption-mutualism ant-production-mutualism ant-exchange-mutualism ant-reciprocity-mutualism ant-by-product-mutualism ant-investment-mutualism ant-harvest-mutualism ant-cultivation-mutualism ant-domestication-mutualism ant-selection-mutualism ant-breeding-mutualism ant-engineering-mutualism ant-modification-mutualism ant-creation-mutualism ant-destruction-mutualism ant-transformation-mutualism ant-conversion-mutualism ant-utilization-mutualism ant-exploitation-mutualism ant-cooperation-mutualism ant-competition-mutualism ant-conflict-mutualism ant-resolution-mutualism ant-negotiation-mutualism ant-communication-mutualism ant-signal-mutualism ant-cue-mutualism ant-information-mutualism ant-knowledge-mutualism ant-learning-mutualism ant-memory-mutualism ant-cognition-mutualism ant-intelligence-mutualism ant-decision-mutualism ant-choice-mutualism ant-preference-mutualism ant-motivation-mutualism ant-emotion-mutualism ant-stress-mutualism ant-welfare-mutualism ant-health-mutualism ant-disease-mutualism ant-immunity-mutualism ant-resistance-mutualism ant-tolerance-mutualism ant-recovery-mutualism ant-healing-mutualism ant-therapy-mutualism ant-medicine-mutualism ant-prevention-mutualism ant-security-mutualism ant-safety-mutualism ant-risk-mutualism ant-hazard-mutualism ant-threat-mutualism ant-danger-mutualism ant-damage-mutualism ant-injury-mutualism ant-death-mutualism ant-mortality-mutualism ant-survival-mutualism ant-longevity-mutualism ant-reproduction-mutualism ant-fertility-mutualism ant-fecundity-mutualism ant-sterility-mutualism ant-virginity-mutualism ant-mating-mutualism ant-copulation-mutualism ant-insemination-mutualism ant-fertilization-mutualism ant-egg-mutualism ant-laying-mutualism ant-incubation-mutualism ant-hatching-mutualism ant-emergence-mutualism ant-eclosion-mutualism ant-molting-mutualism ant-ecdysis-mutualism ant-metamorphosis-mutualism ant-development-mutualism ant-growth-mutualism ant-differentiation-mutualism ant-maturation-mutualism ant-aging-mutualism ant-senescence-mutualism ant-decomposition-mutualism ant-recycling-mutualism ant-energy-mutualism ant-carbon-mutualism ant-nitrogen-mutualism ant-phosphorus-mutualism ant-sulfur-mutualism ant-water-mutualism ant-oxygen-mutualism ant-hydrogen-mutualism ant-mineral-mutualism ant-vitamin-mutualism ant-hormone-mutualism ant-enzyme-mutualism ant-protein-mutualism ant-lipid-mutualism ant-carbohydrate-mutualism ant-nucleic-acid-mutualism ant-DNA-mutualism ant-RNA-mutualism ant-gene-mutualism ant-genome-mutualism ant-chromosome-mutualism ant-cell-mutualism ant-tissue-mutualism ant-organ-mutualism ant-system-mutualism ant-organism-mutualism ant-individual-mutualism ant-colony-mutualism ant-population-mutualism ant-species-mutualism ant-genus-mutualism ant-family-mutualism ant-order-mutualism ant-class-mutualism ant-phylum-mutualism ant-kingdom-mutualism ant-domain-mutualism ant-life-mutualism ant-earth-mutualism ant-universe-mutualism
Diapriinae
Diapriinae is a subfamily of minute parasitoid wasps within the family Diapriidae. Members are typically 1–8 mm in length, with most species averaging 2–4 mm. They are characterized by a distinctive ledge-like extension of the face above the clypeus (the "shelf face"), from which the antennae originate. The subfamily contains three tribes: Diapriini, Psilini, and Spilomicrini. Most species are parasitoids of Diptera larvae and pupae, particularly fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae), though some lineages have evolved specialized associations with ants. Many species remain undescribed, with an estimated 4,500 species worldwide compared to approximately 2,300 currently described.
parasitoid-wasps myrmecophily Diptera-parasitoids microhymenoptera shelf-faced-wasps biological-control undescribed-species-diversity
Dielis
scoliid wasps
Dielis is a New World genus of scoliid wasps (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) in the tribe Campsomerini, formerly treated as a subgenus of Campsomeris. The genus comprises 12 species of medium to large solitary aculeate wasps distributed from Canada to southern South America. Adults are nectar-feeders, while larvae develop as ectoparasitoids of scarab beetle grubs in soil. The genus is notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism in color pattern and body structure, and for unusual mitochondrial genome architecture including a split cox2 gene.
