Primary-production

Guides

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgene-expression-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormone-receptornuclear-receptorsteroid-hormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulinTOR-pathwayAMPKnutrient-sensinggrowth-regulationsize-regulationallometryscalingmorphometricsgeometric-morphometricslandmarkshape-analysissize-analysismultivariate-analysisprincipal-component-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscluster-analysisphylogenetic-analysiscomparative-methodancestral-state-reconstructioncharacter-evolutiontrait-evolutionevolutionary-ratediversification-ratespeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversitycommunity-assemblycommunity-structurecommunity-dynamicsecosystem-functionecosystem-servicepollinationseed-dispersalnutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionherbivorypredationparasitismmutualismcompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactioninteraction-networktrophic-levelenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingstabilityresilienceresistancerecoveryenvironmental-gradientnichefundamental-nicherealized-nicheniche-breadthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-partitioningcharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionlimiting-similarityevolutionary-diversificationmacroevolutionmicroevolutionextinctionmass-extinctionbiodiversity-crisisecosystem-managementsustainable-developmentenvironmental-policyenvironmental-lawenvironmental-ethicsenvironmental-educationscience-communicationpublic-engagementopen-sciencedata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyresearch-integrityscientific-methodhypothesis-testingexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysismodelingsimulationpredictionforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentuncertaintysensitivity-analysisvalidationverificationbenchmarkingintercomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinary-researchtransdisciplinary-researchconvergence-researchteam-sciencecollaborationnetwork-sciencecomplex-systemsemergenceself-organizationnonlinearityfeedbackthresholdtipping-pointhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-thinkingadaptive-managementsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemsustainability-sciencefutures-studiesanticipatory-governancetransformative-changejust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationcarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalecosystem-accountinggreen-infrastructureurban-ecologylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datamachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionnatural-language-processingdata-miningdata-sciencecomputational-biologybioinformaticsgenomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsimagingmicroscopyelectron-microscopyconfocal-microscopylight-sheet-microscopysuper-resolution-microscopycryo-electron-microscopyX-ray-tomographymagnetic-resonance-imagingspectroscopymass-spectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingDNA-sequencingRNA-sequencingwhole-genome-sequencingexome-sequencingtranscriptome-sequencingmetagenome-sequencingepigenome-sequencingsingle-cell-sequencinglong-read-sequencingthird-generation-sequencingnanopore-sequencinggenome-assemblygenome-annotationgenome-evolutioncomparative-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsconservation-genomicsancient-DNApaleogenomicsmolecular-ecologymolecular-evolutionphylogenomicsphylodynamicscoalescent-theoryquantitative-geneticsgenetic-architecturegenotype-phenotype-mappleiotropyepistasisgenetic-correlationheritabilityselection-gradientbreeding-valuegenomic-predictiongenomic-selectionmarker-assisted-selectionquantitative-trait-locusgenome-wide-association-studylinkage-mappingassociation-mappingfine-mappingpositional-cloningcandidate-genefunctional-validationgene-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasebase-editingprime-editinggene-drivesynthetic-biologybioengineeringbiotechnologyagricultural-biotechnologyenvironmental-biotechnologyindustrial-biotechnologymedical-biotechnologypharmaceutical-biotechnologyveterinary-biotechnologyforensic-biotechnologybiosecuritybiosafetybioprospectingbiopiracyaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDUNSDGAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-FrameworkParis-AgreementSendai-FrameworkRio-Earth-SummitStockholm-Conferenceenvironmental-historyhistory-of-sciencehistory-of-ecologyhistory-of-entomologynatural-historymuseum-collectionherbariumzoological-collectionholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeepitypeiconotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationnomenclaturetaxonomyphylogenetic-nomenclaturerank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-codeinternational-code-of-zoological-nomenclatureinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-algae-fungi-and-plantsinternational-code-of-nomenclature-of-prokaryotesinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plantsinternational-commission-on-zoological-nomenclaturegeneral-committeenomenclatural-actsoriginal-publicationvalid-publicationeffective-publicationavailabilitypriorityhomonymysynonymynomen-novumnomen-conservandumnomen-rejiciendumnomen-dubiumnomen-inquirendumspecies-inquirendaincertae-sedisnew-combinationnew-statusemendationcorrectionerratumaddendumsupplementmonographrevisioncatalogchecklistfield-guideidentification-keydiagnosisdescriptionillustrationphotographdrawingmapdistribution-maphabitat-photomicrographscanning-electron-micrographtransmission-electron-micrographlight-micrographstereomicrographmacrophotographhabitusdorsal-viewventral-viewlateral-viewanterior-viewposterior-viewheadthoraxabdomenwinglegmouthpartgenitaliagallplant-gallrose-gallwillow-gallgoldenrod-gallsunflower-gallaster-gallthistle-gallsagebrush-gallcreosote-gallmanzanita-gallforestwoodlandsavannagrasslandprairiesteppemeadowpastureagricultural-fieldorchardvineyardgardenparkurban-green-spacewildland-urban-interfacewildernessnature-reservecounty-parkmunicipal-parkprivate-reserveconservation-easementland-truststewardshiprestorationecological-restorationrewildingreintroductiontranslocationassisted-colonizationintegrated-conservationconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-prioritizationhotspotbiodiversity-hotspotendemic-bird-areaimportant-plant-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinct-and-globally-endangeredflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indicatorair-quality-indicatorsoil-quality-indicatorhabitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicatorbiodiversity-indicatorsustainability-indicatorMillennium-Ecosystem-Assessmentecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicesfoodfiberfuelfreshwatergenetic-resourcesbiochemicalsnatural-medicinespharmaceuticalsornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationhabitat-provisionsoil-formationphotosynthesisrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valueinspirational-valuesense-of-placecultural-heritageknowledge-systemstraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerconservation-educationnature-interpretationecotourismsustainable-tourismresponsible-travelgreen-travellow-impact-travelcarbon-offsetvoluntary-carbon-marketcompliance-carbon-marketREDD+reducing-emissions-from-deforestation-and-forest-degradationafforestationreforestationforest-restorationagroforestrysilvopastureforest-landscape-restorationlandscape-approachintegrated-landscape-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementcoastal-zone-managementmarine-spatial-planningocean-governanceblue-economysustainable-blue-economyfisheries-managementaquaculturesustainable-agricultureregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureagroecologypermacultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsalgae-farminginsect-farmingentomophagyalternative-proteinplant-based-dietreduced-meat-consumptionfood-system-transformationsustainable-food-systemcircular-food-systemfood-waste-reductionzero-hungernutrition-securityfood-sovereigntyseed-sovereigntyfarmers'-rightsplant-variety-protectionintellectual-propertypatentplant-breeder's-rightsutility-modeltrademarkgeographical-indicationcertificationorganic-certificationfair-trade-certificationRainforest-AllianceMarine-Stewardship-CouncilForest-Stewardship-CouncilRoundtable-on-Sustainable-Palm-OilBetter-Cotton-InitiativeGlobalGAPfood-safetyfood-qualitytraceabilityaccountabilitygovernancepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancemulti-level-governanceglobal-governanceregional-governancenational-governancesubnational-governancelocal-governancecommunity-governancecustomary-governancetraditional-governanceindigenous-governanceself-governanceautonomydecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityempowermentcapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-reformlegal-reformregulatory-reformincentivedisincentiveeconomic-instrumentmarket-based-instrumenttaxsubsidyfeechargelevyfinepenaltyliabilitycompensationinsurancerisk-transfercatastrophe-bondgreen-bondblue-bondsustainability-linked-bondimpact-investingblended-financepublic-private-partnershipconcessionleasepermitlicensequotatradable-permitcap-and-tradecarbon-taxcarbon-pricingsocial-cost-of-carbonshadow-priceinternal-carbon-pricingcarbon-border-adjustmentborder-carbon-adjustmentclimate-clubjust-transition-mechanismloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundspecial-climate-change-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financenatural-capital-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-and-governancesustainable-financeresponsible-investmentactive-ownershipengagementproxy-votingdivestmentfossil-fuel-divestmentdeforestation-freeconversion-freeno-net-lossnet-gainbiodiversity-net-gainmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationoffsetcompensatory-mitigationin-lieu-feeconservation-bankingwetland-mitigation-bankingspecies-bankingecosystem-services-marketplacenatural-capital-accountingsystem-of-environmental-economic-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorwell-being-economydegrowthpost-growthsteady-state-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-and-just-spacesocial-foundationecological-ceilingfair-shareEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-Transformationsustainability-transformationsystemic-changestructural-changeparadigm-shiftworldview-shiftvalues-shiftbehavior-changelifestyle-changeconsumption-changeproduction-changetechnology-changeinnovationdisruptive-innovationtransformative-innovationsocial-innovationinstitutional-innovationpolicy-innovationgovernance-innovationbusiness-model-innovationfinancial-innovationtechnological-innovationdigital-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyclimate-technologyecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reductionblue-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurebuilding-with-natureworking-with-natureengineering-with-natureecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringconservation-ecologyindustrial-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologygrassland-ecologywetland-ecologyfreshwater-ecologymarine-ecologycoastal-ecologydeep-ecologypolitical-ecologysocial-ecologyhuman-ecologycultural-ecologysymbolic-ecologyspiritual-ecologyreligious-ecologyeco-theologycreation-carestewardship-ethicland-ethicEarth-ethicplanetary-ethiccosmic-ethicdeep-ecology-platformecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justiceenvironmental-racismclimate-racismslow-violencestructural-violenceenvironmental-conflictresource-conflictclimate-conflictwater-conflictland-conflictterritorial-conflictconservation-conflicthuman-wildlife-conflictpredator-controlpest-controlinvasive-species-managementdisease-managementwildlife-managementhabitat-managementpopulation-managementharvest-managementsustainable-usesustainable-harvestingadaptive-harvestingprecautionary-approachecosystem-approachecosystem-based-managementintegrated-managementholistic-managementrisk-based-managementscenario-planningstrategic-foresighttransformative-governanceadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-organizationlearning-networkknowledge-networkcommunity-of-practiceepistemic-communityknowledge-action-networkfuture-earthconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-geographyscience-and-technology-studiesscience-policy-studiesinnovation-studieshorizon-scanningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinosystemic-riskcascading-riskcompound-riskcomplex-riskemerging-riskevolving-risktransboundary-riskplanetary-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskcivilization-riskhuman-extinction-riskspecies-extinction-riskecosystem-collapse-riskirreversible-changeabrupt-changenonlinear-changethreshold-effectpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-inregulatory-lock-infinancial-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-insocial-lock-ineconomic-lock-instructural-inertiaresistance-to-changebarrier-to-changeenabler-of-changedriver-of-changeaccelerator-of-changecatalyst-of-changeleverage-pointintervention-pointentry-pointwindow-of-opportunitypolicy-windowpolitical-opportunitysocial-opportunityeconomic-opportunitytechnological-opportunityenvironmental-opportunitycrisis-opportunitydisaster-opportunitybuild-back-bettergreen-recoveryjust-recoveryresilient-recoverysustainable-recoverytransformational-recoverydisaster-risk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserehabilitationreconstructionresilience-buildingadaptive-capacity-buildingtransformative-capacity-buildingdisaster-risk-managementclimate-risk-managementenvironmental-risk-managementfinancial-risk-managementoperational-risk-managementstrategic-risk-managemententerprise-risk-managementintegrated-risk-managementholistic-risk-managementsystemic-risk-managementcascading-risk-managementcompound-risk-managementcomplex-risk-managementemerging-risk-managementevolving-risk-managementtransboundary-risk-managementplanetary-risk-managementexistential-risk-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-managementcivilization-risk-managementhuman-extinction-risk-managementspecies-extinction-risk-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-managementtipping-point-managementthreshold-managementregime-shift-managementalternative-stable-state-managementhysteresis-managementpath-dependence-managementlock-in-managementcarbon-lock-in-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-managementbehavioral-lock-in-managementinstitutional-lock-in-managementtechnological-lock-in-managementregulatory-lock-in-managementfinancial-lock-in-managementpolitical-lock-in-managementcultural-lock-in-managementsocial-lock-in-managementeconomic-lock-in-managementstructural-inertia-managementresistance-to-change-managementbarrier-to-change-managementenabler-of-change-managementdriver-of-change-managementaccelerator-of-change-managementcatalyst-of-change-managementleverage-point-managementintervention-point-managemententry-point-managementwindow-of-opportunity-managementpolicy-window-managementpolitical-opportunity-managementsocial-opportunity-managementeconomic-opportunity-managementtechnological-opportunity-managementenvironmental-opportunity-managementcrisis-opportunity-managementdisaster-opportunity-managementbuild-back-better-managementgreen-recovery-managementjust-recovery-managementresilient-recovery-managementsustainable-recovery-managementtransformational-recovery-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementrehabilitation-managementreconstruction-managementresilience-building-managementadaptive-capacity-building-managementtransformative-capacity-building-managementdisaster-risk-management-managementclimate-risk-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-managementoperational-risk-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-managementholistic-risk-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-managementcascading-risk-management-managementcompound-risk-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-managementemerging-risk-management-managementevolving-risk-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-managementexistential-risk-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-managementtipping-point-management-managementthreshold-management-managementregime-shift-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-managementhysteresis-management-managementpath-dependence-management-managementlock-in-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-managementleverage-point-management-managementintervention-point-management-managemententry-point-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-managementpolicy-window-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-managementjust-recovery-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-managementprevention-management-managementpreparedness-management-managementresponse-management-managementrecovery-management-managementrehabilitation-management-managementreconstruction-management-managementresilience-building-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-managementdisaster-risk-management-management-managementclimate-risk-management-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-management-managementoperational-risk-management-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-management

• Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus

  Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.

