Agriculture
Guides
Achyra rantalis
garden webworm, Garden Webworm Moth
Achyra rantalis is a crambid moth commonly known as the garden webworm. The species occurs across much of North America and has been recorded at blacklighting displays during moth surveys. Larvae feed on foliage of various low-growing plants and are occasionally reported as pests in agricultural settings. Adults have a wingspan of 17–23 mm.
Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
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Short-horned Grasshoppers, Grasshoppers
Acrididae is the largest family of grasshoppers, comprising approximately 6,700–10,000 species within the suborder Caelifera. Members are characterized by short, stout antennae and auditory tympana located on the first abdominal segment. The family includes all locust species capable of forming destructive swarms, making it economically significant worldwide. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate the family originated in South America during the Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago, rather than Africa as previously believed.
Agrilus pseudocoryli
hazel stem borer
Agrilus pseudocoryli is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, commonly known as the hazel stem borer. It develops within stems of hazelnut plants (Corylus spp.), where larval tunneling causes dieback. The species has been documented as a pest of hybrid hazelnut cultivars in the Great Lakes region, with damage severity varying by cultivar. Adult activity occurs from early June to mid-July.
Agriotes pubescens
Pubescent Click Beetle
Agriotes pubescens is a Nearctic click beetle (family Elateridae) native to North America. It commonly co-occurs with Agriotes mancus on farmland in central Canada, where it is frequently collected in surveys targeting invasive Palearctic Agriotes species. Despite its abundance in agricultural settings, its life history and potential economic impact remain poorly studied. The species shares an identical sex pheromone—geranyl octanoate—with the invasive Palearctic species A. lineatus, resulting in cross-attraction between the two species in pheromone-baited traps.
Agrotis malefida
Rascal Dart, Palesided Cutworm
Agrotis malefida, commonly known as the rascal dart or palesided cutworm, is a noctuid moth species distributed across the southern United States and throughout the Neotropics from Mexico to Argentina and Chile. The species exhibits notable seasonal variation in adult emergence, appearing in late January in northern portions of its range while flying year-round in southern regions. Larvae are significant agricultural pests, feeding on a broad range of broad-leaved herbaceous plants and causing damage to major crops including corn, cotton, and various vegetables.
Aleurodicus
whiteflies, spiraling whiteflies, rugose spiraling whitefly (for A. rugioperculatus), giant whitefly (for A. dugesii)
Aleurodicus is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) comprising at least 30 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Several species are significant agricultural and ornamental pests, including the invasive rugose spiraling whitefly (A. rugioperculatus) and the spiraling whitefly (A. dispersus). The genus is characterized by distinctive wax-producing capabilities and puparial morphology used extensively in taxonomic identification.
Aleurothrixus
woolly whiteflies
Aleurothrixus is a genus of whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae) containing approximately 20 described species. The most economically significant species is A. floccosus (woolly whitefly), a major pest of citrus and other crops across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Several species in the genus have been documented as agricultural pests, with extensive research focused on their biological control using parasitoid wasps.
Aleurotrachelus
Aleurotrachelus is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) established by Quaintance & Baker in 1914. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests. Aleurotrachelus socialis is a major pest of cassava in South America, causing yield losses up to 79% through direct feeding and sooty mold promotion. Aleurotrachelus trachoides, known as the solanum or pepper whitefly, attacks Solanaceae crops including tomato, eggplant, chili, and sweet potato across tropical and subtropical regions. Aleurotrachelus atratus infests palms, particularly coconut, and has spread to islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Species in this genus are characterized by distinct puparial morphology used in taxonomic identification.
Amitus
Amitus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Platygastridae, containing at least 16 described species. Species in this genus are primarily known as biological control agents of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), with several species introduced internationally for pest management. Notable species include A. hesperidum, an effective parasitoid of citrus blackfly introduced to multiple countries; A. fuscipennis, used against greenhouse whitefly; and A. bennetti, a parasitoid of silverleaf whitefly.
Anastrepha
fruit flies, tephritid fruit flies
Anastrepha is a highly diverse genus of tephritid fruit flies native to the American tropics and subtropics, comprising over 300 described species. The genus includes nine major agricultural pest species that inflict substantial damage on commercial fruit crops including citrus, mango, guava, and papaya. Species exhibit variation in oviposition behavior, with females depositing eggs in developing fruit, mature fruit, or seeds depending on the species. The genus has been reorganized taxonomically to include species formerly placed in Toxotrypana, and contains notable cryptic species complexes such as the Anastrepha fraterculus group.
Anthonomus eugenii
Pepper Weevil
Anthonomus eugenii, the pepper weevil, is a small curculionid beetle and major agricultural pest of cultivated peppers (Capsicum spp.). Native to Mexico, it has spread throughout Central America, the Caribbean, the southern United States, and has been intercepted in more northern regions including Canada and Europe through imported infested fruit. The species completes its entire immature development within pepper fruits, making it particularly difficult to control with conventional insecticides. Females exhibit host-marking behavior, depositing pheromones that deter subsequent oviposition by conspecifics.
Anthophila
bees
Anthophila is the clade comprising all bees, a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea. With over 20,000 described species across seven recognized families, bees represent one of the most ecologically significant groups of insect pollinators. The clade encompasses diverse life histories, from solitary to eusocial species, and exhibits remarkable morphological variation associated with pollen collection and transport. Bees originated from predatory wasp ancestors and evolved specialized adaptations for exploiting floral resources, making them critical components of terrestrial ecosystems and agricultural systems worldwide.
Antigastra catalaunalis
Sesame Leafroller, Sesame Pod-borer, Sesame Webworm, Sesame Capsule Borer, Sesame Leaf Webber
Antigastra catalaunalis is a crambid moth whose larvae are major agricultural pests of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia, it has spread globally through human-mediated transport and its own migratory capacity. The species has been documented attacking multiple plant families including Scrophulariaceae and Pedaliaceae, though sesame remains its economically significant host. Laboratory studies indicate a complete life cycle of approximately 26.5 days under controlled conditions.
Anystidae
whirligig mites
Anystidae is a family of predatory mites comprising over 100 species, commonly known as whirligig mites. They are active generalist predators found in soils and on vegetation worldwide. The family includes notable genera such as Anystis, Tarsotomus, and Chaussieria. Several species have been investigated for biological control potential against agricultural pests including thrips, aphids, and spider mites.
Aonidiella
Aonidiella is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) containing approximately 30 described species. Several species, notably A. aurantii (California red scale) and A. citrina (yellow scale), are significant agricultural pests of citrus and other fruit crops. The genus exhibits a global distribution with highest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions where host plants occur.
Aphidiinae
Aphid Mummy Wasps
Aphidiinae is a subfamily of tiny parasitoid wasps within Braconidae that exclusively parasitize aphids. Adults are minute, typically under 5 mm, with reduced wing venation characteristic of microgastroid wasps. The common name 'Aphid Mummy Wasps' refers to the distinctive 'mummy' formed when parasitized aphids die, dry out, and become leathery brown or black shells containing the wasp pupa. Several species have been successfully deployed in biological control programs targeting agricultural aphid pests.
Aphis aurantii
Black Citrus Aphid, Camellia Aphid
Aphis aurantii is an economically significant aphid species known as the Black Citrus Aphid or Camellia Aphid. It is a major pest in commercial tea plantations and gardens in China, where it causes substantial damage to Camellia sinensis. The species exhibits a broad host range across multiple plant families, with documented specialization on Ficus in sympatric populations suggesting ongoing host-associated divergence. Population genetic studies reveal high haplotype diversity across Chinese populations with evidence of recent expansion events and isolation-by-distance patterns.
Apidae
Honey Bees, Bumble Bees, and Allies
Apidae is the largest family of bees within the superfamily Apoidea, comprising at least 5,700 described species. The family encompasses remarkable diversity in social organization, ranging from highly eusocial honey bees and bumble bees to solitary digger bees and kleptoparasitic cuckoo bees. Members include economically significant pollinators such as honey bees (Apis), bumble bees (Bombus), and stingless bees (Meliponini), alongside carpenter bees (Xylocopinae), orchid bees (Euglossini), and oil-collecting bees. While the most visible representatives are social, the vast majority of apid species are solitary.
Apis
Honey Bees, Honeybees
Apis is a genus of eusocial bees comprising approximately 7–12 extant species, primarily distinguished by honey production, wax nest construction, and perennial colonial life cycles. The genus is endemic to Africa, Europe, and Asia, with all but one species (Apis mellifera) native to Asia. Species are categorized into three groups: giant honey bees (A. dorsata and relatives), dwarf honey bees (A. florea and A. andreniformis), and cavity-nesting honey bees (A. mellifera, A. cerana, and relatives). Apis species are critical pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops, though research indicates they are rarely the most effective single-visit pollinators compared to wild bee taxa.
Apolygus lucorum
Apolygus lucorum is a trans-Palearctic mirid bug with a broad distribution across Europe and Asia. It is a polyphagous pest with significant economic impact on cotton and other crops in northern China, where it has become increasingly problematic following changes in agricultural practices. The species exhibits phytozoophagous feeding behavior, consuming both plant sap and small arthropod prey. Adults are small, yellowish-green, and active from summer through autumn.
Atheloca subrufella
Palm Bud Moth, Coconut Moth
Atheloca subrufella is a small snout moth (Pyralidae: Phycitinae) known as a significant pest of coconut and other palms. Adults have a wingspan of 14–18 mm and brownish coloration. The species occurs in the southeastern United States, Mexico, Caribbean islands, and Brazil. Larvae are specialized feeders on developing palm fruits, causing substantial agricultural damage through gallery formation in the mesocarp and premature fruit shedding.
Attina
Fungus-growing Ants
Attina is a subtribe of fungus-growing ants within the subfamily Myrmicinae, comprising all known ant species that participate in obligate ant-fungus mutualism. These ants cultivate fungi as their sole food source, with leafcutter ants (genera Atta and Acromyrmex) being the most well-known members. The subtribe is sister to Dacetina and represents one of only two known groups of organisms (along with humans) that practice agriculture. Attina ants are native to the New World tropics and subtropics, where they play significant roles in nutrient cycling and soil modification.
Attini
fungus-growing ants, higher myrmicine ants
Attini is a tribe of New World ants renowned for cultivating symbiotic fungi in specialized nest chambers called fungus gardens. This mutualism, dating back approximately 30 million years, represents one of the most complex examples of agriculture outside humans. The ants provision their fungal cultivars with organic substrates including plant material, insect carcasses, and feces, while receiving nutrition from specialized fungal structures. The tribe encompasses diverse foraging strategies, from generalized debris collection to the conspicuous leaf-cutting behavior of Atta and Acromyrmex species. Attini ants maintain intricate associations with additional microbes, including actinobacteria that produce antibiotics protecting the fungal gardens from pathogens.
Bembidion quadrimaculatum
Garden Bembidion Beetle
Bembidion quadrimaculatum is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae with a broad distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia, North America, and Southern Asia. The species is recognized as an important component of agricultural ecosystems, where it serves as a beneficial predator. Multiple subspecies have been described, including the nominate B. q. quadrimaculatum and the North American B. q. oppositum. Populations have been observed to respond positively to conservation tillage practices in agricultural settings.
Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositum
Bembidion quadrimaculatum oppositum is a subspecies of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It was described by Thomas Say in 1823, originally as Bembidium oppositum. The subspecies has been documented in agricultural studies as a beneficial ground beetle sensitive to soil management practices. Historical distribution records indicate presence across parts of Europe, Asia, and North America including Alaska, though specific habitat associations remain poorly documented.
Bembidion rapidum
Bembidion rapidum is a small ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae, found in Canada and the United States. It measures 3.8–4.4 mm in length and has a black body with brassy metallic reflections. The species has been recorded in agricultural studies, where it showed sensitivity to soil management practices, with populations persisting better under strip tillage than conventional tillage or plasticulture.
Billaea
Billaea is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately 80 described species. Most larvae are parasitoids of beetle larvae, particularly cerambycids and lucanids, with some species attacking lepidopteran hosts in the family Pyralidae. Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests, including palm weevils and sugarcane borers.
Tachinidaeparasitoidbiological-controlCerambycidaeDryophthoridaeCrambidaeviviparousplanidiaforest-pestagricultural-pestoil-palmsugarcanepalm-weevilwood-borersoutheast-AsiaSouth-AmericaEuropeBulgariaBrazilTurkeyMexicoPeruintegrated-pest-managementnatural-enemyhost-searchingkairomonessuperparasitismmass-rearingGalleria-mellonellalaboratory-hostfrassgallerytunnelpupal-parasitoidlarval-parasitoidectoparasitoidendoparasitoidColeopteraLepidopteraDipteraBrachyceraDexiinaeDexiiniRobineau-Desvoidy-183080-speciesglobal-distributionforestryagricultureornamental-palmsdate-palmcoconutRhynchophorusDiatraeaPrionusXylotrechusclimate-matchingestablishment-potentialMediterraneanMiddle-EastCaliforniainvasive-speciesred-palm-weevilAmerican-palm-weevilred-ring-diseasevector-controlnatural-mortalitypest-managementsustainable-agriculturehost-specificitytrophic-associationnew-host-recordparasitism-ratefield-parasitismlaboratory-rearingadult-longevityfecunditysex-ratiopupal-viabilitypupal-durationplanidia-lengthfood-resourcespollenhoneysucroseflowering-plantsspontaneous-floracompanion-plantshabitat-managementconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlquarantinehost-rangecircumstantial-evidencetaxonomic-confusionB.-rhynchophoraeB.-menezesiB.-adelphaB.-claripalpisB.-rutilansB.-cerambycivoraB.-steiniB.-fortisB.-irrorataB.-pectinataB.-setosaB.-trianguliferaB.-lataB.-intermediaB.-biserialisB.-giganteaB.-rubensB.-maritimaB.-marmorataB.-aurifronsB.-verticalisB.-flavaB.-chinensisB.-brevicaudaB.-kurahashiiB.-micronychiaB.-papeiB.-setigeraB.-yintiaolingB.-rufescensB.-triquetrusB.-rubidaB.-rufiventrisB.-brasiliensisB.-friburgensisB.-giacomeliB.-kosteraeB.-plaumanniB.-shannoniB.-africanaB.-argentaureaB.-atkinsoniB.-capensisB.-communisB.-decisaB.-edwardsiB.-erectaB.-ficorumB.-grandisB.-impigraB.-interruptaB.-kolomyetziB.-luteolaB.-malayanaB.-minorB.-monohammiB.-montanaB.-morosaB.-nipigonensisB.-orbitalisB.-ovataB.-quadrinotaB.-rhingiaeformisB.-robustaB.-satisfactaB.-sibleyiB.-sjostedtiB.-solivagaB.-trivittataB.-trochanterataB.-vanemdeniB.-velutinaB.-versicolorB.-villeneuveiB.-vitripennisB.-ziminiB.-lateralisB.-lativentrisBrachycaudus
Short-tailed Aphids
Brachycaudus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as short-tailed aphids. The genus contains approximately 43 species distributed worldwide, including significant agricultural pests such as B. helichrysi (peach leaf curl aphid) and B. rumexicolens. Species in this genus exhibit remarkable evolutionary lability in life cycle strategies, with transitions occurring between monoecy on woody hosts, heteroecy (host alternation), and monoecy on herbaceous plants. This flexibility contradicts the traditional assumption that aphids cannot regain primary woody hosts once lost.
Bruchus rufimanus
Broadbean Weevil, Broad Bean Beetle, Broad Bean Seed Beetle
Bruchus rufimanus is a univoltine leaf beetle and major agricultural pest of faba beans (Vicia faba). Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from Fabaceae, while larvae develop inside seeds where they are protected from control measures. The species exhibits precise phenological synchrony with its host plant, with adult colonization timed to crop flowering. Sexual maturation is triggered by photoperiod and pollen consumption, with females becoming reproductive after ingesting faba bean pollen. Overwintering occurs as dormant adults in protected sites or as larvae/pupae within stored seeds.
Bucculatrix thurberiella
Cotton Leaf Perforator
Bucculatrix thurberiella, commonly known as the cotton leaf perforator, is a minute moth in the family Bucculatricidae. The species was described by August Busck in 1914. Native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, it has been introduced to Hawaii. Adults have a wingspan of 7–9 mm. Larvae are leaf miners that feed internally within host plant foliage.
Caelifera
Grasshoppers, Locusts, and Allies, Short-horned Grasshoppers
Caelifera is a suborder of Orthoptera comprising approximately 12,000 described species across 2,400 genera, including grasshoppers, ground-hoppers (Tetrigoidea), and pygmy mole crickets (Tridactyloidea). The group is distinguished from the other orthopteran suborder Ensifera by short antennae, enlarged hind legs adapted for jumping, and a stout, chisel-like ovipositor (the source of its Latin name meaning 'chisel-bearing'). Caelifera represents one of the oldest lineages of chewing herbivorous insects, with fossil records extending to the latest Permian. The suborder is divided into two infraorders: Tridactylidea (pygmy mole crickets and extinct relatives) and Acrididea (grasshoppers and ground-hoppers).
Cephus
stem sawflies
Cephus is a genus of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae, first described by Latreille in 1802. Members are found in Europe and North America. These insects are notable for their cylindrical, wasp-like bodies and their habit of boring into grass stems.
Cephus pygmaeus
European wheat stem sawfly, wheat stem sawfly
Cephus pygmaeus is a stem sawfly in the family Cephidae, widely distributed across Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, with introduced populations in North America. Adults are small, wasp-like insects that emerge in early spring and are active during wheat stem elongation. Larvae develop inside wheat stems, causing significant agricultural damage by tunneling and cutting stems. The species is a major pest of wheat and other cereal crops, with infestations reaching over 50% in some regions.
Ceroplastes
wax scales
Ceroplastes is a genus of wax scales in the family Coccidae, comprising more than 130 described species. These insects are characterized by the conspicuous white, waxy coverings they secrete, which protect their soft bodies. Adults are largely sessile and feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Many species are economically significant pests of ornamental plants, fruit trees, and shrubs. The genus exhibits parthenogenesis in many species, with females reproducing without males. Climate change has facilitated the northward expansion of several species from southern regions into previously cooler areas.
