Male-genitalia

Guides

Agalliini
Agalliini is a tribe of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) within subfamily Megophthalminae, established by Kirkaldy in 1901. Members are distributed across Asia, with documented species in China (Guizhou, Yunnan), Pakistan, and Vietnam. The tribe has been subject to recent taxonomic revision, including descriptions of new genera and species based primarily on male genitalia characters. Species-level identification relies heavily on aedeagal morphology and pygofer structure.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Megophthalminae Asia taxonomy male-genitalia aedeagus pygofer
Allocapnia rickeri
Midwest Snowfly
Allocapnia rickeri is a small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae, commonly known as the Midwest Snowfly. It is one of numerous small, dark stoneflies in the genus Allocapnia that emerge during cold months when few other insects are active. The species has been documented across the central and eastern United States. Like other capniids, it is associated with clean, cold streams and is an important indicator of water quality.
winter-stonefly bioindicator coldwater Plecoptera Capniidae Allocapnia lotic emergence brachyptery aptery genitalia-identification Frison-1942 Midwest southeastern-US clean-water-indicator January-March small-stonefly wingless-female stream-insect shredder gatherer seasonal-resource water-quality aquatic-insect terrestrial-adult short-lived-adult oviposition submerged-eggs high-dissolved-oxygen low-temperature central-US eastern-US Alabama Arkansas Delaware Georgia Illinois hexapod hemimetabolous Euholognatha Nemouroidea Arctoperlaria Insecta Arthropoda Animalia GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI taxonomy accepted-species 1942 Frison Ricker Midwest-Snowfly snowfly small-dark-stonefly clean-streams rivers well-oxygenated lotic-habitat cold-months winter-activity wing-reduction female-aptery male-flight epiproct paraproct terminalia taxonomic-revision congeners distribution-records observations 9-observations eukaryote metazoan arthropod insect stonefly winter-emerging January February March cold-weather near-freezing below-freezing water-surface submerged-substrates allochthonous-organic-material stream-ecosystems seasonal-food-resource insectivorous-birds predators scarce-prey unpolluted no-economic-importance stream-monitoring water-quality-indicator high-quality-coldwater microscopic-examination taxonomic-keys male-terminalia reliable-separation genitalic-examination overlapping-distribution similar-habitat small-size under-10-mm body-length reduced-wings absent-wings fully-developed-wings specific-identification published-descriptions illustrations subsequent-revisions characteristic family-Capniidae common-name extended-nymphal-period one-to-two-years short-lived does-not-feed aquatic-nymph clean-cold-streams low-temperatures year-round winter-months January-through-March family centered-Midwest extends-southeastern United-States documented appears most-reliably distinguished subtle-differences terminal-abdominal-structures should-be-compared against published subsequent genus-level characterized reduced absent females fully-developed males requires-examination male-genitalia structure paraprocts reliable separation overlaps similar many externally definitive relies microscopic examination comparison keys used biological indicator programs presence indicates cold conditions no-direct economic importance shredders gatherers processing allochthonous organic material stream ecosystems seasonal food resource insectivorous birds other when alternative prey scarce serves high-quality habitats development aquatic nymphal stages terrestrial adult stage nymphs develop streams extended period likely one two years based related species adults do-not feed active during weather air temperatures may near below freezing winged capable flight wingless short-winged remain water surface mating occur winter entering deposit eggs submerged substrates small commonly known numerous dark emerge few insects central eastern associated clean important under mm body length members genus wings possess fully developed specific identification level within requires male genitalia particularly most reliably subtle differences these terminal abdominal structures should compared descriptions taxonomic revisions winter-emerging maintain low high dissolved oxygen levels throughout year United States distribution centered extends southeastern months typically through this activity gives rise common name do not provides quality monitoring no direct habitat morphology size genitalic
Amblycerus
pea and bean weevils, seed beetles
Amblycerus is the second most diverse genus of seed beetles in the Americas, containing over 60 described species. These bruchid beetles are specialized seed predators, with larvae developing inside seeds of various host plants. The genus exhibits complex evolutionary patterns of host plant association, having radiated from an ancestral association with Fabaceae into at least 12 other plant families including Sterculiaceae, Boraginaceae, and Humiriaceae. Species-level identification requires examination of male genitalia and pygidial morphology.