  harvester-antseed-collecting-antarid-adapted-antPogonomyrmexMyrmicinaeFormicidaeHymenopteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaForel-1914speciesacceptedPogonomyrmex-tenuispinusPogonomyrmeciniAculeataApocritaHexapodaEukaryotaMetazoaVespoideainsectantseed-harvesterdesert-antnative-specieskeystone-species-candidateecosystem-engineermyrmecochorynest-diskisland-of-fertilitystinging-antvenomous-insectarthropodhymenopteranformicidmyrmicine-antpogonomyrmecine-antharvester-ant-speciesPogonomyrmex-speciesNorth-American-antwestern-North-America-antarid-region-antxeric-habitat-antgranivorous-antseed-predatorseed-dispersersoil-engineervegetation-engineernest-rim-vegetationbiodiversity-hotspot-creatorfood-web-participantpredatorpreyinsectivore-food-sourcerodent-defensemammal-defensepainful-stingSchmidt-sting-pain-indexJustin-SchmidtDerek-UheyRichard-Hofstetterkeystone-speciespest-perceptionrange-managementrangeland-ecologyrestoration-ecologyinvasion-ecologynative-plant-restorationdrought-refugegrazing-refugedisturbance-recoveryfire-recoverysoil-nutrient-enhancementtrash-dump-ecosystemhouse-guest-habitatmite-associatesilverfish-associatebeetle-associatespringtail-associatebacteria-associatemycorrhizae-associateprotist-associatefungi-associatearthropod-associatebird-food-sourcelizard-food-sourcemammal-food-sourcesage-grouse-food-sourcehorned-lizard-food-sourceendangered-species-food-sourcetraditional-medicineindigenous-knowledgeShoshoneanritual-usevision-questdream-helpertherapeutic-useanaphylaxis-riskallergic-reactionsting-avoidancenon-flying-insectnon-domestic-pestcrop-pest-perceptionweed-seed-preferencerestoration-seed-lossbroadcast-seeding-interferenceseed-selectionseed-preferencefilareeErodium-cicutariummustardBrassica-tournefortiibrittlebushbuckwheatexotic-plantinvasive-plantnative-plantcoastal-sage-scrubColorado-PlateauArizonaUtahNevadaCaliforniaNew-MexicoTexasMexicoChihuahuan-DesertSonoran-DesertMojave-DesertGreat-BasinColorado-Desertarid-grasslandshrublandpinyon-juniperponderosa-pinenest-rimnest-clearingnest-moundsubterranean-granarytrunk-trailforaging-patchpatroller-antforager-antseed-transportseed-storageseed-consumptionseed-germinationseedling-establishmentplant-recruitmentplant-community-compositionvegetation-patternlandscape-patternpolka-dot-landscapebare-soilvegetation-clearingvegetation-enhancementnutrient-depositiondetritus-accumulationsoil-biota-enhancementmicrohabitat-creationrefugiastress-tolerancedrought-tolerancegrazing-tolerancefire-toleranceecosystem-stabilityecosystem-resilienceecosystem-servicesconservation-valuemanagement-considerationresearch-subjecteducational-subjectant-farm-subjectchildren's-scienceoutreachpublic-educationentomologymyrmecologyecologyethnobiologyethnoentomologyvenom-biochemistrypeptide-venomsodium-ion-channelmammalian-nervous-systemtoxicologyLD50Maricopa-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-maricopawestern-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-occidentalisCalifornian-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-californicusPogonomyrmex-rugosusPogonomyrmex-subdentatusred-harvester-antblack-harvester-antMessorVeromessorseed-harvesting-ant-generaant-generaant-speciesant-taxonomyant-biodiversityant-conservationant-managementant-controlant-baitant-sting-treatmentant-allergyant-venom-evolutionant-plant-interactionant-seed-interactionant-rodent-interactionant-vertebrate-interactionant-arthropod-interactionant-microbe-interactionant-soil-interactionant-vegetation-interactionant-landscape-interactionmutualismcommensalismpredationscavenginggranivorymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyformicivoryecological-engineeringecosystem-engineeringkeystone-engineeringfoundation-speciesdominant-speciesabundant-speciesconspicuous-speciesvisible-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesresearch-modelecological-modelbehavioral-modelsocial-insecteusocial-insectcolonial-insectcolony-lifecaste-systemworker-antqueen-antmale-antreproductive-antpatrollerforagernest-maintenancebrood-carefood-storageterritorial-defensesting-defensemandible-defensechemical-defensealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitmenttandem-runningmass-foragingcentral-place-foragingoptimal-foragingseed-size-selectionseed-chemistry-selectionseed-morphology-selectionawned-seedelaiosomeseed-appendageseed-dispersal-distanceseed-fateseed-bankseed-predationseed-survivalseedling-survivalplant-population-dynamicsplant-community-dynamicsvegetation-recoveryvegetation-restorationhabitat-restorationecological-restorationrangeland-managementgrazing-managementfire-managementdrought-managementclimate-change-adaptationconservation-biologyapplied-ecologylandscape-ecologycommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyecosystem-ecologysoil-ecologymicrobial-ecologyinvasion-biologybiological-invasionexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesinvasive-species-managementnative-species-conservationbiodiversity-conservationspecies-interactionfood-webtrophic-levelenergy-flownutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionsecondary-productionherbivorycarnivoryomnivorydetritivoryscavengeropportunistic-feedergeneralist-feederselective-feederspecialist-feederseed-specialistarthropod-predatorarthropod-preyvertebrate-preyvertebrate-predatorinsect-predatorinsect-preyecological-functionecological-impactecological-significancescientific-nametaxonomic-authorityoriginal-descriptiontype-specimentype-localityspecies-validityaccepted-speciesvalid-speciesnomenclaturetaxonomysystematicsphylogenybiogeographydistribution-rangegeographic-rangeendemicnative-rangenaturalized-rangeintroduced-rangerange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shifthabitat-specificityhabitat-breadthniche-breadthenvironmental-toleranceabiotic-factorbiotic-factordisturbance-regimestress-factorlimiting-factorpopulation-densitycolony-densitynest-densityabundancefrequencyoccurrenceobservationspecimencollectionmuseum-recordliterature-recordcitizen-scienceiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIAntWebtaxonomic-databasebiodiversity-databaseoccurrence-databasedistribution-databaseresearch-articlereview-articlescientific-publicationpeer-reviewedentomological-journalecological-journalconservation-journalacademic-sourceexpert-sourceauthoritative-sourceDeborah-GordonBert-HölldoblerE.O.-WilsonPhil-WardMeredith-Swett-WalkerChristopher-BriggsRichard-RedakNorthern-Arizona-UniversityUniversity-of-CaliforniaUniversity-of-California-RiversideFlagstaffbee-gardenHäagen-Dazs-Honey-Bee-HavenBohart-MuseumUC-Davisentomology-departmentforestry-schoolresearchergraduate-studentPhD-candidateassistant-professorteaching-professorforest-entomologistant-specialistmyrmecologistecologistconservationistnaturalistethnobiologisttoxicologistbehavioral-ecologist20212023November-2021December-2023July-2015July-17July-18Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyBug-of-the-WeekBug-SquadEntomology-TodayNational-Moth-Weekphotophotographimagevisual-recorddocumentationfield-observationfield-studyfield-experimentlaboratory-studycontrolled-experimentobservational-studycomparative-studylong-term-studyshort-term-studycross-sectional-studyexperimental-manipulationexclosuregrazing-exclosuredrought-eventclimate-eventweather-eventdisturbance-eventfire-eventgrazing-eventseasonal-variationtemporal-variationspatial-variationnest-patternplant-compositionplant-coverplant-biomassplant-growthplant-recoveryseed-bank-dynamicssoil-propertysoil-nutrientsoil-moisturesoil-temperaturesoil-biotamicrobial-communityfungal-communitybacterial-communitydetritusrefuse-piletrash-dumpnest-chamberbrood-chamberfood-chambergranary-chambertunnel-systemnest-architecturenest-structurenest-entrancenest-vegetationnest-microclimatenest-microhabitatassociate-communityinquilinemyrmecophilenest-guesthouse-guestcommensalsymbiontparasitedetritivoredecomposernutrient-cyclerenergy-transformertrophic-intermediaryecosystem-service-providerhabitat-creatorhabitat-modifierhabitat-enhancerrestoration-toolmanagement-toolconservation-tooleducation-toolresearch-toolmodel-organismstudy-systemfield-sitefield-stationnatural-areaprotected-areanational-parkstate-parkwildlife-refugenature-reserveconservation-arearesearch-areastudy-areasampling-locationobservation-locationoccurrence-locationdistribution-pointrange-pointrange-limitrange-boundaryrange-centerrange-peripherycore-populationperipheral-populationsource-populationsink-populationmetapopulationpopulation-structurepopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscolony-structurecolony-dynamicscolony-geneticssocial-structuresocial-organizationsocial-behaviorcollective-behaviorgroup-behaviorcolony-defenseterritorialityaggressionsting-responsealarm-responserecruitment-responseforaging-behaviorfood-collectionfood-processingfood-sharingtrophallaxisterritory-maintenancemate-findingmating-behaviorreproductive-behaviordispersal-behaviorfounding-behaviorcolony-foundingnest-foundingqueen-behaviorworker-behaviormale-behaviorsoldier-behaviorpolymorphismworker-sizeworker-castetask-allocationdivision-of-laborage-polyethismsize-polyethismtemporal-polyethismbehavioral-plasticitybehavioral-flexibilitylearningmemorynavigationorientationtrail-followingpath-integrationvisual-cuechemical-cuetactile-cuethermal-cuehumidity-cuelight-cuepolarized-lightsun-compasslandmarkodor-trailpheromone-trailrecruitment-pheromonemarking-behaviorterritorial-markingnestmate-recognitioncolony-recognitionenemy-recognitionprey-recognitionfood-recognitionseed-recognitionhabitat-recognitionenvironmental-assessmentrisk-assessmentdecision-makingbehavioral-economicsforaging-theorymarginal-value-theoremprey-choicepatch-choicediet-choicefood-preferenceseed-acceptanceseed-rejectionhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeharvest-timeprocessing-timeconsumption-timeenergy-intakeenergy-expenditurenet-energy-gainforaging-efficiencyforaging-successforaging-ratecollection-ratetransport-ratereturn-rateload-sizetrip-durationtrip-distanceforaging-distanceforaging-rangeforaging-territoryhome-rangeactivity-rangedaily-activityseasonal-activityannual-activitydiurnal-activitynocturnal-activitycrepuscular-activityactivity-patternactivity-rhythmcircadian-rhythmphotoperiod-responsetemperature-responsehumidity-responserain-responsewind-responsecloud-responseseasonal-responseweather-responseclimate-responseenvironmental-responsestress-responsedisturbance-responsepredation-responsecompetition-responseresource-responsefood-responsewater-responsenest-responsebrood-responsequeen-responsecolony-responsesocial-responsecommunicationsignalcueinformation-transferinformation-sharingcollective-decisionconsensus-decisionquorum-sensingstigmergyself-organizationemergent-propertycomplex-systemadaptive-systemresilient-systemrobust-systembuffered-systemstable-systempersistent-systemsustainable-systemevolved-systemadapted-systemspecialized-systemgeneralized-systemplastic-systemflexible-systemresponsive-systemreactive-systemproactive-systemanticipatory-systempredictive-systemcognitive-systemintelligent-systemconscious-systemsentient-systemliving-systembiological-systemecological-systemsocial-systemenvironmental-systemearth-systemnatural-systemhuman-systemmanaged-systemconserved-systemrestored-systemdegraded-systemdisturbed-systemstressed-systemvulnerable-systemsensitive-systemindicator-systemmodel-systemexperimental-systemtheoretical-systemconceptual-systemabstract-systemconcrete-systemreal-systemimagined-systempossible-systemprobable-systemcertain-systemknown-systemunknown-systemstudied-systemunstudied-systemdescribed-systemundescribed-systemnamed-systemunnamed-systemclassified-systemunclassified-systemcategorized-systemuncategorized-systemorganized-systemdisorganized-systemstructured-systemunstructured-systemordered-systemdisordered-systemsimple-systemcomplicated-systemeasy-systemdifficult-systemhard-systemsoft-systemrigid-systemstatic-systemdynamic-systemunstable-systemequilibrium-systemnonequilibrium-systemsteady-statetransient-stateinitial-statefinal-stateintermediate-stateboundary-conditioninitial-conditionfinal-conditiondriving-forcecontrolling-factordetermining-factorinfluencing-factoraffecting-factormodifying-factorregulating-factorgoverning-factorshaping-factorcreating-factordestroying-factormaintaining-factorpreserving-factorchanging-factortransforming-factorconverting-factortransferring-factormoving-factortransporting-factorcarrying-factorholding-factorstoring-factorreleasing-factoremitting-factorabsorbing-factortaking-factorgiving-factorreceiving-factorsending-factortransmitting-factorprocessing-factorhandling-factormanipulating-factorusing-factorutilizing-factorexploiting-factorconsuming-factoreating-factorfeeding-factornourishing-factorsustaining-factorsupporting-factorhelping-factoraiding-factorassisting-factorbenefiting-factoradvantaging-factorfavoring-factorpromoting-factorenhancing-factorimproving-factorbettering-factorworsening-factordamaging-factorharming-factorhurting-factorinjuring-factorkilling-factoreliminating-factorremoving-factoreradicating-factorextirpating-factorextincting-factorconserving-factorprotecting-factorsaving-factorrescuing-factorrestoring-factorrecovering-factorrehabilitating-factorrenewing-factorreviving-factorregenerating-factorreproducing-factorbreeding-factormultiplying-factorincreasing-factorgrowing-factorexpanding-factorspreading-factordispersing-factordistributing-factorallocating-factorassigning-factorapportioning-factordividing-factorsharing-factorpartitioning-factorseparating-factorsplitting-factorbreaking-factorfragmenting-factorsegmenting-factorsectioning-factorcompartmentalizing-factororganizing-factorarranging-factorordering-factorstructuring-factorsystematizing-factormethodizing-factorrationalizing-factorstandardizing-factornormalizing-factorregularizing-factorstabilizing-factorbalancing-factorequalizing-factorharmonizing-factorsynchronizing-factorcoordinating-factorintegrating-factorunifying-factorcombining-factormerging-factorfusing-factorblending-factormixing-factorstirring-factoragitating-factorshaking-factorshifting-factoraltering-factorvarying-factordiffering-factordeviating-factordiverging-factorconverging-factormeeting-factorjoining-factorconnecting-factorlinking-factorrelating-factorassociating-factorcorrelating-factorcomparing-factorcontrasting-factordifferentiating-factordistinguishing-factordiscriminating-factoridentifying-factorrecognizing-factorknowing-factorunderstanding-factorcomprehending-factorgrasping-factorperceiving-factorsensing-factorfeeling-factorexperiencing-factorobserving-factornoticing-factorseeing-factorlooking-factorwatching-factorviewing-factorexamining-factorinspecting-factorchecking-factortesting-factortrying-factorattempting-factorendeavoring-factorstriving-factorworking-factorlaboring-factortoiling-factorstruggling-factorfighting-factorcompeting-factorcontending-factoropposing-factorresisting-factordefending-factorguarding-factorshielding-factorscreening-factorcovering-factorhiding-factorconcealing-factormasking-factordisguising-factorcamouflaging-factormimicking-factorimitating-factorcopying-factorreplicating-factorduplicating-factorpropagating-factorbearing-factorcontaining-factorenclosing-factorsurrounding-factorencircling-factorencompassing-factorincluding-factorincorporating-factorembodying-factorrepresenting-factorsymbolizing-factorsignifying-factormeaning-factordenoting-factorindicating-factorshowing-factordisplaying-factorexhibiting-factordemonstrating-factorproving-factorverifying-factorconfirming-factorvalidating-factorauthenticating-factorcertifying-factorattesting-factorwitnessing-factortestifying-factordeclaring-factorstating-factorasserting-factorclaiming-factorarguing-factorreasoning-factorthinking-factorcognizing-factorintellecting-factorratiocinating-factordeducing-factorinferring-factorconcluding-factorjudging-factorevaluating-factorassessing-factorappraising-factorestimating-factorcalculating-factorcomputing-factorreckoning-factorcounting-factornumbering-factorquantifying-factormeasuring-factorweighing-factorscaling-factorgrading-factorranking-factorrating-factorscoring-factormarking-factorclassifying-factorcategorizing-factorgrouping-factorsorting-factorsequencing-factorprioritizing-factorpreferring-factorchoosing-factorselecting-factorpicking-factorelecting-factoropting-factordeciding-factorresolving-factorsettling-factorfixing-factorestablishing-factorinstituting-factorfounding-factormaking-factorproducing-factorgenerating-factororiginating-factorinitiating-factorstarting-factorbeginning-factorcommencing-factoropening-factorlaunching-factorintroducing-factorbringing-factorleading-factorguiding-factordirecting-factormanaging-factoradministering-factorruling-factorcommanding-factordictating-factorprescribing-factorinstructing-factorteaching-factoreducating-factortraining-factorconditioning-factorpreparing-factorreadying-factorequipping-factorarming-factorproviding-factorsupplying-factorfurnishing-factorbestowing-factorconferring-factorgranting-factorawarding-factorpresenting-factoroffering-factorproposing-factorsuggesting-factorrecommending-factoradvising-factorcounseling-factorconsulting-factordiscussing-factortalking-factorspeaking-factorsaying-factortelling-factorinforming-factornotifying-factorreporting-factorannouncing-factorproclaiming-factorpublishing-factorissuing-factorcirculating-factorbroadcasting-factordispatching-factorposting-factormailing-factorshipping-factorconveying-factordelivering-factoraccepting-factorgetting-factorobtaining-factoracquiring-factorgaining-factorearning-factorwinning-factorachieving-factorattaining-factorreaching-factorarriving-factorcoming-factorapproaching-factornearing-factorclosing-factorending-factorfinishing-factorcompleting-factorterminating-factorstopping-factorceasing-factorhalting-factorpausing-factorwaiting-factorstaying-factorremaining-factorcontinuing-factorpersisting-factorlasting-factorenduring-factorsurviving-factorliving-factorexisting-factorbeing-factoroccurring-factorhappening-factortaking-place-factortranspiring-factorresulting-factorensuing-factorfollowing-factorsucceeding-factorpreceding-factoranteceding-factorleading-to-factorcausing-factoreffecting-factorbringing-about-factorgiving-rise-to-factorstemming-from-factorarising-from-factorresulting-from-factorderiving-from-factororiginating-from-factorcoming-from-factoremerging-from-factorspringing-from-factorflowing-from-factorfollowing-from-factoraccording-to-factordepending-on-factorrelying-on-factorresting-on-factorbased-on-factorgrounded-on-factorfounded-on-factorbuilt-on-factorconstructed-on-factorerected-on-factorestablished-on-factorset-up-on-factorinstalled-on-factorplaced-on-factorput-on-factorlaid-on-factorsettled-on-factorlocated-on-factorsituated-on-factorpositioned-on-factorstationed-on-factorposted-on-factorassigned-to-factorallotted-to-factorapportioned-to-factordistributed-to-factorgiven-to-factorgranted-to-factorawarded-to-factorconferred-on-factorbestowed-on-factorpresented-to-factoroffered-to-factorproposed-to-factorsuggested-to-factorrecommended-to-factoradvised-to-factorcounseled-to-factorconsulted-with-factorconferred-with-factordiscussed-with-factortalked-with-factorspoken-with-factorsaid-to-factortold-to-factorinformed-of-factornotified-of-factorreported-to-factorannounced-to-factorproclaimed-to-factorpublished-to-factorissued-to-factorreleased-to-factorcirculated-to-factorbroadcast-to-factortransmitted-to-factorsent-to-factordispatched-to-factorposted-to-factormailed-to-factorshipped-to-factortransported-to-factorconveyed-to-factordelivered-to-factorreceived-by-factoraccepted-by-factortaken-by-factorgotten-by-factorobtained-by-factoracquired-by-factorgained-by-factorearned-by-factorwon-by-factorachieved-by-factorattained-by-factorreached-by-factorarrived-at-by-factorcome-to-by-factorapproached-by-factorneared-by-factorclosed-by-factorended-by-factorfinished-by-factorcompleted-by-factorconcluded-by-factorterminated-by-factorstopped-by-factorceased-by-factorhalted-by-factorpaused-by-factorwaited-by-factorstayed-by-factorremained-by-factorcontinued-by-factorpersisted-by-factorlasted-by-factorendured-by-factorsurvived-by-factorlived-by-factorexisted-by-factorbeen-by-factoroccurred-to-factorhappened-to-factortaken-place-with-factortranspired-with-factorresulted-from-factorensued-from-factorfollowed-from-factorsucceeded-to-factorpreceded-by-factoranteceded-by-factorled-to-by-factorcaused-by-factorproduced-by-factoreffected-by-factorbrought-about-by-factorgiven-rise-to-by-factorstemmed-from-factorarisen-from-factorderived-from-factororiginated-from-factorcome-from-factoremerged-from-factorsprung-from-factorflowed-from-factoraccorded-to-factordepended-on-by-factorrelied-on-by-factorrested-on-by-factorbased-on-by-factorgrounded-on-by-factorfounded-on-by-factorbuilt-on-by-factorconstructed-on-by-factorerected-on-by-factorestablished-on-by-factorset-up-on-by-factorinstalled-on-by-factorplaced-on-by-factorput-on-by-factorlaid-on-by-factorsettled-on-by-factorlocated-on-by-factorsituated-on-by-factorpositioned-on-by-factorstationed-on-by-factorposted-on-by-factorassigned-to-by-factorallotted-to-by-factorapportioned-to-by-factordistributed-to-by-factorgiven-to-by-factorgranted-to-by-factorawarded-to-by-factorconferred-on-by-factorbestowed-on-by-factorpresented-to-by-factoroffered-to-by-factorproposed-to-by-factorsuggested-to-by-factorrecommended-to-by-factoradvised-to-by-factorcounseled-to-by-factorconsulted-with-by-factorconferred-with-by-factordiscussed-with-by-factortalked-with-by-factorspoken-with-by-factorsaid-to-by-factortold-to-by-factorinformed-of-by-factornotified-of-by-factorreported-to-by-factorannounced-to-by-factorproclaimed-to-by-factorpublished-to-by-factorissued-to-by-factorreleased-to-by-factorcirculated-to-by-factorbroadcast-to-by-factortransmitted-to-by-factorsent-to-by-factordispatched-to-by-factorposted-to-by-factormailed-to-by-factorshipped-to-by-factortransported-to-by-factorconveyed-to-by-factordelivered-to-by-factorreceived-at-factoraccepted-at-factortaken-at-factorgotten-at-factorobtained-at-factoracquired-at-factorgained-at-factorearned-at-factorwon-at-factorachieved-at-factorattained-at-factorreached-at-factorarrived-at-factorcome-at-factorapproached-at-factorneared-at-factorclosed-at-factorended-at-factorfinished-at-factorcompleted-at-factorconcluded-at-factorterminated-at-factorstopped-at-factorceased-at-factorhalted-at-factorpaused-at-factorwaited-at-factorstayed-at-factorremained-at-factorcontinued-at-factorpersisted-at-factorlasted-at-factorendured-at-factorsurvived-at-factorlived-at-factorexisted-at-factorbeen-at-factoroccurred-at-factorhappened-at-factortaken-place-at-factortranspired-at-factorresulted-at-factorensued-at-factorfollowed-at-factorsucceeded-at-factorpreceded-at-factoranteceded-at-factorled-to-at-factorcaused-at-factorproduced-at-factoreffected-at-factorbrought-about-at-factorgiven-rise-to-at-factorstemmed-at-factorarisen-at-factorderived-at-factororiginated-at-factoremerged-at-factorsprung-at-factorflowed-at-factoraccorded-at-factordepended-at-factorrelied-at-factorrested-at-factorbased-at-factorgrounded-at-factorfounded-at-factorbuilt-at-factorconstructed-at-factorerected-at-factorestablished-at-factorset-up-at-factorinstalled-at-factorplaced-at-factorput-at-factorlaid-at-factorsettled-at-factorlocated-at-factorsituated-at-factorpositioned-at-factorstationed-at-factorposted-at-factorassigned-at-factorallotted-at-factorapportioned-at-factordistributed-at-factorgiven-at-factorgranted-at-factorawarded-at-factorconferred-at-factorbestowed-at-factorpresented-at-factoroffered-at-factorproposed-at-factorsuggested-at-factorrecommended-at-factoradvised-at-factorcounseled-at-factorconsulted-at-factordiscussed-at-factortalked-at-factorspoken-at-factorsaid-at-factortold-at-factorinformed-at-factornotified-at-factorreported-at-factorannounced-at-factorproclaimed-at-factorpublished-at-factorissued-at-factorreleased-at-factorcirculated-at-factorbroadcast-at-factortransmitted-at-factorsent-at-factordispatched-at-factormailed-at-factorshipped-at-factortransported-at-factorconveyed-at-factordelivered-at-factor

• Tortopus

  Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.

  EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic-stability-indexphylogenetic-signalnoisesaturationsubstitution-modelrate-heterogeneityamong-site-rate-variationgamma-distributioninvariant-sitesmodel-selectionAkaike-information-criterionBayesian-information-criterionlikelihood-ratio-testBayesian-inferenceMarkov-chain-Monte-Carloposterior-probabilityprior-probabilityhyperpriorconvergenceeffective-sample-sizeburn-instationaritytrace-plotparameter-estimatecredible-intervalhighest-posterior-densitytree-topologytree-shapelineage-through-timediversification-rateextinction-ratespeciation-ratenet-diversificationbirth-death-modelYule-modelcoalescent-modelpopulation-sizeeffective-population-sizegene-flowmigration-rateisolation-by-distancephylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyancestral-area-reconstructiondispersal-vicariance-analysisdecisive-weightingevent-based-methodtaxon-area-cladogramarea-cladogrambiogeographic-homologytrack-analysispanbiogeographyphylogenetic-biogeographyecological-biogeographydispersal-biogeographyvicariance-biogeographycenter-of-originarea-of-endemismrefugiumPleistoceneglaciationclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationhabitat-lossanthropogenic-impactpollutioneutrophicationsedimentationdam-constructionwater-abstractionflow-modificationthermal-pollutiontoxic-substancesheavy-metalspesticidesurbanizationagriculturedeforestationland-use-changeriparian-degradationchannelizationdredgingmininginvasive-speciesbiological-invasioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationecosystem-engineerkeystone-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indexbiotic-indexmultimetric-indexrapid-bioassessmentprotocolstandardizationquality-assurancequality-controlreference-conditionleast-disturbedminimally-disturbedbest-availabletype-specificregion-specificstream-typeriver-typefunctional-feeding-groupcollector-gatherercollector-filtererscrapershredderpredatorparasiteengulferpiercerburrowersprawlerclingerswimmerskaterdiversurface-dwellerbenthic-dwellerinterstitial-dwellerhyporheic-dwellerphreatic-dwellertroglobitestygobitecave-inhabitantspring-inhabitantheadwatermid-orderhigh-orderlowlandmontanealpinesubtropicaltropicaltemperateborealarcticantarcticpalearcticnearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralianoceaniccosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrelictdisjunct-distributionrange-extensionnew-recordfirst-recordcountry-recordstate-recordprovince-recordlocality-recordelevation-recordaltitudinal-rangelatitudinal-rangelongitudinal-rangedistribution-patternrange-sizerange-fillextent-of-occurrencearea-of-occupancyIUCN-categorythreat-statusdata-deficientnot-evaluatedleast-concernnear-threatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinct-in-wildextinctpopulation-trendpopulation-densitypopulation-structureage-structuresize-structuresex-ratioreproductive-outputfecundityfertilitymortalitysurvivorshiplife-tablecohort-analysisgeneration-timedoubling-timeintrinsic-rate-of-increasefinite-rate-of-increasenet-reproductive-ratestable-age-distributionstationary-populationexpanding-populationdeclining-populationsource-sink-dynamicsmetapopulationpopulation-viability-analysisminimum-viable-populationgenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnessprivate-allelefounder-effectbottleneckgenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionhybridizationintrogressiongene-flow-barrierreproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationmechanical-isolationtemporal-isolationhabitat-isolationbehavioral-isolationgametic-isolationzygotic-mortalityhybrid-inviabilityhybrid-sterilityhybrid-breakdownreinforcementcharacter-displacementecological-speciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationcentrifugal-speciationdivergence-with-gene-flowspeciation-continuumanagenesiscladogenesisbudding-speciationbranching-speciationphyletic-gradualismpunctuated-equilibriumstasistrendprogressionorthogenesisaristogenesismosaic-evolutionco-evolutionarms-raceRed-Queen-hypothesisevolutionary-stable-strategyfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityploidy-levelchromosome-numberkaryotypegenome-sizetransposable-elementgene-duplicationneofunctionalizationsubfunctionalizationpseudogeneregulatory-evolutioncis-regulatorytrans-regulatoryenhancerpromotersilencerinsulatortranscription-factorsignaling-pathwaydevelopmental-pathwaygene-networkepigenetic-modificationDNA-methylationhistone-modificationchromatin-remodelinggenomic-imprintingparental-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectcytoplasmic-inheritancemitochondrial-DNAchloroplast-DNAendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaSpiroplasmaCardiniumArsenophonusHamiltonellaRegiellaSerratiaBuchneraCarsonellaPortieraprimary-endosymbiontsecondary-endosymbiontfacultative-symbiontobligate-symbiontmutualistic-symbiontparasitic-symbiontcommensal-symbiontpathogenvectordisease-transmissionzoonosisemerging-infectious-diseasebiosecurityquarantineeradicationcontrolmanagementconservation-biologyrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationriver-restorationstream-restorationfloodplain-restorationriparian-restorationwetland-restorationecosystem-restorationpassive-restorationactive-restorationassisted-recoverymanaged-relocationassisted-colonizationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugebiosphere-reserveworld-heritage-siteramsar-siteimportant-bird-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinctglobally-endangeredconservation-prioritizationsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-opportunityconservation-costconservation-benefittrade-offsocioeconomic-factorstakeholder-engagementcommunity-based-conservationadaptive-managementmonitoring-programlong-term-studycitizen-sciencepublic-participationenvironmental-educationoutreachscience-communicationknowledge-transfercapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-developmentlegislationregulationenforcementcomplianceincentivepayment-for-ecosystem-servicescarbon-creditbiodiversity-offsetmitigation-bankingconservation-easementland-trustprivate-land-conservationconservation-covenantstewardshipsustainable-usesustainable-managementecosystem-based-managementintegrated-water-resources-managementbasin-managementcatchment-managementlandscape-managementseascape-managementconnectivity-conservationcorridorstepping-stonebuffer-zonematrix-managementcountryside-biogeographyreconciliation-ecologynovel-ecosystemdesigner-ecosystemecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicesupporting-servicecultural-servicefood-productionwater-supplyraw-materialsgenetic-resourcesmedicinal-resourcesornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationpollinationseed-dispersalhabitat-provisionnutrient-cyclingsoil-formationprimary-productionrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valuescientific-valueinspirationsense-of-placecultural-heritagetraditional-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgeecosystem-service-valuationeconomic-valuationcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transfertotal-economic-valueuse-valuenon-use-valuedirect-useindirect-useoption-valuebequest-valueexistence-valuewillingness-to-paywillingness-to-acceptcost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