Ceutorhynchus
Ceutorhynchus is a large genus of true weevils comprising at least 400 described species. The genus is notable for its association with brassicaceous plants, with many species acting as stem miners or seedpod parasites. Several species are significant agricultural pests of oilseed rape, including C. napi, C. pallidactylus, and C. obstrictus. At least one species, C. succinus, is known from Eocene Baltic amber, indicating an ancient evolutionary history.
Chaetocnema ectypa
Desert Corn Flea Beetle
Chaetocnema ectypa, commonly known as the desert corn flea beetle, is a small flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is native to North America and has been recorded from the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The species belongs to a genus containing several economically important agricultural pests, though specific information about this species' biology and ecology remains limited in available sources.
Chilonini
Chilonini is a tribe of grass moths within the family Crambidae. Members are generally small to medium-sized moths with narrow wings and slender bodies. The tribe includes several economically significant stem-boring pest species, particularly in the genus Chilo, which attack cereal crops including maize, rice, and sugarcane. Chilonini species are distributed across tropical and temperate regions worldwide, with highest diversity in the Old World tropics.
Chinavia hilaris
Green Stink Bug, Green Soldier Bug
Chinavia hilaris, commonly known as the green stink bug, is a native North American pentatomid pest primarily affecting cotton, soybean, and pistachio crops. Adults are bright green with distinctive black bands on the antennae and a pointed spine projecting between the hind legs. The species exhibits a unique seasonal phenology, colonizing woody noncrop hosts such as black cherry and elderberry in spring before dispersing to agricultural crops in mid-to-late season. Unlike the polyphagous southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula), C. hilaris rarely completes development in peanut and shows strong fidelity to cotton. It is susceptible to the microsporidian pathogen Nosema maddoxi and is cross-attracted to pheromones of other stink bug species.
Chlaenius tricolor tricolor
Chlaenius tricolor tricolor is a subspecies of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It has been documented as a predator of slugs in agricultural systems, making it a beneficial species in horticultural contexts. The subspecies occurs in North America, with records from Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Guatemala. Like other members of the genus Chlaenius, it exhibits vivid metallic coloration.
Chlaenius tricolor vigilans
vivid metallic ground beetle
Chlaenius tricolor vigilans is a subspecies of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, recognized by its vivid metallic coloration. This subspecies occurs across North America from Canada to Guatemala. It has been documented as a predator of slugs in agricultural settings and is considered sensitive to soil management practices, making it a useful bioindicator of environmental disturbance.
Choristoneura parallela
parallel-banded leafroller moth
Choristoneura parallela, commonly known as the parallel-banded leafroller moth, is a tortricid moth distributed across eastern and central North America. Adults are active from March through October, with a wingspan of 21–23 mm. The larvae feed on a diverse range of host plants including goldenrod, blueberry, rose, citrus, and various other woody and herbaceous species.
Chymomyza amoena
A Nearctic drosophilid fruit fly native to eastern United States forests. It has established as an invasive species in Europe since its discovery in former Czechoslovakia in 1975, subsequently spreading to Switzerland, Italy, and German border regions. The species exhibits a distinctive ecological strategy: breeding in damaged or parasitized nuts and fruits rather than relying solely on fermenting substrates. This behavioral constancy for interspecies dependency—exploiting substrates pre-conditioned by other insects—has enabled it to occupy a vacant niche in European ecosystems.
Cochylichroa hospes
Banded Sunflower Moth
A small tortricid moth native to North America, the banded sunflower moth is a significant pest of cultivated sunflowers. Adults are active in mid-summer and are attracted to sunflower heads at twilight for egg-laying. The species was transferred from the genus Cochylis to the redefined genus Cochylichroa in 2019 based on phylogenetic analysis.
Colladonus clitellarius
Saddled Leafhopper
Colladonus clitellarius, commonly known as the saddled leafhopper, is a small leafhopper species distinguished by a bright green saddle-shaped marking on its back. It occurs in eastern North America, primarily in forested environments of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. The species is a documented vector of Cherry X Disease (eastern X-disease virus) in peaches and cherries, and has been recorded as prey for the wasp Clitemnestra bipunctata.
Conotrachelus schoofi
Pecan Shoot Curculio
Conotrachelus schoofi is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae that feeds on pecans. Adults cause premature nut drop by feeding on pecan nutlets. Larvae develop within the nuts, completing their growth inside the shuck. The species has one generation per year, with adults emerging in spring and overwintering in diapause.
Contarinia sorghicola
sorghum midge
Contarinia sorghicola, the sorghum midge, is a gall midge and one of the most damaging insect pests of grain and forage sorghum. Adults are small, fragile, orange-red flies with yellow heads, brown antennae and legs, and gray membranous wings. Females lay eggs in flowering sorghum spikelets; larvae feed on developing ovaries, preventing kernel formation and causing empty glumes. The species has a global distribution across tropical and subtropical regions where sorghum is cultivated.
Crocidosema aporema
bean shoot moth
Crocidosema aporema is a Neotropical tortricid moth and significant agricultural pest of legumes, particularly soybean, in the southern cone of South America. The species originated in Central America and has spread throughout South America, where it causes economic damage by larval feeding on vegetative plant parts, flowers, and developing seeds. Adults are nocturnal, with females exhibiting characteristic calling behavior during the scotophase to attract mates. The species is monoandrous and has been subject to increasing study due to its pest status and the need for integrated pest management strategies.
Cyladini
Cyladini is a tribe of weevils in the family Brentidae, subfamily Apioninae. The tribe includes economically significant pests of sweet potato, particularly the sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius), which causes substantial damage to storage roots in tropical and subtropical production regions. Members of this tribe are characterized by their association with Convolvulaceae host plants and their status as specialized root-feeding pests.
pestagriculturesweet-potatoConvolvulaceaeintegrated-pest-managementCylas-formicariustropical-agriculturesubtropical-agricultureroot-feeding-weevilstorage-root-damageeconomic-pestbiological-controlcrop-protectionsoutheastern-United-Statesglobal-food-securitylow-input-farmingdrought-tolerant-cropnematode-interactionsBeauveria-bassianaentomopathogenic-nematodesresistant-varietiescrop-rotationcover-cropsIPMBrentidaeApioninaeColeopteraInsectaHexapodaArthropodaAnimaliaClaire-SchloemerAuburn-UniversityUniversity-of-Wisconsin-MadisonJournal-of-Integrated-Pest-ManagementScott-GrahamKathy-LawrenceCovingtonBonitaBeauregardOrleansguava-root-knot-nematoderoot-knot-nematodewirewormcucumber-beetleflea-beetlePurpureocillium-lilacinumbiopesticidegreen-bridge-effectmustardglucosinolatepeanutbahiagrasssandy-soildrought-adaptationbiofuelanimal-feednutritional-valuefood-securitysustainable-agricultureenvironmental-impactmicrobial-controlfungal-pathogenentomopathogenic-fungusbiological-nematicidenematode-egg-parasitismpest-managementagricultural-entomologycrop-lossyield-reductionroot-qualitymarketabilityintegrated-managementcultural-controlselective-chemical-useproductivitynatural-processesversatilityglobal-cultivationtropical-regionssubtropical-regionssoutheastern-U.S.domestic-productionrevenueacreageharvestfarminggrowerbreedingresearchcultivar-developmentevolving-threatspest-pressuresoil-healthfield-preparationwinter-habitatinsect-habitatparasitisminfestationdamagelosschallengedefensearsenalbattlewarresilienceadaptationinnovationstrategysustainabilitylivelihoodnourishmentfood-productionagricultural-researchentomologyplant-protectioncrop-sciencehorticultureroot-croptuberstorage-organfeeding-injurygallingcracked-rootsstunted-growthwater-uptakenutrient-uptakepathogen-interactionexacerbated-damagevariety-selectionhardy-varietyrobust-performancehigh-yieldnematode-resistancepest-resistancevulnerabilityspreading-pestpopulation-reductionsoil-improvementspring-plantingtoxic-compoundnatural-propertymicrobial-productformulationapplicationevaluationmaximizationpotentialurgencygrowing-threatcomprehensive-strategybalanceenablementessential-cropsecuritydefiancedifficult-conditionsmenacing-pestsformidable-threatsproduction-continuationface-to-facethreatdiseaseresilient-cropgrowing-conditionsmenacestorysurfacebeneathrelentlessadversaryfavorconditionpowerfulfoetinyparasiteattackformationdiminishabilityresultunattractiveworsematterinteractionsignificantdevastatingruininflictfurthercompromisegrapplethankfullyfarmerbeginselecthardywithstandtraditionalgaintractionvulnerablehighlightneedcontinuebreedeffortdevelopcapableopposeevolveaftersturdyculturalmanagementrotationcovercroppinglinetakeyearoffgrowrotatenon-hostproveeffectivereducepopulationbreathelifeimprovehealthsuppressprepareexamplecontaincompoundcallbreakdownreleasesubstancewaryproviderepresentmethodharnesshelpwinsporefungusinfectkilltypetapdifferentmicroscopicanimalparasitizeplususecombatattentioneggaidfightminimizeimpactdespiteadvancequestionremainrequiremaximizeparticularlyurgentposekeyenhanceapproachintegratepracticecontrolselectivechemicalenablenaturalprocessnutritionalvalueessentialcropglobalfoodregionsupportmillionaddresspressureinnovativesustainableensurelivemanyformidableproductionalthoughcomefaceresilientabledefydifficultreadmorejournalintegratedClaireSchloemerPh.D.studentconductearnmasterdegreeemailsharelinkfriendopennewwindowprintFacebookLinkedInBlueskyMastodonXRedditThreadsrelateddiscoverfromtodaysubscribegetlatestpostsendyourCylasformicariussweetpotatosweetpotatoweevilphotocourtesyshowherecucumberbeetleroot-knotnematodeharmU.S.guidedetailvarietyoptionbeloveddelicioustastebenefitbrightcolorrankseventhmostimportantworldtropicalsubtropicalareaaroundservefeedsourcegoodpicklow-inputstylewelladaptedsandysoildroughtUnitedStates2022over130,000acregeneratenearly600southeasternleaddomesticAuburnUniversityweatherarticlepublishMarchcolleagueScottGrahamKathyLawrencevariousamongplant-parasiticspecificallyrootsystemcausegallplantwaternutrientstuntedgrowthyieldcrackmakeinteractpathogenexacerbateinsectknowstorage7annualsouthernfleaqualityleaveeconomicownresistancebettermeanwhilenewerhighrobustperformancehoweverresistguavaspeciesspreadnextseasonwinterfieldspringtoxicgreenbridgeeffecthabitatfeedersymptominfectionbiologicalpropertymicrobeBeauveriabassianaagentformulateenvironmentallyfriendlyproducteasyapplysimilarlybeneficialentomopathogenicnematicidePurpureocilliumlilacinumsolutionenvironmentalresistantnematode-resistantcultivarcomprehensivecultivationWisconsin-MadisoncschloemerwisceduCyrtacanthacridinae
Bird Grasshoppers, bird locusts, criquets voyageurs, Knarrschrecken
Cyrtacanthacridinae is a subfamily of short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae) commonly known as bird grasshoppers or bird locusts. The subfamily includes some of the world's most economically important locust species, including the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and the red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata), which undergo density-dependent phase polyphenism. Members are characterized by a prominent peg or tubercle between the forelegs. The subfamily has a worldwide distribution concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions.