scoliid-wasps parasitoid-wasps sexual-dimorphism scarab-beetle-parasitoid New-World-wasps split-mitochondrial-gene seasonal-polyphenism
Dissomphalus
Dissomphalus is the most species-rich genus in the family Bethylidae (Hymenoptera), with over 600 valid species globally. The genus exhibits exceptional diversity in the Neotropical region, where the majority of species occur, though it has a cosmopolitan distribution including the Oriental region and southwestern Pacific islands. Species delimitation relies heavily on male genitalia characters and metasomal tergal process structures, with species-groups defined primarily by these morphological features. Taxonomic revisions have revealed high levels of undescribed diversity, particularly in underexplored regions such as Panama, Thailand, and the Fiji-Solomon Islands archipelago.
Hymenoptera Bethylidae parasitoid-wasps taxonomy Neotropical species-rich-genus male-genitalia DNA-barcoding cryptic-species
Earinini
Earinini is a tribe of parasitoid wasps within the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Members of this tribe are small wasps that parasitize other insects. The tribe is relatively small and poorly documented compared to other braconid tribes.
parasitoid-wasps Braconidae Hymenoptera
Eulophidae
Eulophidae is a large family of minute chalcidoid wasps comprising over 4,300 described species in approximately 300 genera. Members are distinguished by having only four tarsomeres on each leg, a small straight protibial spur, and antennae with two to four funicle segments and at most 10 antennomeres. The majority of species are primary parasitoids of arthropods across all developmental stages, with exceptional diversity in host associations including thrips, leafhoppers, gall wasps, and various other insects. The family includes the former family Elasmidae (now subfamily Elasminae) and is represented globally across virtually all terrestrial habitats, including one aquatic species that parasitizes water-penny beetles.
parasitoid-wasps biological-control Chalcidoidea integrated-pest-management thrips-parasitoids leafhopper-parasitoids gall-wasp-parasitoids agricultural-entomology
Evaniella
Evaniella is a genus of ensign wasps (family Evaniidae) established by Bradley in 1905. The genus contains more than 70 described species, making it one of the larger genera within its family. Members of this genus share the characteristic ensign wasp body plan, including the distinctive laterally compressed abdomen that gives the family its common name.
ensign-wasps parasitoid-wasps cockroach-parasitoids Hymenoptera Evaniidae tropical-wasps genus Bradley-1905 70+-species South-America
Heimbrinae
Heimbrinae is a small subfamily of chalcidoid wasps within the family Eurytomidae, established by Burks in 1971. Members of this subfamily are parasitoid wasps, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The subfamily is rarely encountered, with only seven observations recorded on iNaturalist as of the source date. Heimbrinae represents one of several subfamilies within Eurytomidae, a family known for diverse life histories including both parasitoidism and phytophagy.
parasitoid-wasps chalcidoids rarely-collected poorly-known
Helcostizus
Helcostizus is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Förster in 1869. The genus is poorly studied, with limited published information on its biology and ecology. Records indicate presence in Scandinavia. Species within this genus are parasitoid wasps, though specific host associations remain undocumented.
Ichneumonidae parasitoid-wasps Scandinavia poorly-known-genus
Idiolispa
Idiolispa is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Förster in 1869. The genus belongs to the hyperdiverse parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families within Hymenoptera. Species in this genus are poorly documented in published literature, with limited biological and morphological data available. Records indicate presence in northern Europe.
Ichneumonidae parasitoid-wasps northern-Europe poorly-known
Limonethe
Limonethe is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae containing approximately five described species. Members of this genus are distributed throughout the New World from Canada to Argentina. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including a nearly square-shaped areolet and large, dense punctures on the post-petiole. Many species exhibit infuscated wings, a red abdomen, and a black head and mesosoma with narrow white markings along the inner eye margins.
ichneumon-wasps parasitoid-wasps New-World Hymenoptera
Macrorileya
Macrorileya is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eurytomidae, established by Ashmead in 1900. Members of this genus are small parasitoid wasps, part of the diverse Eurytominae subfamily. The genus is rarely encountered in collections and poorly documented in biological literature. Species-level taxonomy remains unresolved for many members.
Eurytomidae Chalcidoidea parasitoid-wasps understudied-genus
Microtypinae
Microtypinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Braconidae. The subfamily contains a single genus, Microtypus Ratzeburg, with at least four described species. Iranian records include Microtypus trigonus (Nees, 1843), documented as a new country record. Host associations have been recorded for species in this subfamily.
