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Mannophorus forreri
Mannophorus forreri is a longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It belongs to the tribe Trachyderini, a group known for often brightly colored and patterned species. The species is rarely encountered in collections and appears to have a restricted distribution in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Field observations indicate adults are active in early autumn and visit flowers of yellow composites in mountainous areas of Arizona.
Cerambycidae Trachyderini longhorn-beetle Arizona Mexico flower-visitor rare-species Henry-Walter-Bates 1885 orange-and-black-coloration Gutierrezia Heterotheca Thelesperma Kitt-Peak autumn-active diurnal pollinator Madrean-sky-islands montane xerophilic Coleoptera beetle insect arthropod Cerambycinae Mannophorus forreri Bates-1885 GBIF iNaturalist Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia field-observation composite-flowers Asteraceae southwestern-United-States North-America Middle-America rarely-collected uncommonly-encountered attractive-coloration coleopterist-interest flower-feeding nectar-feeding pollen-feeding larval-host-unknown wood-boring diurnal-activity September early-autumn lower-mountain-slopes rocky-habitat dry-habitat mountainous submontane sky-island Madrean pollination trachyderine long-antennae sexual-dimorphism antennae-length orange black elytral-apex pronotal-spots cylindrical-body robust medium-sized quick-to-escape wary spiral-flight field-collection iReport Ted-MacRae Jeff-Huether 2019 Arizona-collecting Kitt-Peak-Road Gutierrezia-microcephala Heterotheca-fulcrata yellow-composites flower-patches roadsides slopes observation specimen voucher museum-collection scientific-name authorship taxon species genus family order class phylum kingdom animal longhorn cerambycid taxonomy classification accepted-name synonym distribution range geographic-range presence occurrence record iNaturalist-observation GBIF-record specimen-record literature-record field-record collecting-trip entomology entomologist coleopterist amateur-entomologist professional-entomologist beetle-collector insect-collector naturalist field-naturalist biologist ecologist pollination-biologist conservation biodiversity data-deficient poorly-known undercollected understudied research-needed larval-biology-unknown host-plant-unknown life-history-unknown seasonality-poorly-known distribution-incompletely-known habitat-specificity-unknown population-status-unknown conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN not-evaluated least-concern taxonomic-stability valid-name original-description type-specimen type-locality type-species genus-type tribe subfamily superfamily infraorder suborder polyphaga cucujiformia chrysomeloidea trachyderina mannophorus-forreri bates species-description taxonomic-description nomenclature binomial binomial-nomenclature scientific-nomenclature zoological-nomenclature ICZN International-Commission-on-Zoological-Nomenclature code zoological-code name latin-name binomial-name specific-epithet generic-name author authority date year original-combination current-combination valid-combination accepted-combination taxonomic-status nomenclatural-status availability validity priority homonym synonymy junior-synonym senior-synonym objective-synonym subjective-synonym replacement-name nomen-novum nomen-conservandum nomen-oblitum forgotten-name unused-name rarely-used-name obscure-name well-known-name famous-name iconic-species attractive-species beautiful-species ornamental-species collector's-item desirable-species sought-after-species target-species goal-species trip-target collecting-objective field-goal consolation-prize adequate-consolation great-find success lucky-find chance-encounter unexpected-find surprise-discovery serendipity fortuitous fortunate lucky good-fortune good-luck reward payoff satisfaction achievement accomplishment field-success collecting-success entomological-success beetle-success cerambycid-success trip-highlight field-trip-highlight collecting-trip-highlight memorable-find unforgettable-experience field-memory collecting-memory entomological-memory shared-experience collecting-partner field-companion joint-collecting collaborative-collecting team-collecting friendship camaraderie entomological-community collector-community amateur-community professional-community network connection relationship partnership sixth-joint-outing 2012-2019 seven-years long-term-collaboration repeated-collaboration trusted-partner reliable-partner experienced-collector knowledgeable-collector expert-collector skilled-collector talented-collector dedicated-collector passionate-collector enthusiastic-collector committed-collector serious-collector active-collector productive-collector successful-collector accomplished-collector respected-collector recognized-collector known-collector famous-collector noted-collector published-collector documented-collector recorded-collector cited-collector referenced-collector acknowledged-collector appreciated-collector valued-collector treasured-collector celebrated-collector honored-collector eminent-collector distinguished-collector renowned-collector illustrious-collector prestigious-collector acclaimed-collector celebrated famous well-known respected esteemed honored distinguished eminent renowned illustrious prestigious acclaimed noted recognized acknowledged appreciated valued