Physiology

Guides

• Arhopalus

  burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)

  Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.

  CerambycidaeSpondylidinaeAseminiconifer-pestinvasive-speciespheromonewood-borerpineforestryquarantineNew-ZealandAustraliaSouth-Americabiological-invasionclimate-changevectorBursaphelenchus-xylophilusintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringtrappingsemiochemistryburnt-pinefire-damaged-timbersawmill-pestport-surveillancetimber-exportdeforestationforest-healthecosystem-servicedecomposernutrient-cyclinglife-historyreproductive-biologyovarian-developmentlarval-developmentsurvivalfecunditycompetitioncoexistencespecies-distribution-modelingCMIP6future-climate-scenariosrange-expansionquarantine-pestbiosecurityaggregation-pheromonefuscumolgeranylacetoneelectroantennographyfield-trappingtrap-efficacyhost-volatilesethanolalpha-pinenebeta-pinenemonoterpenesgreen-leaf-volatilesrepellentoviposition-behaviorcrepuscular-activitynocturnal-activityanemotaxischemotaxisthermal-biologydevelopmental-plasticitylaboratory-rearingartificial-diethead-capsule-widthinstar-numberpupal-weightsexual-dimorphismmating-behavioregg-layingsurvivorshipcompetitive-advantagemorphological-anatomyreproductive-systemovipositor-structurenematode-transmissionpine-wilt-diseaseMonochamusvector-competencetransmission-potentialphytopathogenic-nematodeforest-pest-managementdetectionsurveillanceeradicationearly-detectionrapid-responseinvasive-species-managementcost-effective-monitoringenvironmentally-safeIPMbiological-controlnatural-enemiespopulation-dynamicsspatial-distributiongeostatisticslandscape-ecologyforest-patternhabitat-fragmentationland-use-changesouthern-hemisphere-invasionglobal-tradepathway-analysisrisk-assessmentclimate-adaptationthermal-tolerancephenologyvoltinismgeneration-timepopulation-geneticsmolecular-identificationbarcodinggenome-assemblychromosome-levelrepetitive-DNAtransposable-elementsevolutionary-biologyphylogeneticssystematicstaxonomyspecies-identificationmorphological-variationgeographic-variationclinal-variationphenotypic-plasticitydevelopmental-biologyphysiologybiochemistrysoluble-sugarprotein-contentreproductive-maturationfeeding-behaviorneedle-gnawingcardboard-chewingexit-holeemergence-behaviordispersalflight-activityseasonal-abundancepopulation-monitoringtrap-designlure-formulationrelease-ratechiralityenantiomerracemic-mixturedose-responseantennal-responseelectrophysiologybehavioral-assaywind-tunnelolfactory-attractionvisual-cueshabitat-selectionoviposition-preferencehost-selectionhost-conditionstressed-treesfire-damagewind-throwlogging-residuestumpsbranchestrunksbarkphloemsapwoodheartwoodwood-decayfungal-associationsymbiosismicrobial-communitygut-microbiomeenzyme-productionlignocellulose-degradationcarbon-cyclinggreenhouse-gasmethanenitrous-oxideforest-carbonclimate-mitigationsustainable-forestrycertificationphytosanitary-measuresinternational-standardsISPMWTOSPS-agreementtrade-barriermarket-accesseconomic-impactcost-benefit-analysisstakeholder-engagementextensionoutreacheducationcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationphotographycollectionspecimen-preservationmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypespecies-descriptionrevisionmonographfaunal-surveybiodiversity-inventorybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancehuman-mediated-dispersalintroduction-pathwaypropagule-pressureestablishment-successspread-rateimpact-assessmentenvironmental-impactecosystem-impactbiodiversity-impactnon-target-effectsrisk-managementcontainmentcontroleradication-feasibilityrestorationresilienceadaptive-managementresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchcollaborationnetworkdatabaseinformation-sharingopen-accessdata-availabilityreproducibilitytransparencybest-practicestandard-operating-procedurequality-assurancevalidationuncertaintyconfidence-intervalmodel-selectionensemble-modelingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-supportpolicy-relevancescience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policystakeholder-dialoguecommunicationmediapublic-awarenessbehavior-changepreventionpreparednessresponserecoverylessons-learnedadaptive-capacitytransformationinnovationtechnology-transfercapacity-buildingtrainingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipdiversityinclusionequityethicsresponsible-conductanimal-welfarebiosafetydual-useexport-controlpermitCITESCBDNagoya-protocolaccess-and-benefit-sharingtraditional-knowledgeintellectual-propertypatentcommercializationbenefit-sharingsustainable-development-goalsSDGOne-Healthplanetary-healthecosystem-healthtree-healthplant-healthOne-Forestglobal-forest-governanceforest-law-enforcementgovernance-and-tradeFLEGTillegal-loggingdeforestation-freesupply-chaindue-diligencecorporate-responsibilitycertification-schemeforest-stewardshipPEFCFSCSFIATFSsustainable-woodgreen-buildingbiobased-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationforest-landscape-restorationREDD+climate-financegreen-bondimpact-investmentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesPESecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-infrastructureurban-foresturban-greeningtree-plantingafforestationreforestationrestoration-ecologyconservation-biologyprotected-areaOECMKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionGlobal-Tree-AssessmentIUCN-Red-ListCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageUNESCO-Man-and-the-BiosphereIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDSDGs2030-AgendaParis-AgreementGlasgow-Climate-PactKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30x30-targetnature-positiveNbSecological-restorationrewildingtrophic-rewildingfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologymacroecologyphylogeographygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsremote-sensingGISgeospatial-analysismachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelprocess-based-modelindividual-based-modelagent-based-modelsystem-dynamicsnetwork-analysissocial-ecological-systemcomplex-adaptive-systemresilience-thinkingtransformative-changesustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceforest-scienceentomologyforest-entomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyagricultural-entomologyurban-entomologystored-product-entomologyforensic-entomologyacarologynematologyplant-pathologymycologymicrobiologyvirologybacteriologyparasitologyimmunologytoxicologypharmacologyphytochemistrynatural-product-chemistrychemical-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyconservation-geneticsmolecular-ecologylandscape-geneticspopulation-viability-analysisPVAmetapopulation-dynamicssource-sink-dynamicsdispersal-ecologymovement-ecologymigrationseasonal-migrationaltitudinal-migrationphenological-mismatchclimate-change-impactclimate-vulnerabilityclimate-riskextreme-eventdroughtheat-wavefirefloodstormwindthrowinsect-outbreakdisease-epidemiccompound-eventcascading-effecttipping-pointregime-shifthysteresisalternative-stable-stateprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicecultural-servicesupporting-servicebiodiversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessfunctional-diversityphylogenetic-diversitytaxonomic-diversitygenetic-diversityalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityendemismraritythreatened-speciesendangered-speciescritically-endangeredextinct-in-the-wildextinctImportant-Bird-Areaecosystem-restorationecological-connectivityhabitat-corridorstepping-stonematrix-qualitylandscape-permeabilitymovement-networkpopulation-connectivitygene-flowgenetic-driftinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressionhybridizationintrogressionexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesephemeralestablishedspreadingimpacttransformerecosystem-engineerkeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecosystem-health-indicatorenvironmental-health-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorplanetary-health-indicatorsustainability-indicatorSDG-indicatorAichi-targetCBD-targetpost-2020-global-biodiversity-framework30x30green-recoverybuild-back-betterjust-transitionclimate-justiceenvironmental-justicesocial-justiceintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitygender-equityIndigenous-rightstraditional-ecological-knowledgeTEKbiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagesacred-natural-siteprotected-and-conserved-areaICCAsterritories-of-lifearea-based-conservationconservation-effectivenessmanagement-effectivenessconservation-impactconservation-outcomeconservation-outputtheory-of-changeresults-chainlogical-frameworkmonitoring-and-evaluationM&Eevidence-based-conservationsystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-exchangeknowledge-mobilizationscience-communicationpublic-engagementcommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchmultidisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchstrategic-researchtransformative-researchtechnology-developmentcapacity-developmentinstitutional-developmentpolicy-developmentgovernance-reformlegal-reformenforcementcomplianceincentivedisincentivemarket-based-instrumentecosystem-service-paymentcarbon-marketbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingspecies-bankingconservation-bankingmitigation-bankingrestoration-bankingno-net-lossnet-positive-impactbiodiversity-net-gainenvironmental-net-gainnatural-capital-accountingecosystem-accountingwealth-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorbeyond-GDPwellbeing-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacetipping-elementsEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-DecelerationGreat-Convergencesustainability-transformationsystemic-changeleverage-pointdeep-leverageparadigm-shiftvalue-changesocial-norminstitutional-changetechnological-changeeconomic-changepolitical-changecultural-changepower-dynamicsgovernance-systempolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governanceparticipatory-governancedeliberative-democracycivic-engagementsocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementIndigenous-movementyouth-movementfuture-generationsintergenerational-responsibilityplanetary-stewardshipEarth-stewardshipcare-ethicsenvironmental-ethicsconservation-ethicsanimal-ethicsresearch-ethicspublication-ethicsdata-ethicsAI-ethicsresponsible-innovationresponsible-research-and-innovationanticipatory-governanceforesightscenario-planningstrategic-foresighthorizon-scanningweak-signalwild-cardblack-swanrisk-communicationcrisis-managementemergency-responsedisaster-preparednessbusiness-continuityorganizational-resiliencecommunity-resiliencesocial-resilienceecological-resilienceengineering-resilienceevolutionary-resiliencecomplex-resiliencetransformative-resiliencebouncing-forwardbuilding-back-betterjust-recoverysustainable-recoveryresilient-recoveryinclusive-recoverygender-responsive-recoverynature-positive-recoveryclimate-positive-recoverybiodiversity-positive-recoveryhealth-positive-recoverywellbeing-positive-recoveryequity-positive-recoveryjustice-positive-recoverypeace-positive-recoveryprosperity-positive-recoveryprogress-positive-recoverydevelopment-positive-recoverygrowth-positive-recoveryinnovation-positive-recoverytransformation-positive-recoverysystem-changesystem-innovationsystem-transformationsystem-transitionsystem-shiftsystemic-risksystemic-opportunityemergent-propertyself-organizationcomplexitynon-linearityfeedback-looppositive-feedbacknegative-feedbackcritical-transitionpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-ineconomic-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-inmindset-lock-inparadigm-lock-intransition-pathwaytransition-managementtransition-governanceniche-innovationregime-changelandscape-pressuremulti-level-perspectivestrategic-niche-managementtechnological-innovation-systemsocio-technical-systemsocio-ecological-systemsocial-ecological-technical-systemadaptive-cyclepanarchyresilience-assessmentvulnerability-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentcumulative-effects-assessmentregional-effects-assessmentstrategic-effects-assessmentpolicy-impact-assessmentprogram-impact-assessmentplan-impact-assessmentproject-impact-assessmentactivity-impact-assessmentalternatives-assessmentmitigation-assessmentcompensation-assessmentresidual-impact-assessmentsignificance-determinationdecision-makinginformed-decisionevidence-based-decisionscience-based-decisionrisk-informed-decisionprecautionary-principlepreventive-principlepolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principlebeneficiary-pays-principlecommon-but-differentiated-responsibilityprocedural-equitydistributional-equityrecognitional-equityrestorative-justiceenergy-justicefood-justicewater-justicespatial-justicetransport-justicehealth-justiceeducational-justiceeconomic-justiceglobal-justicecosmopolitan-justicespecies-justiceecological-justiceenvironmental-democracyenvironmental-citizenshipenvironmental-stewardshipenvironmental-responsibilityenvironmental-accountabilityenvironmental-transparencyenvironmental-integrityenvironmental-sustainabilitysocial-sustainabilityeconomic-sustainabilitycultural-sustainabilitypolitical-sustainabilityinstitutional-sustainabilitytechnological-sustainabilitydevelopment-sustainabilityintergenerational-sustainabilityintragenerational-sustainabilityglobal-sustainabilityplanetary-sustainabilitycosmic-sustainabilityuniversal-sustainabilityexistential-sustainabilityflourishingwellbeingquality-of-lifehuman-developmentsustainable-developmentinclusive-developmentequitable-developmentjust-developmentresilient-developmentregenerative-developmentrestorative-developmenthealing-developmenttransformative-developmentemancipatory-developmentliberating-developmentempowering-developmentenabling-developmentcapability-developmentcompetence-developmentskill-developmentknowledge-developmentwisdom-developmentvirtue-developmentcharacter-developmentidentity-developmentmeaning-developmentpurpose-developmenthope-developmenttrust-developmentsolidarity-developmentcooperation-developmentcollaboration-developmentpartnership-developmentnetwork-developmentcommunity-developmentterritorial-developmentregional-developmentnational-developmentinternational-developmentglobal-developmentplanetary-developmentcosmic-developmentuniversal-developmentexistential-developmentspiritual-developmentmaterial-developmentimmaterial-developmentintangible-developmenttangible-developmentvisible-developmentinvisible-developmentmeasurable-developmentimmeasurable-developmentquantifiable-developmentqualitative-developmentsubjective-developmentobjective-developmentintersubjective-developmentcollective-developmentindividual-developmentpersonal-developmentorganizational-developmentsystemic-developmentstructural-developmentfunctional-developmentprocess-developmentprocedural-developmentmethodological-developmentepistemological-developmentontological-developmentaxiological-developmentpraxeological-developmentlogical-developmentrational-developmentreasonable-developmentsensible-developmentpragmatic-developmentpractical-developmenttheoretical-developmentconceptual-developmentempirical-developmentexperimental-developmentobservational-developmentexperiential-developmentphenomenological-developmenthermeneutical-developmentcritical-developmentreflexive-developmentreflective-developmentdeliberative-developmentparticipatory-developmentdemocratic-developmentrepresentative-developmentparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyliquid-democracydigital-democracye-democracysmart-democracyintelligent-democracywise-democracymature-democracydeveloped-democracydeveloping-democracyemerging-democracyconsolidated-democracydefective-democracyhybrid-regimeauthoritarian-regimetotalitarian-regimefailed-statefragile-statevulnerable-stateresilient-statestrong-statecapable-stateeffective-statelegitimate-stateaccountable-statetransparent-stateresponsive-stateinclusive-stateparticipatory-statedeliberative-stateadaptive-statelearning-stateinnovative-stateentrepreneurial-stateenabling-stateregulatory-statewelfare-statecompetition-statesecurity-statesurveillance-statepolice-statenanny-stateminimal-statenight-watchman-statemarket-statecorporate-stateplutocratic-stateoligarchic-statearistocratic-statemeritocratic-statetechnocratic-statebureaucratic-stateadministrative-statemanagerial-stateneoliberal-stateneoconservative-stateprogressive-stateconservative-stateliberal-statesocialist-statecommunist-statefascist-statenationalist-statepopulist-stateauthoritarian-statedemocratic-staterepublican-statemonarchic-statetheocratic-statesecular-statemulti-religious-statemulti-ethnic-statemulti-cultural-statemulti-lingual-statefederal-stateunitary-stateconfederal-stateregional-statelocal-stateglobal-stateworld-statecosmopolitan-stateplanetary-stateuniversal-stateexistential-statespiritual-statematerial-stateimmaterial-stateintangible-statetangible-statevisible-stateinvisible-statemeasurable-stateimmeasurable-statequantifiable-statequalitative-statesubjective-stateobjective-stateintersubjective-statecollective-stateindividual-statepersonal-stateprofessional-stateorganizational-stateinstitutional-statesystemic-statestructural-statefunctional-stateprocess-stateprocedural-statemethodological-stateepistemological-stateontological-stateaxiological-statepraxeological-statelogical-staterational-statereasonable-statesensible-statepragmatic-statepractical-statetheoretical-stateconceptual-stateempirical-stateexperimental-stateobservational-stateexperiential-statephenomenological-statehermeneutical-statecritical-statereflexive-statereflective-staterepresentative-statedeliberative-democracy-stateparticipatory-democracy-statedirect-democracy-stateliquid-democracy-statedigital-democracy-statee-democracy-statesmart-democracy-stateintelligent-democracy-statewise-democracy-statemature-democracy-statedeveloped-democracy-statedeveloping-democracy-stateemerging-democracy-stateconsolidated-democracy-statedefective-democracy-statehybrid-regime-stateauthoritarian-regime-statetotalitarian-regime-statefailed-state-statefragile-state-statevulnerable-state-stateresilient-state-statestrong-state-statecapable-state-stateeffective-state-statelegitimate-state-stateaccountable-state-statetransparent-state-stateresponsive-state-stateinclusive-state-stateparticipatory-state-statedeliberative-state-stateadaptive-state-statelearning-state-stateinnovative-state-stateentrepreneurial-state-stateenabling-state-stateregulatory-state-statewelfare-state-statecompetition-state-statesecurity-state-statesurveillance-state-statepolice-state-statenanny-state-stateminimal-state-statenight-watchman-state-statemarket-state-statecorporate-state-stateplutocratic-state-stateoligarchic-state-statearistocratic-state-statemeritocratic-state-statetechnocratic-state-statebureaucratic-state-stateadministrative-state-statemanagerial-state-stateneoliberal-state-stateneoconservative-state-stateprogressive-state-stateconservative-state-stateliberal-state-statesocialist-state-statecommunist-state-statefascist-state-statenationalist-state-statepopulist-state-stateauthoritarian-state-statedemocratic-state-staterepublican-state-statemonarchic-state-statetheocratic-state-statesecular-state-statemulti-religious-state-statemulti-ethnic-state-statemulti-cultural-state-statemulti-lingual-state-statefederal-state-stateunitary-state-stateconfederal-state-stateregional-state-statelocal-state-stateglobal-state-stateworld-state-statecosmopolitan-state-stateplanetary-state-stateuniversal-state-stateexistential-state-statespiritual-state-statematerial-state-stateimmaterial-state-stateintangible-state-statetangible-state-statevisible-state-stateinvisible-state-statemeasurable-state-stateimmeasurable-state-statequantifiable-state-statequalitative-state-statesubjective-state-stateobjective-state-stateintersubjective-state-statecollective-state-stateindividual-state-statepersonal-state-stateprofessional-state-stateorganizational-state-stateinstitutional-state-statesystemic-state-statestructural-state-statefunctional-state-stateprocess-state-stateprocedural-state-statemethodological-state-stateepistemological-state-stateontological-state-stateaxiological-state-statepraxeological-state-statelogical-state-staterational-state-statereasonable-state-statesensible-state-statepragmatic-state-statepractical-state-statetheoretical-state-stateconceptual-state-stateempirical-state-stateexperimental-state-stateobservational-state-stateexperiential-state-statephenomenological-state-statehermeneutical-state-statecritical-state-statereflexive-state-statereflective-state-staterepresentative-state-state