Braconidae parasitoid-wasps Hymenoptera Iran-fauna Microtypus monotypic-subfamily
Miracinae
miracine wasps
Miracinae is a poorly known subfamily of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae. These minute wasps, typically measuring 1–2 mm in length, are rarely collected using traditional methods but appear to be diverse in Australia and other regions. Recent taxonomic work has described multiple new species from Australia, Brazil, India, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic, including three species named through citizen science collaboration with Australian school students.
parasitoid-wasps leaf-miner-parasitoids biological-control coffee-pests citizen-science undescribed-diversity minute-wasps Malaise-trap-sampling
Oligositini
Oligositini is a tribe of minute parasitoid wasps within the family Trichogrammatidae, established by Viggiani in 1971. Members of this tribe are classified in the subfamily Oligositinae. These chalcid wasps are among the smallest known insects, with most species measuring less than 1 mm in length. The tribe is distinguished by specific wing venation patterns and antennal structures that separate it from related trichogrammatid tribes.
Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea Trichogrammatidae parasitoid-wasps microhymenoptera
Orthizema
Orthizema is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. First described by Förster in 1869, it belongs to the diverse parasitoid wasp lineage within Hymenoptera. The genus is documented from limited records in northern Europe.
Ichneumonidae parasitoid-wasps northern-Europe Förster-1869
Orthostigma
A genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Alysiinae, established by Ratzeburg in 1844. The genus has been subdivided into multiple subgenera including Whartonstigma and Patrisaspilota, with species described from Europe, Papua New Guinea, and broader Australasia. Taxonomic revisions indicate substantial morphological diversity within the genus, though biological data remain limited.
Braconidae Alysiinae parasitoid-wasps taxonomic-revision Papua-New-Guinea Europe
Oxysychus
Oxysychus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, first described by Delucchi in 1956. Members belong to the tribe Pteromalini within the subfamily Pteromalinae. As with other pteromalids, these are likely small parasitoid wasps, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Pteromalidae Pteromalinae Pteromalini parasitoid-wasps Chalcidoidea
Oxytorinae
Oxytorinae is a subfamily of ichneumonid wasps within the family Ichneumonidae. The genus Oxytorus, the primary representative of this subfamily in the New World, comprises 11 described species with distribution ranging from North America through Central America to South America. The subfamily was first recorded in Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 2024 through DNA barcoding of historical specimens, representing a significant range extension for the group. Species identification relies on morphological features of the thorax, wings, and antennae, with taxonomic reviews providing illustrated keys for New World species.
parasitoid-wasps ichneumonid-wasps DNA-barcoding Great-Smoky-Mountains Neotropical Nearctic museum-specimens biodiversity-inventory understudied-taxa molecular-taxonomy
Palaeoneura
Palaeoneura is a genus of fairyflies (family Mymaridae) comprising eight described species. These minute parasitoid wasps are found in Northern America and Australia. The genus was established by Waterhouse in 1915, with Palaeoneura evanescens as the type species. Species have been described from 1915 to 2021, with recent taxonomic revisions by Triapitsyn.
Mymaridae fairyflies egg-parasitoid Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera parasitoid-wasps Nearctic Australasian
Pantolytini
Pantolytini is a tribe of parasitoid wasps in the family Diapriidae. The tribe contains genera such as Acanopsilus, with species distributed in Africa. A 2023 taxonomic revision synonymized the monotypic genus Masnerosema with Acanopsilus and provided an updated diagnosis for the tribe.
Hymenoptera Diapriidae parasitoid-wasps taxonomy Africa
Phaeogenini
Phaeogenini is a tribe of ichneumon wasps within the subfamily Ichneumoninae, family Ichneumonidae. The tribe comprises at least 34 genera distributed across the Nearctic, Neotropical, and Palearctic regions. Taxonomic revisions have been published for multiple genera including Saltagenes, Heterischnus, Jethsura, and Lusius, indicating substantial undescribed diversity remains, particularly in Central and South America.
Ichneumonidae Ichneumoninae parasitoid-wasps taxonomy undescribed-diversity
Pteromalini
Pteromalini is a tribe of chalcid wasps within the subfamily Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae). Members are small parasitoid wasps, part of the hyperdiverse superfamily Chalcidoidea. The tribe includes genera such as Miristhma, which contains rare and poorly collected species. Most biological details of the tribe remain undocumented.