Dendrocerus
Dendrocerus is a genus of megaspilid wasps in the family Megaspilidae, comprising more than 100 described species. Members of this genus are hyperparasitoids, primarily attacking aphid parasitoids in the family Braconidae (Aphidiinae), particularly Aphidius species. The genus is characterized by elaborate branched antennae and specialized morphological adaptations for host location and exploitation. Some species exhibit nocturnal activity patterns and unique extrication structures for emerging from hosts.
Diaphania indica
cucumber moth, cotton caterpillar, leaf roller
Diaphania indica is a widespread moth species occurring primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, native to southern Asia. It is a significant agricultural pest of cucurbitaceous crops, with larvae feeding on leaves, stems, and fruits of host plants. The species has been documented on multiple continents and is subject to biological control efforts using parasitoid wasps. Laboratory studies have established detailed demographic parameters and life cycle duration.
Dielis tolteca
Toltec scoliid wasp
Dielis tolteca is a species of scoliid wasp native to western North America and Mesoamerica. The species is known to parasitize scarab beetle grubs, with females hunting underground hosts to provision their offspring. Adults have been observed feeding on flowering plants, particularly mustards (Brassicaceae) and goldenrods (Solidago). The species has been documented in McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area in western Colorado, where it is active as a spring-emerging species.
scoliid-waspparasitoidscarab-beetlewestern-ColoradoMcInnis-Canyonsspring-emergenceSolidagomustardsbiological-controlHymenopteraScoliidaeDielisCampsomerinibiodiversity-surveyintegrated-pest-managementmelissa-schreinerextension-entomologysaussure-1857toltec-scoliid-waspriparianColorado-Riverflower-visitornectar-feedingsolitary-waspground-nesting-parasitoidscarab-grub-parasitoidaculeateapocritaaculeatacampsomerinaewestern-North-AmericaNearcticNeotropicalMesoamericaArizonaBaja-CaliforniaSonoraunderground-host-hunterexternal-parasitoidlarval-provisioningspring-activeinsect-biodiversityrare-ecosystem-surveynatural-heritage-surveyCSU-extensionColorado-State-Universityagricultural-pest-managementtree-fruitwine-grapesrow-cropsinvasive-species-monitoringJapanese-beetlePopillia-japonicacorn-earwormHelicoverpa-zeaIPMpest-monitoringmoth-trappingB3-allele-testingcitizen-scienceDepartment-of-Agriculture-trappingtargeted-larval-treatmentsMesa-CountyPalisade-peachesOlathe-sweet-cornheritage-cropsWarner-College-of-Natural-ResourcesColorado-Natural-Heritage-SurveyOuray-Countyfield-surveyintensive-surveyunder-surveyed-countiesinsect-abundanceecosystem-healthfield-dayseducational-outreachcontinuing-educationcommercial-pesticide-applicatorslicensed-applicatorsvisual-artistnature-illustrationmixed-mediaArt-Bug-Studiosbotanical-illustrationinsect-illustrationColorado-Master-Gardeneradult-learninggarden-educationpest-identificationnaturalistphotographybackpackinghikinghistorical-siteswildernesssolitudemushroom-huntingedible-fungimorelschanterellesking-boletesSouthern-RockiesRainbow-troutfishingcampingbackwoods-cookingpublic-landsFront-Rangeyouth-farmerCultiva-Youth-Projectfarmers-marketsEuropean-honey-beewild-bee-swarmsplant-identificationvisual-skillsobservationfieldworkinsect-ecologyAmerican-southwestwildlife-and-peoplecomplex-historiesteachingnatural-worldcuriosityhands-on-experienceColorado-arthropodsstandout-ECPearly-career-professionalEntomological-Society-of-AmericaECP-Committeeterminal-degreeapplied-researcheducation-programtree-fruit-pest-managementwine-grape-pest-managementrow-crop-pest-managementinvasive-specieseradicationtrappinglarval-treatmentbiodiversity-documentationrare-ecosystemsunder-surveyed-regionsecosystem-surveyfive-year-surveyintensive-surveysunique-Colorado-ecosystemsagriculturePalisadeOlatheIPM-strategiescorn-earworm-managementsweet-corn-farmsarboristspublic-safetyeducational-programsColoradansfarmsschoolsmuseumsmaster's-degreeWhitney-Cranshawarthropod-diversityindustrial-hempPh.D.-programMicky-Eubanksremote-programwestern-Colorado-cropsoutdoor-worknatural-world-understandinggarden-insectsplant-ID-teaminsect-identificationinsect-observationinsect-photographyinsect-storiesacademic-successdeep-knowledgeteaching-othersvalued-pursuitextension-workcaring-for-peopleinsects-secondinsect-samplesprecise-identificationsresearch-sitescommercial-farmsorchardsonsite-investigationsinformed-solutionsstone-fruit-orchardunexpected-pest-speciesCooperative-Agricultural-Pest-Surveyrapid-responseinvasive-threatspest-management-professionalspublic-health-officialsfood-safety-expertscafeteriasprocessing-facilitiesrural-libraryhigh-alpine-public-landsoutreach-programsscientific-knowledgepractical-solutionsstudent-educational-eventscontinuing-education-workshopslicensed-commercial-pesticide-applicatorsFebruary-workshophundreds-of-applicatorswide-range-of-disciplineseducational-programmingcommunity-collaborationcomplex-ecological-challengescomplex-agricultural-challengesunique-extension-programpredominantly-IPMrewarding-workcreative-illustrationinsect-biologycomplex-scientific-conceptsengaging-educationaccessible-educationstatewide-Colorado-Master-Gardener-Programhundreds-of-visualsgardenersinsect-pestsenhanced-adult-learningempowered-master-gardenersinsect-related-inquirieseducation-and-practical-solutionsfulfilling-worknarrowing-focusgreatest-challengeneeds-everywhereinsects-know-no-county-lineslarge-area-to-covernot-enough-personnelearly-career-excitementsaying-yes-to-projectstempting-to-dive-inall-kinds-of-insect-related-workpest-management-every-cropbiodiversity-surveyspublic-educationdelegationsuccessful-funding-strategiesmore-personnelprioritize-self-caretough-lessonefficiencyimpactful-workfocus-on-key-areasskills-and-interestsspreading-too-thincompromise-qualityaffect-well-beingnarrowing-areas-of-focusthoughtful-targeted-supporthealthier-work-life-balancemeaningful-worknot-just-widespreadsave-the-world-or-savor-the-worldbalance-conceptshealthy-careerdeliberately-live-life-outside-entomologyfamily-timefriends-timepublic-lands-timeindividual-valuescultural-valuestraditionssolo-travelingcomfort-zonehabitsroutinesold-friendsnew-friendsshare-meal-with-localstravelnew-culturesnew-placesYou-Should-Leave-NowBrie-Doylesolitude-powerintentional-retreatsrediscover-purposereplenish-energyfulfilling-lifecreative-prowessinherently-creativedo-not-tell-yourself-notcrafting-storiesartmusicexpress-emotionsexpress-ideasinventing-toolsinventin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protected]photos-courtesyemail-linkprintFacebookBlueskyMastodonXRedditThreadsrelated-postsdiscover-moreEntomology-Todaysubscribelatest-postsemailcareersearly-career-professionalsentomology-careersextensionillustrationwork-life-balanceBeetles-In-The-BushTed-C.