seed-beetle bruchid pest stored-product host-shift coevolution Fabaceae seed-predation endophytic-larva species-groups male-genitalia pygidium Brazil Argentina Costa-Rica Arizona
Amblypsilopus
Amblypsilopus is a large genus of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) containing approximately 350 described species. The genus is distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with particularly high diversity in the Afrotropical region where about 60 species occur, including 25 on Madagascar alone. The genus is possibly polyphyletic and requires further taxonomic revision. Species identification relies heavily on male genitalia morphology, particularly the surstylus and cercus, along with male secondary sexual characters on the legs.
Diptera Dolichopodidae long-legged-flies tropical Madagascar possibly-polyphyletic male-genitalia secondary-sexual-characters
Androprosopa
Androprosopa is a genus of small non-biting midges in the family Thaumaleidae (Diptera). The western Nearctic fauna includes 25 species, with three species described in 2021. Species are distinguished primarily by male genitalic morphology. The genus belongs to a small family of Diptera associated with cool, moist environments.
Diptera Thaumaleidae non-biting-midges Western-Nearctic male-genitalia taxonomy 2021-revision cool-adapted-flies
Ceraticelus
dwarf spiders
Ceraticelus is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, subfamily Erigoninae. First described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1884, the genus currently contains approximately 34 species and two subspecies distributed primarily in North America, with some species occurring in Europe and Asia. The genus definition has been historically problematic due to superficial treatment of male palpal bulb morphology. Recent taxonomic work has clarified diagnostic characters through examination of the type species, C. fissiceps.
Linyphiidae Erigoninae dwarf-spiders North-America male-genitalia taxonomy adventive-species California spider arachnid
Ceraticelus artemisiae
A small dwarf spider (subfamily Erigoninae) described from southern California in 2009. Often found co-occurring with its probable sister species Ceraticelus phylax, with which it shares distinctive male palpal bulb morphology. The genus Ceraticelus is taxonomically problematic due to inadequate definition and superficial treatment of diagnostic characters.
Linyphiidae dwarf-spider sheetweb-spider California-endemic sister-species co-occurrence male-genitalia taxonomy adventive-species
Cybaeus
Soft Spiders
Cybaeus is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cybaeidae, first described by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1868. The genus contains approximately 198 species distributed across America, Europe, Japan, Korea, and China. North American species are classified into Holarctic and Californian clades, with many exhibiting restricted geographic ranges and conservation concerns. Females of different species are difficult to distinguish, particularly in North America; species identification relies heavily on examination of male pedipalps.
araneomorph cybaeid marronoid RTA-clade conservation-concern endemic male-genitalia restricted-range
Dissomphalus
Dissomphalus is the most species-rich genus in the family Bethylidae (Hymenoptera), with over 600 valid species globally. The genus exhibits exceptional diversity in the Neotropical region, where the majority of species occur, though it has a cosmopolitan distribution including the Oriental region and southwestern Pacific islands. Species delimitation relies heavily on male genitalia characters and metasomal tergal process structures, with species-groups defined primarily by these morphological features. Taxonomic revisions have revealed high levels of undescribed diversity, particularly in underexplored regions such as Panama, Thailand, and the Fiji-Solomon Islands archipelago.