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgene-expression-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormone-receptornuclear-receptorsteroid-hormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulinTOR-pathwayAMPKnutrient-sensinggrowth-regulationsize-regulationallometryscalingmorphometricsgeometric-morphometricslandmarkshape-analysissize-analysismultivariate-analysisprincipal-component-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscluster-analysisphylogenetic-analysiscomparative-methodancestral-state-reconstructioncharacter-evolutiontrait-evolutionevolutionary-ratediversification-ratespeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversitycommunity-assemblycommunity-structurecommunity-dynamicsecosystem-functionecosystem-servicepollinationseed-dispersalnutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionherbivorypredationparasitismmutualismcompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactioninteraction-networktrophic-levelenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingstabilityresilienceresistancerecoveryenvironmental-gradientnichefundamental-nicherealized-nicheniche-breadthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-partitioningcharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionlimiting-similarityevolutionary-diversificationmacroevolutionmicroevolutionextinctionmass-extinctionbiodiversity-crisisecosystem-managementsustainable-developmentenvironmental-policyenvironmental-lawenvironmental-ethicsenvironmental-educationscience-communicationpublic-engagementopen-sciencedata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyresearch-integrityscientific-methodhypothesis-testingexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysismodelingsimulationpredictionforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentuncertaintysensitivity-analysisvalidationverificationbenchmarkingintercomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinary-researchtransdisciplinary-researchconvergence-researchteam-sciencecollaborationnetwork-sciencecomplex-systemsemergenceself-organizationnonlinearityfeedbackthresholdtipping-pointhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-thinkingadaptive-managementsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemsustainability-sciencefutures-studiesanticipatory-governancetransformative-changejust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationcarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalecosystem-accountinggreen-infrastructureurban-ecologylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datamachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionnatural-language-processingdata-miningdata-sciencecomputational-biologybioinformaticsgenomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsimagingmicroscopyelectron-microscopyconfocal-microscopylight-sheet-microscopysuper-resolution-microscopycryo-electron-microscopyX-ray-tomographymagnetic-resonance-imagingspectroscopymass-spectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingDNA-sequencingRNA-sequencingwhole-genome-sequencingexome-sequencingtranscriptome-sequencingmetagenome-sequencingepigenome-sequencingsingle-cell-sequencinglong-read-sequencingthird-generation-sequencingnanopore-sequencinggenome-assemblygenome-annotationgenome-evolutioncomparative-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsconservation-genomicsancient-DNApaleogenomicsmolecular-ecologymolecular-evolutionphylogenomicsphylodynamicscoalescent-theoryquantitative-geneticsgenetic-architecturegenotype-phenotype-mappleiotropyepistasisgenetic-correlationheritabilityselection-gradientbreeding-valuegenomic-predictiongenomic-selectionmarker-assisted-selectionquantitative-trait-locusgenome-wide-association-studylinkage-mappingassociation-mappingfine-mappingpositional-cloningcandidate-genefunctional-validationgene-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasebase-editingprime-editinggene-drivesynthetic-biologybioengineeringbiotechnologyagricultural-biotechnologyenvironmental-biotechnologyindustrial-biotechnologymedical-biotechnologypharmaceutical-biotechnologyveterinary-biotechnologyforensic-biotechnologybiosecuritybiosafetybioprospectingbiopiracyaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDUNSDGAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-FrameworkParis-AgreementSendai-FrameworkRio-Earth-SummitStockholm-Conferenceenvironmental-historyhistory-of-sciencehistory-of-ecologyhistory-of-entomologynatural-historymuseum-collectionherbariumzoological-collectionholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeepitypeiconotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationnomenclaturetaxonomyphylogenetic-nomenclaturerank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-codeinternational-code-of-zoological-nomenclatureinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-algae-fungi-and-plantsinternational-code-of-nomenclature-of-prokaryotesinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plantsinternational-commission-on-zoological-nomenclaturegeneral-committeenomenclatural-actsoriginal-publicationvalid-publicationeffective-publicationavailabilitypriorityhomonymysynonymynomen-novumnomen-conservandumnomen-rejiciendumnomen-dubiumnomen-inquirendumspecies-inquirendaincertae-sedisnew-combinationnew-statusemendationcorrectionerratumaddendumsupplementmonographrevisioncatalogchecklistfield-guideidentification-keydiagnosisdescriptionillustrationphotographdrawingmapdistribution-maphabitat-photomicrographscanning-electron-micrographtransmission-electron-micrographlight-micrographstereomicrographmacrophotographhabitusdorsal-viewventral-viewlateral-viewanterior-viewposterior-viewheadthoraxabdomenwinglegmouthpartgenitaliagallplant-gallrose-gallwillow-gallgoldenrod-gallsunflower-gallaster-gallthistle-gallsagebrush-gallcreosote-gallmanzanita-gallforestwoodlandsavannagrasslandprairiesteppemeadowpastureagricultural-fieldorchardvineyardgardenparkurban-green-spacewildland-urban-interfacewildernessnature-reservecounty-parkmunicipal-parkprivate-reserveconservation-easementland-truststewardshiprestorationecological-restorationrewildingreintroductiontranslocationassisted-colonizationintegrated-conservationconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-prioritizationhotspotbiodiversity-hotspotendemic-bird-areaimportant-plant-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinct-and-globally-endangeredflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indicatorair-quality-indicatorsoil-quality-indicatorhabitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicatorbiodiversity-indicatorsustainability-indicatorMillennium-Ecosystem-Assessmentecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicesfoodfiberfuelfreshwatergenetic-resourcesbiochemicalsnatural-medicinespharmaceuticalsornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationhabitat-provisionsoil-formationphotosynthesisrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valueinspirational-valuesense-of-placecultural-heritageknowledge-systemstraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerconservation-educationnature-interpretationecotourismsustainable-tourismresponsible-travelgreen-travellow-impact-travelcarbon-offsetvoluntary-carbon-marketcompliance-carbon-marketREDD+reducing-emissions-from-deforestation-and-forest-degradationafforestationreforestationforest-restorationagroforestrysilvopastureforest-landscape-restorationlandscape-approachintegrated-landscape-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementcoastal-zone-managementmarine-spatial-planningocean-governanceblue-economysustainable-blue-economyfisheries-managementaquaculturesustainable-agricultureregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureagroecologypermacultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsalgae-farminginsect-farmingentomophagyalternative-proteinplant-based-dietreduced-meat-consumptionfood-system-transformationsustainable-food-systemcircular-food-systemfood-waste-reductionzero-hungernutrition-securityfood-sovereigntyseed-sovereigntyfarmers'-rightsplant-variety-protectionintellectual-propertypatentplant-breeder's-rightsutility-modeltrademarkgeographical-indicationcertificationorganic-certificationfair-trade-certificationRainforest-AllianceMarine-Stewardship-CouncilForest-Stewardship-CouncilRoundtable-on-Sustainable-Palm-OilBetter-Cotton-InitiativeGlobalGAPfood-safetyfood-qualitytraceabilityaccountabilitygovernancepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancemulti-level-governanceglobal-governanceregional-governancenational-governancesubnational-governancelocal-governancecommunity-governancecustomary-governancetraditional-governanceindigenous-governanceself-governanceautonomydecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityempowermentcapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-reformlegal-reformregulatory-reformincentivedisincentiveeconomic-instrumentmarket-based-instrumenttaxsubsidyfeechargelevyfinepenaltyliabilitycompensationinsurancerisk-transfercatastrophe-bondgreen-bondblue-bondsustainability-linked-bondimpact-investingblended-financepublic-private-partnershipconcessionleasepermitlicensequotatradable-permitcap-and-tradecarbon-taxcarbon-pricingsocial-cost-of-carbonshadow-priceinternal-carbon-pricingcarbon-border-adjustmentborder-carbon-adjustmentclimate-clubjust-transition-mechanismloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundspecial-climate-change-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financenatural-capital-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-and-governancesustainable-financeresponsible-investmentactive-ownershipengagementproxy-votingdivestmentfossil-fuel-divestmentdeforestation-freeconversion-freeno-net-lossnet-gainbiodiversity-net-gainmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationoffsetcompensatory-mitigationin-lieu-feeconservation-bankingwetland-mitigation-bankingspecies-bankingecosystem-services-marketplacenatural-capital-accountingsystem-of-environmental-economic-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorwell-being-economydegrowthpost-growthsteady-state-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-and-just-spacesocial-foundationecological-ceilingfair-shareEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-Transformationsustainability-transformationsystemic-changestructural-changeparadigm-shiftworldview-shiftvalues-shiftbehavior-changelifestyle-changeconsumption-changeproduction-changetechnology-changeinnovationdisruptive-innovationtransformative-innovationsocial-innovationinstitutional-innovationpolicy-innovationgovernance-innovationbusiness-model-innovationfinancial-innovationtechnological-innovationdigital-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyclimate-technologyecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reductionblue-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurebuilding-with-natureworking-with-natureengineering-with-natureecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringconservation-ecologyindustrial-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologygrassland-ecologywetland-ecologyfreshwater-ecologymarine-ecologycoastal-ecologydeep-ecologypolitical-ecologysocial-ecologyhuman-ecologycultural-ecologysymbolic-ecologyspiritual-ecologyreligious-ecologyeco-theologycreation-carestewardship-ethicland-ethicEarth-ethicplanetary-ethiccosmic-ethicdeep-ecology-platformecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justiceenvironmental-racismclimate-racismslow-violencestructural-violenceenvironmental-conflictresource-conflictclimate-conflictwater-conflictland-conflictterritorial-conflictconservation-conflicthuman-wildlife-conflictpredator-controlpest-controlinvasive-species-managementdisease-managementwildlife-managementhabitat-managementpopulation-managementharvest-managementsustainable-usesustainable-harvestingadaptive-harvestingprecautionary-approachecosystem-approachecosystem-based-managementintegrated-managementholistic-managementrisk-based-managementscenario-planningstrategic-foresighttransformative-governanceadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-organizationlearning-networkknowledge-networkcommunity-of-practiceepistemic-communityknowledge-action-networkfuture-earthconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-geographyscience-and-technology-studiesscience-policy-studiesinnovation-studieshorizon-scanningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinosystemic-riskcascading-riskcompound-riskcomplex-riskemerging-riskevolving-risktransboundary-riskplanetary-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskcivilization-riskhuman-extinction-riskspecies-extinction-riskecosystem-collapse-riskirreversible-changeabrupt-changenonlinear-changethreshold-effectpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-inregulatory-lock-infinancial-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-insocial-lock-ineconomic-lock-instructural-inertiaresistance-to-changebarrier-to-changeenabler-of-changedriver-of-changeaccelerator-of-changecatalyst-of-changeleverage-pointintervention-pointentry-pointwindow-of-opportunitypolicy-windowpolitical-opportunitysocial-opportunityeconomic-opportunitytechnological-opportunityenvironmental-opportunitycrisis-opportunitydisaster-opportunitybuild-back-bettergreen-recoveryjust-recoveryresilient-recoverysustainable-recoverytransformational-recoverydisaster-risk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserehabilitationreconstructionresilience-buildingadaptive-capacity-buildingtransformative-capacity-buildingdisaster-risk-managementclimate-risk-managementenvironmental-risk-managementfinancial-risk-managementoperational-risk-managementstrategic-risk-managemententerprise-risk-managementintegrated-risk-managementholistic-risk-managementsystemic-risk-managementcascading-risk-managementcompound-risk-managementcomplex-risk-managementemerging-risk-managementevolving-risk-managementtransboundary-risk-managementplanetary-risk-managementexistential-risk-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-managementcivilization-risk-managementhuman-extinction-risk-managementspecies-extinction-risk-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-managementtipping-point-managementthreshold-managementregime-shift-managementalternative-stable-state-managementhysteresis-managementpath-dependence-managementlock-in-managementcarbon-lock-in-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-managementbehavioral-lock-in-managementinstitutional-lock-in-managementtechnological-lock-in-managementregulatory-lock-in-managementfinancial-lock-in-managementpolitical-lock-in-managementcultural-lock-in-managementsocial-lock-in-managementeconomic-lock-in-managementstructural-inertia-managementresistance-to-change-managementbarrier-to-change-managementenabler-of-change-managementdriver-of-change-managementaccelerator-of-change-managementcatalyst-of-change-managementleverage-point-managementintervention-point-managemententry-point-managementwindow-of-opportunity-managementpolicy-window-managementpolitical-opportunity-managementsocial-opportunity-managementeconomic-opportunity-managementtechnological-opportunity-managementenvironmental-opportunity-managementcrisis-opportunity-managementdisaster-opportunity-managementbuild-back-better-managementgreen-recovery-managementjust-recovery-managementresilient-recovery-managementsustainable-recovery-managementtransformational-recovery-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementrehabilitation-managementreconstruction-managementresilience-building-managementadaptive-capacity-building-managementtransformative-capacity-building-managementdisaster-risk-management-managementclimate-risk-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-managementoperational-risk-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-managementholistic-risk-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-managementcascading-risk-management-managementcompound-risk-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-managementemerging-risk-management-managementevolving-risk-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-managementexistential-risk-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-managementtipping-point-management-managementthreshold-management-managementregime-shift-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-managementhysteresis-management-managementpath-dependence-management-managementlock-in-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-managementleverage-point-management-managementintervention-point-management-managemententry-point-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-managementpolicy-window-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-managementjust-recovery-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-managementprevention-management-managementpreparedness-management-managementresponse-management-managementrecovery-management-managementrehabilitation-management-managementreconstruction-management-managementresilience-building-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-managementdisaster-risk-management-management-managementclimate-risk-management-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-management-managementoperational-risk-management-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-management