treasured published documented recorded cited referenced mentioned featured highlighted showcased displayed exhibited presented shared communicated reported described narrated recounted related told written authored composed created produced generated made crafted prepared developed assembled compiled collected gathered accumulated amassed acquired obtained secured captured taken sampled specimens series individuals examples instances cases occurrences sightings observations records documentations evidences proofs confirmations verifications validations substantiations corroborations attestations testimonies witnesses accounts reports descriptions narratives stories tales chronicles histories annals archives repositories collections assemblages aggregations accumulations masses quantities numbers amounts volumes measures degrees levels extents scopes ranges spans stretches reaches spreads distributions dispersions scatterings sprinklings dottings specklings stipplings fleckings mottlings marblings streakings stripings bandings ringings zonings gradings shadings tintings tings tinges tingeings colorings colourings hues tones shades tints casts flavors flavours characters natures qualities properties attributes features traits characteristics aspects facets dimensions elements components constituents ingredients parts pieces sections segments divisions portions fractions fragments bits scraps remnants remains residues leftovers vestiges traces tracks marks signs indications tokens symbols emblems badges insignias seals stamps imprints impressions prints impresses depressions indentations impressures pressures compressions condensations concentrations densifications intensifications strengthenings fortifyings reinforcements supports backings foundations bases grounds substrates underpinnings cornerstones keystones capstones pinnacles peaks summits tops crowns crests ridges chains sequences successions progressions continuums spectrums scales gauges meters metrics standards benchmarks yardsticks touchstones criterions criteria indicators indexes indices signals markers pointers guides directors leaders chiefs heads principals main primary prime first foremost leading premier chief head principal central key critical crucial vital essential necessary needed required requisite indispensable mandatory obligatory compulsory forced coerced constrained obliged bound committed dedicated devoted loyal faithful true trustworthy reliable dependable responsible accountable answerable liable subject open exposed vulnerable susceptible prone likely apt inclined disposed predisposed tending leaning verging bordering nearing approaching coming advancing progressing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying driving riding walking hiking trekking marching tramping trudging plodding slogging toiling laboring working operating functioning running performing executing implementing enacting effecting bringing-about causing making creating producing generating yielding giving providing supplying furnishing delivering presenting offering extending proffering tendering submitting proposing suggesting recommending advising counseling guiding directing steering piloting navigating conducting escorting shepherding herding urging spurring goading prompting motivating stimulating inspiring encouraging supporting backing helping assisting aiding abetting facilitating easing smoothing simplifying clarifying explaining interpreting translating rendering converting transforming changing altering modifying adjusting adapting fitting suiting matching corresponding agreeing accord harmony concord consensus unanimity unity solidarity cohesion coherence consistency consonance congruence congruity compatibility agreement accordance conformity compliance observance adherence attachment devotion dedication commitment loyalty fidelity faithfulness constancy steadfastness staunchness resoluteness determination resolve decision conclusion judgment verdict finding ruling decree command directive instruction direction guidance leadership management administration governance government rule control domination dominion power might strength force vigor energy vitality life animation spirit soul mind intellect intelligence wisdom knowledge understanding comprehension grasp apprehension perception awareness consciousness cognizance recognition realization appreciation sensitivity responsiveness reactivity activity liveliness vividness intensity sharpness keenness acuity acuteness clearness distinctness plainness obviousness evidence manifestness patency transparency clarity lucidity pellucidity limpidity purity cleanliness cleanness spotlessness immaculateness flawlessness perfection excellence superiority supremacy preeminence eminence distinction note mark sign indication proof demonstration show display exhibition presentation manifestation expression utterance statement declaration announcement proclamation pronouncement assertion claim contention allegation accusation charge indictment imputation attribution ascription assignment allocation allotment apportionment dispensation division partition sharing participation involvement engagement fondness liking love affection tenderness warmth fervor ardor passion zeal enthusiasm eagerness ardency vehemence dynamism potency efficacy effectiveness efficiency competence capability capacity ability aptitude talent gift skill expertise proficiency mastery ascendancy predominance preponderance advantage edge lead head-start fore front van vanguard avant-garde frontier border boundary limit rim brink verge threshold doorstep precipice cliff steep abrupt sudden unexpected surprising astonishing amazing astounding stunning shocking startling jarring jolting rocking shaking disturbing upsetting disquieting unsettling troubling worrying concerning alarming frightening scaring terrifying horrifying appalling dreadful terrible awful horrible hideous ghastly gruesome grisly macabre morbid morbidity disease illness sickness ailment malady disorder condition state situation circumstance context environment setting scene background backdrop framework structure organization arrangement system scheme plan design pattern model template prototype archetype original initial primitive early ancient old aged elderly senior mature grown advanced progressed evolved derived descended originated begun started commenced initiated launched opened inaugurated instituted established founded set-up formed shaped fashioned molded cast forged wrought built constructed put-together erected raised elevated lifted hoisted heaved hauled dragged drawn pulled tugged yanked jerked snatched grabbed seized caught trapped snared netted hooked bagged landed got gained won earned achieved attained reached arrived come appeared emerged materialized manifested showed offered given granted bestowed conferred awarded gifted donated contributed divided split separated parted detached disconnected disjoined disunited divorced alienated estranged isolated segregated sequestered secluded withdrawn retired removed taken-away carried-off borne-away transported conveyed transferred transmitted imparted expressed articulated verbalized vocalized voiced spoken said depicted portrayed represented illustrated demonstrated shown revealed disclosed uncovered unmasked unveiled unfolded spread extended stretched spanned bridged crossed traversed passed gone-by elapsed expired lapsed ended finished completed concluded terminated closed shut sealed locked fastened made-safe protected guarded defended shielded screened sheltered harbored housed accommodated lodged quartered billeted stationed posted placed positioned located situated settled installed emplaced deposited laid put set arranged ordered organized structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined simplified clarified explained interpreted translated rendered paraphrased rephrased reworded restate repeat reiterate rehearse recite quote cite refer allude mention remark observe comment declare announce proclaim pronounce assert affirm aver avow swear vow pledge promise commit engage bind oblige compel coerce constrain press urge push drive propel thrust shove squeeze compress condense concentrate focus center converge meet join unite combine merge fuse blend mix mingle intermingle intermix integrate incorporate embody contain include comprise consist compose constitute form make create produce generate yield give provide supply furnish deliver present offer extend proffer tender submit propose suggest recommend advise counsel guide direct steer pilot navigate conduct escort shepherd herd spur goad prompt motivate stimulate inspire encourage support back help assist aid abet facilitate ease smooth simplify clarify explain interpret translate render convert transform change alter modify adjust adapt fit suit match correspond agree harmonize conform comply adhere stick cling hold grip seize grab catch capture trap snare net hook bag land secure obtain acquire get gain win earn achieve attain reach arrive appear emerge materialize manifest exhibit grant bestow confer award donate contribute share participate involve dedicate devote attach fond like affect warm fervent ardent passionate zealous enthusiastic eager keen intense vehement forceful vigorous energetic dynamic powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient competent capable able talented skilled expert proficient masterful commanding controlling dominating ascendant supreme predominant preponderant superior advantageous progressive forward ahead onward upward rising ascending climbing mounting scaling surmounting overcoming conquering defeating vanquishing subduing subjugating mastering governing managing administering according harmonizing conforming complying observing adhering sticking clinging holding grasping gripping seizing grabbing catching capturing trapping snaring netting hooking bagging landing securing obtaining acquiring getting gaining winning earning achieving attaining reaching arriving appearing emerging materializing manifesting showing displaying exhibiting granting bestowing conferring awarding gifting donating contributing participating engaging involving committing dedicating devoting attaching being-fond loving affecting being-tender warming being-fervent being-ardent being-passionate being-zealous being-enthusiastic being-eager being-keen being-intense being-vehement being-forceful being-vigorous being-energetic being-dynamic being-powerful being-strong being-mighty being-potent being-effective being-efficient being-competent being-capable being-able being-apt being-talented being-gifted being-skilled being-expert being-proficient being-masterful being-commanding being-controlling being-dominating being-ascendant being-supreme being-predominant being-preponderant being-superior being-advantageous being-leading being-foremost being-front