Hymenoptera Bethylidae parasitoid-wasps taxonomy Neotropical species-rich-genus male-genitalia DNA-barcoding cryptic-species
Draeculacephala constricta
A species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described from western Texas in 1943. The genus Draeculacephala is characterized by distinctive head morphology, with species often exhibiting elongated or modified facial structures. Draeculacephala constricta occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and has been documented in association with woody legumes including Vachellia constricta (whitethorn acacia), which shares its specific epithet.
leafhopper Cicadellidae desert southwestern-US Vachellia acacia phloem-feeder Cicadomorpha Hemiptera 1943-description Davidson DeLong western-Texas aridland-insect woody-legume-associate head-morphology genus-Draeculacephala insecta arthropoda animalia accepted-species GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI iNaturalist observed-313-times Alberta Florida Illinois Indiana Iowa New-Mexico Arizona summer-activity July monsoon-season phloem-feeder nutrient-cycling predator-prey spider-prey bird-prey desert-scrub semi-arid mesquite creosote Fabaceae host-plant taxonomic-description male-genitalia wing-venation concave-head produced-head facial-structure specific-epithet constricted narrowed identification morphological-details congeners Cuerna Cicadellini Cicadellinae Membracoidea Clypeata Auchenorrhyncha Hexapoda true-bugs Metazoa Eukaryota
Epiphragma arizonense
Epiphragma arizonense is a crane fly species described by Alexander in 1946. The species is known from the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Like other members of the genus Epiphragma, it is distinguished by distinctive wing patterning and male genitalia morphology. The male was redescribed and illustrated in a 2012 taxonomic review of North American Epiphragma species.
crane-fly Limoniidae Diptera Nearctic Neotropic Arizona Mexico Sinaloa Chihuahua Alexander-1946 taxonomic-review-2012 male-genitalia wing-patterning
Heleomyza serrata
Heleomyza serrata is a small fly in the family Heleomyzidae, measuring 3–7 mm in body length. The species is distinguished by specific chaetotaxy: setae present on the propleura, multiple pairs of setae on the prothorax, and at most one hair on the mesopleura. Males possess distinctive genitalia with rudimentary aedeagus, unexpanded epandrium base, and surstyles that are much longer than the epandrium and evenly curved throughout their length.
Heleomyzidae Diptera Palearctic Linnaeus-1758 chaetotaxy male-genitalia rudimentary-aedeagus surstyles propleural-setae prothoracic-setae mesopleural-hair North-America Europe Asia Svalbard Iceland Scandinavia Central-Europe Eastern-Europe Russia Kazakhstan 3–7-mm small-fly true-flies
Hirtodrosophila duncani
A North American fruit fly in the genus Hirtodrosophila, distinguished by unusual male genitalia that complicated its taxonomic placement for decades. Molecular evidence now places it near the New World Sophophora clade. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with fungal substrates.
fungus-breeding male-genitalia molecular-phylogenetics taxonomic-revision North-America
Limnebius
minute moss beetles
Limnebius is a genus of minute moss beetles in the family Hydraenidae, containing over 160 described species. The genus exhibits uniform external morphology but highly variable male genitalia, ranging from curved rod shapes in the subgenus Bilimneus to complex structures with up to seven longitudinal folds or appendages in Limnebius s.str. Species occur across multiple continents including Europe, Africa, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. The genus has been extensively studied for its morphological diversification and patterns of sexual dimorphism.
Hydraenidae water-beetles minute-moss-beetles sexual-dimorphism male-genitalia aedeagus aquatic-beetles Coleoptera morphological-diversification
Liodessus
Liodessus is a genus of small diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, tribe Bidessini. Species occur across the Americas from North America through the Andes to southern South America, with notable diversity in high-altitude wetlands and páramo ecosystems. Many species inhabit shallow, exposed pools and temporary water bodies, showing phenotypic plasticity in body form correlated with habitat permanence. The genus contains numerous species, with several new species described from the high Andes of Peru and Colombia in recent years. Taxonomic resolution relies heavily on male genital morphology.