• Elymana pacifica

  Elymana pacifica is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the tribe Cicadulini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with grasses and other plants.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeCicadulinigrasslandBritish-ColumbiaCanadaphloem-feederplant-hopperAuchenorrhynchaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimalia1985HamiltonElymanaElymana-pacificaPacificwestern-North-Americaphloem-feedingsap-feedingplant-feedinggrassland-insectmeadow-insectprairie-insectfield-insectagricultural-pestvectorplant-disease-vectorvirus-vectorphytoplasma-vectorbacteria-vectorplant-pathogen-vectorcrop-pestpasture-pestrangeland-pestnative-speciesendemic-speciesrare-speciesuncommon-speciesdata-deficientpoorly-knownunderstudiedtaxonomysystematicsentomologyhemipterologycicadellidologybioinformaticsbiodiversitybiogeographyconservationecologyevolutionphylogeneticsgeneticsmolecular-biologybiochemistryphysiologymorphologyanatomyhistologyembryologydevelopmental-biologyreproductionlife-historypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyconservation-biogeographyisland-biogeographymountain-biogeographyalpine-biogeographyarctic-biogeographyboreal-biogeographytemperate-biogeographytropical-biogeographysubtropical-biogeographyMediterranean-biogeographydesert-biogeographygrassland-biogeographysavanna-biogeographywoodland-biogeographyforest-biogeographyrainforest-biogeographymangrove-biogeographywetland-biogeographyfreshwater-biogeographymarine-biogeographydeep-sea-biogeographyabyssal-biogeographyhadal-biogeographypolar-biogeographyAntarctic-biogeographypaleobiogeographypaleoecologypaleontologytaphonomystratigraphygeochronologychronostratigraphybiostratigraphychemostratigraphymagnetostratigraphysequence-stratigraphycyclostratigraphyevent-stratigraphyallostratigraphylithostratigraphyisotope-geochemistryradiometric-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologyice-core-chronologyspeleothem-chronologycorals-chronologymollusk-chronologyforaminifera-chronologyradiolaria-chronologydiatom-chronologydinoflagellate-chronologycoccolithophore-chronologyostracod-chronologyconodont-chronologygraptolite-chronologytrilobite-chronologyammonite-chronologybelemnite-chronologynautiloid-chronologybrachiopod-chronologybivalve-chronologygastropod-chronologycephalopod-chronologyechinoderm-chronologycrinoid-chronologyblastoid-chronologycystoid-chronologyedrioasteroid-chronologycarpoid-chronologyhomoiostele-chronologymitrate-chronologycornute-chronologysolute-chronologydendrocystitid-chronologycinctan-chronologystylophoran-chronologycothurnocystid-chronologyanomalocystitid-chronologychordate-chronologyvertebrate-chronologyagnathan-chronologyplacoderm-chronologyacanthodian-chronologychondrichthyan-chronologyosteichthyan-chronologyactinopterygian-chronologysarcopterygian-chronologytetrapod-chronologyamphibian-chronologyreptile-chronologymammal-chronologybird-chronologypterosaur-chronologydinosaur-chronologycrocodilian-chronologyturtle-chronologylizard-chronologysnake-chronologymosasaur-chronologyplesiosaur-chronologyichthyosaur-chronologysynapsid-chronologytherapsid-chronologycynodont-chronologymarsupial-chronologyplacental-chronologymonotreme-chronologyprimate-chronologyhuman-chronologyhominid-chronologyhominin-chronologyaustralopithecine-chronologyparanthropus-chronologyhomo-chronologyneanderthal-chronologydenisovan-chronologyfloresiensis-chronologynaledi-chronologyerectus-chronologyhabilis-chronologyrudolfensis-chronologyergaster-chronologyantecessor-chronologyheidelbergensis-chronologyrhodesiensis-chronologycepranensis-chronologygeorgicus-chronologysapiens-chronologyneanderthalensis-chronologydenisova-chronologyluzonensis-chronologyarchaic-sapiens-chronologymodern-sapiens-chronologyanatomically-modern-human-chronologybehaviorally-modern-human-chronologyculturally-modern-human-chronologytechnologically-modern-human-chronologyagricultural-revolution-chronologyurban-revolution-chronologyindustrial-revolution-chronologyinformation-revolution-chronologybiotechnology-revolution-chronologynanotechnology-revolution-chronologyartificial-intelligence-revolution-chronologysingularity-chronologyposthuman-chronologytranshuman-chronologyextropian-chronologysingularitarian-chronologytechnoprogressive-chronologybioconservative-chronologyneo-luddite-chronologyprimitivist-chronologyanarcho-primitivist-chronologydeep-ecology-chronologyecofeminist-chronologysocial-ecology-chronologyecosocialist-chronologyecoanarchist-chronologygreen-anarchist-chronologyanarcho-naturist-chronologyveganarchist-chronologytotal-liberation-chronologyintersectional-chronologydecolonial-chronologyindigenous-chronologypostcolonial-chronologysubaltern-chronologyfeminist-chronologyqueer-chronologycrip-chronologydisability-chronologyneurodiversity-chronologymad-chronologypsychiatric-survivor-chronologyantipsychiatry-chronologycritical-psychiatry-chronologypostpsychiatry-chronologytrauma-informed-chronologyhealing-centered-chronologyrestorative-justice-chronologytransformative-justice-chronologycommunity-accountability-chronologyabolitionist-chronologyprison-abolition-chronologypolice-abolition-chronologyborder-abolition-chronologyICE-abolition-chronologydetention-abolition-chronologydeportation-abolition-chronologyimmigration-abolition-chronologycitizenship-abolition-chronologynation-state-abolition-chronologycapitalism-abolition-chronologycolonialism-abolition-chronologyimperialism-abolition-chronologypatriarchy-abolition-chronologywhite-supremacy-abolition-chronologycisheteropatriarchy-abolition-chronologyableism-abolition-chronologysanism-abolition-chronologyaudism-abolition-chronologylinguicism-abolition-chronologyspeciesism-abolition-chronologyanthropocentrism-abolition-chronologyhuman-supremacy-abolition-chronologyecocide-abolition-chronologygenocide-abolition-chronologyfemicide-abolition-chronologyecofeminicide-abolition-chronologyslow-violence-abolition-chronologystructural-violence-abolition-chronologysystemic-violence-abolition-chronologyinstitutional-violence-abolition-chronologyinterpersonal-violence-abolition-chronologyintimate-partner-violence-abolition-chronologysexual-violence-abolition-chronologydomestic-violence-abolition-chronologyfamily-violence-abolition-chronologyyouth-violence-abolition-chronologyelder-abuse-abolition-chronologychild-abuse-abolition-chronologyanimal-abuse-abolition-chronologyenvironmental-abuse-abolition-chronologyland-abuse-abolition-chronologywater-abuse-abolition-chronologyair-abuse-abolition-chronologysoil-abuse-abolition-chronologyforest-abuse-abolition-chronologyocean-abuse-abolition-chronologyriver-abuse-abolition-chronologylake-abuse-abolition-chronologywetland-abuse-abolition-chronologymountain-abuse-abolition-chronologydesert-abuse-abolition-chronologytundra-abuse-abolition-chronologygrassland-abuse-abolition-chronologysavanna-abuse-abolition-chronologyrainforest-abuse-abolition-chronologycoral-reef-abuse-abolition-chronologymangrove-abuse-abolition-chronologyseagrass-abuse-abolition-chronologykelp-forest-abuse-abolition-chronologydeep-sea-abuse-abolition-chronologyhydrothermal-vent-abuse-abolition-chronologycold-seep-abuse-abolition-chronologybrine-pool-abuse-abolition-chronologymud-volcano-abuse-abolition-chronologypockmark-abuse-abolition-chronologysubmarine-canyon-abuse-abolition-chronologyseamount-abuse-abolition-chronologyguyot-abuse-abolition-chronologyatoll-abuse-abolition-chronologyisland-abuse-abolition-chronologyarchipelago-abuse-abolition-chronologypeninsula-abuse-abolition-chronologyisthmus-abuse-abolition-chronologystrait-abuse-abolition-chronologychannel-abuse-abolition-chronologypassage-abuse-abolition-chronologyfjord-abuse-abolition-chronologyestuary-abuse-abolition-chronologydelta-abuse-abolition-chronologylagoon-abuse-abolition-chronologybay-abuse-abolition-chronologygulf-abuse-abolition-chronologysea-abuse-abolition-chronologybasin-abuse-abolition-chronologytrench-abuse-abolition-chronologyridge-abuse-abolition-chronologyrise-abuse-abolition-chronologyplain-abuse-abolition-chronologyplateau-abuse-abolition-chronologyshelf-abuse-abolition-chronologyslope-abuse-abolition-chronologyabyssal-plain-abuse-abolition-chronologyhadal-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologybenthic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologypelagic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologyneritic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologyoceanic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologyepipelagic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologymesopelagic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologybathypelagic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologyabyssopelagic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologyhadopelagic-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologylittoral-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologysublittoral-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologyinfralittoral-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologycircalittoral-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologyoffshore-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologyshelf-break-abuse-abolition-chronologyupper-slope-abuse-abolition-chronologymiddle-slope-abuse-abolition-chronologylower-slope-abuse-abolition-chronologycontinental-rise-abuse-abolition-chronologyabyssal-hill-abuse-abolition-chronologyseaknoll-abuse-abolition-chronologyabyssal-mountain-abuse-abolition-chronologyoceanic-plateau-abuse-abolition-chronologymicrocontinent-abuse-abolition-chronologyterrane-abuse-abolition-chronologycraton-abuse-abolition-chronologyshield-abuse-abolition-chronologyplatform-abuse-abolition-chronologyorogen-abuse-abolition-chronologyforeland-basin-abuse-abolition-chronologyback-arc-basin-abuse-abolition-chronologyfore-arc-basin-abuse-abolition-chronologyarc-trench-gap-abuse-abolition-chronologyvolcanic-arc-abuse-abolition-chronologyisland-arc-abuse-abolition-chronologycontinental-arc-abuse-abolition-chronologycollision-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologysuture-zone-abuse-abolition-chronologytransform-boundary-abuse-abolition-chronologydivergent-boundary-abuse-abolition-chronologyconvergent-boundary-abuse-abolition-chronologyconservative-boundary-abuse-abolition-chronologydestructive-boundary-abuse-abolition-chronologyconstructive-boundary-abuse-abolition-chronologypassive-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyactive-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyAtlantic-type-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyPacific-type-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyAndean-type-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyJapanese-type-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyMariana-type-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyChilean-type-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologycollision-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologytransform-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologysheared-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyrifted-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyvolcanic-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologynon-volcanic-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologymagma-poor-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologymagma-rich-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyhyperextended-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyexhumed-mantle-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologyserpentinized-mantle-margin-abuse-abolition-chronologycontinental-breakup-abuse-abolition-chronologyseafloor-spreading-abuse-abolition-chronologymid-ocean-ridge-abuse-abolition-chronologyoceanic-crust-abuse-abolition-chronologycontinental-crust-abuse-abolition-chronologytransitional-crust-abuse-abolition-chronologymagma-chamber-abuse-abolition-chronologymagma-plumbing-system-abuse-abolition-chronologymagma-reservoir-abuse-abolition-chronologymagma-lens-abuse-abolition-chronologygabbro-glacier-abuse-abolition-chronologysheeted-dike-complex-abuse-abolition-chronologypillow-lava-abuse-abolition-chronologyhyaloclastite-abuse-abolition-chronologyoceanic-island-abuse-abolition-chronologyhot-spot-abuse-abolition-chronologymantle-plume-abuse-abolition-chronologylarge-igneous-province-abuse-abolition-chronologyflood-basalt-abuse-abolition-chronologydiabase-dike-swarm-abuse-abolition-chronologyring-dike-abuse-abolition-chronologycone-sheet-abuse-abolition-chronologycaldera-abuse-abolition-chronologysupervolcano-abuse-abolition-chronologyignimbrite-abuse-abolition-chronologypyroclastic-flow-abuse-abolition-chronologypyroclastic-surge-abuse-abolition-chronologylahar-abuse-abolition-chronologydebris-avalanche-abuse-abolition-chronologysector-collapse-abuse-abolition-chronologyflank-collapse-abuse-abolition-chronologyedifice-collapse-abuse-abolition-chronologycryptodome-abuse-abolition-chronologylava-dome-abuse-abolition-chronologyspine-abuse-abolition-chronologycoulee-abuse-abolition-chronologypelean-dome-abuse-abolition-chronologypeléean-dome-abuse-abolition-chronologymerapi-type-dome-abuse-abolition-chronologysantiaguito-type-dome-abuse-abolition-chronologylava-flow-abuse-abolition-chronologyaa-lava-abuse-abolition-chronologypahoehoe-lava-abuse-abolition-chronologyblock-lava-abuse-abolition-chronologytuff-abuse-abolition-chronologyvolcaniclastite-abuse-abolition-chronologyepiclastic-abuse-abolition-chronologyautoclastic-abuse-abolition-chronologyalloclastic-abuse-abolition-chronologycataclastic-abuse-abolition-chronologyimpact-breccia-abuse-abolition-chronologysedimentary-breccia-abuse-abolition-chronologytectonic-breccia-abuse-abolition-chronologyfault-breccia-abuse-abolition-chronologycrush-breccia-abuse-abolition-chronologyfrictionite-abuse-abolition-chronologypseudotachylyte-abuse-abolition-chronologymylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologycataclasite-abuse-abolition-chronologyprotomylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyultramylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyblastomylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyaugen-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyribbon-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyphyllonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyS-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyS-C'-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyC-S-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyC'-S-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyshear-band-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyextensional-crenulation-cleavage-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologycomposite-planar-fabric-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-I-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-II-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-III-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-IV-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-V-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-VI-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-VII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-VIII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-IX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-X-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XI-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XIII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XIV-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XV-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XVI-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XVII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XVIII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XIX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXI-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXIII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXIV-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXV-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXVI-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXVII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXVIII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXIX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronology

• Lacunicambarus diogenes

  devil crayfish, devil crawfish

  Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.

