Colombia
Guides
Acanthocephala alata
leaf-footed bug
Acanthocephala alata is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae, described by Burmeister in 1835. It is native to Mexico and occurs from Texas through Central America to Colombia. The species belongs to the tribe Acanthocephalini and is one of the more frequently observed coreids in its range, with over 3,000 documented observations.
Ammodonus tropicus
Ammodonus tropicus is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by Kirsch in 1866. It belongs to the tribe Ammodoniini, a group of small to medium-sized tenebrionids often associated with sandy or arid habitats. The species epithet 'tropicus' suggests a tropical distribution, which aligns with records from Colombia and Mexico.
Amplicephalus
Amplicephalus is a genus of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the tribe Deltocephalini. At least one species, A. funzaensis, has been documented as a vector for phytoplasmas of groups 16SrI and 16SrVII in Colombia, transmitting these plant pathogenic bacteria to bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). The genus belongs to a large group of phloem-feeding insects with potential agricultural significance as disease vectors.
Atascosa
Atascosa is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae. It was established by George Duryea Hulst in 1890. The genus is known from the United States (Texas) and Colombia. As a genus of Phycitinae, it belongs to a diverse group of pyralid moths commonly known as snout moths due to their prominent labial palps.
Bactericera minuta
Bactericera minuta is a small psyllid species native to North America that has become adventive in South America, where it was first recorded in Colombia. It feeds on willow species (Salix), particularly Salix humboldtiana, and has been associated with phytoplasma disease symptoms in infested trees. The species was originally described in 1910 and represents one of only two Bactericera species known from South America, where the genus is not native.
Balclutha jafara
Balclutha jafara is a leafhopper species native to Africa that was introduced to the Western Hemisphere by 2019. First detected in southern Florida in 2020 and in Colombian shipments entering the United States in 2019, it was previously known only from the Seychelles and Aldabra Islands. The species has since been documented across a broader African range including Kenya, South Africa, South Sudan, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Molecular analysis using COI barcodes confirmed its identity and revealed connections between populations on multiple continents.
Brachyvatus
Brachyvatus is a genus of diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, first described by Zimmermann in 1919. It belongs to the tribe Bidessini within the subfamily Hydroporinae. The genus contains at least four described species distributed in South America, with records primarily from Colombia. As with other dytiscids, members are aquatic predators.
Collaria
grass bugs
Collaria is a genus of grass-feeding plant bugs (Miridae: Mirinae: Stenodemini) established by Provancher in 1872. The genus comprises 14 recognized species distributed across the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions, with several species documented as agricultural pests of forage grasses and wheat. Species such as C. scenica and C. columbiensis have been studied extensively in Colombia, where they impact dairy production in the Bogotá plateau region. The genus is characterized by its association with Poaceae (grasses) and its potential for significant population increases under favorable climatic conditions, particularly during El Niño events.
Miridaegrass-bugpasture-pestagricultural-pestNeotropicalAfrotropicalColombiaclimate-sensitivityEl-NiñoEPGelectrical-penetration-graphspatial-distributionaggregated-distributionPoaceaewheat-pestdairy-productionintegrated-pest-managementStenodeminiProvancher-1872taxonomygenitalic-morphologyheat-unitsthermal-amplitudeprecipitation-dependentBogotá-plateauAltiplano-CundiboyacenseC.-scenicaC.-columbiensisC.-schwartziC.-oleosaC.-bolivianaC.-villiersiC.-improvisaC.-obscuricornisCrambus leuconotus
Crambus leuconotus is a species of crambid moth described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1881. It belongs to the grass-veneer moth genus Crambus, a group characterized by slender bodies and distinctive labial palps that project forward like a snout. The species is known only from Colombia, with minimal observational records available. Like other members of Crambinae, it likely inhabits grassland or meadow environments, though specific ecological details remain undocumented.
Cycloneda emarginata
Cycloneda emarginata is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. The species was described by Mulsant in 1850, originally placed in the genus Coccinella. Records indicate occurrence in South America, including Brazil (Santa Catarina) and Colombia across multiple departments. The genus Cycloneda contains species commonly known as spotless lady beetles, characterized by unmarked or minimally marked elytra.