diving-beetle aquatic-insect high-altitude páramo Andes phenotypic-plasticity Bidessini Hydroporinae Dytiscidae Coleoptera wetland temporary-pool peatland subantarctic taxonomy male-genitalia COI-barcode cryptic-species incipient-speciation hybridization geometric-morphometrics environmental-sentinel drought-indicator South-America North-America Fiji Navarino-Island Magallanes Peru Colombia Chile Argentina Bolivia Bogotá Junín Cusco Huánuco Cundinamarca Sumapaz Puna steppe peat-bog shallow-pool puddle altitude-3400-4900m L.-affinis-complex L.-bogotensis-complex L.-chilensis L.-affinis L.-obscurellus L.-noviaffinis L.-saratogae L.-picinus L.-santarosita L.-alpinus L.-hauthi L.-rhigos L.-thespesios Guignot-1939 Zimmermann Sharp LeConte Say Steinheil Régimbart Biström Miller Balke Franciscolo Sanfilippo Pederzani Nilsson Young Clark Hatch Mannerheim Casey Aubé Balfour-Browne Brinck Peschet Solier White Zootaxa ZooKeys Insect-Systematics-&-Evolution Anales-del-Instituto-de-la-Patagonia PLoS-ONE GBIF iNaturalist Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy BOLD Barcode-of-Life-Data-System COI mitochondrial-DNA phylogeography population-structure range-expansion lineage genetic-structure subspecies lectotype neotype synonymy new-species new-subspecies revision morphometrics allometry body-size body-shape elytra pronotum striae coloration punctation habitus occipital-line genital-morphology aedeagus paramere diagnosis identification-key type-locality type-specimen etymology bionomics natural-history geographic-distribution distribution-map Nearctic Neotropical Patagonia Cape-Horn-Biosphere-Reserve drought climate-change environmental-change sentinel-species plasticity adaptation phenotypic-variation hydrological-landscape water-permanence pool bog Altiplano Andean high-elevation montane alpine aquatic freshwater lentic lotic insect beetle Adephaga Liodessus
Microlinyphia mandibulata mandibulata
Microlinyphia mandibulata mandibulata is a subspecies of sheet-web weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae. Members of this genus are commonly known as "platform spiders" for their flat, sheet-like webs built close to the ground. Males are distinguished by a circular filament called the embolus that extends from the pedipalp. This subspecies has been documented from the United States.
spider sheet-web-weaver Linyphiidae platform-spider embolus male-genitalia fall-activity North-America
Notomicrus
Notomicrus is a genus of small water beetles in the family Noteridae, first described by Sharp in 1882. Species occur in freshwater habitats across the New World, from North America through Central America to South America and the Caribbean. The genus includes at least 13 described species, with several recent descriptions from Guadeloupe and Suriname. Some species exhibit unusual reproductive traits, including suspected obligate parthenogenesis.
water-beetle aquatic Coleoptera Noteridae New-World freshwater parthenogenesis endemic-species Guadeloupe Suriname hygropetric-seep male-genitalia taxonomy
Novochares
water scavenger beetles
Novochares is a genus of water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae) erected in 2021 to accommodate New World species previously placed in Helochares. The genus contains 52 described species distributed across the entire Neotropical region from Mexico to Argentina, including Caribbean islands. Species circumscription relies heavily on male aedeagus morphology due to relatively homogeneous external characteristics. An integrative taxonomic approach combining adult morphology with COI and 28S DNA sequence data was used to delimit species boundaries.
water-scavenger-beetles aquatic-beetles Neotropical Acidocerinae integrative-taxonomy molecular-systematics male-genitalia species-delimitation new-genus-2021
Ochrotrichia
microcaddisfly
Ochrotrichia is a large genus of microcaddisflies (family Hydroptilidae) comprising approximately 226 extant species, making it the most species-rich microcaddisfly genus in the Neotropics. The genus is predominantly distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, with one exceptional African record from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Species are primarily found in freshwater stream habitats.
microcaddisfly Hydroptilidae Neotropical Nearctic freshwater streams light-trap male-genitalia tergum-X O.-aldama-Species-Group Brazil Costa-Rica Atlantic-Forest Cerrado biodiversity-hotspot 226-species most-diverse-microcaddisfly-genus-Neotropics
Ochrotrichiinae
microcaddisflies
Ochrotrichiinae is a subfamily of microcaddisflies within the family Hydroptilidae, comprising approximately 430 species across nine genera. The subfamily is most diverse in the Neotropics, with additional representation in the Nearctic and Australasian regions, including an endemic genus in New Caledonia. Phylogenetic analyses support its monophyly with the exclusion of Dibusa. The subfamily originated in the New World during the early Cretaceous, approximately 116 million years ago, with subsequent dispersal to Australasia via trans-Antarctic routes.
Trichoptera Hydroptilidae microcaddisfly Neotropical freshwater Cretaceous-origin systematics male-genitalia divided-tergum-X
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetles Dynastinae Scarabaeidae Coleoptera tribe global-distribution morphological-diversity sexual-dimorphism generic-diversity mouthpart-morphology secondary-sexual-characters horns biogeographic-restriction taxonomic-revision dichotomous-keys new-species-description new-genus-description lectotype-designation synonymy new-combination distribution-mapping female-description habitat-data behavioral-observations Australia Colombia Bolivia India Western-Australia New-South-Wales Neotropical Australian Afrotropical Oriental Palaearctic Cheiroplatina Dipelicina Pentodontina Pseudoryctina Bothynus Heteronychus Epironastes Philcarneum Constricticollis Carneiola Anomalomorpha Enracius Erbmahcedius Cavonus Pericoptus Pentodon Calicnemis Metanastes Neometanastes Pimelopus Podalgus Pseudoryctes Cheiroplatys Dipelicus Denhezia Euetheola Hylobothynus Oxyligyrus Parapucaya Pucaya Tomarus Adoryphorus Carneoryctes Teinogenys Ligyrus Allsopp Hutchinson Arrow Carne Endrödi Dechambre Prell Ohaus Bates Hope Laporte-de-Castelnau Erichson Burmeister Sharp Mulsant Blackburn Dupuis Özdikmen Yamaya Fairmaire Redtenbacher Steinheil Ratcliffe Cave Fabricius Dejean iNaturalist Wikipedia Catalogue-of-Life Zootaxa Journal-of-Insect-Biodiversity Records-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-India The-Coleopterists-Bulletin BioLib.cz Wikimedia-Commons DOI 10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.1 10.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.2 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.2 10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/172964 10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.7 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.2 10.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.3 10.12976/jib/2024.54.2.2 10.1649/1186.1 new-synonymy lectotype distribution-map habitat-description key-to-species key-to-genera male-genitalia external-morphology aedeagus habitus photographs illustrations specimen-records natural-history biogeography endemic restricted-distribution coastal southwestern southeastern northern Arani Cochabamba Kununurra Menzies New-Zealand South-America first-record misidentification erroneous-record invisible-taxon formal-nomenclature cephalic-horns thoracic-horns claw-modification antennal-club mouthparts mandibles maxillae labium clypeus pronotum elytra pygidium tarsi metatarsi tibiae femora prosternal-process mesosternal-process metasternal-process abdominal-sternites parameres phallobase internal-sac spermatheca ovipositor larva pupa adult instar third-instar C-shaped scarabaeiform soil-dwelling nocturnal crepuscular flight aggregation mating oviposition feeding root-feeding detritivory saprophagy herbivory frugivory pollen-feeding nectar-feeding decay decomposition nutrient-cycling soil-aeration pest agricultural-pest pasture-pest sugarcane-pest root-damage turf-damage biological-control indicator-species conservation biodiversity endemism cryptic-species species-complex morphological-variation geometric-morphometrics phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding COI 16S 28S 18S ITS biogeographic-region biogeographic-realm Neotropics Afrotropics Australasia Indomalaya Palearctic Nearctic Madagascar oceanic-islands continental insular montane lowland tropical subtropical temperate arid semi-arid humid rainforest savanna grassland woodland forest coastal-dune riparian wetland agricultural pasture plantation urban disturbed primary-habitat secondary-habitat seasonal-activity rainy-season dry-season monsoon altitude elevation latitude longitude geographic-range range-extension range-contraction disjunct-distribution vicariance dispersal colonization invasion introduced native cosmopolitan widespread restricted rare common abundant scarce data-deficient IUCN CITES protected threatened vulnerable endangered critically-endangered extinct fossil subfossil quaternary holocene pleistocene museum-specimen collection voucher type-specimen holotype paratype syntype paralectotype neotype topotype original-description redescription diagnosis emended-diagnosis key dichotomous-key illustrated-key interactive-key digital-key mobile-app online-database