Environmental-management

Guides

• Ixodes affinis

  Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.

  tickvectorLyme-diseaseBorrelia-burgdorferiavian-hostrange-expansionsoutheastern-United-StatesMexicoCentral-Americanon-human-bitingenzootic-maintenanceco-feedingmigratory-birdsIxodidaeAcariparasitethree-host-tickquesting-behaviorwildlife-disease-ecologyforest-habitatdog-parasitewhite-tailed-deerCarolina-wrenwhite-throated-sparrowOld-Dominion-University-Tick-TeamHolly-GaffErin-Hellermolecular-identificationDNA-sequencingengorged-specimen-identificationpine-plantationrural-Yucatánhunting-dogsTixméhuacOpichénseasonal-activitylaboratory-rearingimmature-stageslarvanymphadultpathogen-dispersalclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationsuburbanizationdeer-populationacorn-mastingsmall-mammal-reservoirBorrelia-miyamotoico-infectiontick-borne-diseasepublic-healthveterinary-parasitologymedical-entomologyvector-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionbird-migrationlong-distance-dispersalboreal-forestCanadaManitobaSwainson's-thrushCatharus-ustulatusmigratory-birdground-foraging-birdpasserinesongbirdbrown-thrashereastern-towheeAmerican-robinnorthern-cardinalmarsh-rice-ratcotton-mouseeastern-gray-squirrelraccoonsouthern-short-tailed-shreweastern-molewhite-footed-mousePeromyscus-leucopuschipmunkTamiasoak-mastingQuercusforest-floorquesting-heighthumidity-preferencewinter-activitytick-removaltick-testingtick-borne-illness-preventionDEETpermethrintick-inspectiontick-avoidanceAIR-protocolArachnidaParasitiformesChelicerataEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaIxodidahard-tickixodidNeumann-1899taxonomysystematicsdorsal-scutumcapitulumhypostomepalpsspiracular-platesfestoonsornateinornateidiosomagnathosomapodonscutumalloscutumbasis-capitulicornuaporose-areassclerotizedcuticlesetaesensillaHaller's-organtarsusclawspulvilliscutum-shapepunctationsgroovescoxaetrochantersfemoragenuatibiaetarsipretarsiadanal-platesaccessory-platesspiraclestracheaesalivary-glandsmidgutMalpighian-tubulesreproductive-systemovarytestisgenital-apertureanuspreanal-groovepostanal-groovesubanal-platesparanal-platesmarginal-groovespseudoscutumscapularscervical-groovespunctatereticulateshagreenedwrinkledsmoothglabroussetiferouspilosehispidgranularmammillatedtuberculatecarinatedsulcatestriatecostatelineatepunctate-striatereticulate-punctateIXO_affNCBI:txidGBIF:speciesCatalogue-of-Life:speciesiNaturalist:taxonWikipedia:speciesIxodesaffinisbird-tickdeer-tickdog-tickrabbit-tickshrew-tickmole-tickmouse-tickrat-ticksquirrel-tickraccoon-tickwren-tickthrasher-tickrobin-ticktowhee-tickcardinal-ticksparrow-tickthrush-tickmigratory-tickinvasive-tickexpanding-rangeemerging-vectorcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-identificationDNA-barcodingCOI16SITS2tick-microbiomepathogen-detectionBorreliaspirochetezoonosisvector-competencereservoir-competenceenzootic-cycleepizooticspilloverbridge-vectoramplifying-hostreservoir-hostmaintenance-hostincidental-hostdead-end-hosthost-specificityhost-rangehost-switchinghost-raceecological-fittingniche-expansionrange-shiftphenologydiapauseoverwinteringsurvivalmortalityfecundityreproductive-outputegg-massovipositioneclosionmoltingecdysisinstarstadiumdevelopmental-timegeneration-timelife-spanlongevitypopulation-dynamicsabundanceprevalenceintensityaggregationnegative-binomialzero-inflatedspatial-distributiontemporal-distributionhabitat-associationmicrohabitatvegetation-typeforest-typesuccessional-stageedge-effectfragmentationconnectivitymatrixcorridorpatchlandscape-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingmodelingdistribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingMaxEntBIOMODclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablestemperatureprecipitationhumiditysaturation-deficitvapor-pressure-deficitevapotranspirationseasonalityphenology-mismatchglobal-warmingextreme-weatherdroughtfloodphenological-shiftrange-contractionpoleward-shiftelevation-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientcontinentalinsularendemiccosmopolitanpantropicalholarcticnearcticneotropicalpalearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralasianoceanianantarcticbiogeographyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgene-flowgenetic-structureisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentadaptive-evolutionlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycryptic-diversityspecies-delimitationintegrative-taxonomymorphometricsgeometric-morphometricstraditional-morphometricslandmarkoutlinesemilandmarkcharacter-matrixphylogenyclassificationnomenclaturetype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptionemendationsynonymyhomonymypriorityvalidityavailabilitypublished-workZooBankLSIDURNDOIORCIDauthoryearjournalvolumeissuepagesfigureplatemapdrawingphotographSEMTEMlight-microscopyconfocal-microscopymicroCTscanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopyhistologyimmunohistochemistryin-situ-hybridizationPCRqPCRRT-PCRddPCRsequencingSangernext-generationIlluminaPacBioOxford-Nanoporegenometranscriptomeproteomemetabolomemicrobiomeviromebacteriomefungomeparasitomeholobiontsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogenesisvirulencetransmissionvectorial-capacitybasic-reproduction-numberR0force-of-infectionincidenceseroprevalencecase-fatality-ratemorbiditydisability-adjusted-life-yearDALYquality-adjusted-life-yearQALYcost-effectivenesseconomic-burdenpublic-health-burdenveterinary-burdenagricultural-impactwildlife-impactconservationbiodiversityecosystem-servicedisserviceOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-Healthintegrated-pest-managementIPMvector-controlacaricideinsecticideresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceresistance-managementrotationmosaicmixturesynergistbiological-controlentomopathogenic-fungusnematodepredatorparasitoidhabitat-modificationenvironmental-managementpersonal-protectionrepellentinsecticide-treated-clothingpicaridinIR3535oil-of-lemon-eucalyptusPMD2-undecanonespatial-repellentattract-and-killpush-pullsurveillanceactive-surveillancepassive-surveillancesentinel-surveillancesyndromic-surveillancetick-dragflaggingCO2-trapdry-icehost-seekingtick-collectionspecimen-preservationvoucheringmuseumcollectionrepositorydatabaseGBIFGenBankBOLDNCBIITISEOLWikidataWikipediaResearchGateGoogle-ScholarWeb-of-ScienceScopusPubMedMEDLINEEMBASECAB-AbstractsZoological-RecordBIOSISagricolaagricultural-databaseveterinary-databasemedical-databaseentomological-databaseacarological-databasetick-databaseIxodes-databaseLyme-disease-databasevector-databasepathogen-databaseBorrelia-databasespirochete-databaseecological-databasebiodiversity-databaseobservationcitizen-scienceiNaturalisteBirdProject-FeederWatchChristmas-Bird-CountNorth-American-Breeding-Bird-Surveybird-bandingmark-recaptureradio-telemetryGPS-trackinggeolocatorlight-level-loggeraccelerometerstable-isotopeisotope-analysismigratory-connectivityflywaymigration-routewintering-groundbreeding-groundstopover-sitemolt-migrationirruptive-migrationnomadismdispersalnatal-dispersalbreeding-dispersalseed-dispersalpollinationtrophic-cascadefood-webfood-chaintrophic-levelapex-predatormesopredatorkeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorenvironmental-monitorpollution-indicatorclimate-indicatordisease-indicatorhealth-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorsurveillance-indicatorearly-warningrisk-assessmenthazard-identificationexposure-assessmentdose-responserisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-behaviorprotective-behaviorpreventive-behaviorhealth-belief-modeltheory-of-planned-behaviorsocial-cognitive-theoryhealth-communicationhealth-educationhealth-promotiondisease-preventionprimary-preventionsecondary-preventiontertiary-preventionscreeningdiagnosistreatmentantibioticdoxycyclineamoxicillinceftriaxoneazithromycinprophylaxispost-exposure-prophylaxisvaccineLyme-disease-vaccinetick-vaccineanti-tick-vaccinetarget-of-acquired-immunitytick-salivasalivary-glandsalivary-proteinimmunomodulationimmunosuppressionanti-inflammatoryanticoagulantvasodilatoranestheticcement-conetick-attachmentfeeding-lesiontick-bitetick-borne-encephalitisTBEPowassan-virusdeer-tick-virusHeartland-virusBourbon-virusColorado-tick-feverRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverRMSFehrlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistheileriosiscytauxzoonosishepatozoonosistick-paralysistick-toxicosisalpha-gal-syndromered-meat-allergygalactose-alpha-1,3-galactosesensitizationIgEallergic-reactionanaphylaxisdelayed-hypersensitivityimmediate-hypersensitivityimmune-responseinnate-immunityadaptive-immunityhumoral-immunitycell-mediated-immunityantibodycomplementcytokinechemokineinflammationfeverrasherythema-migransbulls-eye-rashSTARISouthern-tick-associated-rash-illnessBorrelia-lonestarirelapsing-fevertick-borne-relapsing-feverTBRFsoft-tickOrnithodorosArgasAmblyommaDermacentorHaemaphysalisRhipicephalusHyalommaBothriocrotonCosmiommaNosommaAnomalohimalayaArchaeocrotonCornupalpatumCompluriscutulaSternalixodesTrichotoixodesScaphixodesEndopalpigerEschariopalpigerExopalpigerPholeoixodesAfrixodesCeratixodesEschatocephalusEternalixodesLepidixodesMalayixodesMartaregaMegalixodesMyrmixodesNothoixodesOctoixodesPalpigerPartipalpigerPilonyssusProknekaliaPseudixodesRhinixodesSamarixodesXiphixodessubgenusspecies-groupI.-ricinus-complexI.-persulcatus-complexI.-scapularis-complexI.-pacificus-complexI.-affinis-groupI.-cookei-groupI.-marxi-groupI.-angustus-groupI.-soricis-groupI.-uriae-groupI.-holocyclus-groupI.-ceylonensis-groupI.-granulatus-groupI.-ovatus-groupI.-nipponensis-groupI.-persulcatus-groupI.-pavlovskyi-groupI.-ricinus-groupI.-scapularis-groupI.-pacificus-groupI.-affinisI.-auritulusI.-australiensisI.-boliviensisI.-brunneusI.-cookeiI.-cooleyiI.-cornuaeI.-cornuatusI.-crenulatusI.-damminiI.-dawsoniI.-dentatusI.-diomedeaeI.-domergueiI.-eadsiI.-eastoniI.-eldaricusI.-elongatusI.-eudyptidisI.-euplectropiI.-evansiI.-fecialisI.-festaiI.-frontalisI.-galapagoensisI.-ghilaroviI.-gibbosusI.-granulatusI.