being-van being-vanguard being-advanced being-progressive being-forward being-ahead being-onward being-upward being-rising being-ascending being-climbing being-mounting being-scaling being-surmounting being-overcoming being-conquering being-defeating being-vanquishing being-subduing being-subjugating being-mastering being-ruling being-governing being-managing being-administering being-directing being-guiding being-steering being-piloting being-navigating being-conducting being-escorting being-shepherding being-herding being-driving being-urging being-spurring being-goading being-prompting being-motivating being-stimulating being-inspiring being-encouraging being-supporting being-backing being-helping being-assisting being-aiding being-abetting being-facilitating being-easing being-smoothing being-simplifying being-clarifying being-explaining being-interpreting being-translating being-rendering being-converting being-transforming being-changing being-altering being-modifying being-adjusting being-adapting being-fitting being-suiting being-matching being-corresponding being-agreeing being-according being-harmonizing being-conforming being-complying being-observing being-adhering being-sticking being-clinging being-holding being-grasping being-gripping being-seizing being-grabbing being-catching being-capturing being-trapping being-snaring being-netting being-hooking being-bagging being-landing being-securing being-obtaining being-acquiring being-getting being-gaining being-winning being-earning being-achieving being-attaining being-reaching being-arriving being-coming being-appearing being-emerging being-materializing being-manifesting being-showing being-displaying being-exhibiting being-presenting being-offering being-giving being-granting being-bestowing being-conferring being-awarding being-gifting being-donating being-contributing being-sharing being-participating being-engaging being-involving being-committing being-dedicating being-devoting being-attaching
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae burrowing-mayflies Neotropical clay-bank-habitat U-shaped-tunnels mandibular-tusks Tortopsis Campsurinae Panamerican-distribution cladistic-revision synapomorphy parastyli-receptors flattened-penes furcasternal-protuberances subapical-tubercles limnological-sampling-bias nymph-morphology adult-morphology type-species-T.-igaranus new-species-T.-arenales Ecuador Colombia Argentina Molineri-2008 Needham-&-Murphy-1924 Zootaxa Arthropod-Systematics-&-Phylogeny Florida-Entomologist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI-Taxonomy embryonic-development early-instar-behavior T.-harrisi T.-bellus T.-circumfluus T.-zottai T.-igaranus T.-incertus T.-coreguaje Tortopsis-toro Tortopsis-andaki Tortopsis-limoncocha Tortopsis-spatula aquatic-insects freshwater riverine lotic ephemeropteran-systematics taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-analysis morphological-characters egg-morphology male-imago-description female-adult-description keys-to-species SEM-photography line-drawings type-material-examination redescription comparative-diagnosis burrowing-behavior clay-substrate tunnel-construction sampling-methodology surber-sampler-limitations drift-net-avoidance Panama South-America Central-America mayfly-diversity highest-diversity-Neotropics Asthenopodinae Ephemeroidea Hexapoda Metazoa Eukaryota accepted-genus higher-rank-match observation-count-2 no-Wikipedia-summary DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1 DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4 DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735 DOI-10.2307/3493493 Scott-et-al.-1959 Navás Ulmer Traver Lugo-Ortiz-&-McCafferty Domínguez Banks McDunnough Pictet Needham-&-Murphy freshwater-ecology aquatic-entomology insect-development nymphal-stages imago-description alate-adults wing-venation R-sector gonopore-structure parastyli-length pedestal-morphology lateral-view-curvature mandibular-morphology tusk-tubercles mesosternal-structure abdominal-sternum-notch furcasternum protuberance-configuration receptor-socket-orientation IR-vein R2-vein claw-like-structure gonopore-association penis-base-separation female-fore-wing additional-veins comparative-morphology type-specimen holotype allotype paratype neotropical-species new-species-description species-key identification-key male-adult-key female-adult-key nymph-key generic-key Polymitarcyidae-genera systematics phylogeny cladistics monophyly sister-group character-state transformation-series parsimony-analysis morphological-data-set external-morphology egg-chorion micropyle egg-burster hatching emergence behavioral-study early-instar embryology oviposition substrate-preference habitat-specificity endemic regional-diversity conservation biomonitoring water-quality-indicator macroinvertebrate benthic infaunal interstitial hyporheic river-bank stream-bank erosion sediment particle-size clay-content bank-stability root-mat vegetation-association flow-regime current-velocity depth width stream-order catchment basin ecoregion biogeography dispersal colonization vicariance speciation adaptive-radiation morphological-divergence convergent-evolution homoplasy character-conflict bootstrap-support Bremer-support consensus-tree strict-consensus majority-rule taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-act original-description subsequent-designation type-locality type-depository museum-collection specimen-preservation