-MacRaeArt-EvansWhat's-Bugging-Youphotograph10-years-agodifficult-challengeguessesidentitylocationpast-monthsdiggingkey-to-identityorder-gimme2-pointsfamily-difficult4-pointstaxonomic-changes-hintgenus-challenge6-pointsonline-resourcesspecies-name-impossibleshort-listdescribed-speciesgeneral-areabonus-pointsadditional-picturesanswer-commentcouple-daysOrthopteraStenopelmatidaeStenopelmatusNorth-AmericanOklahomafuscusdarkAnostostomagenuschange-of-heartfamilyold-worldmorphological-similaritiesking-cricketheadlegsantennaepostnotumJerusalem-cricketlocalityspecies-short-listvariablephotograph-10-years-agoRussia-adjacent-countrytagsMexicoNew-ZealandSouth-AfricaHemiandrusstumpy-hindspdf-resourceBochusspineynessgenicular-lobesconservation-biologistwork-in-progressentomologistNasidiusgenaecheeklower-genaehead-modificationmandible-enlargementnormal-looking-headfemalemale-without-modificationsLibanasidus-vittatusone-spineinner-marginforetibiatwo-spinesthoracic-abdominal-tergitesblack-posterior-marginOnosandrus-spdissertationcolor-variablenot-diagnosticeight-generaking-cricketsmale-Onosandridus-spcouplet-1tympanum-not-obviousfore-tibiacouplet-2two-spines-inner-margincouplet-3no-mandible-enlargementovipositor-not-longcouplet-5no-large-ovipositormalesmooth-facenot-BochusOnosandriduskeyReview-of-southern-African-AnostostomatidaeBrettschneiderhind-femur-never-armedspines-hooksmales-no-head-modificationSam-HeadsOrthoptera-expertIllinois-Natural-History-SurveyAnostostomatidaegenus-Onosandridus-Péringueytwo-impressive-spinesinner-surface-protibiaBochus-characteristichead-face-tuberculateformer-genusspecimen-clearly-notHeathJasoncorrect-genusHeath-firstpointsPeterChrisfinal-standingsZiad-KhouriZeroing-in-on-Mammoth-WaspsScoliid-WaspsBug-SquadUC-Davis-doctoral-candidateLynn-Kimseymajor-professordistinguished-professorseminarUC-Davis-Department-of-Entomology-and-NematologyWednesday-March-30spring-quarter-seminars4:10-p.m.Pacific-Daylight-Time122-Briggs-HallZoomunique-workmodern-systematic-treatmentgenus-species-level-taxonomy-messmodern-classical-techniquestaxonomic-orderevolution-discoveredBohart-Museumeight-million-insect-specimens2300-mammoth-wasp-specimensAmericasKoreatwo-partsEvolutionary-History-of-Mammoth-WaspsComparing-Power-of-Data-Based-Phylogenetic-Posterior-Predictive-ChecksCucleotide-Amino-Acid-DataabstractsPart-1aculeate-insectslarvae-parasitoidsscarabaeid-beetle-grubsbiological-control-agentsgroup-evolutionstability-taxonomyreliable-phylogenies-limitedultraconserved-element-UCE-dataconcatenationmultispecies-coalescentphylogeny-Scoliidaemitigate-model-misspecificationdata-filtering-experimentsposterior-predictive-checksmatched-pairs-tests-symmetryProscolia-sisterall-other-extant-scoliidsstrong-supportsister-group-relationshipcampsomerine-genus-ColpaScoliiniCampsomerini-non-monophyleticCampsomerini-sensu-strictomonophyleticAustralasian-genus-Trisciloasister-remaining-memberssampled-genera-non-monophyleticCampsomeriellaMegascoliaScoliafossil-dataEarly-Cretaceous-origincrown-Scoliidaesplit-Scoliini-ColpaCampsomerini-s.s.Late-Cretaceousposterior-meanscrown-agesPaleogeneage-95%-HPD-intervalsK-Pg-boundaryfossils-less-certain-placementolder-agesstem-agesNearctic-scoliid-cladesBeringia-dispersalOligocene-later-Eocenefoundation-future-researchscoliid-wasp-evolution-biogeographyfirst-genome-scale-datamodel-based-methodsprecision-dating-analysespaucity-well-preserved-fossilsreliably-attributablecrown-grouphigher-level-taxonomy-dire-need-revisiontaxonomic-changes-predicateddatasets-extend-geographic-taxonomic-samplingPart-IIphylogenetic-inferenceexonic-DNA-sequencesmultiple-codingsnucleotidesamino-acidscodonsempirical-studiesdata-type-choicemodel-choiceless-expected-violationinaccurate-inferenceassessing-phylogenetic-model-adequacyinference-reliability-indicationsimulation-based-approachdetect-model-inadequacyphylogenetic-posterior-predictiondata-coding-variationsimulated-data-multiple-modelscodon-modelsprocess-heterogeneity-lineagesselection-heterogeneity-sitescodon-usage-selectioninference-posterior-predictive-checksnucleotide-amino-acid-modelsGTR-familysignificant-differencesamino-acid-nucleotide-treatmentsdetect-model-violationmagnitude-error-estimate-interest-similarcorroborate-other-studiestree-length-estimation-errortopology-reconstruction-errornot-always-correlatedamino-acid-modelsmore-accurate-topologiestree-length-errors-greaternucleotide-modelsbranch-heterogeneous-codon-modelsmagnitude-directiondata-coding-dependencedata-generating-process-propertiesposterior-predictive-checks-data-filteringpractical-effect-size-thresholdslow-inference-reliabilityestablished-separatelyamino-acid-nucleotide-datacaution-advisedcareful-model-selectiondata-coding-careful-selectionacc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protected]seminar-listTrisciloa-saussureiNew-Guinea-nativeBohart-Museum-specimenBug-EricWasp-WednesdayCampsomerisDecember-22-2010mystery-waspDecemberemail-friendspecies-recorded-recently-ArizonaMexican-borderSabino-Canyon-Recreation-AreaFred-Heathoutstanding-naturalistIntroduction-to-Southern-California-ButterfliesSabino-Canyon-Volunteer-NaturalistsDecember-14male-specimenCampsomeris-ephippiumDesert-LavenderHyptis-emoryiconspicuous-distinctiveno-image-neededemail-list-messageDavid-LazaroffSCVN-foundercameraimage-permissionlong-antennaeslender-bodypseudostingerposterior-abdomengender-revealrobust-femalesshorter-antennaereal-stingerretractable-stingerhosts-larval-offspringspring-2009-imagesouth-Texassouth-to-EcuadorSunday-December-19failed-to-findcommon-local-speciesCampsomeris-toltecamales-feedingnectar-Coreocarpus-arizonicusLittle-LemonheadQueen-butterfliesMexican-YellowsScoliidae-familyall-parasitoidsparasitoid-definitionheavy-spiny-legsdig-up-scarab-grubsting-brief-paralysissingle-egghost-larvaleave-scenehost-regains-consciousnessmotor-skillsunderground-existenceplant-roots-feedingwasp-egg-hatchesexternal-parasitebeetle-grubpleasure-of-huntSabino-CanyonFred-Heath-outdoorsDavid-Lazaroff-image10:00-AMEmail-ThisBlogThisShare-to-XShare-to-FacebookShare-to-Pinterestanimalsbugsinsectsnaturewaspswildlifecommentsgreat-storybeautiful-waspslearn-somethingenvy-abilityoutside-warm-weatherimpending-snowbug-hunt-hopetwo-blogsMosquito-Hawksame-Lemonhead-bushworld-shrinks-DecemberTumacacori-NHPlast-week-sightingphoto-contactmore-sightings-head's-upsecond-photo-speciesuncertainArizona-couple-speciesspecimen-in-hand-neededBeatty's-Guest-RanchMiller-Canyonapple-trees-pollinatinglast-weekendblog-author-unable-replyworking-to-resolvenewer-postolder-posthomesubscribe-post-commentsatomGBIF-taxonomy-matchaccepted-statusexact-matchAnimalia-Arthropoda-Insecta-Hymenoptera-Scoliidae-Dielisdistribution-recordsNA-NTMexico-statesBaja-California-SurCampecheChiapasCoahuilaGuanajuatoGuerreroJaliscoMichoacánMorelosOaxacaQuintana-RooSinaloaTabascoVeracruzEl-Salvador-San-SalvadorGuatemala-HuehuetenangoHonduras-ComayaguaNicaragua-RivasMap-3HaitiUnited-StatesBradley-1828Hurd-1952Porter-1981MacKay-1987iNaturalist-taxon2987-observationspreferred-common-nameWikipedia-summarySolidago-plantsiNaturalist-taxonomyGrasshoppers-of-ColoradoGrasshoppers-of-Wyoming-and-the-WestEntomologygrasshopper-namesgenus-speciescommon-scientificspecies-genusabdominalis-Chloealtisadmirabilis-Syrbulaagrestis-Trimerotropisalba-Hypochloraalpinus-Ceuthophilusalpinus-Melanoplusalutacea-Schistocercaangustipennis-Melanoplusapiculata-Pardalophoraargentinus-Oecanthusarizonae-Melanoplusaspera-Trachyrhachysbicolor-Dactylotumbispinosus-Melanoplusbivittata-Mermiriabivittatus-Melanoplusbolli-Spharagemonborealis-Melanoplusbowditchi-Melanoplusbrachyptera-Pseudopomalabrevipes-Daihniabruneri-Melanoplusbrunneus-Stenobothruscalifornica-Trimerotropiscalifornicus-Oecanthuscampestris-Trimerotropiscapito-Hippopedoncarlinianus-Circotettixcarolina-Dissosteirachenopodii-Aeoloplidescincta-Trimerotropiscitrina-Trimerotropisclavatus-Aeropedelluscollare-Spharagemoncoloradus-Amphitornuscomplanatipes-Melanoplusconfusus-Melanoplusconspersa-Arphiaconspersa-Chloealtiscorallipes-Xanthippuscoronata-Trachyrhachyscrenulata-Cordillacriscurtipennis-Chorthippuscyaneipennis-Trimerotropiscyaneus-Leprusdawsonii-Melanoplusdelicatula-Psoloessadeorum-Ageneotettixdifferentialis-Melanoplusdiscolor-Melanoplusdodgei-Melanopluselliotti-Aulocaraenigma-Oedaloenotusequale-Spharagemonfasciatus-Melanoplusfemoratum-Aulocarafemurrubrum-Melanoplusflavidus-Melanoplusfoedus-Melanoplusfontana-Trimerotropisformosus-Tropidolophusfratercula-Trimerotropisfusiformis-Ceuthophilusgladstoni-Melanoplusglaucipes-Melanoplusgracile-Stethophymagracilis-Trimerotropishaldemanii-Pardalophorahaydeni-Derotmemahirtipes-Acrolophitushumile-Spharagemoninconspicua-Trimerotropisinfantilis-Melanopluskeeleri-Melanopluskennicotti-Melanopluskiowa-Trachyrhachyslakinus-Melanopluslatifasciata-Trimerotropislongipennis-Dissosteiramagna-Brachystolamagnifica-Trimerotropismelanoptera-Trimerotropismontanus-Xanthippusmontezuma-Syrbulanebrascensis-Phoetaliotesneglectus-Cratypedesnevadensis-Acrolophitusniveus-Oecanthusnubilum-Boopedonobscura-Opeiaoccidentalis-Melanoplusoccipitalis-Cordillacrisocelote-Hippiscusolivacea-Campylacanthaoregonensis-Melanopluspackardii-Melanopluspallidipennis-Trimerotropispardalinus-Metatorparviceps-Cibolacrispelidna-Orphulellapellucida-Camnulapicta-Mermiriapistrinaria-Trimerotropisplattei-Mestobregmaponderosus-Melanopluspseudonietana-Arphiaquadrimaculatum-Phlibostromaquadripunctatus-Oecanthusrabula-Circotettixregalis-Melanoplusrobusta-Udeopsyllarobustus-Leprusrufa-Heliaulasanguinipes-Melanoplussimplex-Anabrussimplex-Arphiasimplex-Eritettixsordidus-Encoptolophussparsa-Trimerotropisspeciosa-Orphulellaspeciosus-Hesperotettixsplendidus-Melanoplusspretus-Melanoplusspurcata-Dissosteirasubgracilis-Encoptolophussulcifrons-Conozoatenuipennis-Aeoloplides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Dysaphis is a genus of aphids comprising over 100 species distributed across Europe, North America, and Australia. Species within this genus are primarily associated with dicotyledonous host plants, though some have been recorded on monocots. Several species are significant agricultural pests, particularly Dysaphis plantaginea (rosy apple aphid), which infests apple orchards. Like other aphids, Dysaphis species maintain an obligate nutritional symbiosis with the bacterium Buchnera, which enables them to subsist on phloem sap by synthesizing essential amino acids.