Cyclosa caroli
Cyclosa caroli is a species of orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It is found in the United States and ranges from the Caribbean Sea to Bolivia. As a member of the genus Cyclosa, it is a trashline orb weaver that incorporates debris into its web architecture. The species was described by Hentz in 1850.
Cymaenes trebius
Cymaenes trebius is a synonym of Cymaenes odilia, a skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It was described by Mabille in 1891. The species is known from distribution records on San Andrés, a Colombian island in the Caribbean Sea. As a synonym, this name is no longer in active use for current taxonomy.
Cyphonotida rostrata
A longhorn beetle species in the subfamily Lepturinae, characterized by an elongated rostrum. The species occurs across South America with records from Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia, with a recent first record from Peru in seasonally dry forest habitat. The subspecies C. rostrata rostrata has been documented in disturbed localities.
Erythrodiplax fervida
Red-mantled Dragonlet
Erythrodiplax fervida, commonly known as the Red-mantled Dragonlet, is a small dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. The species occurs in the Caribbean and South America, with records from Cuba, Colombia, and Mexico. It is one of five Antillean Erythrodiplax species found in Cuba. The last instar larva was formally described in 2007, filling a gap in the taxonomic knowledge of Cuban dragonflies. The IUCN lists the species as Least Concern with a stable population.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaHeliopetes alana
Alana White-Skipper
Heliopetes alana, commonly known as the Alana White-Skipper, is a species of skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. The species was originally described as Pyrgus alana by Reakirt in 1868 and later transferred to the genus Heliopetes. It belongs to the subfamily Pyrginae, a group of skippers commonly referred to as spread-winged skippers or firetips. The genus Heliopetes contains approximately 10 species distributed primarily in the Americas.
Hexacylloepus
riffle beetles
Hexacylloepus is a genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, established by Hinton in 1940. The genus contains approximately 19 described species. As with other elmid beetles, members of this genus are associated with aquatic habitats, particularly flowing water systems.
Huleechius
Huleechius is a genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, established by Brown in 1981. The genus contains at least two described species: Huleechius marroni and Huleechius spinipes. Like other elmids, these beetles are associated with freshwater habitats, particularly flowing water environments.
Liodessus
Liodessus is a genus of small diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, tribe Bidessini. Species occur across the Americas from North America through the Andes to southern South America, with notable diversity in high-altitude wetlands and páramo ecosystems. Many species inhabit shallow, exposed pools and temporary water bodies, showing phenotypic plasticity in body form correlated with habitat permanence. The genus contains numerous species, with several new species described from the high Andes of Peru and Colombia in recent years. Taxonomic resolution relies heavily on male genital morphology.
diving-beetleaquatic-insecthigh-altitudepáramoAndesphenotypic-plasticityBidessiniHydroporinaeDytiscidaeColeopterawetlandtemporary-poolpeatlandsubantarctictaxonomymale-genitaliaCOI-barcodecryptic-speciesincipient-speciationhybridizationgeometric-morphometricsenvironmental-sentineldrought-indicatorSouth-AmericaNorth-AmericaFijiNavarino-IslandMagallanesPeruColombiaChileArgentinaBoliviaBogotáJunínCuscoHuánucoCundinamarcaSumapazPunasteppepeat-bogshallow-poolpuddlealtitude-3400-4900mL.-affinis-complexL.-bogotensis-complexL.-chilensisL.-affinisL.-obscurellusL.-noviaffinisL.-saratogaeL.-picinusL.-santarositaL.-alpinusL.-hauthiL.-rhigosL.-thespesiosGuignot-1939ZimmermannSharpLeConteSaySteinheilRégimbartBiströmMillerBalkeFranciscoloSanfilippoPederzaniNilssonYoungClarkHatchMannerheimCaseyAubéBalfour-BrowneBrinckPeschetSolierWhiteZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAnales-del-Instituto-de-la-PatagoniaPLoS-ONEGBIFiNaturalistCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyBOLDBarcode-of-Life-Data-SystemCOImitochondrial-DNAphylogeographypopulation-structurerange-expansionlineagegenetic-structuresubspecieslectotypeneotypesynonymynew-speciesnew-subspeciesrevisionmorphometricsallometrybody-sizebody-shapeelytrapronotumstriaecolorationpunctationhabitusoccipital-linegenital-morphologyaedeagusparamerediagnosisidentification-keytype-localitytype-specimenetymologybionomicsnatural-historygeographic-distributiondistribution-mapNearcticNeotropicalPatagoniaCape-Horn-Biosphere-Reservedroughtclimate-changeenvironmental-changesentinel-speciesplasticityadaptationphenotypic-variationhydrological-landscapewater-permanencepoolbogAltiplanoAndeanhigh-elevationmontanealpineaquaticfreshwaterlenticloticinsectbeetleAdephagaLiodessusLopescladius
A genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae, known from the Neotropics. The first record for the Piranhas-Açu River basin in northeastern Brazil was documented in 2015, expanding the known distribution of this poorly studied genus.