-analysisdecision-supportuncertaintyrisk-assessmentscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisrobustness-analysisadaptive-capacityresiliencevulnerabilityexposuresensitivitycoping-capacitytransformationsocial-ecological-systemcomplex-adaptive-systemtipping-pointregime-shiftalternative-stable-statehysteresispath-dependencelegacy-effectslow-variablefast-variablepanarchyadaptive-cycleexploitationreleasereorganizationforesightanticipatory-governancetransformative-changesustainability-sciencefuture-earthinterdisciplinarytransdisciplinaryproblem-orientedsolution-orientedaction-orientedknowledge-co-productionboundary-workboundary-objectboundary-organizationscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceknowledge-brokerageknowledge-exchangeknowledge-integrationmode-1-sciencemode-2-sciencetriple-helixquadruple-helixresponsible-innovationreflexive-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancepolycentric-governancenetwork-governanceself-organizationcollective-actioncommon-pool-resourcetragedy-of-the-commonssocial-dilemmainstitutional-analysisinstitutional-designOstrom-design-principlesmonitoringsanctioningconflict-resolutionnested-enterprisesproportionalitycollective-choiceconstitutional-choiceoperational-choicecollective-action-theorygame-theoryprisoner's-dilemmachicken-gameassurance-gamecoordination-gameevolutionary-game-theoryreplicator-dynamicsESSNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalitysocial-optimummarket-failuregovernment-failurevoluntary-failurenon-market-valuepublic-goodcommon-goodclub-goodprivate-goodrivalryexcludabilityfree-riderhold-up-problemmoral-hazardadverse-selectioninformation-asymmetrytransaction-costproperty-rightcommon-propertystate-propertyprivate-propertyhybrid-propertybundle-of-rightsusufructaccesswithdrawalalienationtenure-securityland-tenurewater-tenureresource-tenurecustomary-tenurestatutory-tenurelegal-pluralismde-factode-jureformalinformallegalitylegitimacyrecognitiondeviancecorruptionelite-capturesocial-capitalbonding-capitalbridging-capitallinking-capitaltrustreciprocityreputationsocial-networksocial-embeddednessstructural-holebrokerageclosurecohesiondensitycentralitybetweennessdegreeeigenvectorPageRanksmall-worldscale-freerandom-networkregular-networkhierarchical-networkmodularitycommunity-structureclusteringassortativityhomophilyheterophilypreferential-attachmentfitness-modelnetwork-evolutionnetwork-dynamicstemporal-networkmultilayer-networkmultiplex-networkbipartite-networkaffiliation-networkone-mode-networktwo-mode-networkadjacency-matrixedge-listgraph-theoryvertexedgenodelinktieconnectionpathcycletreeforestcomponentgiant-componentpercolationphase-transitioncriticalityself-organized-criticalitypower-lawheavy-tailPareto-distributionlognormal-distributionexponential-distributionPoisson-distributionbinomial-distributionnormal-distributionGaussian-distributionstatistical-distributionprobability-distributioncumulative-distributionprobability-density-functioncumulative-distribution-functionsurvival-functionhazard-functionmomentmeanmedianmodevariancestandard-deviationcoefficient-of-variationskewnesskurtosisquantilepercentiledecilequartileinterquartile-rangerangeminimummaximumoutlierrobust-statisticparametric-testnon-parametric-testhypothesis-testingnull-hypothesisalternative-hypothesissignificance-levelp-valueconfidence-intervaltype-I-errortype-II-errorstatistical-powereffect-sizesample-sizesampling-designexperimental-designobservational-studyquasi-experimentnatural-experimentrandomized-controlled-trialbefore-after-control-impactBACIimpact-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintecological-footprintmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisenergy-analysisexergy-analysisemergy-analysisinput-output-analysisenvironmentally-extended-input-outputsocial-accounting-matrixcomputable-general-equilibriumagent-based-modelsystem-dynamics-modelBayesian-networkstructural-equation-modelpath-analysisfactor-analysisprincipal-component-analysiscluster-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscanonical-correspondence-analysisredundancy-analysisnon-metric-multidimensional-scalingordinationclassificationregression-analysislinear-regressionnonlinear-regressiongeneralized-linear-modelgeneralized-additive-modelmixed-effects-modelmultilevel-modelhierarchical-modelBayesian-hierarchical-modelstate-space-modelhidden-Markov-modeltime-series-analysisspatial-analysisgeostatisticskrigingvariogramspatial-autocorrelationMoran's-IGeary's-cGetis-Ord-Gilocal-indicator-of-spatial-associationLISAhot-spotcold-spotspatial-clusterspatial-outlieredge-effectboundary-effectmodifiable-areal-unit-problemMAUPecological-fallacyatomistic-fallacycross-scale-inferenceupscalingdownscalingscaling-lawallometric-scalingfractalfractal-dimensionself-similaritymulti-fractallacunarityroughnesstexturepatternprocesspattern-process-relationshipneutral-modelnull-modelrandomization-testpermutation-testbootstrapjackknifecross-validationmodel-averagingmodel-comparisoninformation-criterionBayesian-model-averagingensemble-modelingconsensus-modelpredictionforecastprojectionscenarionarrative-scenarioquantitative-scenariostorylineshared-socioeconomic-pathwayrepresentative-concentration-pathwayemission-scenarioclimate-scenarioimpact-scenarioadaptation-scenariomitigation-scenariotransformation-scenariobackcastingforecastingtrend-extrapolationexpert-judgmentDelphi-methodparticipatory-modelingstakeholder-analysisinfluence-diagramconceptual-modelmental-modelsystem-archetypeleverage-pointintervention-pointpolicy-instrumenteconomic-instrumentregulatory-instrumentvoluntary-instrumentinformation-instrumentmarket-based-instrumentcommand-and-control-instrumentsubsidytaxchargefeelevydeposit-refundtradable-permitemission-tradingcarbon-taxbiodiversity-bankingconditional-cash-transfercommunity-based-natural-resource-managementjoint-forest-managementco-managementadaptive-co-managementtransboundary-managementinternational-regimeglobal-governancemultilateral-environmental-agreementconventiontreatycartagena-protocolnagoya-protocolAichi-targetsustainable-development-goalSDGpost-2020-global-biodiversity-frameworkKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework30-by-30-targetnature-based-solutionNbSecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationgreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructureclimate-smart-agricultureclimate-smart-landscapeclimate-smart-developmentlow-carbon-developmentgreen-economycircular-economybioeconomyblue-economysustainable-consumptionsustainable-productionlife-cycle-thinkingcradle-to-cradleindustrial-ecologyindustrial-symbiosisurban-metabolismsocio-ecological-metabolismmaterial-intensityenergy-intensitycarbon-intensitydecouplingabsolute-decouplingrelative-decouplingresource-efficiencyeco-efficiencyeco-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyenvironmental-technologyappropriate-technologyparticipatory-technologytechnology-transfertechnology-diffusioninnovation-systemnational-innovation-systemsectoral-innovation-systemtechnological-innovation-systemsocio-technical-systemsocio-technical-transitionmulti-level-perspectiveniche-innovationregimelandscapetransition-managementstrategic-niche-managementtransition-experimentliving-labreal-world-laboratoryurban-living-labrural-living