Eristalinus
Lagoon Flies
Eristalinus is a genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) characterized by distinctive spotted or banded eye patterns in most species. These stout, nimble fliers are distributed across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, with several species becoming widespread invasives outside their native ranges. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with molecular and morphological studies reorganizing former subgenera Eristalodes and Lathyrophthalmus into two primary clades. Species such as E. taeniops and E. aeneus are notable for their rapid global spread and potential as managed pollinators in agricultural systems.
Euborellia annulata
ring-legged earwig
Euborellia annulata is a predatory earwig species in the family Anisolabididae, originally described by Fabricius in 1793. It has been extensively studied as a biological control agent, particularly for lepidopteran pests in corn agroecosystems. The species exhibits five nymphal instars, sexual dimorphism in forceps size and predatory behavior, and is known for its aggressive predation on soft-bodied insect larvae and eggs.
Euhyponomeutoides
A genus of small moths in the family Yponomeutidae, established by Gaj in 1954. Contains seven described species distributed primarily in the Palearctic region. At least one species, Euhyponomeutoides albithoracellus, is a documented pest of black currant (Ribes nigrum) cultivation in Northern Europe. The genus is poorly studied, with limited biological information available for most species.
Eurytomidae
seed chalcids, eurytomid wasps
Eurytomidae is a family of chalcid wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, comprising approximately 1,420 described species across 87 genera. Members exhibit diverse life histories: larvae are endophytic, developing within plant tissues (stems, seeds, or galls) as phytophages, parasitoids of other insects, or both. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in virtually all terrestrial habitats. Some species are agricultural pests, notably the almond seed wasp (Eurytoma amygdali) and plum seed wasp (Eurytoma schreineri), while others serve as biocontrol agents. Phylogenomic studies have confirmed monophyly of the four recognized subfamilies (Buresiinae, Eurytominae, Heimbrinae, Rileyinae), though many large genera remain para- or polyphyletic.
Euschistus crenator
Euschistus crenator is a phytophagous stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) recognized as a key pest in soybean cultivation, causing direct damage to developing grains. The species occurs across the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America, with confirmed populations in northern Brazil (Roraima and Pará states). Second-instar nymphs exhibit high susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi, and the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi has been confirmed to parasitize its eggs. The species is frequently misidentified with Euschistus heros due to morphological similarities.
Euschistus servus
Brown Stink Bug
Euschistus servus, commonly known as the brown stink bug, is a native North American pentatomid species distributed across Central America and North America. It is a significant agricultural pest in the southern United States, feeding on a wide range of crops including soybeans, cotton, corn, peanuts, peaches, and pecans. The species is highly mobile, capable of dispersing up to 15.9 km in flight mill studies, and exhibits seasonal movement between crop hosts and non-crop habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: E. s. servus and E. s. euschistoides.
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nizationreplaced-organizationsubstituted-organizationexchanged-organizationswapped-organizationtraded-organizationbartered-organizationnegotiated-organizationbargained-organizationdealt-organizationhandled-organizationtreated-organizationprocessed-organizationoperated-organizationrun-organizationworked-organizationfunctioned-organizationperformed-organizationexecuted-organizationimplemented-organizationapplied-organizationutilized-organizationused-organizationemployed-organizationexploited-organizationharnessed-organizationleveraged-organizationcapitalized-organizationmonetized-organizationcommercialized-organizationmarketed-organizationsold-organizationdelivered-organizationsupplied-organizationprovided-organizationfurnished-organizationequipped-organizationoutfitted-organizationfitted-organizationprepared-organizationready-organizationset-organizationfixed-organizationtuned-organizationcalibrated-organizationharmonized-organizationconsolidated-organizationmerged-organizationcombined-organizationfused-organizationblended-organizationmixed-organizationamalgamated-organizationsynthesized-organizationcomposed-organizationconstituted-organizationformed-organizationmade-organizationcreated-organizationproduced-organizationgenerated-organizationoriginated-organizationinitiated-organizationstarted-organizationbegan-organizationcommenced-organizationlaunched-organizationintroduced-organizationpresented-organizationoffered-organizationproposed-organizationsuggested-organizationrecommended-organizationadvised-organizationcounseled-organizationconsulted-organizationconferred-organizationdiscussed-organizationdebated-organizationdeliberated-organizationconsidered-organizationcontemplated-organizationreflected-organizationpondered-organizationmeditated-organizationthought-organizationcogitated-organizationruminated-organizationspeculated-organizationhypothesized-organizationtheorized-organizationconjectured-organizationsurmised-organizationguessed-organizationestimated-organizationapproximated-organizationprojected-organizationforecasted-organizationpredicted-organizationanticipated-organizationexpected-organizationawaited-organizationhoped-organizationwished-organizationdesired-organizationwanted-organizationneeded-organizationrequired-organizationdemanded-organizationrequested-organizationasked-organizationlooked-organizationtrailed-organizationshadowed-organizationstalked-organizationsurveyed-organizationinspected-organizationexamined-organizationinvestigated-organizationexplored-organizationstudied-organizationresearched-organizationanalyzed-organizationjudged-organizationrated-organizationranked-organizationscored-organizationgraded-organizationFissicrambus mutabilis
Changeable Grass-veneer, Striped Sod Webworm
Fissicrambus mutabilis, known as the changeable grass-veneer or striped sod webworm, is a crambid moth whose larvae are significant agricultural and turfgrass pests. The species ranges across eastern North America from Quebec to Florida and west to Texas and Illinois. Larvae feed on the roots and foliage of grasses, causing damage to lawns, golf courses, wheat fields, and corn crops.
