Nature-reserve

Guides

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgen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• Lacunicambarus diogenes

  devil crayfish, devil crawfish

  Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.

  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• Lygus hesperus

  Western Tarnished Plant Bug

  Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.

  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• Pentodontini

  rhinoceros beetles

  Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.

  rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-dive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hconnectivity-conservationcorridorbuffer-zoneprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugewilderness-areaworld-heritage-sitebiosphere-reserveRamsar-siteImportant-Bird-AreaKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-Extinction-siteconservation-priorityhotspotcrisis-ecoregionglobal-200last-of-the-wildhuman-footprintcumulative-impactthreat-indexvulnerability-indexadaptive-capacityexposuresensitivityresilienceresistancerecoveryrestorationrehabilitationreintroductiontranslocationex-situin-situcaptive-breedingbotanic-gardenzoogene-bankseed-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankDNA-bankfrozen-zooarkinsurancesafety-netde-extinctiongenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-augmentationgenetic-managementpopulation-managementmetapopulationsource-sinkpatchmatrixlandscapeseascapeecosystembiomeecoregionprovincezoneregiondistrictsitelocalityhabitatmicrohabitatnicheecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichetrophic-nichespatial-nichetemporal-nichebiotic-nicheabiotic-nichemultidimensional-nichen-dimensional-nicheHutchinsonian-nicheGrinnellian-nicheEltonian-nicheresourcerequirementlimitationstressdisturbanceperturbationfluctuationvariabilityheterogeneitycomplexitydiversityredundancystabilitypersistenceadaptationacclimationplasticityevolvabilityheritabilityselectiondriftflowmutationrecombinationspeciationcoalescencedivergenceconvergenceparallelismhomoplasyanalogyhomologysynapomorphysymplesiomorphyautapomorphyapomorphyplesiomorphyderivedancestralprimitiveadvancedbasalcrownstemnodebranchcladegradesubfamilyfamilysuperfamilyinfraordersuborderordersuperorderinfraclasssubclassclasssuperclasssubphylumphylumsuperphylumkingdomdomainlifeorganismindividualetc.

• Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus

  Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.