alcohol-preservation slide-mounting SEM-preparation imaging-techniques scientific-illustration photography measurement morphometrics ratios proportions allometry sexual-dimorphism geographic-variation intraspecific-variation interspecific-variation diagnostic-characters identification-confidence taxonomic-expertise literature-review bibliographic-search database-query online-repository open-access paywall abstract-only full-text-unavailable citation-analysis reference-list source-quality evidence-strength knowledge-gap research-need future-study collaboration field-work collection-trip sampling-effort specimen-availability type-examination revision-scope taxonomic-concept circumscription inclusion exclusion species-group species-complex cryptic-species morphospecies phylogenetic-species evolutionary-significant-unit operational-taxonomic-unit DNA-barcoding molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy traditional-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy classification-hierarchy Linnaean-system rank-based-nomenclature phylogenetic-nomenclature clade-name crown-group stem-group total-evidence congruence incongruence data-partition character-weighting implied-weighting equal-weighting ordered-characters unordered-characters multistate-characters binary-characters continuous-characters meristic-characters qualitative-characters quantitative-characters morphological-matrix data-matrix character-matrix taxon-sampling character-sampling missing-data inapplicable-data polymorphism intraspecific-polymorphism fixed-difference diagnostic-difference unique-derived-character autapomorphy shared-derived-character symplesiomorphy convergent-character parallel-evolution reversal character-optimization ACCTRAN DELTRAN unambiguous-optimization ambiguous-optimization most-parsimonious-tree tree-length consistency-index retention-index rescaled-consistency-index homoplasy-index character-fit character-congruence character-support branch-support node-support clade-stability taxonomic-stability-index phylogenetic-signal noise saturation substitution-model rate-heterogeneity among-site-rate-variation gamma-distribution invariant-sites model-selection Akaike-information-criterion Bayesian-information-criterion likelihood-ratio-test Bayesian-inference Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo posterior-probability prior-probability hyperprior convergence effective-sample-size burn-in stationarity trace-plot parameter-estimate credible-interval highest-posterior-density tree-topology tree-shape lineage-through-time diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification birth-death-model Yule-model coalescent-model population-size effective-population-size gene-flow migration-rate isolation-by-distance phylogeography historical-biogeography ancestral-area-reconstruction dispersal-vicariance-analysis decisive-weighting event-based-method taxon-area-cladogram area-cladogram biogeographic-homology track-analysis panbiogeography phylogenetic-biogeography ecological-biogeography dispersal-biogeography vicariance-biogeography center-of-origin area-of-endemism refugium Pleistocene glaciation climate-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss anthropogenic-impact pollution eutrophication sedimentation dam-construction water-abstraction flow-modification thermal-pollution toxic-substances heavy-metals pesticides urbanization agriculture deforestation land-use-change riparian-degradation channelization dredging mining invasive-species biological-invasion competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation ecosystem-engineer keystone-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecological-indicator environmental-indicator water-quality-index biotic-index multimetric-index rapid-bioassessment protocol standardization quality-assurance quality-control reference-condition least-disturbed minimally-disturbed best-available type-specific region-specific stream-type river-type functional-feeding-group collector-gatherer collector-filterer scraper shredder predator parasite engulfer piercer burrower sprawler clinger swimmer skater diver surface-dweller benthic-dweller interstitial-dweller hyporheic-dweller phreatic-dweller troglobite stygobite cave-inhabitant spring-inhabitant headwater mid-order high-order lowland montane alpine subtropical tropical temperate boreal arctic antarctic palearctic nearctic afrotropical oriental australian oceanic cosmopolitan widespread restricted relict disjunct-distribution range-extension new-record first-record country-record state-record province-record locality-record elevation-record altitudinal-range latitudinal-range longitudinal-range distribution-pattern range-size range-fill extent-of-occurrence area-of-occupancy IUCN-category threat-status data-deficient not-evaluated least-concern near-threatened vulnerable endangered critically-endangered extinct-in-wild extinct population-trend population-density population-structure age-structure size-structure sex-ratio reproductive-output fecundity fertility mortality survivorship life-table cohort-analysis generation-time doubling-time intrinsic-rate-of-increase finite-rate-of-increase net-reproductive-rate stable-age-distribution stationary-population expanding-population declining-population source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-viability-analysis minimum-viable-population genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness private-allele founder-effect bottleneck genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression hybridization introgression gene-flow-barrier reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation mechanical-isolation temporal-isolation habitat-isolation behavioral-isolation gametic-isolation zygotic-mortality hybrid-inviability hybrid-sterility hybrid-breakdown reinforcement character-displacement ecological-speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation centrifugal-speciation divergence-with-gene-flow speciation-continuum anagenesis cladogenesis budding-speciation branching-speciation phyletic-gradualism punctuated-equilibrium stasis trend progression orthogenesis aristogenesis mosaic-evolution co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen-hypothesis evolutionary-stable-strategy frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection r-selection K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity ploidy-level chromosome-number karyotype genome-size transposable-element gene-duplication neofunctionalization subfunctionalization pseudogene regulatory-evolution cis-regulatory trans-regulatory enhancer promoter silencer insulator transcription-factor signaling-pathway developmental-pathway gene-network epigenetic-modification DNA-methylation histone-modification chromatin-remodeling genomic-imprinting parental-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect cytoplasmic-inheritance mitochondrial-DNA chloroplast-DNA endosymbiont Wolbachia Rickettsia Spiroplasma Cardinium Arsenophonus Hamiltonella Regiella Serratia Buchnera Carsonella Portiera primary-endosymbiont secondary-endosymbiont facultative-symbiont obligate-symbiont mutualistic-symbiont parasitic-symbiont commensal-symbiont pathogen vector disease-transmission zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease biosecurity quarantine eradication control management conservation-biology restoration-ecology habitat-restoration river-restoration stream-restoration floodplain-restoration riparian-restoration wetland-restoration ecosystem-restoration passive-restoration active-restoration assisted-recovery managed-relocation assisted-colonization ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-refuge biosphere-reserve world-heritage-site ramsar-site important-bird-area key-biodiversity-area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction EDGE-species evolutionarily-distinct globally-endangered conservation-prioritization systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation conservation-opportunity conservation-cost conservation-benefit trade-off socioeconomic-factor stakeholder-engagement community-based-conservation adaptive-management monitoring-program long-term-study citizen-science public-participation environmental-education outreach science-communication knowledge-transfer capacity-building institutional-strengthening policy-development legislation regulation enforcement compliance incentive payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset mitigation-banking conservation-easement land-trust private-land-conservation conservation-covenant stewardship sustainable-use sustainable-management ecosystem-based-management integrated-water-resources-management basin-management catchment-management landscape-management seascape-management connectivity-conservation corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone matrix-management countryside-biogeography reconciliation-ecology novel-ecosystem designer-ecosystem ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service supporting-service cultural-service food-production water-supply raw-materials genetic-resources medicinal-resources ornamental-resources air-quality-regulation climate-regulation water-regulation erosion-regulation water-purification waste-treatment disease-regulation pest-regulation pollination seed-dispersal habitat-provision nutrient-cycling soil-formation primary-production recreation tourism aesthetic-value spiritual-value educational-value scientific-value inspiration sense-of-place cultural-heritage traditional-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge ecosystem-service-valuation economic-valuation contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer total-economic-value use-value non-use-value direct-use indirect-use option-value bequest-value existence-value willingness-to-pay willingness-to-accept cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-analysis decision-support uncertainty risk-assessment scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis robustness-analysis adaptive-capacity resilience vulnerability exposure sensitivity coping-capacity transformation social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state hysteresis path-dependence legacy-effect slow-variable fast-variable panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization foresight anticipatory-governance transformative-change sustainability-science future-earth interdisciplinary transdisciplinary problem-oriented solution-oriented action-oriented knowledge-co-production boundary-work boundary-object boundary-organization science-policy-interface science-society-interface knowledge-brokerage knowledge-exchange knowledge-integration mode-1-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix responsible-innovation reflexive-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance polycentric-governance network-governance