GBIF BOLD GenBank MorphBank ZooBank LSID ORCID open-access paywall supplementary-material supporting-information data-availability code-availability ethical-statement conflict-of-interest funding acknowledgments author-contribution peer-review editorial-process publication-date journal volume issue pages article-number ISSN eISSN ISBN publisher academic-press scientific-press society association institution university museum herbarium archive repository database index catalogue checklist inventory monograph revision review synthesis meta-analysis systematic-review rapid-assessment long-term-study field-work laboratory-work molecular-work morphological-work anatomical-work histological-work developmental-work behavioral-work ecological-work physiological-work biochemical-work genetic-work genomic-work transcriptomic-work proteomic-work metabolomic-work imaging photography microscopy electron-microscopy scanning-electron-microscopy SEM transmission-electron-microscopy TEM confocal-microscopy light-microscopy stereomicroscopy macrophotography stacked-photography 3D-imaging micro-CT CT-scanning MRI NMR spectroscopy spectrometry chromatography electrophoresis sequencing Sanger-sequencing next-generation-sequencing NGS Illumina PacBio Oxford-Nanopore Sanger capillary-electrophoresis DNA-extraction PCR amplification primer marker gene locus alignment phylogeny tree network haplotype haplogroup population-genetics population-structure gene-flow genetic-diversity heterozygosity inbreeding effective-population-size demography coalescent divergence-time molecular-clock calibration fossil-calibration biogeographic-calibration ecological-niche-modeling ENM species-distribution-modeling SDM maxent bioclim worldclim chelsa remote-sensing GIS GPS georeferencing geocoding coordinate datum projection map cartography spatial-analysis temporal-analysis statistical-analysis R Python MATLAB SAS SPSS Excel software algorithm workflow pipeline automation machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network computer-vision image-recognition natural-language-processing NLP text-mining data-mining big-data open-science FAIR findable accessible interoperable reusable metadata provenance version-control Git GitHub GitLab Bitbucket backup preservation curation stewardship sustainability long-term future legacy impact citation h-index altmetric journal-impact-factor green-OA gold-OA hybrid APC preprint postprint author-manuscript accepted-manuscript published-version version-of-record embargo licensing copyright creative-commons CC-BY CC-BY-SA CC-BY-NC CC-BY-NC-SA CC-BY-ND CC-BY-NC-ND CC0 public-domain patent trademark trade-secret intellectual-property IP ethics biosafety biosecurity animal-welfare animal-ethics research-ethics field-ethics indigenous-knowledge traditional-knowledge local-knowledge community-engagement stakeholder partnership collaboration capacity-building training education outreach communication science-communication public-engagement citizen-science crowdsourcing volunteer amateur naturalist observer photographer collector curator taxonomist systematist ecologist evolutionary-biologist conservation-biologist entomologist coleopterist scarabaeologist dynastinist specialist expert authority nomenclator nomenclatural-act original-publication subsequent-designation emendation rejection suppression homonym synonym objective-synonym subjective-synonym junior-synonym senior-synonym homotypic-synonym heterotypic-synonym nomen-nudum nomen-dubium nomen-oblitum nomen-protectum nomen-conservandum available-name valid-name accepted-name correct-name current-combination original-combination status-novum comb.-nov.syn.-nov.sp.-nov.gen.-nov.subgen.-nov.subsp.-nov.nom.-nov.nom.-nud.nom.