Chalcidoidea Pteromalidae parasitoid-wasps Hymenoptera tribe
Rysepyris
Rysepyris is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Bethylidae, first described by Kieffer in 1906. Members of this genus are poorly known, with very few observations and limited taxonomic study. Bethylid wasps are generally ectoparasitoids of insect larvae, particularly beetles and moths.
Bethylidae parasitoid-wasps rarely-observed taxonomically-doubtful
Schwarzella
Schwarzella is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Chalcididae, described by Ashmead in 1904. The genus belongs to the tribe Hybothoracini within the subfamily Haltichellinae. Chalcidid wasps in this group are generally small parasitoids, though specific biological details for Schwarzella remain poorly documented. The genus is rarely encountered in field observations, with limited published natural history information.
chalcidid-wasps parasitoid-wasps Hymenoptera Chalcididae rarely-collected data-deficient
Tenuipetiolus ruber
Tenuipetiolus ruber is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Eurytomidae, first described by Bugbee in 1951. The species is characterized by its slender petiole, as indicated by the genus name. It is known from multiple Canadian provinces including British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. Like other eurytomids, it is likely associated with plant tissues or other insects, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Eurytomidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera parasitoid-wasps Canadian-fauna North-America
Tiphiinae
Tiphiinae is the larger of two subfamilies in the family Tiphiidae, with worldwide distribution. Members are small to medium solitary wasps, up to 25 mm in length. The subfamily includes approximately twelve genera, with Tiphia being the most species-rich and widely studied. Males possess wings; females may be winged or wingless, with wingless females showing distinct thoracic segmentation.
Hymenoptera Tiphiidae solitary-wasps flower-wasps parasitoid-wasps worldwide-distribution sexual-dimorphism wing-dimorphism
Tiphioidea
Tiphiid Flower Wasps and Allies
Tiphioidea is a superfamily of stinging wasps in the infraorder Aculeata. It comprises three families: Bradynobaenidae, Tiphiidae, and Sierolomorphidae. These wasps are part of the broader group of aculeate Hymenoptera characterized by a modified ovipositor used for stinging.
aculeate-wasps stinging-wasps Hymenoptera parasitoid-wasps
Trogaspidiini
Trogaspidiini is a tribe of velvet ants (Mutillidae) characterized by morphological features of the male genitalia and body structure. The tribe includes genera such as Neotrogaspidia, which occurs across the Australasian, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. Members of this tribe exhibit complex taxonomic histories with frequent synonymies and transfers between genera.
Hymenoptera Mutillidae velvet-ants Aculeata parasitoid-wasps wingless-females male-genitalia biogeography Northeast-Asia transoceanic-dispersal
Typhoctes
Typhoctes is a genus of wasps in the family Chyphotidae, a group of small, often nocturnal parasitoid wasps. These insects are part of the broader superfamily Apoidea, which includes bees and spheciform wasps. The genus is relatively poorly studied compared to related groups, with limited published information on its biology and ecology. Species in this genus are primarily known from specimens rather than detailed field observations.
Hymenoptera Chyphotidae Apoidea parasitoid-wasps
Wroughtonia
Wroughtonia is a genus of braconid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Helconinae. The genus contains over 40 described species, with recent taxonomic work describing new species from Vietnam. As members of Braconidae, these wasps are presumed to be parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented for most species.
Braconidae Helconinae parasitoid-wasps Hymenoptera taxonomic-revision Vietnam Palearctic Oriental
Zale
Zale Moths
Zale is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, established by Hübner in 1818. The genus contains numerous species of owlet moths distributed primarily in North America. Larvae of several Zale species are known hosts for parasitoid wasps, including the sphecid wasp Ammophila nigricans. The genus is taxonomically well-established but individual species-level biology remains incompletely documented for many members.
moths Erebidae Lepidoptera North-America host-parasitoid-interactions caterpillars noctuid-moths owlet-moths Ammophila parasitoid-wasps entomology insect-ecology
Zelomorpha
Zelomorpha is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae (superfamily Ichneumonoidea). Members of this genus are part of the hyperdiverse ichneumonoid wasp fauna, with numerous species remaining undescribed. The genus was used as a case study to demonstrate a novel rapid species description protocol combining mitochondrial DNA sequences with lateral holotype images. Species in this genus are known from the Neotropical region, particularly Costa Rica.
parasitoid-wasps Braconidae Ichneumonoidea DNA-barcoding rapid-taxonomy Neotropical Costa-Rica hyperdiverse-taxa undescribed-species