  crayfishburrowingecosystem-engineerprimary-burrowerAtlantic-Coastal-PlainterrestrialfossorialNorth-AmericaCambaridaeDecapodacrustaceanendemicwetlandfloodplainrefugiaallogenic-engineercave-crayfishLacunicambarusCambarusGirard-1852devil-crayfishdevil-crawfishSphecius-speciosuscicada-killer-waspbrooding-habitatsoil-typecongeneric-cuesfloodplain-connectivitymuddy-substratedesiccation-refugepredation-refugeintermittent-waterPiedmontNew-JerseyPennsylvaniaDelawareMarylandVirginiaNorth-CarolinaSouth-CarolinaGeorgiaLouisianaroadside-ditchterrestrial-habitatburrow-constructionburrow-maintenancewetland-engineercrustacean-ecologydecapodastacideafreshwater-invertebrateinvertebrate-engineerhabitat-modificationspecies-interactionscommensalismfacilitationecosystem-servicesbiodiversity-supporthabitat-provisionmicrohabitat-creationsoil-bioturbationsediment-mixingwater-infiltrationgroundwater-connectionephemeral-waterseasonal-wetlandpalustrineloticlenticriparianhyporheicbioturbationsoil-structurenutrient-cyclingdetritivoreomnivorescavengerpredatorpreytrophic-interactionfood-webcommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologyconservationhabitat-lossurbanizationagricultureland-use-changeclimate-changedroughthydrologygeomorphologysedimentologyichnologytrace-fossilburrow-architectureburrow-morphologytunnel-systemchimneymud-pelletcastexcavationsediment-ejectionmaintenance-behavioroccupancysite-fidelityhome-rangeterritorialityintraspecific-interactioninterspecific-interactioncompetitionpredation-riskdesiccation-riskphysiological-stressbehavioral-adaptationmorphological-adaptationfossorial-adaptationgill-functionair-breathingcutaneous-respirationion-regulationosmoregulationexcretionmetabolismenergeticslife-historygrowthmoltingreproductionmatingegg-carejuvenile-developmentrecruitmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographygeneticsphylogeographybiogeographydispersalcolonizationextinctionrare-speciescommon-speciesindicator-specieskeystone-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesnatural-capitalenvironmental-economicsenvironmental-policyenvironmental-managementrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationspecies-reintroductionex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areawildlife-refugenature-reservenational-parkstate-parkconservation-easementstewardshipcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationspecimenvouchermuseum-collectiontype-specimenholotypetaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturesynonymyhomonymypriorityvalid-nameaccepted-namespecies-conceptmorphological-speciesbiological-speciesevolutionary-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsphylogeneticsphylogenyevolutionadaptationnatural-selectionspeciationdiversificationradiationendemismvicariancedispersal-limitationhabitat-specificityniche-breadthniche-conservatismecological-releasecharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionresource-partitioninghabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientelevationlatitudelongitudeclimatetemperatureprecipitationhydroperiodsoil-texturesoil-moisturesoil-chemistrypHorganic-matternutrient-availabilityproductivitydisturbancesuccessionmetacommunitylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologymovement-ecologydispersal-kernelconnectivitycorridorbarrierfragmentationmatrixedge-effectcore-areapatch-dynamicssource-sinkmetapopulationpopulation-viabilityminimum-viable-populationeffective-population-sizeinbreedinggenetic-driftgene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenotype-environment-interactionepigeneticsdevelopmental-biologyembryologylarval-developmentpost-larval-developmentjuvenile-stageadult-stagesenescencelongevitysurvivorshipfecundityreproductive-outputreproductive-successfitnessselection-coefficientheritabilityquantitative-geneticspopulation-geneticsmolecular-ecologyconservation-geneticsgenomic-resourcestranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsbioinformaticsdata-sciencemachine-learningartificial-intelligenceremote-sensinggeographic-information-systemspatial-analysisstatistical-modelingexperimental-designsampling-designfield-methodslaboratory-methodsspecimen-preparationcurationdata-managementdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyethicsanimal-welfareanimal-usepermitregulationpolicylegislationenvironmental-lawnatural-resource-lawwater-lawland-use-planningenvironmental-impact-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentadaptive-managementmonitoringevaluationlearningstakeholder-engagementpublic-participationenvironmental-educationscience-communicationoutreachextensioncapacity-buildingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipcollaborationinterdisciplinarytransdisciplinaryteam-scienceopen-innovationknowledge-exchangetechnology-transfersocietal-impactsustainabilitysustainable-developmentgreen-economyblue-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-managementintegrated-water-resource-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementflood-risk-managementdrought-managementclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationresiliencevulnerabilityrisk-assessmentscenario-planningforecastingpredictionearly-warningdecision-supportevidence-based-policyscience-policy-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerresearch-networkprofessional-societyacademic-societyscientific-journalpeer-reviewpublicationcitationimpact-factoraltmetricsresearch-evaluationresearch-fundinggrantfellowshipscholarshipawardrecognitioncareer-awardearly-careermid-careersenior-careeremeritusretirementlegacyhistorical-ecologypaleoecologyarchaeologyanthropologyindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-scienceparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransformational-researchtransformative-changesystem-changeparadigm-shiftfuture-thinkingforesighthorizon-scanningtrend-analysisemerging-issueresearch-prioritygrand-challengesocietal-challengesustainable-development-goalbiodiversity-targetconservation-targetprotected-area-targetrestoration-targetclimate-targetemission-reductioncarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonnature-conservationwildlife-conservationspecies-conservationhabitat-conservationecosystem-conservationlandscape-conservationseascape-conservationconnectivity-conservationcorridor-conservationtransboundary-conservationinternational-cooperationglobal-governanceenvironmental-governancemultilateral-environmental-agreementconventiontreatyprotocolCartagena-ProtocolNagoya-ProtocolAichi-TargetKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30x30half-earthnature-needs-halfrewildingreintroductionde-extinctionsynthetic-biologygene-drivebiotechnologynanotechnologygeoengineeringsolar-radiation-managementcarbon-capturedirect-air-capturebioenergy-with-carbon-capturenegative-emissionclimate-interventionearth-systemplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacetipping-pointhysteresisirreversibilitycommitted-changesea-level-riseocean-acidificationdeoxygenationwarmingextreme-eventcompound-riskcascading-risksystemic-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskrisk-managementdisaster-risk-reductionemergency-responsehumanitarian-actionreliefrecoveryreconstructionbuild-back-betterresilient-infrastructurenature-based-infrastructuregreen-infrastructuresponge-citycooling-cityurban-heat-islandurban-ecologyurban-biodiversityurban-conservationurban-planningurban-designarchitecturelandscape-architecturegreen-buildingsustainable-buildingenergy-efficiencyrenewable-energyclean-energyenergy-transitionjust-transitionenergy-justiceclimate-justiceenvironmental-justicesocial-justiceequityfairnessinclusiondiversitygenderyouthintergenerational-equityfuture-generationrights-of-naturepersonhoodlegal-standingguardianshipcareethics-of-careenvironmental-ethicsconservation-ethicsanimal-ethicsbioethicsresearch-ethicsintegrityresponsible-conductmisconductfraudplagiarismretractioncorrectionerratumexpression-of-concerndata-fabricationdata-falsificationdata-manipulationimage-manipulationduplicate-publicationsalami-slicingguest-authorshipgift-authorshipghost-authorshipauthor-contributioncreditattributionacknowledgmentfunding-disclosureconflict-of-interestcompeting-interestinstitutional-reviewanimal-carebiosafetybiosecuritydual-useexport-controlsanctionembargoboycottdivestmentactivismadvocacycampaignmovementsocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementyouth-movementstudent-movementindigenous-movementfeminist-movementlabor-movementpeace-movementhealth-movementfood-movementagriculture-movementwater-movementenergy-movementtransport-movementhousing-movementurban-movementrural-movementlocal-movementglobal-movementnetworkcoalitionalliancepartnershipcooperationsolidaritymutual-aidcommunity-organizinggrassrootsbottom-uptop-downhybrid-governancepolycentric-governanceself-organizationemergencecomplexitysystem-dynamicsagent-based-modelnetwork-analysissocial-networkecological-networkmutualistic-networkantagonistic-networkmultiplex-networkmultilayer-networktemporal-networkspatial-networknetwork-metriccentralitymodularitynestednessconnectancerobustnessstabilitypersistencecoexistencebiodiversity-ecosystem-functioninvasibilityinvasivenessimpactriskpathwayvectorintroductionestablishmentspreaderadicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementphytosanitaryveterinaryhuman-healthOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-HealthOne-Welfaresustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceresilience-scienceadaptation-sciencetransformation-sciencefutures-studiesbackcastingprojectionsimulationmodelingnumerical-modelconceptual-modelstatistical-modelmechanistic-modelprocess-based-modelindividual-based-modelsystem-dynamics-modelmachine-learning-modeldeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinegradient-boostingensemble-methodmodel-selectionmodel-validationmodel-calibrationsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisrisk-analysisdecision-analysisoptimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-frontiertrade-offsynergyco-benefitwin-winlose-losewin-losezero-sumpositive-sumnegative-sumgame-theorycooperative-gamenon-cooperative-gameNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalitysocial-dilemmatragedy-of-the-commonsprisoner's-dilemmacollective-actionfree-riderpublic-goodcommon-pool-resourceinstitutionrulenormcustomlawgovernanceadministrationimplementationenforcementcomplianceaccountabilityparticipationinclusivenessresponsivenesseffectivenessefficiencylegitimacyadaptabilitytransformabilityinnovationexperimentationadaptive-governanceevidence-basedscience-basedknowledge-basedinformation-baseddata-drivenmodel-driventheory-drivenhypothesis-drivenquestion-drivenproblem-drivensolution-drivenimpact-drivenoutcome-drivenoutput-driveninput-drivenprocess-drivenvalue-drivenmission-drivenvision-drivenstakeholder-drivenuser-drivencitizen-drivencommunity-drivenplace-basedecosystem-basedlandscape-basedseascape-basedwatershed-basedriver-basin-basedbioregion-basedecoregion-basedbiome-basedrealm-basedplanetary-basedglobalregionalnationalsubnationallocalmunicipalcommunityhouseholdindividualscalecross-scalemulti-scaletrans-scaleupscalingdownscalingscaling-outscaling-upscaling-deepmainstreamingintegrationmaintenancedurabilitypermanencereversibilityadditionalityleakagespilloverexternalitymarket-failuregovernment-failureinstitutional-failuresystem-failuresurprisenoveltycritical-transitionregime-shiftalternative-stable-statebasin-of-attractionengineering-resilienceecological-resiliencesocio-ecological-resilienceevolutionary-resiliencetransformative-resiliencespecified-resiliencegeneral-resilienceresistancetransformationtransitiontrajectoryscenarionarrativestorylinevisionfutureutopiadystopiaprotopiaheterotopiaarchipelagomosaicpatchworkcollageassemblagebricolagemontagepalimpsestlayerstratumsedimentmemoryheritagetraditioncultureidentitybelonginghomeplacespaceterritorylandsoilwaterairfireelementmatterenergyinformationcodesignalsignsymbolmeaningsignificancevalueworthpricecostbenefitutilitypreferencechoicedecisionbehavioractionpracticehabitritualceremonycelebrationfestivalperformanceartaestheticsbeautysublimewonderawecuriosityinquirydiscoveryexplorationadventureexpeditionvoyagejourneypilgrimagequestodysseyepicsagastoryhistorypaleontologygeologyclimatologymeteorologyoceanographylimnologyecologybiologyzoologybotanymicrobiologydevelopmentphysiologyanatomymorphologyethologysociobiologyecological-psychologyenvironmental-psychologyconservation-psychologyscience-educationinformal-educationnon-formal-educationlifelong-learningadult-learningskill-buildingcompetencyexpertisemasterycraftartisanmakercreatorinnovatorentrepreneurleadermanageradministratorpolicymakerpractitionerresearcherscholaracademicscientistnaturalistexplorerobserverrecorderdocumenterstorytellercommunicatoreducatormentorcoachfacilitatormediatornegotiatordiplomatadvocateactivistcampaignerorganizermobilizernetworkerconnectorbridge-builderboundary-spannertranslatorinterpreterambassadorrepresentativedelegatespokespersonchampionherorole-modelinspirationmotivationaspirationhopeoptimismpessimismrealismidealismpragmatismpracticalityfeasibilityviabilitydesirabilityacceptabilitycredibilitytrustconfidencereliabilityvalidityrigorqualityexcellencebest-practicegood-practicelesson-learnedsuccess-factorfailure-factorrisk-factorprotective-factordeterminantdriverpressurestateresponseDPSIRSTEEPSWOTPESTLEscenario-matrixmorphological-analysisDelphi-methodexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentcitizen-deliberationparticipatory-modelingcompanion-modelingserious-gamerole-playvirtual-realityaugmented-realitymixed-realityimmersive-experiencesensory-experienceembodied-experienceaffective-experiencecognitive-experiencesocial-experiencecultural-experiencespiritual-experiencetranscendent-experiencetransformative-experiencelearning-experienceeducational-experienceresearch-experienceprofessional-experiencepersonal-experiencelived-experienceembodied-knowledgetacit-knowledgeexplicit-knowledgecodified-knowledgeprocedural-knowledgedeclarative-knowledgeconceptual-knowledgefactual-knowledgetheoretical-knowledgepractical-knowledgeapplied-knowledgetransdisciplinary-knowledgeinterdisciplinary-knowledgemultidisciplinary-knowledgecross-disciplinary-knowledgedisciplinary-knowledgesubdisciplinary-knowledgespecialist-knowledgegeneralist-knowledgeholistic-knowledgesystemic-knowledgereductionist-knowledgeanalytical-knowledgesynthetic-knowledgeintegrative-knowledgecreative-knowledgeinnovative-knowledgeadaptive-knowledgeresilient-knowledgesustainable-knowledgeethical-knowledgeresponsible-knowledgetrustworthy-knowledgereliable-knowledgevalid-knowledgesound-knowledgerobust-knowledgeantifragile-knowledgeliving-knowledgedynamic-knowledgeevolving-knowledgeemergent-knowledgegenerative-knowledgeproductive-knowledgereproductive-knowledgereplicative-knowledgeimitative-knowledgeemulative-knowledgecompetitive-knowledgecollaborative-knowledgecooperative-knowledgeshared-knowledgecommon-knowledgepublic-knowledgeopen-knowledgefree-knowledgeaccessible-knowledgeinclusive-knowledgediverse-knowledgeequitable-knowledgejust-knowledgefair-knowledgedemocratic-knowledgeparticipatory-knowledgecitizen-knowledgecommunity-knowledgetraditional-knowledgeecological-knowledgeplace-based-knowledgeexperiential-knowledgeintuitive-knowledgeimplicit-knowledgeunconscious-knowledgesubconscious-knowledgeconscious-knowledgeself-aware-knowledgereflexive-knowledgecritical-knowledgeemancipatory-knowledgetransformative-knowledgetransformational-knowledgerevolutionary-knowledgeevolutionary-knowledgedevelopmental-knowledgegrowth-knowledgematuration-knowledgeaging-knowledgesenescence-knowledgedeath-knowledgeextinction-knowledgepersistence-knowledgeresilience-knowledgerecovery-knowledgerestoration-knowledgerenewal-knowledgeregeneration-knowledgerevitalization-knowledgerejuvenation-knowledgerebirth-knowledgerenaissance-knowledgeawakening-knowledgeenlightenment-knowledgeillumination-knowledgeinspiration-knowledgeaspiration-knowledgehope-knowledgeoptimism-knowledgepessimism-knowledgerealism-knowledgeidealism-knowledgepragmatism-knowledgepracticality-knowledgefeasibility-knowledgeviability-knowledgedesirability-knowledgeacceptability-knowledgelegitimacy-knowledgecredibility-knowledgetrust-knowledgeconfidence-knowledgereliability-knowledgevalidity-knowledgerigor-knowledgequality-knowledgeexcellence-knowledgebest-practice-knowledgegood-practice-knowledgelesson-learned-knowledgesuccess-factor-knowledgefailure-factor-knowledgerisk-factor-knowledgeprotective-factor-knowledgedeterminant-knowledgedriver-knowledgepressure-knowledgestate-knowledgeimpact-knowledgeresponse-knowledgeDPSIR-knowledgeSTEEP-knowledgeSWOT-knowledgePESTLE-knowledgescenario-matrix-knowledgemorphological-analysis-knowledgeDelphi-method-knowledgeexpert-elicitation-knowledgestructured-expert-judgment-knowledgecitizen-deliberation-knowledgeparticipatory-modeling-knowledgecompanion-modeling-knowledgeserious-game-knowledgerole-play-knowledgesimulation-knowledgevirtual-reality-knowledgeaugmented-reality-knowledgemixed-reality-knowledgeimmersive-experience-knowledgesensory-experience-knowledgeembodied-experience-knowledgeaffective-experience-knowledgecognitive-experience-knowledgesocial-experience-knowledgecultural-experience-knowledgespiritual-experience-knowledgetranscendent-experience-knowledgetransformative-experience-knowledgelearning-experience-knowledgeeducational-experience-knowledgeresearch-experience-knowledgeprofessional-experience-knowledgepersonal-experience-knowledgelived-experience-knowledge