-dub.incertae-sedis unplaced unassigned subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety form morph ecotype population stock strain breed cultivar clone lineage biotype karyotype chromosome genome transcriptome proteome metabolome phenome morphome anatomical morphological meristic morphometric allometric ontogenetic developmental life-history reproductive behavioral ecological physiological biochemical genetic genomic evolutionary phylogenetic phylogeographic biogeographic historical paleontological archaeological geological climatological environmental applied economic medical veterinary forestry horticultural industrial pollution climate-change global-warming habitat-loss fragmentation deforestation agricultural-intensification urbanization invasive-species pathogen parasite predator competition mutualism symbiosis commensalism amensalism neutralism facilitation inhibition trophic-cascade food-web food-chain energy-flow ecosystem-function ecosystem-service provisioning regulating supporting cultural alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance rarefaction extrapolation asymptotic non-asymptotic sample sampling survey monitoring assessment evaluation indicator bioindicator flagship umbrella keystone ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant subordinate frequent occasional accidental vagrant migrant resident breeding non-breeding wintering summering migration nomadism irruption establishment naturalization spreading range-expansion range-shift extirpation extinction local-extinction global-extinction functional-extinction ecological-extinction pseudextinction Lazarus-taxon Elvis-taxon zombie-taxon living-fossil relict indigenous autochthonous allochthonous exotic alien invasive naturalized casual escaped cultivated ornamental pet food medicine fiber fuel timber fodder pollinator pest-control seed-dispersal soil-formation erosion-control water-purification air-purification carbon-sequestration climate-regulation disease-regulation pest-regulation flood-regulation storm-protection recreation tourism aesthetic spiritual cultural-heritage research inspiration existence-value option-value bequest-value intrinsic-value anthropocentric biocentric ecocentric utilitarian instrumental relational intrinsic inherent absolute conditional responsibility care respect reverence wonder curiosity knowledge understanding wisdom science natural-philosophy biology zoology entomology coleopterology scarabaeology dynastinology systematics taxonomy nomenclature classification evolution ecology behavior paleontology conservation-biology environmental-science agricultural-science forestry-science veterinary-science medical-science public-health one-health planetary-health ecosystem-health biodiversity-health species-health population-health individual-health genetic-health environmental-health social-health economic-health political-health cultural-health spiritual-health holistic-health integrated-health sustainable-development sustainable-use sustainable-management adaptive-management precautionary-principle ecosystem-approach landscape-approach seascape-approach connectivity-conservation corridor buffer-zone protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-refuge wilderness-area world-heritage-site biosphere-reserve Ramsar-site Important-Bird-Area Key-Biodiversity-Area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction-site conservation-priority hotspot crisis-ecoregion global-200 last-of-the-wild human-footprint cumulative-impact threat-index vulnerability-index adaptive-capacity exposure sensitivity resilience resistance recovery restoration rehabilitation reintroduction translocation ex-situ in-situ captive-breeding botanic-garden zoo gene-bank seed-bank tissue-bank sperm-bank oocyte-bank embryo-bank DNA-bank frozen-zoo ark insurance safety-net de-extinction genetic-rescue genetic-restoration genetic-augmentation genetic-management population-management metapopulation source-sink patch matrix landscape seascape ecosystem biome ecoregion province zone region district site locality habitat microhabitat niche ecological-niche fundamental-niche realized-niche trophic-niche spatial-niche temporal-niche biotic-niche abiotic-niche multidimensional-niche n-dimensional-niche Hutchinsonian-niche Grinnellian-niche Eltonian-niche resource requirement limitation stress disturbance perturbation fluctuation variability heterogeneity complexity diversity redundancy stability persistence adaptation acclimation plasticity evolvability heritability selection drift flow mutation recombination speciation coalescence divergence convergence parallelism homoplasy analogy homology synapomorphy symplesiomorphy autapomorphy apomorphy plesiomorphy derived ancestral primitive advanced basal crown stem node branch clade grade subfamily family superfamily infraorder suborder order superorder infraclass subclass class superclass subphylum phylum superphylum kingdom domain life organism individual etc.