Frankliniella tritici
eastern flower thrips, flower thrips
Frankliniella tritici, the eastern flower thrips, is one of the most abundant flower thrips species in the eastern United States. It inhabits blossoms of wild and cultivated plants, including dandelion, and feeds by extracting nutrients directly from individual plant cells. Unlike several congeners, it is not a vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus and is considered a pest of secondary economic importance. It can be difficult to distinguish from similar Frankliniella species without microscopic examination.
Geocoris howardi
big-eyed bug
Geocoris howardi is a species of big-eyed bug in the family Geocoridae. It is native to North America. Members of the genus Geocoris are recognized for their ecological role as predators of agricultural insect pests. The species was described by Montandon in 1908.
Glyphodes
mulberry pyralid moths
Glyphodes is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae, described by Achille Guenée in 1854. The genus contains multiple species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, with some species having expanded their ranges significantly in recent decades. Several species are economically important as pests of cultivated plants, particularly mulberry (Morus spp.), jack-fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), and jasmine (Jasminum spp.). Glyphodes pyloalis, known as the lesser mulberry pyralid or mulberry pyralid, is the most extensively studied species due to its impact on sericulture and mulberry production globally.
Gonatocerini
Gonatocerini is a tribe of minute egg parasitoids within Mymaridae (Hymenoptera). Members are idiobiont parasitoids of insect eggs, with several species employed in biological control programs against leafhopper pests (Cicadellidae: Proconiini). The tribe currently comprises 14 recognized genera. A survey in tobacco crops of central Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, documented 698 individuals across 21 species in four genera: Gonatocerus (most abundant), Cosmocomoidea, Lymaenon, and Tanyxiphium.
Grapholita interstinctana
Clover Head Caterpillar Moth
Grapholita interstinctana is a tortricid moth species first described by Clemens in 1860. It is commonly known as the Clover Head Caterpillar Moth, reflecting its association with clover as a host plant. The species belongs to the Olethreutinae subfamily within the Tortricidae family, a group known for many economically significant agricultural pests. Records indicate presence in the northeastern United States, particularly Vermont.
Harmonia dimidiata
Greater Asian Lady Beetle
Harmonia dimidiata is a medium to large predaceous ladybird beetle (7.4–10 mm) native to southern Asia with introduced populations in North America. Adults display reddish-yellow elytra with black markings in a thirteen-spot pattern. The species is a voracious aphid predator with documented prey including Rhopalosiphum maidis, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, and Aphis pomi. Temperature strongly influences its development, fecundity, and predatory capacity, with optimal performance at 24°C. Males produce yellow reflex blood containing harmonine as both chemical defense and nuptial gift during courtship.
Heliothrips
Heliothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae comprising approximately 18 described species. The genus includes economically significant pests, most notably Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (greenhouse thrips), which infests a wide range of cultivated plants. Members of this genus are characterized by their fringed wings and rasping-sucking mouthparts. Several species have been documented as polyphagous herbivores with broad host ranges spanning multiple plant families.
thripsThripidaepestagriculturehorticulturegreenhouse-thripspolyphagousHeliothrips-haemorrhoidalisbiological-control-targetquarantine-pestkiwifruit-peststrawberry-pestavocado-pestornamental-pestworldwide-distributionfringed-wingsThysanopteraPanchaetothripinaeHaliday-183618-speciesgeneralist-herbivorerasping-sucking-mouthpartsHerpetogramma
grass webworms, sod webworms
Herpetogramma is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae, comprising approximately 106 species distributed across North America, Eurasia, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America. Larvae of most species are associated with grasses and related plants, with several species recognized as agricultural or turf pests. The genus was established by Julius Lederer in 1863.
Hishimonus sellatus
Hishimonus sellatus is a leafhopper species in the tribe Opsiini, known primarily as a significant agricultural pest and phytoplasma vector. It transmits multiple plant pathogens including the agents of Jujube Witches Broom disease, Mulberry yellow dwarf disease, and Rhus yellows. The species has been collected from mulberry fields and shows persistent transmissibility of phytoplasmas throughout its lifetime. Its mitochondrial genome has been characterized, representing the shortest mitogenome reported in Deltocephalinae at 14,690 bp.
Homoeosoma electellum
American sunflower moth, sunflower moth, head moth
Homoeosoma electellum, commonly called the American sunflower moth or sunflower moth, is a small pyralid moth native to North America and also present in South America. It is the most economically significant pest of cultivated sunflowers in major production regions including Texas, Nebraska, California, and the Canadian Prairie Provinces. The species does not overwinter in Canada; adults migrate northward annually from southern populations. Females are strongly attracted to blooming sunflower heads, where they deposit eggs on or near the florets.
Hoplocampa
fruit sawflies, apple sawflies, plum sawflies
Hoplocampa is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, comprising approximately 20 described species distributed primarily across the West Palaearctic. The genus includes several economically significant pests of fruit trees, notably Hoplocampa testudinea (European apple sawfly) and H. flava (plum sawfly). Females oviposit into flowers, and larvae develop within developing fruitlets, causing characteristic damage. Many species reproduce parthenogenetically.
Hoplocampa testudinea
apple sawfly, European apple sawfly
Hoplocampa testudinea is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae that is a significant pest of apple orchards. Native to Europe, it was accidentally introduced to North America in 1939 and has since become invasive across the northeastern United States and Canada. The larvae develop inside developing apple fruitlets, causing characteristic ribbon scars or fruit drop, while adults are active during apple bloom and oviposit into the calyx of flowers.
Hyadaphis foeniculi
Fennel Aphid
Hyadaphis foeniculi is a cosmopolitan aphid species and major pest of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), native to Mediterranean regions and introduced to Brazil and other areas. Laboratory studies demonstrate strict thermal requirements: nymph development occurs only between 15-30°C, with 3°C and 33°C lethal. The species exhibits four nymphal instars with temperature-dependent development rates, completing the nymphal stage in 5 days at 30°C to 19 days at 15°C. Winged adults reproduce parthenogenetically, forming colonies inside fennel flowers during hot periods. The aphid vectors at least 12 plant viruses and produces honeydew that facilitates sooty mold growth, compounding crop damage.
Lacunicambarus diogenes
devil crayfish, devil crawfish
Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.
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currant moths, shoot borers
Lampronia is a genus of small moths in the family Prodoxidae with a Holarctic distribution. The genus contains approximately 25 described species, with additional undescribed species in North America, Japan, and Iran. Several species are economically significant pests of cultivated currants (Ribes spp.), particularly in northern Europe. Most species are diurnal in habit.
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteranLimonius brevis
Limonius brevis is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. The genus Limonius includes several economically important pest species known as wireworms, the soil-dwelling larval form that damages crop roots. Research on related Limonius species has investigated pheromone-based trapping methods for monitoring and management.
Limonius pectoralis
Limonius pectoralis is a species of click beetle (family Elateridae) described by LeConte in 1866. It is one of several Limonius species known as agricultural pests, with larvae commonly referred to as wireworms. The species has been documented across northern and western North America, including Canadian provinces from British Columbia to New Brunswick. Research has investigated pheromone-based trapping methods for this species as part of integrated pest management strategies.
Liorhyssus hyalinus
Hyaline Grass Bug
Liorhyssus hyalinus is a small scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae, widely distributed across multiple continents. Adults measure 6.5–7.5 mm and are active year-round in suitable climates. The species is a documented pest of quinoa cultivation in South America, particularly at lower elevations outside the crop's Andean origin, and has been recorded feeding on developing grains of maize and sorghum. Laboratory studies indicate optimal development and reproduction occur at 30°C, with five nymphal instars and thermal requirements of 68.6 degree-days for egg development and 114.8 degree-days for nymphal development.
Lipaphis
Crucifer Aphids
Lipaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as crucifer aphids. Species in this genus are specialized feeders on plants in the family Brassicaceae, with some species showing broader host ranges within dicotyledons. The genus includes economically significant pests such as Lipaphis erysimi (mustard aphid) and Lipaphis pseudobrassicae, which cause substantial yield losses in rapeseed, mustard, kale, and other cruciferous crops across multiple continents.