• Ochlerotatus communis

  Ochlerotatus communis is a mosquito species distributed across northern regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Studies have documented its role as a vector for orbiviruses, with isolations of Kevo orbivirus and Mobuck virus from specimens collected in Finland. Research on male specimens indicates elevated catalase enzyme activity during the teneral period and early post-emergence, suggesting physiological adaptations to oxidative stress during metamorphosis.

  mosquitovectororbivirusFinlandcatalasephysiologypost-emergence-developmentviral-isolation

• Polistes dominula

  European Paper Wasp

  Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.

  invasive-speciessocial-wasppaper-wasppredatorpollinatorurban-ecologyeusocialnest-constructionbiological-controlthermal-biologyspatial-learningvibrational-communicationaposematismhonest-signaloverwinteringdiapausePolistesVespidaeHymenopteraNorth-AmericaEuropeNew-ZealandSouth-AfricaSouth-Americamonarch-butterflycaterpillar-predationnest-architecturegynefoundressdominance-hierarchyclimate-change-impactenergeticsmetabolic-ratemicroclimatesuburban-habitatanthropogenicornamental-pestvineyard-pestfruit-damagestinging-insectvenompoison-glandwarning-colorationZahavian-signalStrepsipteraparasitoidXenosbehavioral-plasticityforaginglearningmemorythermoregulationectothermyendothermysolar-radiationnest-temperaturebrood-developmentcolony-survivalmultiple-foundingsingle-foundingseason-lengthlatitudetemperateMediterraneanhibernacleoverwintering-costsclimate-warmingrange-expansioncompetitionnative-species-displacementbiodiversity-impactconservationmanagementcontrolintegrated-pest-managementIPMidentificationantennae-colorfacial-markingscastereproductionmalefemalesexual-dimorphismantennaeabdomenwingmandiblesalivapapercombcellpediceltrophallaxislarvapupaadultworkerqueensubordinatedominantaggressiondefensethreat-displaystingtoxicitybrightnesscolorationpredator-avoidancepreycaterpillarLepidopterabutterflymothgardenagriculturevineyardorchardurbansuburbanruralforesthabitat-preferencetemperaturemetabolismquiescencetorporsurvivalfitnesscolonynestpopulationabundancedistributionrangeexpansioninvasionestablishmentintroductionbiotic-interactiontrophic-cascadeherbivory-suppressionplant-fitnessmilkweedDanaus-plexippusmonarchNelsonTasmanecosystem-impactconservation-managementbiological-invasionecologybehaviorphysiologymorphologytaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturegender-agreementLatinChrist1791Vespa-dominulabasionymcatalogue-of-lifeGBIFiNaturalistobservationcitizen-sciencephotographyillustrationfield-guideorangeblackyellowredcolor-patternsizewing-lengthbodycompactlegsshortfacesquaretriangulardarkcurledstraightelbowedbluntpointedtipZahaviancostly-signalhuntforagenectarhoneydewaphidscale-insectflowergrapeumbelliferfennellovageinsectmeatballfeedemergechewcaphexagonalwood-fiberbarkexposedopenumbrellastalkantrepellentsubstancecoatprotectlocationeaveattictreebranchvineshrubcavitybird-boxbee-hiveshedgrave-lanternoverwintershelterprotectedthermalclimatecoldwinterspringsummerautumnfallseasonmonthdayactivitydefendthreatdisplayraisetiptoesocialdominancehierarchyreproductiveegglayfoundcooperatecompeteselfishpassive-aggressiveindividualrecognitionfacial-markingcognitionmushroom-bodybrainintelligentartistarchitectnavigationplasticityspatialrelocatingfoodresourcedishbaittrainingexperiencevibrationcommunicationsignalsubstrate-borneabdominalwaggingoscillationsecretionmodulationperceivereactmovementattentionfeedinginspectionbody-temperatureambientsolarradiationmetaboliccostenergeticexpenditureefficiencywarmingchangeimpactincreaseinvasivespreadsuccesscompetitiveabilityflexibilityadaptationreactionresponseconditionyearvariationproductivityfoundingsinglemultipleratebenefitcooperationpredationparasitismvesparumstylopidstylopizationparasitehostinfestationmiteAcariwaspflyeffectcommunitydeclineDanausplexippusmortalityinstarearlylatelargersmallervulnerableresistantdiscoverychancecontactdirectrecruitmentnestmatesitecascadingtrophiccascadeherbivorysuppressionplantgrowthproductionAsclepiasnetexclusionexperimentoutcomesuggestionstrongdetrimentalecosystemstrategymethoddevelopmentprotectionbiodiversityregionfirst2016recentestablishedexoticcongenerchinensislongercomparisonhigherlowergreatestareabuiltstructurenativeunsuccessfultranslocateunablethrivewarmerorigincontributorfactorresearchthesisinsightbehaviourknowledgedirectionaideffectivejournalpublicationDOI10.26686wgtn14538585v1UniversityWellingtonVictoriaMScstudentdissertationstudyinvestigationanalysisdatafieldresidentreportlocalindirectinteractionlevelfunctionserviceprovisionnaturalpestbiocontrolornamentaldecorativecropdamagefruitcherrywesternColoradoatleastripeningchoicepreferenceheightgroundstratamicrositeenvironmentclosedhabitatdensevegetationsurroundingbushPatagoniaArgentinaChileNWdetected2003sympatriccoexistenceoverlapminimalfacilitationbehavioralprocessinterspecificsemi-urbanpoorlystudiedspeciesHypodyneruslabiatusnewlightfindingcontributionunderstandingcollectinganthropizedhighlightimportanceconsiderationEthology10.1111eth13505abstractonlylimiteddetailfulltextrequiredcomprehensivesynthesisvibrationalwidespreadregulatecrucialconspicuousoscillatorywagstrictlyassociatedpresencesuggestedinvolvementadult-larvahypothesisshort-termtrophallacticexchangemodulatesalivarydecreaseamountpreparereceivestimulatereleaseelectro-magneticshakerassesstimerecordmeasureimmediatelyafterplaybackresultshowproducepossiblyorderattractduringneithernorsupportallegedrolelong-lastingExperimentalBiology10.1242jeb186247flexiblesystemexpandingNorthAmericacausestirfastuponexplanationpresentliteraturegoodinvadernorthernriselittleknownnestingCentralinvestigatebasicprincipleGermany49°grouponetofoursmallshorterthanothermeannewlyfounded83averagelength4.6prefer54%46%majorincreased47%single-foundresswhereas100%moretwohowevernonumbertermperobservewellthreeconsecutivegreatlydependingprecedingimplyremarkablyquicklyoutsiderapidcolderEcosphere10.1890es15-002541thermoregulatorypolistinedifferentcollectdemandbroodmainlyectothermictasklivingdifferingrevealenvironmentalinfluencewarmSoutherninfraredthermographyentireusually~20–40°CnearlylinearlythoraxwarmestpartachieveoptimalpreferablyusemodelenableevaluationendothermiceffortexhibitweakalmostconstantperformanceaboutcontrastmostlyminoravoidhighwayreduceInsects10.3390insects10070187traitstronglyComparativeB10.1007s00360-016-1041-xprovidedgallicusinsects14110849adverseweatherofferlowshelteredliveenergystoreItalyAustriadescribecalculateaccordingstandarddiffersignificantlybetween3.2±5.718.55.29variancecorrespondcloselymeteorologicalcumulativemass-specificoverperiodlowestcomparedbothacclimationcalculationup3duedramatic40%additionalexponentiallytemperature-dependentfluctuationdisproportionatelyJensen'sinequalitywoodenbirdboxemptybeehiveundergrapevinegravelanterncemeterybeginwhenexceed~18–20confidencenoteinformationinferredfromactivenotdiscussedthissourceassociationaddressedrelationshipinsects14110886thermophilicoriginatingbutnowwidelyquitesynanthropichumansettlementplacewithfavorabletypicalsidewasps'wide~20–37aboveairadvantageasacceleratespeeddidapproximately38.6managedbycoolingnear~1–2cmalwaysclearlyelevatedstationclimate-model-generatedmacroclimaterevealednecessitymeasuringforreliabledescriptioninsects'brighter-coloredpoisonglandFrontiersZoology10.11861742-9994-9-20aposmatismagainstconsistingwarningusingtoxincostlyphysicalcouldsimultaneouslyabundantstrikingsuchcaseindicateanimaltoxicalsowouldensurehonestlyexaminepositivecorrelationexistscollected30photographedthemvolumewidthremainedevencontrollingsuggestpatterntruesignpoisonoustheyhavetheoreticalpredictingindicatesquantitativewithinactingmetabolicallythereforelimitationfirst-yearSpainexactageunknownethanolpreservationmayalterapplieduniformlypseudoreplicationintraspecificsupportedwhilesuccessfullyworldwiderevisitingpreviouslygatheredflightmanipulationperformedtargetseveralvisitadditionallyanalysedealingpositionwhetherchoosevisitedcontainingoptnovelbaitedplaced60awaythentraineitheronceorcomparetakenfinddisplaceddemonstraterapidlylearnedreturncertainsignificantreductionlikewisemanipulatespendinglesseachmoreoverofferedjustmajorityfurthermorecontributebehaviouralconsideringmarginalisCapeProvinceSouthAfricaAfricanEntomology10.40010030220104CaucasianEntomologicalBulletin10.238851814-3326-2015-11-1-85-89degreeHungaryNaturaSomogyiensis10.24394natsom201119229manyEuropeancountryobserved1993documentationphotograph5ofexaminedstylopizedtheseexemplarparasitized18strepsipteranspecimensometaxonscientificnamerankpreferredcommonWonderfulWorldWaspsBugSquadArticleChrisAliceKratzerauthorLinkedInPhototerriblejam-packedpainangerloveusoutbluemindingownbusinesseatpicnicfrightenchildbuildhomecomplicatealready-stressfullifeEveryoneknowsbebetterwithoutSoprefacebookpublishedcompany2020OwlflyLLCwhatwritebelievepointessentialcomplicatedbeautifulIndeedplayimportantprovidebeneficialLookmapesticidelaborpassionatededicatedwrittenconversationaltonelongadmirersupporterwhogrewJerseycontinuerememberinteractingyesgettingstungassortedincludingcometerritorybecomeentomologistoptedengineerreceivedbachelorscience2019mechanicalengineeringRochesterInstituteTechnologyworkedYorkuntilTodayexecutivedirectormanagingdivisionPublishingopportunitydevelopmarketsustainablepotentialmitigationfascinatefoldintowantwhyhowdoiftellbuildingunderstandcycleorganismbeforetryingentangleecologicalmeaninginquilinecalledcuckooexploityoungcallfactcatchdismembertinywaistpreventeatingsoldfluidprimarymostgrasshoppercricketkatydidbeetleearthwormlanternflycockroachspidercicadaaren'tengineering-trainedprofessionalknowledgeablybeganher2018January25pathincludedholingCornellCollectionnetworkingexpertteachingherselfsoftwarealigngeneticbarcodespentclosethousandhourporingplatformidentifyingmappingstudyingcolorincredible400-pagebilledguideallarcticGreenlandAlaskatropicalPanamaGrenadacover20822generafeature900imagemacrophotographerpostingbringbackIowaStateProfessorAmyToth'sseminarDepartmentNematologytoldcrowdattackextremelycomplexfascinatingcreaturecoinedhashtagwasplovewroteillustratedItvarietyyellowjacketEurasianred-bandedAmericanblackjacketvolcanoGuatemalianEasternwidowpolka-dotprairieCaliforniaformdownyGermanknewthere'jacketsfamiliarelaborateknowdominulomeansmistressimpliesIntroduced1970ssincecontinentWomanLynnKimseyBohartMuseumdistinguishedtellingdifferencescavengertakeparticularlyseriousmentionUCStatewideIntegratedProgramwealthPestNotedistincttypefartroublesomeespeciallyground-cavity-nestingtendvigorouslydisturbedDefensiveincreasesprogressesscarcerprimarilystartaroundgarbagecandogcatwhereripeoverripeaccessiblelargecolorfultidbitsprinklethroughoutintriguinginstancePennsylvaniadespiteSomeonemislabeledoriginalAndrated2/5painfulSchmidtIndexBottomlineeye-openerpage-turnermind-boggleroffersapproachbelongslibraryscientistcitizencuriouspersonwantsincrediblydiverseamazingnextgatheringanti-socialfolkaskanyonesharingroseDavisCalifthirstysippingwaterfountainAgraulisvanillaeVacavilletuckedinsideWednesdayCincinnatiOhioamongchangedrecentlyovertakencounterpartStillUnitedadjacentbelongsamefamilyhornpottermasonborealcoolerdecidedlyhandfulreachingrarelyexceeding200unprotectedsuspendtwigstemsemi-protectedhangsturdyoftencoatedrepelchiefconstructionapparentdestinedlikelydeterminedstageacteventuallyassertleaveperformssecuringdevelopingoffspringharvestingfibersurfacedeadfencepostscrapeballdeftlypliesstripaddedexistingworthhavingheavilyWebwormgrabhairybutcherkillspotstrippingoffanyirritatinghairspineeasilyconsumeddirectlyshareturndistributeoccupyreachmaturityspinsilkendometopmoltshortlythereafterfreedomsolefertilizeWatchAugustSeptembereasythoughgenderselbowtapergoldenrodSolidagothroughwortEupatoriumevidentextremevariabilitypairdeepmarkingvaryconsiderablyDNAaddingmudsituationinsteadclarifyingshownbelowgoinglumpEnjoywatchingunlessantagonizegivestandingtip-toeraisingmakeperfectlypeacefulneighborPosted2:40AMEmailThisBlogThis!ShareXShareFacebookSharePinterestLabelsnature6commentShandaSeptember820105:26lovedgetneverfacedcan'twaitkidquestionleftendhibernateproducedReplyDeleteRepliesReplyOutprairieSeptember8:02keepingcabbagewormseenRepliesReplyAnonymousSeptember132:06PMbecominghereUpperPeninsulaMichiganpendulumseemsswungagoeverywherevanishinglyrarehaven'tagainhouserightRepliesReplyL.RShimerSeptember4:35headgalworkeverybodyelsekindaegalitarianRepliesReplyLarryMay9:34directedBevWigneyBTWlivedNEMissouridetailedpresentedThankscogentscientificallyaccuratesummaryinsect'slife-cycleRepliesBugEricMay3:47kindcomplimentsDeleteRepliesReplyReplyAddcommentLoadBlogcurrentlyreplyreaderhimselfWorkingresolveNewerOlderSubscribeAtomDemonizedhosting4p.m.SaturdayJan20Room1124AcademicSurge455CrockerLanecampusAttendeeschatcheck50,000vespideight-millionfreefriendlyParkingestimate2000describedinhabit500undescribedheadline-grabbinggiantVespamandariniaformerlyAsiannewsmediadubbedmurderhornetconfuseidentifysheetexamplehiddenrodentburrowwallhuge100,00willscavengemeatsugarsodahamburgerroadopen-facedcommonlylocatedannualdiecabbagewormwhitesuperbmuchdeliveredpresentationwebsiteinterestedmechanismevolutionhoneyCurrentprojectinvolvenovosequencinggenometranscriptomegenomicepigeneticregulatingnutritionvirushealthholddoctorateIllinoisUrbana–ChampaignGeneRobinsonpostdoctoralChristinaGrozingerunwelcomeyardpatioPreferringlikebeneathSometimesleglessgrublikeoutstretchedhand15relativelyunaggressiveproblemdoorwaylistearlierlepidopterancarryyeastwinemakingfermentationflavorwinefuscatusrecognizedevotedmotherdotefuryopinionhuman-likegreatcooperatoroverallundercurrentselfishnessmanifestperfectthemselvesmushroomlearning/memory10photogenicpeerpetalvisitorcampSierraNevadamountainwitnessedstingingcrowdedtableahsippedwonderedsayselsewherewhichfertilizedmustwarmsenoughlotproteinbabyneedsurvivedbecausedrierusualdealcompetinggomaintenancemodemaintainfuellargelyuselessstartedmidtrapsprayingremoved--thisdonenighthollowavailablenearbyhopewetbarbecueshyexceptdoorwindowhigh-trafficTypicallymatedmidsummerphaserequireceasesweetthingnormallymildcoastalSanFranciscosurviveinformativeYouTubevideoDistinguishingseethosedistinctiveputanotherOaklandRaiders'logoGiantssoakingsunabandonedPollinatorsArtistsdelightoverhangneighborhoodthoughtWowhangingliptrashvanishedTwitterassociateOrganismal