  harvester-antseed-collecting-antarid-adapted-antPogonomyrmexMyrmicinaeFormicidaeHymenopteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaForel-1914speciesacceptedPogonomyrmex-tenuispinusPogonomyrmeciniAculeataApocritaHexapodaEukaryotaMetazoaVespoideainsectantseed-harvesterdesert-antnative-specieskeystone-species-candidateecosystem-engineermyrmecochorynest-diskisland-of-fertilitystinging-antvenomous-insectarthropodhymenopteranformicidmyrmicine-antpogonomyrmecine-antharvester-ant-speciesPogonomyrmex-speciesNorth-American-antwestern-North-America-antarid-region-antxeric-habitat-antgranivorous-antseed-predatorseed-dispersersoil-engineervegetation-engineernest-rim-vegetationbiodiversity-hotspot-creatorfood-web-participantpredatorpreyinsectivore-food-sourcerodent-defensemammal-defensepainful-stingSchmidt-sting-pain-indexJustin-SchmidtDerek-UheyRichard-Hofstetterkeystone-speciespest-perceptionrange-managementrangeland-ecologyrestoration-ecologyinvasion-ecologynative-plant-restorationdrought-refugegrazing-refugedisturbance-recoveryfire-recoverysoil-nutrient-enhancementtrash-dump-ecosystemhouse-guest-habitatmite-associatesilverfish-associatebeetle-associatespringtail-associatebacteria-associatemycorrhizae-associateprotist-associatefungi-associatearthropod-associatebird-food-sourcelizard-food-sourcemammal-food-sourcesage-grouse-food-sourcehorned-lizard-food-sourceendangered-species-food-sourcetraditional-medicineindigenous-knowledgeShoshoneanritual-usevision-questdream-helpertherapeutic-useanaphylaxis-riskallergic-reactionsting-avoidancenon-flying-insectnon-domestic-pestcrop-pest-perceptionweed-seed-preferencerestoration-seed-lossbroadcast-seeding-interferenceseed-selectionseed-preferencefilareeErodium-cicutariummustardBrassica-tournefortiibrittlebushbuckwheatexotic-plantinvasive-plantnative-plantcoastal-sage-scrubColorado-PlateauArizonaUtahNevadaCaliforniaNew-MexicoTexasMexicoChihuahuan-DesertSonoran-DesertMojave-DesertGreat-BasinColorado-Desertarid-grasslandshrublandpinyon-juniperponderosa-pinenest-rimnest-clearingnest-moundsubterranean-granarytrunk-trailforaging-patchpatroller-antforager-antseed-transportseed-storageseed-consumptionseed-germinationseedling-establishmentplant-recruitmentplant-community-compositionvegetation-patternlandscape-patternpolka-dot-landscapebare-soilvegetation-clearingvegetation-enhancementnutrient-depositiondetritus-accumulationsoil-biota-enhancementmicrohabitat-creationrefugiastress-tolerancedrought-tolerancegrazing-tolerancefire-toleranceecosystem-stabilityecosystem-resilienceecosystem-servicesconservation-valuemanagement-considerationresearch-subjecteducational-subjectant-farm-subjectchildren's-scienceoutreachpublic-educationentomologymyrmecologyecologyethnobiologyethnoentomologyvenom-biochemistrypeptide-venomsodium-ion-channelmammalian-nervous-systemtoxicologyLD50Maricopa-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-maricopawestern-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-occidentalisCalifornian-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-californicusPogonomyrmex-rugosusPogonomyrmex-subdentatusred-harvester-antblack-harvester-antMessorVeromessorseed-harvesting-ant-generaant-generaant-speciesant-taxonomyant-biodiversityant-conservationant-managementant-controlant-baitant-sting-treatmentant-allergyant-venom-evolutionant-plant-interactionant-seed-interactionant-rodent-interactionant-vertebrate-interactionant-arthropod-interactionant-microbe-interactionant-soil-interactionant-vegetation-interactionant-landscape-interactionmutualismcommensalismpredationscavenginggranivorymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyformicivoryecological-engineeringecosystem-engineeringkeystone-engineeringfoundation-speciesdominant-speciesabundant-speciesconspicuous-speciesvisible-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesresearch-modelecological-modelbehavioral-modelsocial-insecteusocial-insectcolonial-insectcolony-lifecaste-systemworker-antqueen-antmale-antreproductive-antpatrollerforagernest-maintenancebrood-carefood-storageterritorial-defensesting-defensemandible-defensechemical-defensealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitmenttandem-runningmass-foragingcentral-place-foragingoptimal-foragingseed-size-selectionseed-chemistry-selectionseed-morphology-selectionawned-seedelaiosomeseed-appendageseed-dispersal-distanceseed-fateseed-bankseed-predationseed-survivalseedling-survivalplant-population-dynamicsplant-community-dynamicsvegetation-recoveryvegetation-restorationhabitat-restorationecological-restorationrangeland-managementgrazing-managementfire-managementdrought-managementclimate-change-adaptationconservation-biologyapplied-ecologylandscape-ecologycommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyecosystem-ecologysoil-ecologymicrobial-ecologyinvasion-biologybiological-invasionexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesinvasive-species-managementnative-species-conservationbiodiversity-conservationspecies-interactionfood-webtrophic-levelenergy-flownutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionsecondary-productionherbivorycarnivoryomnivorydetritivoryscavengeropportunistic-feedergeneralist-feederselective-feederspecialist-feederseed-specialistarthropod-predatorarthropod-preyvertebrate-preyvertebrate-predatorinsect-predatorinsect-preyecological-functionecological-impactecological-significancescientific-nametaxonomic-authorityoriginal-descriptiontype-specimentype-localityspecies-validityaccepted-speciesvalid-speciesnomenclaturetaxonomysystematicsphylogenybiogeographydistribution-rangegeographic-rangeendemicnative-rangenaturalized-rangeintroduced-rangerange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shifthabitat-specificityhabitat-breadthniche-breadthenvironmental-toleranceabiotic-factorbiotic-factordisturbance-regimestress-factorlimiting-factorpopulation-densitycolony-densitynest-densityabundancefrequencyoccurrenceobservationspecimencollectionmuseum-recordliterature-recordcitizen-scienceiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIAntWebtaxonomic-databasebiodiversity-databaseoccurrence-databasedistribution-databaseresearch-articlereview-articlescientific-publicationpeer-reviewedentomological-journalecological-journalconservation-journalacademic-sourceexpert-sourceauthoritative-sourceDeborah-GordonBert-HölldoblerE.O.-WilsonPhil-WardMeredith-Swett-WalkerChristopher-BriggsRichard-RedakNorthern-Arizona-UniversityUniversity-of-CaliforniaUniversity-of-California-RiversideFlagstaffbee-gardenHäagen-Dazs-Honey-Bee-HavenBohart-MuseumUC-Davisentomology-departmentforestry-schoolresearchergraduate-studentPhD-candidateassistant-professorteaching-professorforest-entomologistant-specialistmyrmecologistecologistconservationistnaturalistethnobiologisttoxicologistbehavioral-ecologist20212023November-2021December-2023July-2015July-17July-18Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyBug-of-the-WeekBug-SquadEntomology-TodayNational-Moth-Weekphotophotographimagevisual-recorddocumentationfield-observationfield-studyfield-experimentlaboratory-studycontrolled-experimentobservational-studycomparative-studylong-term-studyshort-term-studycross-sectional-studyexperimental-manipulationexclosuregrazing-exclosuredrought-eventclimate-eventweather-eventdisturbance-eventfire-eventgrazing-eventseasonal-variationtemporal-variationspatial-variationnest-patternplant-compositionplant-coverplant-biomassplant-growthplant-recoveryseed-bank-dynamicssoil-propertysoil-nutrientsoil-moisturesoil-temperaturesoil-biotamicrobial-communityfungal-communitybacterial-communitydetritusrefuse-piletrash-dumpnest-chamberbrood-chamberfood-chambergranary-chambertunnel-systemnest-architecturenest-structurenest-entrancenest-vegetationnest-microclimatenest-microhabitatassociate-communityinquilinemyrmecophilenest-guesthouse-guestcommensalsymbiontparasitedetritivoredecomposernutrient-cyclerenergy-transformertrophic-intermediaryecosystem-service-providerhabitat-creatorhabitat-modifierhabitat-enhancerrestoration-toolmanagement-toolconservation-tooleducation-toolresearch-toolmodel-organismstudy-systemfield-sitefield-stationnatural-areaprotected-areanational-parkstate-parkwildlife-refugenature-reserveconservation-arearesearch-areastudy-areasampling-locationobservation-locationoccurrence-locationdistribution-pointrange-pointrange-limitrange-boundaryrange-centerrange-peripherycore-populationperipheral-populationsource-populationsink-populationmetapopulationpopulation-structurepopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscolony-structurecolony-dynamicscolony-geneticssocial-structuresocial-organizationsocial-behaviorcollective-behaviorgroup-behaviorcolony-defenseterritorialityaggressionsting-responsealarm-responserecruitment-responseforaging-behaviorfood-collectionfood-processingfood-sharingtrophallaxisterritory-maintenancemate-findingmating-behaviorreproductive-behaviordispersal-behaviorfounding-behaviorcolony-foundingnest-foundingqueen-behaviorworker-behaviormale-behaviorsoldier-behaviorpolymorphismworker-sizeworker-castetask-allocationdivision-of-laborage-polyethismsize-polyethismtemporal-polyethismbehavioral-plasticitybehavioral-flexibilitylearningmemorynavigationorientationtrail-followingpath-integrationvisual-cuechemical-cuetactile-cuethermal-cuehumidity-cuelight-cuepolarized-lightsun-compasslandmarkodor-trailpheromone-trailrecruitment-pheromonemarking-behaviorterritorial-markingnestmate-recognitioncolony-recognitionenemy-recognitionprey-recognitionfood-recognitionseed-recognitionhabitat-recognitionenvironmental-assessmentrisk-assessmentdecision-makingbehavioral-economicsforaging-theorymarginal-value-theoremprey-choicepatch-choicediet-choicefood-preferenceseed-acceptanceseed-rejectionhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeharvest-timeprocessing-timeconsumption-timeenergy-intakeenergy-expenditurenet-energy-gainforaging-efficiencyforaging-successforaging-ratecollection-ratetransport-ratereturn-rateload-sizetrip-durationtrip-distanceforaging-distanceforaging-rangeforaging-territoryhome-rangeactivity-rangedaily-activityseasonal-activityannual-activitydiurnal-activitynocturnal-activitycrepuscular-activityactivity-patternacti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• Pugettia

  kelp crabs

  Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.

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• Tortopus

  Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.

  EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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