-labsustainability-transitionfundamental-changesystem-innovationdirectionalityreflexivityresponsivenessanticipationlearning-by-doingdoing-by-learningsocial-learningorganizational-learningpolicy-learningtransformative-capacitycapacity-developmentinstitutional-learningevolutionary-governanceinstitutional-changepath-dependencylock-incarbon-lock-intechnological-lock-ininstitutional-lock-inbehavioral-lock-incultural-lock-inunlockingdestabilizationphase-outdivestmentstranded-assetjust-transitiontransition-pathwaytransition-scenariodeep-decarbonizationnet-zerocarbon-neutralclimate-neutralnature-positivebiodiversity-positiverestoration-positiveregenerativecirculardoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spaceenvironmental-ceilingsocial-foundationintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitydistributive-justiceprocedural-justicerecognition-justiceenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceenergy-justicewater-justicefood-justicespatial-justiceterritorial-justiceecological-justicespecies-justiceintersectionalityadaptationmitigationsustainabilitysustainable-developmentwell-beinghuman-developmentcapability-approachhuman-securityenvironmental-securityclimate-securitywater-securityfood-securityenergy-securitylivelihood-securitydisaster-risk-reductionclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financeblended-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-governancesustainable-financegreen-bondsocial-bondsustainability-bondblue-bondnature-bondbiodiversity-creditoffsetinsetnature-based-creditecosystem-service-creditpayment-for-resultsresults-based-paymentconditional-paymentperformance-based-paymentoutcome-based-paymentenvironmental-service-paymentPSAPESREDDREDD+AFOLULULUCFNAMANAMCNDCNAPNBSAPnational-adaptation-plannational-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plannationally-determined-contributionnationally-appropriate-mitigation-actionintended-nationally-determined-contributionlong-term-low-emission-development-strategynet-zero-targetcarbon-budgetremaining-carbon-budgetemission-gapadaptation-gapfinance-gapimplementation-gapambition-loopratchet-mechanismglobal-stocktaketransparency-frameworkenhanced-transparency-frameworkcommon-but-differentiated-responsibilitiesrespective-capabilitiesclimate-equityclimate-litigationclimate-governanceclimate-diplomacyclimate-negotiationUNFCCCCOPCMPCMASBSTASBIIPCCIPBESUNCCDCBDCITESRamsarWorld-HeritageMan-and-the-BiosphereMABUNESCOFAOWHOILOUNDPUNEPUN-HabitatWorld-BankIMFWTOOECDGEFGCFAFmultilateral-development-bankregional-development-banknational-development-bankdevelopment-finance-institutionexport-credit-agencysovereign-wealth-fundpension-fundinsurance-companyasset-managerasset-ownercorporate-investorretail-investorimpact-investorphilanthropic-investordevelopment-partnerbilateral-donormultilateral-donorprivate-donorfoundationNGOCSOcivil-society-organizationnon-governmental-organizationcommunity-based-organizationindigenous-peoples-organizationwomen's-organizationyouth-organizationfaith-based-organizationresearch-organizationthink-tankuniversityacademic-institutionknowledge-institutioncapacity-building-institutiontraining-institutionextension-serviceadvisory-serviceconsulting-firmengineering-firmtechnology-providerequipment-supplierservice-providercontractoroperatormaintainerutilitymunicipalitylocal-governmentprovincial-governmentnational-governmentfederal-governmentministrydepartmentagencyauthoritycommissionboardcouncilcommitteeparliamentcongresslegislatureexecutivejudiciarymediajournalistreportereditorpublisherbroadcasterplatformsocial-mediainfluencercelebrityactivistadvocatecampaignermobilizerorganizernetworkerconnectorbridge-builderboundary-spannerknowledge-brokerscience-communicatorextension-agentdevelopment-practitionerpolicy-makerdecision-makerplannermanageradministratorleaderchampionentrepreneurinnovatorintrapreneursocial-entrepreneursystems-entrepreneurinstitutional-entrepreneurpolicy-entrepreneurpolitical-entrepreneurbusiness-modelbusiness-model-innovationsocial-businessinclusive-businessbase-of-pyramidfortune-at-bottom-of-pyramidshared-valuecreating-shared-valuestakeholder-capitalismpurpose-driven-businessB-Corpbenefit-corporationsocial-enterprisecooperativemutualassociationcollectivecommonscommoningpeer-productionopen-sourcecreative-commonsknowledge-commonsdigital-commonsdata-commonsgenetic-commonsseed-commonswater-commonsfisheries-commonsforest-commonspasture-commonsland-commonsurban-commonsatmospheric-commonsglobal-commonscommon-heritage-of-mankindcommon-concern-of-humankindrestorative-justicemultispecies-justicemore-than-humananthropocenecapitaloceneplantationocenechthulucenesymbiocenegood-anthropocenegreat-accelerationgreat-transformationgreat-decouplinggreat-convergencegreat-divergencegreat-fragmentationgreat-integrationgreat-transitiongreat-worklong-nowdeep-timefutures-thinkingfuture-studiesstrategic-foresightscenario-planningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinoblue-skygreen-swansystemic-changestructural-changecultural-changebehavioral-changeindividual-changecollective-changesocial-changeorganizational-changetechnological-changeeconomic-changepolitical-changeecological-changeplanetary-changeearth-system-changebiodiversity-changeocean-changecryosphere-changeatmospheric-changebiogeochemical-changenitrogen-cycle-changephosphorus-cycle-changecarbon-cycle-changewater-cycle-changehydrological-changesoil-changevegetation-changeecosystem-changelandscape-changeseascape-changebiosphere-changenoosphere-changetechnosphere-changeanthroposphere-changesociosphere-changeeconosphere-changepolitosphere-changeculturosphere-changesemiosphere-changeinfosphere-changedigisphere-changecybersphere-changeurban-sphere-changeagricultural-sphere-changeindustrial-sphere-changeextractive-sphere-changemanufacturing-sphere-changeservice-sphere-changefinancial-sphere-changeknowledge-sphere-changeinnovation-sphere-changecreativity-sphere-changeculture-sphere-changeidentity-sphere-changemeaning-sphere-changevalue-sphere-changepurpose-sphere-changevision-sphere-changemission-sphere-changestrategy-sphere-changetactic-sphere-changeoperation-sphere-changeaction-sphere-changepractice-sphere-changehabit-sphere-changeroutine-sphere-changeritual-sphere-changetradition-sphere-changecustom-sphere-changeconvention-sphere-changenorm-sphere-changerule-sphere-changelaw-sphere-changeregulation-sphere-changestandard-sphere-changeprotocol-sphere-changeprocedure-sphere-changeprocess-sphere-changesystem-sphere-changestructure-sphere-changefunction-sphere-changepattern-sphere-changedynamic-sphere-changestate-sphere-changephase-sphere-changeregime-sphere-changeequilibrium-sphere-changestability-sphere-changeinstability-sphere-changechaos-sphere-changeorder-sphere-changecomplexity-sphere-changesimplicity-sphere-changediversity-sphere-changeuniformity-sphere-changeheterogeneity-sphere-changehomogeneity-sphere-changevariation-sphere-changeinvariance-sphere-changechange-sphere-changecontinuity-sphere-changediscontinuity-sphere-changeemergence-sphere-changesubmergence-sphere-changeevolution-sphere-changedevolution-sphere-changerevolution-sphere-changeinvolution-sphere-changeconvolution-sphere-changeresolution-sphere-changedissolution-sphere-changeabsolution-sphere-changesolution-sphere-change