-gregsoniI.-hearleiI.-hexagonusI.-hirstiI.-holocyclusI.-hoogstraaliI.-howelliI.-hyattiI.-jacksoniI.-jellisoniI.-kashmiricusI.-kazakstaniI.-kingiI.-kohlsiI.-kopsteiniI.-kuntziI.-laguriI.-latusI.-layingensisI.-lewisiI.-lividusI.-longiscutatusI.-loricatusI.-luciaeI.-malayensisI.-marxiI.-masloviI.-matopiI.-minorI.-monospinosusI.-moreliI.-moschiferiI.-murisI.-murreletiI.-myospalacisI.-nchisiensisI.-necromysI.-neitziI.-nipponensisI.-nuttalliI.-ochotonaeI.-okapiaeI.-oldiI.-ornithorhynchiI.-ovatusI.-pacificusI.-pararicinusI.-pavlovskyiI.-percavatusI.-peromysciI.-persulcatusI.-pomerantziI.-pterodromaeI.-quadratusI.-raccoonisI.-rageauiI.-randrianasoloiI.-rasusI.-redikorzeviI.-ricinusI.-rothschildiI.-rotundatusI.-rubicundusI.-rugicollisI.-rugosusI.-sapeloensisI.-sarsiI.-scapularisI.-schillingsiI.-sculptusI.-semenoviI.-soricisI.-spinaeI.-steiniI.-stilesiI.-stromiI.-subterranusI.-tancitariusI.-tanukiI.-tapirusI.-tasmaniI.-tayloriI.-tertiariusI.-texanusI.-theileraeI.-thomasaeI.-tovariI.-transvaalensisI.-triangulicepsI.-trichosuriI.-turdusI.-uriaeI.-vandenbergiI.-vanidicusI.-ventalloiI.-vespertilionisI.-victoriensisI.-walkeraeI.-werneriI.-woodiI.-zaglossiI.-zairensistick-taxonomytick-systematicstick-phylogenytick-evolutiontick-biogeographytick-ecologytick-physiologytick-behaviortick-reproductiontick-developmenttick-nutritiontick-metabolismtick-respirationtick-excretiontick-osmoregulationtick-neurobiologytick-sensory-biologytick-chemoreceptiontick-thermoreceptiontick-mechanoreceptiontick-photoreceptiontick-circadian-rhythmtick-biological-clocktick-seasonalitytick-diapausetick-overwinteringtick-cold-hardinesstick-desiccation-resistancetick-water-balancetick-cuticletick-moltingtick-ecdysistick-growthtick-feedingtick-engorgementtick-blood-mealtick-digestiontick-salivationtick-saliva-compositiontick-salivary-gland-transcriptometick-salivary-proteometick-pharmacologytick-toxicologytick-venomtick-paralysis-toxintick-borne-pathogentick-borne-virustick-borne-bacteriumtick-borne-protozoantick-borne-helminthtick-borne-rickettsiatick-borne-ehrlichiatick-borne-anaplasmatick-borne-borreliatick-borne-babesiatick-borne-theileriatick-borne-hepatozoontick-borne-coxiellatick-borne-francisellatick-borne-bartonellatick-borne-chlamydiatick-borne-mycoplasmatick-borne-spiroplasmatick-borne-arbovirustick-borne-flavivirustick-borne-bunyavirustick-borne-reovirustick-borne-orbivirustick-borne-coltivirustick-borne-nairovirustick-borne-phlebovirustick-borne-thogotovirustick-borne-orthomyxovirustick-borne-arenavirustick-borne-hantavirustick-borne-paramyxovirustick-borne-rhabdovirustick-borne-bornavirustick-borne-filovirustick-borne-coronavirustick-borne-poxvirustick-borne-herpesvirustick-borne-adenovirustick-borne-papillomavirustick-borne-polyomavirustick-borne-circovirustick-borne-parvovirustick-borne-anellovirustick-borne-dependovirustick-borne-tenuivirustick-borne-deltavirustick-borne-hepadnavirustick-borne-retrovirustick-borne-lentivirustick-borne-spumavirustick-borne-metavirustick-borne-pseudovirustick-borne-hemivirustick-borne-novirhabdovirustick-borne-peribunyavirustick-borne-phenuivirustick-borne-bandavirustick-borne-phasivirustick-borne-tulasvirustick-borne-orthonairovirustick-borne-shavivirustick-borne-sathuperi-virustick-borne-salehabad-virustick-borne-dera-ghazi-khan-virustick-borne-hughes-virustick-borne-farallon-virustick-borne-punta-salinas-virustick-borne-sapphire-II-virustick-borne-zirqa-virustick-borne-keterah-virustick-borne-thiafora-virustick-borne-erve-virustick-borne-malsoor-virustick-borne-tibet-virustick-borne-qalyub-virustick-borne-yogue-virustick-borne-kasokero-virustick-borne-lebombo-virustick-borne-nyamanini-virustick-borne-midway-virustick-borne-tokar-virustick-borne-absettarov-virustick-borne-hypr-virustick-borne-kumlinge-virustick-borne-omsk-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-langat-virustick-borne-louping-ill-virustick-borne-kyasanur-forest-disease-virustick-borne-alkhurma-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-powassan-virustick-borne-deer-tick-virustick-borne-heartland-virustick-borne-bourbon-virustick-borne-colorado-tick-fever-virustick-borne-eyach-virustick-borne-banna-virustick-borne-seadornavirustick-borne-great-island-virustick-borne-kemerovo-virustick-borne-lipovnik-virustick-borne-tribec-virustick-borne-chobar-gorge-virustick-borne-wad-Medani-virustick-borne-dugbe-virustick-borne-crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-nairobi-sheep-disease-virustick-borne-ganjam-virustick-borne-bandia-virustick-borne-sierra-nevada-virustick-borne-lone-star-virustick-borne-severe-fever-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-virustick-borne-huaiyangshan-virustick-borne-guertu-virustick-borne-Alongshan-virustick-borne-wenzhou-virustick-borne-wuhan-virustick-borne-yongjia-virustick-borne-chiba-virustick-borne-natori-virustick-borne-odawara-virustick-borne-kowloon-virustick-borne-tamanavirus

• Lacunicambarus diogenes

  devil crayfish, devil crawfish

  Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.

