Degree-day-model

Guides

Acalitus phloeocoptes
Apricot bud gall mite, Plum bud gall mite, Almond and plum bud gall mite
Acalitus phloeocoptes is a destructive eriophyoid mite pest that causes bud gall formation on Prunus species, particularly apricot (Prunus armeniaca). The mite manipulates host plant hormones to induce gall development: cytokinin (zeatin) and auxin (IAA) drive rapid bud proliferation, abscisic acid (ABA) controls gall maturity, and reduced gibberellic acid (GA3) triggers lignification. Infestation results in delayed flowering, deformed foliage, poor fruit quality, stunted growth, and potential tree death. The species has four generations annually in studied populations, with overwintering occurring as adult females in galls, bark crevices, branches, and soil up to 3 cm deep.
eriophyoid-mite gall-mite agricultural-pest apricot-pest Prunus-pest phytohormone-manipulation degree-day-model
Acrolepiopsis
Acrolepiopsis is a genus of small moths in the family Glyphipterigidae, established by Gaedike in 1970. The genus includes approximately six described species in North America and additional species in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth) and A. sapporensis (Asiatic onion leafminer), which specialize on Allium species including onion, garlic, and leek. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with DNA barcoding data supporting species-level distinctions.
agricultural-pest Allium-specialist invasive-species integrated-pest-management degree-day-model DNA-barcoding classical-biological-control microlepidoptera
Empoasca fabae
potato leafhopper
Empoasca fabae, commonly known as the potato leafhopper, is a small, lime-green leafhopper native to North America and a significant agricultural pest. It migrates northward annually from Gulf States to the Midwest and eastern United States, causing damage to over 200 plant species. The species feeds on plant sap and injects a toxin that causes 'hopperburn'—characteristic drying, curling, and rotting of plant tissues. Climate warming has been linked to earlier arrival dates (approximately 10 days earlier than in the 1950s) and more severe infestations in warmer years. It completes one to two generations per year in northern regions like Québec, with population peaks occurring in June-July.
agricultural-pest migratory climate-change integrated-pest-management alfalfa potato hopperburn North-America Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Empoascini phloem-feeder phytotoxin phenology degree-day-model CLIMEX Québec Gulf-States economic-entomology leafhopper Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha
Liorhyssus hyalinus
Hyaline Grass Bug
Liorhyssus hyalinus is a small scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae, widely distributed across multiple continents. Adults measure 6.5–7.5 mm and are active year-round in suitable climates. The species is a documented pest of quinoa cultivation in South America, particularly at lower elevations outside the crop's Andean origin, and has been recorded feeding on developing grains of maize and sorghum. Laboratory studies indicate optimal development and reproduction occur at 30°C, with five nymphal instars and thermal requirements of 68.6 degree-days for egg development and 114.8 degree-days for nymphal development.
scentless-plant-bug Rhopalidae pest quinoa maize cosmopolitan thermal-biology Hemiptera Heteroptera agriculture South-America grain-pest degree-day-model
Lygocoris
green capsid bugs
Lygocoris is a genus of plant-feeding true bugs in the family Miridae, commonly known as green capsid bugs. The genus contains approximately 40 described species distributed across Eurasia and North America. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly Lygocoris pabulinus (common green capsid), which damages apple and other fruit crops. Species in this genus exhibit host-plant alternation between woody and herbaceous plants, and communicate using species-specific vibrational signals for mate location.
Miridae green-capsid-bug agricultural-pest vibrational-communication host-plant-alternation apple-pest phytophagous Hemiptera Heteroptera degree-day-model
Phyllotreta cruciferae
crucifer flea beetle, canola flea beetle, rape flea beetle
Phyllotreta cruciferae is a flea beetle and significant agricultural pest of cruciferous crops, particularly canola, rapeseed, and other Brassica species. Adults are small, black, and shiny with enlarged hind femora adapted for jumping. The species overwinters as adults in leaf litter and topsoil, emerging in early spring to feed on host plants. Population dynamics vary by region and year, with one to two generations annually depending on thermal accumulation.
agricultural-pest Brassicaceae-specialist flea-beetle overwintering-adult degree-day-model parasitoid-host
Piophila casei
cheese skipper, ham skipper, cheese fly
Piophila casei is a detritivorous fly in the family Piophilidae, commonly known as the cheese skipper or ham skipper. It is a significant pest of cured meat production, particularly Parma ham in Italy, where its larvae infest high-protein substrates and cause substantial economic damage. The species has forensic importance as an indicator for post-mortem interval estimation on human remains. Its mature larvae exhibit a distinctive "skipping" escape behavior, propelling themselves by curling into a U-shape and releasing suddenly. The fly is also a public health concern due to its ability to cause enteric myiasis when larvae are accidentally ingested.
forensic-entomology food-pest cured-meat enteric-myiasis detritivore biological-control casu-marzu degree-day-model
Sparganothis sulfureana
sparganothis fruitworm moth, blueberry leafroller
Sparganothis sulfureana is a tortricid moth and major agricultural pest of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) in North America. Larvae cause economic damage through two distinct feeding behaviors: spring feeding on new foliar growth reduces photosynthetic capacity, while second-generation larvae bore into enlarging berries, with each larva destroying 3–5 berries. The species is bivoltine, overwintering as first-instar larvae, and has been documented on multiple host plants including blueberry, apple, alfalfa, celery, and pine. Management relies on integrated pest management strategies including degree-day models for timing insecticide applications, flooding, and developing pheromone-based mating disruption.
agricultural-pest cranberry-pest bivoltine Tortricidae integrated-pest-management degree-day-model climate-change-vulnerability
Tetropium parvulum
Northern Spruce Borer
Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.
Cerambycidae spruce-borer wood-boring-beetle forest-pest western-Canada conifer-specialist Tetropium Picea economic-pest one-year-life-cycle Tetropium-parvulum Northern-Spruce-Borer Tetropium-cinnamopterum-complex morphological-diagnosis strict-host-specificity Tetropium-alaskanum-synonym Rhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoid spruce-log-pest Alberta-forestry boreal-forest-insect phloem-feeder cambium-borer L-shaped-galleries early-summer-emergence woodpecker-predation disease-mortality excess-heat-mortality Tetropium-velutinum-comparison lectotype-designation Tetropium-parallelum Tetropium-schwarzianum coniferous-forest-decomposer primary-borer Tetropium-taxonomy Casey-1891 Canadian-Entomologist economic-entomology forest-health timber-pest spruce-regeneration Picea-glauca-pest Picea-engelmannii-pest western-Canadian-distribution North-American-Cerambycidae Tetropium-morphology larval-urogomphi adult-genitalia pronotal-punctation eye-morphology scutellum-structure 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connectivity corridor stepping-stone habitat-network landscape-matrix permeability resistance-surface least-cost-path circuit-theory isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance population-genetics landscape-genetics seascape-genetics riverscape-genetics conservation-genomics population-genomics landscape-genomics environmental-association genotype-environment-association outlier-detection selective-sweep genomic-offset genomic-vulnerability genetic-rescue genetic-restoration genetic-management pedigree-analysis parentage-analysis relatedness-inference kinship inbreeding-coefficient effective-migration-rate divergence-time coalescent-theory approximate-Bayesian-computation machine-learning-genomics deep-learning-genomics structural-variant copy-number-variant single-nucleotide-polymorphism microsatellite mitochondrial-DNA chloroplast-DNA whole-genome-sequencing transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics remote-phenotyping high-throughput-phenotyping phenotyping-platform 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