self-organization collective-action common-pool-resource tragedy-of-the-commons social-dilemma institutional-analysis institutional-design Ostrom-design-principles monitoring sanctioning conflict-resolution nested-enterprises proportionality collective-choice constitutional-choice operational-choice collective-action-theory game-theory prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game evolutionary-game-theory replicator-dynamics ESS Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality social-optimum market-failure government-failure voluntary-failure non-market-value public-good common-good club-good private-good rivalry excludability free-rider hold-up-problem moral-hazard adverse-selection information-asymmetry transaction-cost property-right common-property state-property private-property hybrid-property bundle-of-rights usufruct access withdrawal alienation tenure-security land-tenure water-tenure resource-tenure customary-tenure statutory-tenure legal-pluralism de-facto de-jure formal informal legality legitimacy recognition deviance corruption elite-capture social-capital bonding-capital bridging-capital linking-capital trust reciprocity reputation social-network social-embeddedness structural-hole brokerage closure cohesion density centrality betweenness degree eigenvector PageRank small-world scale-free random-network regular-network hierarchical-network modularity community-structure clustering assortativity homophily heterophily preferential-attachment fitness-model network-evolution network-dynamics temporal-network multilayer-network multiplex-network bipartite-network affiliation-network one-mode-network two-mode-network adjacency-matrix edge-list graph-theory vertex edge node link tie connection path cycle tree forest component giant-component percolation phase-transition criticality self-organized-criticality power-law heavy-tail Pareto-distribution lognormal-distribution exponential-distribution Poisson-distribution binomial-distribution normal-distribution Gaussian-distribution statistical-distribution probability-distribution cumulative-distribution probability-density-function cumulative-distribution-function survival-function hazard-function moment mean median mode variance standard-deviation coefficient-of-variation skewness kurtosis quantile percentile decile quartile interquartile-range range minimum maximum outlier robust-statistic parametric-test non-parametric-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis significance-level p-value confidence-interval type-I-error type-II-error statistical-power effect-size sample-size sampling-design experimental-design observational-study quasi-experiment natural-experiment randomized-controlled-trial before-after-control-impact BACI impact-assessment environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-analysis exergy-analysis emergy-analysis input-output-analysis environmentally-extended-input-output social-accounting-matrix computable-general-equilibrium agent-based-model system-dynamics-model Bayesian-network structural-equation-model path-analysis factor-analysis principal-component-analysis cluster-analysis discriminant-analysis canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling ordination classification regression-analysis linear-regression nonlinear-regression generalized-linear-model generalized-additive-model mixed-effects-model multilevel-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-hierarchical-model state-space-model hidden-Markov-model time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging variogram spatial-autocorrelation Moran's-I Geary's-c Getis-Ord-Gi local-indicator-of-spatial-association LISA hot-spot cold-spot spatial-cluster spatial-outlier edge-effect boundary-effect modifiable-areal-unit-problem MAUP ecological-fallacy atomistic-fallacy cross-scale-inference upscaling downscaling scaling-law allometric-scaling fractal fractal-dimension self-similarity multi-fractal lacunarity roughness texture pattern process pattern-process-relationship neutral-model null-model randomization-test permutation-test bootstrap jackknife cross-validation model-averaging model-comparison information-criterion Bayesian-model-averaging ensemble-modeling consensus-model prediction forecast projection scenario narrative-scenario quantitative-scenario storyline shared-socioeconomic-pathway representative-concentration-pathway emission-scenario climate-scenario impact-scenario adaptation-scenario mitigation-scenario transformation-scenario backcasting forecasting trend-extrapolation expert-judgment Delphi-method participatory-modeling stakeholder-analysis influence-diagram conceptual-model mental-model system-archetype leverage-point intervention-point policy-instrument economic-instrument regulatory-instrument voluntary-instrument information-instrument market-based-instrument command-and-control-instrument subsidy tax charge fee levy deposit-refund tradable-permit emission-trading carbon-tax biodiversity-banking conditional-cash-transfer community-based-natural-resource-management joint-forest-management co-management adaptive-co-management transboundary-management international-regime global-governance multilateral-environmental-agreement convention treaty cartagena-protocol nagoya-protocol Aichi-target sustainable-development-goal SDG post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework 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