Pexicopiini
Pexicopiini is a tribe of small moths within the subfamily Anomologinae of the family Gelechiidae, established by Hodges in 1986. The tribe is characterized by specific morphological features of the male genitalia, particularly musculature patterns that distinguish constituent genera. Recent taxonomic work has clarified relationships within the tribe, including the establishment of new genera based on functional morphology of genital structures. The tribe includes genera distributed primarily in the Palearctic region.
Gelechiidae Lepidoptera moths male-genitalia musculature taxonomy
Sepedophilus
rove beetles
A genus of small rove beetles in the subfamily Tachyporinae, containing approximately 30 species in North America north of Mexico. Species are distinguished by detailed examination of male and female eighth abdominal sternites and tergites, male genitalia, and other morphological characters. The genus has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision due to historical confusion with related generic names including Conurus, Conosoma, and Conosomus.
rove-beetle Staphylinidae Tachyporinae taxonomic-revision North-America morphological-taxonomy male-genitalia species-groups
Sphecomyia weismani
Sphecomyia weismani is a hoverfly species described in 2019, one of seven new species identified during a comprehensive revision of the genus Sphecomyia. It belongs to the S. pattonii species group, distinguished from other Sphecomyia by the absence of pruinose scutellar vittae. The species is a wasp mimic, exhibiting the characteristic large size and yellow-and-black coloration typical of this Holarctic genus. Like other members of subtribe Criorhinina, it likely develops in decaying wood or rot holes, though specific larval biology remains undocumented.
Syrphidae hoverfly wasp-mimic Criorhinina new-species 2019 Arizona North-America Diptera Milesiini S.-pattonii-group Batesian-mimicry DNA-barcode male-genitalia pruinose-scutellum yellow-pile tergite-pattern vittata-group-vs-pattonii-group Sphecomyia-revision ZooKeys-836
Systropus
bee flies
Systropus is a large genus of bee flies (Bombyliidae) containing over 200 described species distributed across every continent except Antarctica. Species are medium-sized flies characterized by distinctive wing venation and male genitalia morphology. The genus is taxonomically significant within the subfamily Toxophorinae, with ongoing revisions clarifying species boundaries, particularly in Australia where 12 new species were recently described.
Bombyliidae bee-flies cosmopolitan Australia Toxophorinae wing-venation male-genitalia taxonomic-revision
Tetranychinae
Tetranychinae is a subfamily of spider mites (Tetranychidae) containing economically significant agricultural and ornamental crop pests. The subfamily includes the genera Tetranychus, Eutetranychus, Oligonychus, Panonychus, Amphitetranychus, Schizotetranychus, Aponychus, Paraponychus, and Stylophoronychus. Species within this subfamily are phytophagous and pose serious threats to crop yield and quality. Identification relies primarily on morphological examination of adult male genitalia, though molecular and biochemical methods are increasingly employed for accurate species discrimination.
spider-mites agricultural-pests phytophagous-mites crop-pests invasive-species acarology integrated-pest-management molecular-identification DNA-barcoding Turkey Russia Paleotropical Neotropical North-America Malus Prunus Quercus Picea Abies rosaceous-plants coniferous-plants monocotyledons dicotyledons acaricide-resistance quarantine-pests diapause male-genitalia aedeagus PCR-RFLP real-time-PCR LAMP MALDI-TOF-MS allozyme-analysis species-discrimination reproductive-isolation Tetranychus Eutetranychus Oligonychus Panonychus Amphitetranychus Schizotetranychus Aponychus Paraponychus Stylophoronychus Eotetranychus Bryobia Prostigmata Acari Arachnida Arthropoda Animalia
Trogaspidiini
Trogaspidiini is a tribe of velvet ants (Mutillidae) characterized by morphological features of the male genitalia and body structure. The tribe includes genera such as Neotrogaspidia, which occurs across the Australasian, Oriental and Palearctic Regions. Members of this tribe exhibit complex taxonomic histories with frequent synonymies and transfers between genera.
Hymenoptera Mutillidae velvet-ants Aculeata parasitoid-wasps wingless-females male-genitalia biogeography Northeast-Asia transoceanic-dispersal