  crayfishburrowingecosystem-engineerprimary-burrowerAtlantic-Coastal-PlainterrestrialfossorialNorth-AmericaCambaridaeDecapodacrustaceanendemicwetlandfloodplainrefugiaallogenic-engineercave-crayfishLacunicambarusCambarusGirard-1852devil-crayfishdevil-crawfishSphecius-speciosuscicada-killer-waspbrooding-habitatsoil-typecongeneric-cuesfloodplain-connectivitymuddy-substratedesiccation-refugepredation-refugeintermittent-waterPiedmontNew-JerseyPennsylvaniaDelawareMarylandVirginiaNorth-CarolinaSouth-CarolinaGeorgiaLouisianaroadside-ditchterrestrial-habitatburrow-constructionburrow-maintenancewetland-engineercrustacean-ecologydecapodastacideafreshwater-invertebrateinvertebrate-engineerhabitat-modificationspecies-interactionscommensalismfacilitationecosystem-servicesbiodiversity-supporthabitat-provisionmicrohabitat-creationsoil-bioturbationsediment-mixingwater-infiltrationgroundwater-connectionephemeral-waterseasonal-wetlandpalustrineloticlenticriparianhyporheicbioturbationsoil-structurenutrient-cyclingdetritivoreomnivorescavengerpredatorpreytrophic-interactionfood-webcommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologyconservationhabitat-lossurbanizationagricultureland-use-changeclimate-changedroughthydrologygeomorphologysedimentologyichnologytrace-fossilburrow-architectureburrow-morphologytunnel-systemchimneymud-pelletcastexcavationsediment-ejectionmaintenance-behavioroccupancysite-fidelityhome-rangeterritorialityintraspecific-interactioninterspecific-interactioncompetitionpredation-riskdesiccation-riskphysiological-stressbehavioral-adaptationmorphological-adaptationfossorial-adaptationgill-functionair-breathingcutaneous-respirationion-regulationosmoregulationexcretionmetabolismenergeticslife-historygrowthmoltingreproductionmatingegg-carejuvenile-developmentrecruitmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographygeneticsphylogeographybiogeographydispersalcolonizationextinctionrare-speciescommon-speciesindicator-specieskeystone-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesnatural-capitalenvironmental-economicsenvironmental-policyenvironmental-managementrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationspecies-reintroductionex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areawildlife-refugenature-reservenational-parkstate-parkconservation-easementstewardshipcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationspecimenvouchermuseum-collectiontype-specimenholotypetaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturesynonymyhomonymypriorityvalid-nameaccepted-namespecies-conceptmorphological-speciesbiological-speciesevolutionary-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsphylogeneticsphylogenyevolutionadaptationnatural-selectionspeciationdiversificationradiationendemismvicariancedispersal-limitationhabitat-specificityniche-breadthniche-conservatismecological-releasecharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionresource-partitioninghabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientelevationlatitudelongitudeclimatetemperatureprecipitationhydroperiodsoil-texturesoil-moisturesoil-chemistrypHorganic-matternutrient-availabilityproductivitydisturbancesuccessionmetacommunitylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologymovement-ecologydispersal-kernelconnectivitycorridorbarrierfragmentationmatrixedge-effectcore-areapatch-dynamicssource-sinkmetapopulationpopulation-viabilityminimum-viable-populationeffective-population-sizeinbreedinggenetic-driftgene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenotype-environment-interactionepigeneticsdevelopmental-biologyembryologylarval-developmentpost-larval-developmentjuvenile-stageadult-stagesenescencelongevitysurvivorshipfecundityreproductive-outputreproductive-successfitnessselection-coefficientheritabilityquantitative-geneticspopulation-geneticsmolecular-ecologyconservation-geneticsgenomic-resourcestranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsbioinformaticsdata-sciencemachine-learningartificial-intelligenceremote-sensinggeographic-information-systemspatial-analysisstatistical-modelingexperimental-designsampling-designfield-methodslaboratory-methodsspecimen-preparationcurationdata-managementdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyethicsanimal-welfareanimal-usepermitregulationpolicylegislationenvironmental-lawnatural-resource-lawwater-lawland-use-planningenvironmental-impact-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentadaptive-managementmonitoringevaluationlearningstakeholder-engagementpublic-participationenvironmental-educationscience-communicationoutreachextensioncapacity-buildingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipcollaborationinterdisciplinarytransdisciplinaryteam-scienceopen-innovationknowledge-exchangetechnology-transfersocietal-impactsustainabilitysustainable-developmentgreen-economyblue-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-managementintegrated-water-resource-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementflood-risk-managementdrought-managementclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationresiliencevulnerabilityrisk-assessmentscenario-planningforecastingpredictionearly-warningdecision-supportevidence-based-policyscience-policy-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerresearch-networkprofessional-societyacademic-societyscientific-journalpeer-reviewpublicationcitationimpact-factoraltmetricsresearch-evaluationresearch-fundinggrantfellowshipscholarshipawardrecognitioncareer-awardearly-careermid-careersenior-careeremeritusretirementlegacyhistorical-ecologypaleoecologyarchaeologyanthropologyindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-scienceparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransformational-researchtransformative-changesystem-changeparadigm-shiftfuture-thinkingforesighthorizon-scanningtrend-analysisemerging-issueresearch-prioritygrand-challengesocietal-challengesustainable-development-goalbiodiversity-targetconservation-targetprotected-area-targetrestoration-targetclimate-targetemission-reductioncarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonnature-conservationwildlife-conservationspecies-conservationhabitat-conservationecosystem-conservationlandscape-conservationseascape-conservationconnectivity-conservationcorridor-conservationtransboundary-conservationinternational-cooperationglobal-governanceenvironmental-governancemultilateral-environmental-agreementconventiontreatyprotocolCartagena-ProtocolNagoya-ProtocolAichi-TargetKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30x30half-earthnature-needs-halfrewildingreintroductionde-extinctionsynthetic-biologygene-drivebiotechnologynanotechnologygeoengineeringsolar-radiation-managementcarbon-capturedirect-air-capturebioenergy-with-carbon-capturenegative-emissionclimate-interventionearth-systemplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacetipping-pointhysteresisirreversibilitycommitted-changesea-level-riseocean-acidificationdeoxygenationwarmingextreme-eventcompound-riskcascading-risksystemic-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskrisk-managementdisaster-risk-reductionemergency-responsehumanitarian-actionreliefrecoveryreconstructionbuild-back-betterresilient-infrastructurenature-based-infrastructuregreen-infrastructuresponge-citycooling-cityurban-heat-islandurban-ecologyurban-biodiversityurban-conservationurban-planningurban-designarchitecturelandscape-architecturegreen-buildingsustainable-buildingenergy-efficiencyrenewable-energyclean-energyenergy-transitionjust-transitionenergy-justiceclimate-justiceenvironmental-justicesocial-justiceequityfairnessinclusiondiversitygenderyouthintergenerational-equityfuture-generationrights-of-naturepersonhoodlegal-standingguardianshipcareethics-of-careenvironmental-ethicsconservation-ethicsanimal-ethicsbioethicsresearch-ethicsintegrityresponsible-conductmisconductfraudplagiarismretractioncorrectionerratumexpression-of-concerndata-fabricationdata-falsificationdata-manipulationimage-manipulationduplicate-publicationsalami-slicingguest-authorshipgift-authorshipghost-authorshipauthor-contributioncreditattributionacknowledgmentfunding-disclosureconflict-of-interestcompeting-interestinstitutional-reviewanimal-carebiosafetybiosecuritydual-useexport-controlsanctionembargoboycottdivestmentactivismadvocacycampaignmovementsocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementyouth-movementstudent-movementindigenous-movementfeminist-movementlabor-movementpeace-movementhealth-movementfood-movementagriculture-movementwater-movementenergy-movementtransport-movementhousing-movementurban-movementrural-movementlocal-movementglobal-movementnetworkcoalitionalliancepartnershipcooperationsolidaritymutual-aidcommunity-organizinggrassrootsbottom-uptop-downhybrid-governancepolycentric-governanceself-organizationemergencecomplexitysystem-dynamicsagent-based-modelnetwork-analysissocial-networkecological-networkmutualistic-networkantagonistic-networkmultiplex-networkmultilayer-networktemporal-networkspatial-networknetwork-metriccentralitymodularitynestednessconnectancerobustnessstabilitypersistencecoexistencebiodiversity-ecosystem-functioninvasibilityinvasivenessimpactriskpathwayvectorintroductionestablishmentspreaderadicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementphytosanitaryveterinaryhuman-healthOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-HealthOne-Welfaresustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceresilience-scienceadaptation-sciencetransformation-sciencefutures-studiesbackcastingprojectionsimulationmodelingnumerical-modelconceptual-modelstatistical-modelmechanistic-modelprocess-based-modelindividual-based-modelsystem-dynamics-modelmachine-learning-modeldeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinegradient-boostingensemble-methodmodel-selectionmodel-validationmodel-calibrationsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisrisk-analysisdecision-analysisoptimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-frontiertrade-offsynergyco-benefitwin-winlose-losewin-losezero-sumpositive-sumnegative-sumgame-theorycooperative-gamenon-cooperative-gameNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalitysocial-dilemmatragedy-of-the-commonsprisoner's-dilemmacollective-actionfree-riderpublic-goodcommon-pool-resourceinstitutionrulenormcustomlawgovernanceadministrationimplementationenforcementcomplianceaccountabilityparticipationinclusivenessresponsivenesseffectivenessefficiencylegitimacyadaptabilitytransformabilityinnovationexperimentationadaptive-governanceevidence-basedscience-basedknowledge-basedinformation-baseddata-drivenmodel-driventheory-drivenhypothesis-drivenquestion-drivenproblem-drivensolution-drivenimpact-drivenoutcome-drivenoutput-driveninput-drivenprocess-drivenvalue-drivenmission-drivenvision-drivenstakeholder-drivenuser-drivencitizen-drivencommunity-drivenplace-basedecosystem-basedlandscape-basedseascape-basedwatershed-basedriver-basin-basedbioregion-basedecoregion-basedbiome-basedrealm-basedplanetary-basedglobalregionalnationalsubnationallocalmunicipalcommunityhouseholdindividualscalecross-scalemulti-scaletrans-scaleupscalingdownscalingscaling-outscaling-upscaling-deepmainstreamingintegrationmaintenancedurabilitypermanencereversibilityadditionalityleakagespilloverexternalitymarket-failuregovernment-failureinstitutional-failuresystem-failuresurprisenoveltycritical-transitionregime-shiftalternative-stable-statebasin-of-attractionengineering-resilienceecological-resiliencesocio-ecological-resilienceevolutionary-resiliencetransformative-resiliencespecified-resiliencegeneral-resilienceresistancetransformationtransitiontrajectoryscenarionarrativestorylinevisionfutureutopiadystopiaprotopiaheterotopiaarchipelagomosaicpatchworkcollageassemblagebricolagemontagepalimpsestlayerstratumsedimentmemoryheritagetraditioncultureidentitybelonginghomeplacespaceterritorylandsoilwaterairfireelementmatterenergyinformationcodesignalsignsymbolmeaningsignificancevalueworthpricecostbenefitutilitypreferencechoicedecisionbehavioractionpracticehabitritualceremonycelebrationfestivalperformanceartaestheticsbeautysublimewonderawecuriosityinquirydiscoveryexplorationadventureexpeditionvoyagejourneypilgrimagequestodysseyepicsagastoryhistorypaleontologygeologyclimatologymeteorologyoceanographylimnologyecologybiologyzoologybotanymicrobiologydevelopmentphysiologyanatomymorphologyethologysociobiologyecological-psychologyenvironmental-psychologyconservation-psychologyscience-educationinformal-educationnon-formal-educationlifelong-learningadult-learningskill-buildingcompetencyexpertisemasterycraftartisanmakercreatorinnovatorentrepreneurleadermanageradministratorpolicymakerpractitionerresearcherscholaracademicscientistnaturalistexplorerobserverrecorderdocumenterstorytellercommunicatoreducatormentorcoachfacilitatormediatornegotiatordiplomatadvocateactivistcampaignerorganizermobilizernetworkerconnectorbridge-builderboundary-spannertranslatorinterpreterambassadorrepresentativedelegatespokespersonchampionherorole-modelinspirationmotivationaspirationhopeoptimismpessimismrealismidealismpragmatismpracticalityfeasibilityviabilitydesirabilityacceptabilitycredibilitytrustconfidencereliabilityvalidityrigorqualityexcellencebest-practicegood-practicelesson-learnedsuccess-factorfailure-factorrisk-factorprotective-factordeterminantdriverpressurestateresponseDPSIRSTEEPSWOTPESTLEscenario-matrixmorphological-analysisDelphi-methodexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentcitizen-deliberationparticipatory-modelingcompanion-modelingserious-gamerole-playvirtual-realityaugmented-realitymixed-realityimmersive-experiencesensory-experienceembodied-experienceaffective-experiencecognitive-experiencesocial-experiencecultural-experiencespiritual-experiencetranscendent-experiencetransformative-experiencelearning-experienceeducational-experienceresearch-experienceprofessional-experiencepersonal-experiencelived-experienceembodied-knowledgetacit-knowledgeexplicit-knowledgecodified-knowledgeprocedural-knowledgedeclarative-knowledgeconceptual-knowledgefactual-knowledgetheoretical-knowledgepractical-knowledgeapplied-knowledgetransdisciplinary-knowledgeinterdisciplinary-knowledgemultidisciplinary-knowledgecross-disciplinary-knowledgedisciplinary-knowledgesubdisciplinary-knowledgespecialist-knowledgegeneralist-knowledgeholistic-knowledgesystemic-knowledgereductionist-knowledgeanalytical-knowledgesynthetic-knowledgeintegrative-knowledgecreative-knowledgeinnovative-knowledgeadaptive-knowledgeresilient-knowledgesustainable-knowledgeethical-knowledgeresponsible-knowledgetrustworthy-knowledgereliable-knowledgevalid-knowledgesound-knowledgerobust-knowledgeantifragile-knowledgeliving-knowledgedynamic-knowledgeevolving-knowledgeemergent-knowledgegenerative-knowledgeproductive-knowledgereproductive-knowledgereplicative-knowledgeimitative-knowledgeemulative-knowledgecompetitive-knowledgecollaborative-knowledgecooperative-knowledgeshared-knowledgecommon-knowledgepublic-knowledgeopen-knowledgefree-knowledgeaccessible-knowledgeinclusive-knowledgediverse-knowledgeequitable-knowledgejust-knowledgefair-knowledgedemocratic-knowledgeparticipatory-knowledgecitizen-knowledgecommunity-knowledgetraditional-knowledgeecological-knowledgeplace-based-knowledgeexperiential-knowledgeintuitive-knowledgeimplicit-knowledgeunconscious-knowledgesubconscious-knowledgeconscious-knowledgeself-aware-knowledgereflexive-knowledgecritical-knowledgeemancipatory-knowledgetransformative-knowledgetransformational-knowledgerevolutionary-knowledgeevolutionary-knowledgedevelopmental-knowledgegrowth-knowledgematuration-knowledgeaging-knowledgesenescence-knowledgedeath-knowledgeextinction-knowledgepersistence-knowledgeresilience-knowledgerecovery-knowledgerestoration-knowledgerenewal-knowledgeregeneration-knowledgerevitalization-knowledgerejuvenation-knowledgerebirth-knowledgerenaissance-knowledgeawakening-knowledgeenlightenment-knowledgeillumination-knowledgeinspiration-knowledgeaspiration-knowledgehope-knowledgeoptimism-knowledgepessimism-knowledgerealism-knowledgeidealism-knowledgepragmatism-knowledgepracticality-knowledgefeasibility-knowledgeviability-knowledgedesirability-knowledgeacceptability-knowledgelegitimacy-knowledgecredibility-knowledgetrust-knowledgeconfidence-knowledgereliability-knowledgevalidity-knowledgerigor-knowledgequality-knowledgeexcellence-knowledgebest-practice-knowledgegood-practice-knowledgelesson-learned-knowledgesuccess-factor-knowledgefailure-factor-knowledgerisk-factor-knowledgeprotective-factor-knowledgedeterminant-knowledgedriver-knowledgepressure-knowledgestate-knowledgeimpact-knowledgeresponse-knowledgeDPSIR-knowledgeSTEEP-knowledgeSWOT-knowledgePESTLE-knowledgescenario-matrix-knowledgemorphological-analysis-knowledgeDelphi-method-knowledgeexpert-elicitation-knowledgestructured-expert-judgment-knowledgecitizen-deliberation-knowledgeparticipatory-modeling-knowledgecompanion-modeling-knowledgeserious-game-knowledgerole-play-knowledgesimulation-knowledgevirtual-reality-knowledgeaugmented-reality-knowledgemixed-reality-knowledgeimmersive-experience-knowledgesensory-experience-knowledgeembodied-experience-knowledgeaffective-experience-knowledgecognitive-experience-knowledgesocial-experience-knowledgecultural-experience-knowledgespiritual-experience-knowledgetranscendent-experience-knowledgetransformative-experience-knowledgelearning-experience-knowledgeeducational-experience-knowledgeresearch-experience-knowledgeprofessional-experience-knowledgepersonal-experience-knowledgelived-experience-knowledge

• Tetropium parvulum

  Northern Spruce Borer

  Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.

  Cerambycidaespruce-borerwood-boring-beetleforest-pestwestern-Canadaconifer-specialistTetropiumPiceaeconomic-pestone-year-life-cycleTetropium-parvulumNorthern-Spruce-BorerTetropium-cinnamopterum-complexmorphological-diagnosisstrict-host-specificityTetropium-alaskanum-synonymRhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoidspruce-log-pestAlberta-forestryboreal-forest-insectphloem-feedercambium-borerL-shaped-galleriesearly-summer-emergencewoodpecker-predationdisease-mortalityexcess-heat-mortalityTetropium-velutinum-comparisonlectotype-designationTetropium-parallelumTetropium-schwarzianumconiferous-forest-decomposerprimary-borerTetropium-taxonomyCasey-1891Canadian-Entomologisteconomic-entomologyforest-healthtimber-pestspruce-regenerationPicea-glauca-pestPicea-engelmannii-pestwestern-Canadian-distributionNorth-American-CerambycidaeTetropium-morphologylarval-urogomphiadult-genitaliapronotal-punctationeye-morphologyscutellum-structurehost-preference-divergenceconifer-specialist-vs-generalistsympatric-speciesspecies-elevation-from-synonymytype-specimen-examinationdiagnostic-keyforest-insect-natural-enemiesinsect-disease-mortalityparasitoid-waspwoodpecker-insectivorythermal-mortalitygallery-depthoverwintering-biologyspring-pupationSeptember-larval-maturityone-year-univoltinespruce-logging-impactforest-managementintegrated-pest-managementboreal-forest-ecologysubcortical-insectphloeophagous-beetlexylophagous-larvaewood-degradationnutrient-cyclingforest-successiondisturbance-ecologyfire-killed-sprucewindthrow-sprucesalvage-logging-insectstanding-dead-timberspruce-beetle-complexScolytinae-competitorCerambycidae-communityconiferous-wood-borer-guildNorth-American-forest-insectswestern-Canadian-entomologyAlberta-entomologyBritish-Columbia-entomologyManitoba-entomologyLabrador-entomologytranscontinental-distributionboreal-forest-biodiversityspruce-ecosystem-engineertree-killing-insectsublethal-host-stressinduced-host-defenseinsect-fungus-interactionblue-stain-fungus-vectorwood-discolorationlumber-degradeveneer-quality-impactpulpwood-qualitybiomass-energy-feedstock-qualitycarbon-sequestration-impactclimate-change-forest-healthwarming-thermal-mortalitydrought-stress-predispositionspruce-decline-agentmulti-stressor-forest-dynamicsinsect-population-regulationnatural-enemy-complextrophic-cascadeforest-food-webavian-insectivorywoodpecker-foragingsapsucker-drillingnuthatch-predationparasitoid-communityichneumonid-waspbraconid-wasptachinid-flynematode-parasitebacterial-diseasefungal-entomopathogenviral-diseaseabiotic-mortality-factorcompetitive-exclusioninterspecific-competitionresource-partitioninghost-tree-chemistrymonoterpene-defensephenolic-compoundresin-duct-responseinduced-resistanceconstitutive-defensespruce-genotype-resistanceprovenance-variationlocal-adaptationevolutionary-ecologyspeciation-mechanismhost-race-formationreproductive-isolationmorphological-divergencegenitalic-evolutionallopatric-divergencesympatric-maintenancehybridization-potentialintrogression-riskconservation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-floweffective-population-sizeinbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityadaptation-potentialevolutionary-rescueassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationcryopreservationmuseum-specimentype-localityholotypelectotypeparalectotypesyntypeoriginal-descriptiontaxonomic-revisionspecies-conceptbiological-speciesmorphological-speciesecological-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingCOI-sequencenuclear-markermitochondrial-genomephylogenomicssystematicsclassification-stabilitynomenclatural-actsynonymyhomonymyavailabilityvaliditypriorityPrinciple-of-PriorityInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-fixationtype-depositioncollection-repositoryNational-Museum-of-Natural-HistoryCanadian-National-CollectionRoyal-Ontario-MuseumUniversity-of-Alberta-collectionforestry-researchentomological-surveyinsect-monitoringpheromone-trappingflight-intercept-trapLindgren-funnel-trapemergence-cagerearing-logdissection-microscopegenitalic-preparationmicroscopic-photographyscanning-electron-microscopyconfocal-microscopycomputed-tomography3D-reconstructionmorphometric-analysisgeometric-morphometricslandmark-analysisshape-variationsize-allometrysexual-dimorphismintraspecific-variationphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-gradientclinal-variationaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientphenologydegree-day-modelthermal-accumulationdevelopment-ratevoltinismdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreezing-tolerancesupercooling-pointcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehaloseantifreeze-proteinwinter-survivalspring-emergenceadult-longevityoviposition-behavioregg-gallerylarval-feedingfrass-productiongallery-architecturepupal-chambercallus-tissuewound-responsetree-defensecompartmentalizationCODIT-modeldecay-columnheartwood-rotsapwood-stainstructural-integrity-losswindthrow-riskstand-dynamicssuccessional-trajectoryforest-regenerationplantation-forestrysilvicultural-practicethinningpruningfertilizationsite-preparationgenetic-improvementresistance-breedingclonal-forestryseed-orchardprovenance-trialcommon-gardenquantitative-geneticsheritabilityselection-differentialresponse-to-selectiongenetic-gaindeployment-strategyrisk-spreadingportfolio-effectclimate-smart-forestryadaptive-silvicultureresilience-managementtransformational-adaptationecosystem-based-managementsustainable-forest-managementcertification-standardFSCPEFCSFIforest-health-monitoringaerial-surveyground-surveyremote-sensingsatellite-imageryhyperspectral-imagingLiDARdrone-surveymachine-learningspecies-distribution-modelhabitat-suitabilityclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablefuture-projectionemission-scenarioRCPSSPuncertainty-quantificationensemble-modelingmodel-validationindependent-dataexpert-knowledgestakeholder-engagementdecision-supportmanagement-recommendationpolicy-implicationregulatory-frameworkphytosanitary-measurequarantine-regulationinvasive-species-riskpathway-analysishorizon-scanningearly-detectionrapid-responseeradication-feasibilitycontainment-strategypopulation-suppressionbiological-controlclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlnatural-enemy-importationhost-specificity-testingnon-target-riskenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalrelease-protocolestablishment-monitoringspread-trackingpopulation-impactnon-target-impactecosystem-servicepollinationbiological-control-servicedecompositionhabitat-provisionfood-web-supportbiodiversity-indicatorflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesfunctional-diversitytrait-based-ecologycommunity-assemblyenvironmental-filteringbiotic-interactioncompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effectnetwork-ecologyfood-web-topologytrophic-levelenergy-flowbiomass-pyramidproductivityecosystem-functionecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-accountingsustainable-development-goalAichi-targetKunming-Montreal-framework30x30-targetprotected-areaOECMconservation-effectivenessmanagement-effectivenessgovernanceindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-scienceiNaturalistcommunity-monitoringparticipatory-researchknowledge-co-productiontransdisciplinary-researchscience-policy-interfaceIPBESIPCCFAOITTOIUFROCABICFSUSDAUSFSNRCanprovincial-forestryindustrial-forestrysmallholder-forestrycommunity-forestryurban-forestryagroforestrysocial-forestryforest-restorationreforestationafforestationnatural-regenerationassisted-natural-regenerationenrichment-plantingdirect-seedingnursery-practiceseedling-qualityoutplanting-survivalcompetition-controlvegetation-managementherbicidemechanical-site-preparationprescribed-firewildfirefire-managementfire-ecologypyrodiversityserotinyseed-bankpost-fire-regenerationsalvage-loggingsanitation-cuttinginsecticidefumigantcontact-insecticidesystemic-insecticideinsect-growth-regulatorchitin-synthesis-inhibitorjuvenile-hormone-analogecdysone-agonistsemiochemicalaggregation-pheromoneanti-aggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonekairomoneallomonesynomonepush-pull-strategymating-disruptionmass-trappingattract-and-killsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceprecision-pest-managementsite-specific-managementvariable-rate-applicationunmanned-aerial-vehicleprecision-forestrydigital-forestrysmart-forestryIndustry-4.0Internet-of-Thingssensor-networkreal-time-monitoringbig-dataartificial-intelligencedeep-learningcomputer-visionautomated-identificationtaxonomic-impedimenttaxonomic-capacityparataxonomistDNA-taxonomymetabarcodingenvironmental-DNAbiosurveillancebiosecurityOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthsustainability-scienceresilience-sciencecomplexity-sciencesystems-thinkingadaptive-managementlearning-organizationknowledge-managementinstitutional-memorycapacity-buildingeducationextensionoutreachscience-communicationpublic-engagementmedia-relationssocial-mediaopen-accessdata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducible-researchopen-scienceresearch-integrityresearch-ethicsanimal-welfare3Rswildlife-research-ethicsindigenous-data-sovereigntybenefit-sharingaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIUCNRed-List-assessmentconservation