• Trichonephila clavata

  Jorō spider, Joro Spider, Parachute spider

  Trichonephila clavata, commonly known as the Jorō spider, is a large orb-weaving spider native to East Asia that has become established as an invasive species in the southeastern United States since approximately 2010. First confirmed in Georgia in 2014, it has expanded rapidly across multiple states through a combination of ballooning dispersal and human-mediated transport. The species is notable for its substantial size, striking coloration, and extensive golden webs, but poses minimal risk to humans due to small fangs and docile behavior. Its physiological adaptations—including higher metabolic rate, faster heart rate, and greater cold tolerance than its congener Trichonephila clavipes—suggest potential for continued northward range expansion.

  invasive-speciesorb-weaverballooningurban-wildlifebiological-controlcold-tolerancestartle-responsecannibalismkleptoparasitismJapanese-folkloreNephilidaeTrichonephilaspider-silkrange-expansionphysiological-adaptationurban-ecologyagricultural-pest-predatoriNaturalistGeorgiaMarylandEast-AsiaUnited-Statesspider-bitevenomdocilenon-aggressiveweb-architectureegg-sacoverwinteringsexual-dimorphismmetabolic-rateheart-ratefreeze-toleranceroad-ecologyprey-capturecompetitionnative-spider-impactspublic-perceptionmedia-sensationalismmanagementpesticide-alternativesbroom-removalornamentalstructural-pestornithologycardinalweb-strengthtrophic-interactionsDNA-metabarcodingdiet-analysisspecies-distribution-modelphysiological-entomologybehavioral-ecologyarachnologyballooning-dispersalhuman-mediated-dispersalhitchhikercargo-stowawayport-of-entryclimate-changewarmingnorthward-expansionDMVHoward-CountyElkridgeIlchesterWest-Elkridgebeech-forestsecondary-forestsuburbanroadsidetelephone-polestreetlampforest-edgedisturbance-toleranceprey-detectionvibrational-noiseauditory-disturbancemotionlessfreezingshynessHannibal-Lecterstink-buglanternflyevolutionary-historyancient-associationecosystem-servicebiocontrolnatural-enemyinvasive-pestbrown-marmorated-stink-bugspotted-lanternflyHalyomorpha-halysLycorma-delicatulacompetitive-exclusiondominant-orb-weaverabundantpopulation-growthrapid-spreadrange-span120,000-km2physiological-plasticitymetabolismtwice-as-high77%-higher-heart-rate74%-freeze-survivaldevelopment-rateseasonal-windowlife-cycle-completionthermal-limitationcongener-comparisonnatural-dispersalhuman-transportiNaturalist-recordcitizen-scienceconfirmed-sightingbreeding-populationmale-and-femalegravid-femaleegg-casestowawaycargo-containerport-introductionlocal-portvehicle-transporthitchhikingaccelerated-arrivalseveral-yearsnatural-meansprognosticationpredictionmodelsuitable-habitatabundant-suitable-habitateastern-North-Americawestern-North-Americapotential-rangeinvasive-rangepotential-impactenvironmental-impactecological-impactecosystem-impactmonitorcautiousevidence-basedreasonable-journalismsensationalismexaggerationuncritical-acceptanceharmlesscarefully-monitorednext-stepsresearch-opportunitycall-for-researchknowledge-gaplittle-knownnovel-ecosystemspreadingrapidly-expandinginvasive-predatorinvasive-orb-weavernon-nativeintroducedestablishedcolonizedthrivingdoing-finehappymerely-20-minutes-awayroad-tripvisitaccess-spreadbeech-leaf-diseaseBLDstate-forestremarkable-colonyamongst-beech-treesconfirmed-prognosticationDavis-and-Frickescape-relative-warmthexpand-range-northwardeastern-seaboardmerely-20-minutes-away-from-homeresist-opportunityamazing-predatorstales-of-arrivalprevious-episodes20222024reduce-angstlarge-non-native-spiderestablishing-in-DMVfacts-presentedpast-episodevenomous-terrible-painfulNahexpert-Rick-Hoebekerisks-smallpuny-fangsunlikely-pierce-skinvideocompletely-non-aggressiveeastern-Howard-Countyhaphazard-webslittered-with-remainsformer-victimsleavesshed-exoskeletonsmuch-larger-femaledwarfs-matepositioned-just-abovestrand-of-silkspinneretsunderside-of-abdomennear-red-moundrelative-to-handlarge-and-docilewait-and-seewhat-Jorō-means-to-ecosystemshelp-other-spidersput-a-beat-down-on-invasive-pestsstink-bugsspotted-lanternfliespassive-huntersenormous-webslarger-than-a-meter-in-diametercapture-prey-snared-in-silkarachnophobes-scaryarachnophiles-beautifulimportant-ecosystem-servicescrop-pestsnative-rangeAsiahaving-an-old-friend-over-for-dinnerreunitefirst-timelarge-spidersjuicy-prey-itemsfeathered-and-non-feathered-reptilesposes-no-known-threatdifficult-to-predict-impactnon-native-speciesexperts-suggestbeyond-scary-miengive-indigenous-large-orb-weavers-run-for-their-moneyblack-and-yellow-garden-spidermarbled-orb-weaverspotted-orb-weaverother-parts-of-worldmost-abundant-and-dominant-orb-weaverwhat-will-it-meanonly-time-will-tellfinal-tidbitJorō-shapeshifterJorō-gumobeautiful-womanseduces-menbinds-with-silkdevoursbad-dateacknowledgementsRick-Hoebekeidentifying-JorōinsightsDavid-CoyleBob-Bellingergreat-imagesknowledgestudiesVeni-vidi-viciNelsen-et-al.Physiological-evaluationNephila-clavata-newly-recordedHoebeke-et-al.Life-Cycle-Habitat-and-VariationMooreStartle-responsesDavis-and-AneraoHow-Urban-Tolerant-Are-TheyDavis-et-al.inspirationdetailsstarsDave-ClementMiri-TalabacMaddie-Potterhooked-up-with-colonydifferentiateresources.ipmcenters.orglinkJorō-guruDavid-Coyle's-takeYouTubecalm-your-fearsJournal-of-Economic-EntomologyJournal-of-Medical-Entomologychemical-management-strategieseffective-management-methodsspider-control-productssafe-and-effectiveunlikely-to-bitegenerally-harmlessbig-spiderscolorful-spidersinvasive-spidersin-your-face-spiderswebs-on-homeslandscape-plantsstructuresmiddle-of-where-people-live-work-and-playnorthern-Georgia-2014presumed-arrived-few-years-prior15-yearsincreased-dramaticallymuch-of-Southeastdisjunct-populationsnortheastern-U.S.firestorm-of-interestrapidly-expanding-rangesoutheastern-statesmany-countiesCarolinasTennesseeOklahomamore-than-a-centuryparts-of-Floridararely-Pennsylvaniatropicsthermal-limitationshigher-metabolismfaster-heart-ratebetter-ability-to-tolerate-freezingcomplete-life-cycle-rapidlychilly-temperaturessuite-of-adaptationsexpand-northwardwarm-loving-cousinfindings-support-potentialmuch-yet-to-be-learnedsuccessfully-survive-northern-wintersnation-and-world-warmsouthern-species-expandhigher-latitudes-and-altitudesrapidly-range-expansion-will-occurtypical-mode-of-dispersalaerial-dispersalballooning-on-strands-of-silkCharlotte's-babiesCharlotte's-Webspectacular-monikerparachute-spiderrain-down-from-airplaneslong-distance-transithuman-assistancegood-hitchhikersinseminated-gravid-femaleegg-case-stowawayarrival-in-DMVseveral-years-by-natural-meansnew-introduction-at-local-porthuman-assist-in-vehiclesaccelerate-arrivalterrible-and-painfulsmall-fangsvisited-cousingolden-silk-spiderCosta-Ricaexceeding-meter-diameterindigenous-large-orb-weaversrun-for-their-moneyminimal-direct-impactfirestormAndrew-DavisBenjamin-FrickUniversity-of-Georgiapast-weeknative-to-eastern-AsiaJapanChinaKoreaTaiwanknown-in-Georgia-since-2013spreading-rapidlyjoined-its-cousinTrichonephila-clavipesestablished-over-160-yearsbetter-tolerate-freezingsurvive-northern-wintersrapidly-range-expansiontypical-modelong-distancenew-introductionhuman-assistarachnophobesarachnophilesbrown-marmorated-stink-bugsdifficult-to-predictscary-mienindigenous-orb-weaversMary-NouriSarah-MorganWAMUrelatively-harmlessspider-seasonfallleaves-changing-colorcool-crisp-autumn-airpumpkin-spiceextension-entomologistSoutheastnot-just-spiders20-feet-widehomespeople-live-work-and-play15-years-or-soinflux-of-callspublicentomology-extension-programsmedia-frenzytwo-questionsget-rid-of-Jorō-spidersare-Jorō-spiders-dangerousClemson-UniversitySouthern-Adventist-UniversityWashington-CollegeUnion-Collegetwo-new-studiestest-methods-for-eliminatinghow-likely-to-biteharmscoured-internetrecommended-treatment-optionsspider-specific-management-recommendationsmedically-relevantwidow-spidersbrown-reclusesdo-not-enter-homesrelatively-newrecommended-productslabelled-spider-control-productstested-productsseveral-products-eliminatenot-legal-pesticidesmachine-lubricantnot-recommendedcommercially-availablestrongly-encouragelabelled-productseasiest-and-cheapestwithout-chemicalsbroom-or-stickwalked-into-spider-webrode-biketook-spider-to-facenot-great-feelingwonder-if-biteygive-bitten-superpowersunique-studiesevaluated-behaviorsreact-to-peoplerather-drop-off-webhang-around-and-bitereally-provokevolunteered-to-get-bittenyes-you-read-correctlyakin-to-mosquito-bitelittle-rednesslittle-swellinglargely-gone-next-dayno-acquired-superpowerstake-home-messagetwofoldsimplest-and-most-effectivewithout-pesticidesfeel-you-need-pesticidesproduct-labeled-for-spider-controltry-not-to-freak-outdoesn't-want-to-be-on-youodds-of-getting-bitten-extremely-lowenjoy-glorious-fall-weatherdrink-pumpkin-spiced-beveragewatch-where-you-walkKeep-calm-and-carry-onbites-unlikelycause-minimal-discomfortassociate-professorDepartment-of-Forestry-and-Environmental-Conservationsocialsemailextensionfeaturedpest-managementEntomology-Todaylatest-postsemail-subscriptionMarch-2022wonderedmake-its-way-to-DMVSeptember-2022two-observationsthree-years40-sightingshappy-and-doing-just-fineseveral-Howard-County-locationsweek-or-so-agoteam-of-scientistsUniversitymissionkilling-ultra-valuable-beech-treesthriving-amongst-beech-treesvisit-amazing-predatorsmature-femalesboth-Trichonephila-speciesthree-locally-common-orb-weaving-speciestime-spent-immobilemild-disturbancebrief-puff-of-airair-puff-response-datafive-other-North-American-speciespublished-literature453-observationsfreezing-behavior10-spider-speciesremained-immobile-under-a-minuteboth-Trichonephila-spidersover-an-hourunprecedentedshyest-ever-documentedtolerate-urban-environmentsremaining-motionlessfleeingnonsexual-cannibalismmating-activityfemales-cannibalize-malesfood-availabilityterritorial-aggressionSoutheastern-United-Statesexpanding-rangeshybehavioral-reactionsdescriptive-observationsphoto-documentationanecdotal-observationscontrolled-pairingslabnatural-websfieldone-female-biting-and-killing-anothershort-fightsimilar-sizecontainer25-trialsfights-ensued-40%different-sizes27-trialsfights-happened-18%larger-females-not-always-aggressor52-lab-trialssix-bouts9%direct-killingfield-trialsempty-web14-trialsone-fight7%aggressor-killing-and-wrappingsilkaway-from-any-webnot-necessarily-territorialityintraspecific-aggressionprovoked-or-stresseddeserves-more-studynewly-invasivebiologyphysiologynew-rangeclosely-related-speciessuccessfully-established160-yearsinvestigationcompareonline-recordsiNaturalist.orgseasonal-distributionstimingfemalesphysiological-traitsenvironmental-tolerancemetabolic-ratescardiac-functioningcold-exposuresurvivalbrief-below-freezing-temperatureshorter-seasoncomplete-lifecyclenarrow-periodsuitable-weatherinherently-higher-metabolismlow-temperaturesurvive-better74%-compared-to-50%brief-freezecolder-climatic-regionsoutheastern-USAuseful-informationplanningurban-landscapesbusy-roadsfrequent-disturbancesauditory-and-vibrationalphysiological-or-behavioral-changesnortheast-Georgiavarying-levels-of-road-trafficprey-capture-behaviorsimulated-preytuning-fork128-hz-frequencytouched-to-webattacked357-total-trials20-different-roadsattacked-59%high-variabilitysome-roadsides-over-80%others-less-than-30%small-but-significant-negative-correlationdaily-road-trafficspider-attack-ratesmoderate--to-heavy-traffic-roadsslightly-less-likely-to-attack51%-vs-65%able-to-live-near-roadscost-in-terms-of-prey-capturedid-not-weigh-lesscompensate-for-disturbanceaccumulating-evidencehuman-dominated-landscapesaid-spreadintroduced-rangeEriostethus-rufuspolysphinctine-ectoparasitoidaraneid-spidersNeoscona-spp.endemic-to-JapanYamagata-Prefecture38º46'-Nnorthern-Japannorthernmost-recordgenusidentification-confirmedmorphologyDNA-barcodingcocoonlarge-modified-webuniqueinverted-triangleover-50-cmhanging-from-ill-defined-partno-organized-structurehost-spidercircumstantial-evidencesstructure-of-modified-webpre-existing-web-partly-reusedorb-web-completely-removedsustaining-threads-newly-mooredparasitises-host-spiderstwo-subfamiliesunusual-for-groupinvasion-potentialknown-invasive-rangereviewdispersal-abilitiespotential-impactsmanagement-strategiesOctober-2022at-least-120,000-km2South-CarolinaNorth-CarolinaAlabamaWest-Virginiapattern-of-spreadnatural-dispersal-mechanismshuman-mediated-transportlarge-bodied-orb-weaversflying-insectssmall-animalsthirteen-co-occurring-spider-speciesmonitored-for-competitionresourcesweb-building-sitesnatural-and-urban-habitatsmanagement-options-limitedadvise-journalists-and-expertsagainst-exaggerating-potential-environmental-impactecologically-harmlessrapid-spread-carefully-monitoredcautious-evidence-based-approachdetermining-next-stepsthree-material-typesweb-captureintroduced-speciesalter-established-trophic-interactionsmolecular-analysisresolve-changescommunity-structureforaging-linkseast-coastfecal-samplesprey-remains-from-websdissected-gutscompare-diet-compositionarthropod-targeted-COI-primersIllumina-MiSeqhighest-diversityhighest-richnesshighest-proportion-prey-readsrecovery-of-prey-readsdissected-gut-contentlowoverwhelmed-by-Jorō-spider-DNAhigh-proportions-Jorō-spider-readshigher-prey-diversity-and-richnessdetected-prey-DNAseveral-days-after-captureinitial-gut-retention-time-estimatesfirst-glimpsecomplexity-of-trophic-associationsintroduced-web-building-spiderviable-materialsource-of-prey-DNAestimates-of-biodiversityJammu-and-Kashmirnorthernmost-shiftingdocument-presencebehaviorhabitat-adaptationcolder-temperature-environmentGoha-TehsilDoda-district1556.74-metersroad-bridgenearby-vegetationbrightly-colored-abdomensblackgreenyellowredlong-legsyellow-and-black-bandingspredominantly-seensmallerfewerunique-behaviorsremaining-motionless-after-disturbances5-10-meters-of-roadsadaptation-to-human-settlementsfield-observationsimage-documentationexpert-confirmationthrive-in-colder-conditions15-20-degrees-CelsiusOctober-Novemberno-spider-foundhigher-elevationssignificantly-lower-temperaturesadaptation-limited-to-milder-cold-regionsnew-insightadaptationneed-for-further-researchnon-native-habitatseggsoverwinterharsh-weather-conditionsno-protectioncompact-silk-casemilky-coatingchorionic-microspheresCMfine-structural-characteristicsecological-importanceuneven-size-distributionouter-eggmassevenly-coveredsingle-layerdiameter-2.3-µmshort-papillary-projectionssegmental-adhesionmucous-componentsinsoluble-in-waterpartially-soluble-in-absolute-ethanolspherical-structureHFIPstrong-organic-solventnot-derived-from-vitellogenic-or-choriogenetic-processesCM-adhesive-coatingsovipositional-processequivalent-to-cocoon-silkprotective-functionssilken-eggcaseNorthern-CardinalCardinalis-cardinalisperchessteals-foodsoutheast-of-the-United-Statesquestionsnative-fauna-affectedconsuming-prey-itemsexamplenative-species-deriving-benefitmanner-of-kleptoparasitismperched-directly-on-websupported-its-weight42-48-gfirst-documented-casespider-web-supporting-perching-birdmeasurementsforce-gaugetypical-webssupport-masses-up-to-70-gsmall-but-growing-body-of-knowledgenon-native-spiderspecies-distribution-modelsecological-niche-modelingpredict-areasestablish-if-introducedthree-distinct-genetic-lineagesmitochondrial-COIgenome-wide-SNPsKorean-Peninsula