Malagoniella astyanax
Malagoniella astyanax is a dung beetle species in the family Scarabaeidae, formerly placed in the tribe Canthonini. It is distributed across South America, with documented occurrences in Colombia and other countries. The species comprises five recognized subspecies showing geographic variation across its range.
Mycetomoellerius
fungus-farming ants
Mycetomoellerius is a genus of higher attine fungus-growing ants comprising 31 recognized species distributed throughout Central and South America. The genus was erected in 2019 based on molecular phylogenetic analysis, having previously been classified under Trachymyrmex. Mycetomoellerius occupies a phylogenetic position intermediate between lower attines and leaf-cutting ants, and species have been extensively studied for their agricultural symbioses, reproductive biology, and social organization.
Neocylloepus
Neocylloepus is a genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, established by Brown in 1970. The genus contains eight described species, all distributed in Colombia. These beetles are associated with freshwater habitats, specifically riffle environments in streams and rivers.
Ophelimus
Eucalyptus gall wasps
Ophelimus is a genus of minute wasps in the family Eulophidae. Species in this genus are gall inducers, causing the formation of leaf galls on Eucalyptus plants. Several species, including O. maskelli and O. eucalypti, have become invasive pests in Eucalyptus plantations outside their native Australian range. The genus is subject to biological control efforts using parasitoids such as Closterocerus chamaeleon.
Pachydrus
Pachydrus is a genus of diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, established by Sharp in 1882. The genus belongs to the tribe Pachydrini within the subfamily Hydroporinae. It contains nine described species distributed primarily in South America, with records from Colombia and surrounding regions. As with other dytiscids, members are aquatic predators inhabiting freshwater environments.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-dive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sallei
Proba sallei is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is distributed across the Neotropical region, with records from Mexico through Central America to South America, including Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The species was originally described by Carl Stål in 1862 under the name Dagbertus sallei. As a member of the large and diverse family Miridae, it belongs to one of the most species-rich families of true bugs, though specific biological details for this particular species remain poorly documented in available literature.
Prosapia simulans
Prosapia simulans is a spittlebug species (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) native to Central America that was first detected in Colombia in 1999, where it has since become an economic pest of cultivated graminoids. The species has a hemimetabolous life cycle with five nymphal instars and exhibits a notably long life cycle of approximately 72 days compared to other spittlebug species in the region. Females preferentially oviposit on plant stems rather than soil, distinguishing it ecologically from congeners. Eggs can enter diapause, with field-collected eggs showing nearly 70% diapause incidence during dry season months. The species currently has a restricted distribution within Colombia's Cauca Valley but poses ongoing agricultural concern.
Pseudiastata
Pseudiastata is a genus of vinegar flies in the family Drosophilidae, containing approximately 11 described species. The genus was established by Coquillett in 1908 and belongs to the subfamily Steganinae. At least one species has been documented as a predator of mealybugs in agricultural settings.
Pseudochlamys
Pseudochlamys is a genus of warty leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae. The genus contains at least one described species, P. semirufescens, and is known from Colombia. Detailed natural history information exists for P. megalostomoides, revealing a complex life cycle involving fecal shelter construction, four larval instars, and host-specific feeding on Waltheria plants.
Rupisalda
Rupisalda is a genus of shore bugs (family Saldidae) in the order Hemiptera. It was established by J. Polhemus in 1985 and belongs to the tribe Saldoidini within the subfamily Saldinae. The genus is known from Colombia. Shore bugs in this family are generally associated with marginal aquatic habitats.
Sabulodes
Sabulodes is a genus of geometrid moths (Geometridae: Ennominae) first described by Achille Guenée in 1857. The genus contains approximately 50 described species distributed primarily in the Americas, with some species occurring in the Neotropics. Several species have been documented as forest defoliators, including Sabulodes glaucularia, which has been reported as a pest of Pinus patula, Cupressus lusitanica, and Eucalyptus in Colombian forests. The genus is taxonomically well-established but individual species-level biology remains incompletely documented.
Sennius morosus
Sennius morosus is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America, with distribution records from Colombia, including the departments of Cundinamarca and Cauca. The species was described by Sharp in 1885. As a member of the genus Sennius, it belongs to a group of bruchine seed beetles associated with leguminous host plants.
Stizocera
Stizocera is a genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, tribe Elaphidiini. The genus was established by Audinet-Serville in 1834. Members of this genus are found in the Neotropical region, with confirmed records from Colombia.
Talanus
Talanus is a genus of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) in the tribe Talanini. It was described by Jacquelin du Val in 1857. The genus is known from Colombia based on occurrence records. As a member of the subfamily Stenochiinae, these beetles are part of a diverse group of mostly tropical and subtropical tenebrionids.
Tanytarsus
non-biting midge
Tanytarsus is a large genus of non-biting midges comprising over 480 described species. The genus belongs to the tribe Tanytarsini within the subfamily Chironominae. Larvae occur in diverse freshwater habitats, with some species inhabiting marine environments. Species-level studies reveal complex life cycles with photoperiod and temperature as key determinants of seasonal patterns.
Tomosvaryella
big-headed flies
Tomosvaryella is a genus of big-headed flies in the family Pipunculidae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and is taxonomically well-studied in multiple regions. It contains over 100 species in Australia alone, with substantial diversity also documented in the Middle East, Colombia, and other regions. Species-level taxonomy relies heavily on morphological characters and mitochondrial COI barcode sequence data.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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ash plant bugs
Tropidosteptes is a genus of plant bugs (Miridae) containing at least 30 described species. The genus is best known from T. chapingoensis, the ash plant bug, which has been studied in detail for its life cycle and impact on urban ash trees. Species in this genus are associated with Fraxinus (ash) trees and can cause significant defoliation damage. The genus occurs in North America, with at least one species introduced to South America.
Tsinilla
Tsinilla is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae, established by Heinrich in 1931. The genus contains seven described species, most of which were described by Razowski and Wojtusiak between 2008 and 2011. Species are known from the Neotropical region, including Peru and Colombia. The genus is part of the diverse tortricid fauna of the Americas but remains poorly known in terms of biology and ecology.
Tyrtaeus rufus
Tyrtaeus rufus is a species of darkling beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) described by Champion in 1913. The genus Tyrtaeus is a small group within the large family Tenebrionidae, which comprises primarily detritivorous and xerophilic beetles. This species has documented occurrence records in Colombia and Mexico, suggesting a Neotropical distribution pattern.
Urbanus dorantes
Urbanus dorantes is a species of skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, subfamily Pyrginae. The species was originally described as Papilio dorantes by Stoll in 1790 and later transferred to the genus Urbanus. Records indicate presence in Colombia, including departments of Santander, Nariño, and Bolívar, with specific localities spanning forested and urban-proximate environments from botanical gardens to national parks.
Xeropigo tridentiger
Xeropigo tridentiger is a corinnid spider species first described from Colombia in 1870. It is one of the most widespread species in the genus, with records spanning northern South America including Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil. The species name refers to the three-toothed (trident) structure of the male pedipalp, a diagnostic feature. Recent taxonomic work has updated its known distribution, confirming its presence across multiple Brazilian states.