-statuspopulation-trendthreat-assessmentclimate-change-vulnerabilityadaptive-capacityevolutionary-potentialextinction-riskminimum-viable-populationeffective-conservationsystematic-conservation-planningprioritizationgap-analysisrepresentativenesscomplementarityirreplaceabilityvulnerabilityconnectivitycorridorstepping-stonehabitat-networklandscape-matrixpermeabilityresistance-surfaceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancepopulation-geneticslandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsriverscape-geneticsconservation-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsenvironmental-associationgenotype-environment-associationoutlier-detectionselective-sweepgenomic-offsetgenomic-vulnerabilitygenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-managementpedigree-analysisparentage-analysisrelatedness-inferencekinshipinbreeding-coefficienteffective-migration-ratedivergence-timecoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationmachine-learning-genomicsdeep-learning-genomicsstructural-variantcopy-number-variantsingle-nucleotide-polymorphismmicrosatellitemitochondrial-DNAchloroplast-DNAwhole-genome-sequencingtranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsremote-phenotypinghigh-throughput-phenotypingphenotyping-platformfield-phenomicsprecision-phenotypingimage-based-phenotypingspectral-phenotypingthermal-phenotyping3D-phenotypinglaser-scanningphotogrammetrystructure-from-motionmulti-view-stereodigital-elevation-modelcanopy-height-modelindividual-tree-detectioncrown-delineationbiomass-estimationvolume-estimationgrowth-modelingprocess-based-modelempirical-modelhybrid-modelmodel-calibrationuncertainty-analysissensitivity-analysisensemble-forecastscenario-analysisdecision-analysisrisk-analysiscost-benefit-analysismulti-criteria-analysisstakeholder-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolicy-analysisgovernance-analysispolitical-ecologyenvironmental-justiceenvironmental-equitydistributional-equityprocedural-equityrecognition-equityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitysustainability-transitionjust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnatural-climate-solutionforest-carbonblue-carbonterrestrial-carbonsoil-carbonbiomass-carbonproduct-substitutionmaterial-substitutionenergy-substitutioncascading-usecascade-recyclingend-of-life-managementwaste-hierarchyextended-producer-responsibilityproduct-stewardshipgreen-procurementsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productionlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintbiodiversity-footprintecological-footprintplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsdegrowthpost-growthwellbeing-economybuen-vivirubuntuecological-civilizationharmony-with-naturerights-of-naturelegal-personalityecocideenvironmental-crimeenvironmental-lawinternational-environmental-lawcomplianceenforcementenvironmental-diplomacyenvironmental-negotiationenvironmental-agreementmultilateral-environmental-agreementbilateral-environmental-agreementregional-environmental-agreementenvironmental-regimeregime-complexfragmentationcoherencesynergyconflicttrade-environmentclimate-tradebiodiversity-tradeinvestment-environmentdispute-settlementinternational-courtarbitrationconciliationmediationgood-officesinquiryfact-findingcompliance-mechanismnon-compliance-procedureimplementation-revieweffectiveness-reviewperformance-reviewoutcome-evaluationimpact-evaluationprocess-evaluationtheory-of-changelogic-modelresults-chainattributioncontributioncounterfactualquasi-experimental-designrandomized-controlled-trialsystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-translationimplementation-sciencescaling-upscaling-outscaling-deepinnovation-diffusiontechnology-transfercapacity-developmentinstitutional-developmentorganizational-developmentindividual-developmentlearning-cyclereflective-practiceaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchtranslational-researchimplementation-researchoperations-researchmanagement-researchpolicy-researchevaluation-researchmonitoring-researchsurveillance-researchforecasting-researchscenario-researchfutures-researchforesightanticipatory-governanceadaptive-governancepolycentric-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancehierarchical-governancemarket-governancecommunity-governanceself-governanceco-managementjoint-managementshared-managementdelegated-managementdevolved-managementdecentralized-managementcentralized-managementintegrated-managementsectoral-managementcross-sectoral-managementlandscape-managementseascape-managementriverscape-managementmountain-managementisland-managementurban-managementrural-managementperi-urban-managementwildland-urban-interface-managementwilderness-managementprotected-area-managementconservation-area-managementrestoration-area-managementproduction-area-managementmultifunctional-managementecosystem-managementnatural-resource-managementenvironmental-managementsustainability-managementrisk-managementcrisis-managementemergency-managementdisaster-managementhazard-managementvulnerability-managementadaptation-managementmitigation-managementcompensation-managementoffset-managementrestoration-managementrehabilitation-managementreclamation-managementremediation-managementcleanup-managementwaste-managementpollution-managementemission-managementcontamination-managementinfection-managementinfestation-managementoutbreak-managementepidemic-managementpandemic-managementbiosecurity-managementbiosafety-managementbiocontainment-managementquarantine-managementisolation-managementeradication-managementsuppression-managementcontainment-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementreconstruction-managementredevelopment-managementrenewal-managementrevitalization-managementregeneration-managementrenaissance-managementtransformation-managementtransition-managementchange-managementinnovation-managementreform-managementreorganization-managementrestructuring-managementreengineering-managementredesign-managementreplanning-managementreinvestment-managementreallocation-managementredistribution-managementreconfiguration-managementrealignment-managementreorientation-managementrepositioning-managementrebranding-managementremarketing-managementrelaunch-managementreintroduction-managementreestablishment-managementreinstatement-managementreintegration-managementreconciliation-managementreunification-managementrebuilding-managementrebirth-managementresurrection-managementreincarnation-managementreemergence-managementreappearance-managementreturn-managementcomeback-managementrebound-managementresurgence-managementrevival-managementreawakening-managementrekindling-managementreignition-managementrelighting-managementreillumination-managementrebrightening-management