Lipaphis pseudobrassicae
Turnip Aphid
Lipaphis pseudobrassicae, commonly known as the turnip aphid, is a Brassicaceae-specialist aphid and significant agricultural pest. It exhibits high biotic potential with rapid population growth rates on host plants. The species shows better adaptation to high temperatures than some congeners, suggesting increasing relevance in warmer growing seasons and regions. It is a target for integrated pest management strategies and biological control programs.
Liriomyza brassicae
Cabbage leafminer, Serpentine leaf miner
Liriomyza brassicae is a leaf-mining agromyzid fly whose larvae create serpentine mines within the leaves of host plants. The species is a documented pest of brassicaceous crops including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese broccoli. It has been recorded from South Florida and other regions of the United States including Vermont, Hawaii, and the conterminous 48 states.
Macrodactylus subspinosus
American Rose Chafer, Rose Chafer
Macrodactylus subspinosus, commonly known as the American Rose Chafer, is a scarab beetle native to North America. It is a significant agricultural and horticultural pest that feeds on the foliage, flowers, and fruit of numerous plants, including roses, grapes, apples, and peaches. Adults emerge in late May to mid-June, live 3–6 weeks, and aggregate on host plants using plant volatiles to locate feeding sites. The species undergoes complete metamorphosis with larvae overwintering deep in soil and feeding on plant roots.
Macropsis fuscula
Raspberry Leafhopper
Macropsis fuscula is a leafhopper species native to Europe, first recorded in North America in 1952 on Lulu Island, British Columbia, where it established as a pest of cultivated loganberry. The species exhibits population dynamics responsive to host availability and climatic events, having crashed after a severe freeze eliminated cultivated hosts in 1955, then rebounded within three years via re-infestation from wild host plants. It is now known from multiple localities across Europe and Asia, with 71 iNaturalist observations documenting its continued presence.
Macrosiphoniella sanborni
Chrysanthemum Aphid, Brown Chrysanthemum Aphid
Macrosiphoniella sanborni, the chrysanthemum aphid, is a phloem-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae. It is an oligophagous pest specialized on Chrysanthemum species and a major economic threat to chrysanthemum cultivation. The species exhibits wing dimorphism, with alate (winged) and apterous (wingless) morphs showing distinct chemosensory gene expression profiles. It vectors chrysanthemum viruses including vein mottle virus and virus B.
Manduca quinquemaculatus
Five-spotted Hawk Moth, Tomato Hornworm
Manduca quinquemaculatus, commonly known as the five-spotted hawk moth or tomato hornworm, is a large sphinx moth whose caterpillar is a significant agricultural pest. The adult moth has a wingspan up to 5 inches (12 cm) and is a strong flier active at night. The larval stage feeds primarily on tomatoes and other Solanaceae plants, causing extensive defoliation when populations are high. The species is closely related to and often confused with the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta).
Melanaphis
sugarcane aphid
Melanaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, first described by van der Goot in 1917. The genus includes species that are significant agricultural pests, particularly of sorghum and sugarcane. Melanaphis sacchari (sugarcane aphid) has become one of the most damaging insect pests of grain and forage sorghum in the United States since its first recorded occurrence on sorghum in Texas in 2013. Members of this genus are characterized by their parthenogenetic reproduction, rapid population growth, and production of honeydew.
Melanocallis caryaefoliae
Black Pecan Aphid
Melanocallis caryaefoliae, commonly known as the black pecan aphid, is a specialized pest of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis). Among aphid species attacking pecans, it produces the most severe foliar symptoms and achieves the highest mean density on susceptible cultivars. While feeding, it injects a toxin that causes bright yellow lesions between leaf veins, which subsequently turn brown and die. Premature defoliation from heavy infestations reduces nut fill and can diminish the following year's production. Unlike yellow pecan aphids, M. caryaefoliae is considered more destructive even at low densities, with economic thresholds as low as three aphids per compound leaf.
Melanoplus bivittatus
Two-striped grasshopper, Yellow-striped grasshopper
Melanoplus bivittatus, the two-striped grasshopper, is one of the largest and most economically significant grasshopper species in North America. It is a polyphagous mixed-feeder that prefers forbs over grasses but consumes both. The species is notable for its distinctive paired pale yellow stripes running along the dorsum from the eyes to the wing tips. It exhibits density-dependent morphological plasticity, with high-density populations developing longer wings and slimmer bodies more adapted to flight and migration.
Melanoplus bivittatus bivittatus
Two-striped grasshopper
The two-striped grasshopper is a large, robust species widely distributed across North America. It is a polyphagous mixed-feeder that consumes both grasses and forbs, with a documented preference for forbs when available. This subspecies has been historically recognized but is now generally treated as a synonym of the species Melanoplus bivittatus. It is considered one of the most economically important grasshopper pests in western North America, particularly in Colorado where it attacks cereals, alfalfa, garden vegetables, and ornamental plantings.
Melanoplus sanguinipes
migratory grasshopper, lesser migratory grasshopper, red-legged grasshopper
Melanoplus sanguinipes is a medium-sized spur-throated grasshopper and one of the most economically important grasshopper pests in North America. It is widely distributed across the continent, inhabiting diverse grassland habitats from native prairies to agricultural fields and disturbed areas. The species exhibits remarkable ecological flexibility, feeding on both grasses and forbs, and displays migratory behavior at high population densities. Under favorable conditions, populations can increase exponentially and form swarms that travel hundreds of miles, causing extensive damage to crops and rangeland. The species has been extensively studied for its population ecology, host plant relationships, and integrated pest management.
Melanotus communis
corn wireworm
Melanotus communis is a click beetle (Elateridae) whose larvae, known as corn wireworms, are significant agricultural pests in the eastern United States. Adults are reddish-brown and approximately 13 mm long. The species has been studied extensively for its pest status in sugarcane, potato, and other crops, with research focusing on entomopathogen susceptibility, pheromone-based monitoring, and soil habitat preferences.
Meromyza americana
Wheat Stem Maggot
Meromyza americana, commonly known as the Wheat Stem Maggot, is a chloropid fly species whose larvae are significant pests of small grain cereals. The species completes a second generation in spring, with adults emerging to lay eggs on barley, oats, rye, wheat, and other grass hosts. Larval feeding occurs within stems, causing characteristic whitehead symptoms in infested tillers. Despite its pest status, infestations rarely exceed 1% of tillers, making insecticide treatments generally unnecessary.
Metopolophium
Metopolophium is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae. Species in this genus are found in Eurasia, Australia, and North America. Several species are significant agricultural pests of cereal crops, particularly M. dirhodum (rose-grain aphid) and M. festucae (fescue aphid). The genus exhibits typical aphid life cycles with alternation between woody primary hosts (Rosa species) and herbaceous secondary hosts (Poaceae).
Myzus
Myzus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae with cosmopolitan distribution, originally native to the Old World. The genus contains economically significant pest species, most notably Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), which is a major vector of plant viruses affecting crops worldwide. Species in this genus exhibit complex life cycles involving host alternation between primary woody hosts and secondary herbaceous hosts. Several Myzus species have been extensively studied for their role in agricultural pest management and virus transmission.
Naupactus
White-fringed Weevils
Naupactus is a large genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as white-fringed weevils. The genus comprises exclusively Neotropical species, several of which have been introduced to other regions and become significant agricultural pests. Members of this genus are characterized by reduced humeri and lack of metathoracic wings, traits formerly used to separate them into the genus Graphognathus before taxonomic revision. Some species exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction, and flightless adults are common.
Neoaliturus tenellus
Beet Leafhopper
Neoaliturus tenellus, commonly known as the beet leafhopper, is a significant agricultural pest in western North America. This leafhopper species is a documented vector of Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii (CPt) and beet curly top virus (BCTV), pathogens that affect potato, sugar beet, and other vegetable and seed crops. The species exhibits complex seasonal movement patterns between crop and noncrop hosts, utilizing weedy vegetation for overwintering and summer development. Its population dynamics and pathogen transmission ecology have been studied extensively in the Columbia River Basin and southern New Mexico to improve pest management forecasting.
Neohydatothrips
soybean thrips (N. variabilis), marigold thrips (N. samayunkur)
Neohydatothrips is the most species-rich genus in the Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae, with approximately 120 described species. Members are phytophagous thrips that feed and breed on leaves and flowers of diverse host plants. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests and plant virus vectors, including N. variabilis (soybean thrips), which transmits soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus. The genus has a global distribution with approximately 70% of species occurring in the New World.
Nola cereella
sorghum webworm, sorghum webworm moth
Nola cereella, commonly known as the sorghum webworm, is a small moth in the family Nolidae. The species was first described by Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc in 1800. Adults have a wingspan of 12–18 mm and are active from July to September. The larvae feed specifically on Sorghum vulgare, making this species an agricultural pest of sorghum crops.
Nomotettix cristatus
crested pygmy grasshopper, crested grouse locust, northern crested grouse locust
Nomotettix cristatus is a small pygmy grasshopper in the family Tetrigidae, commonly known as the crested pygmy grasshopper or crested grouse locust. It is one of approximately 35 Nearctic species of Tetrigidae. The species exhibits three recognized subspecies with distinct geographic distributions across North America. Like other members of its family, it is characterized by an elongated pronotum that extends over the abdomen, a trait distinguishing pygmy grasshoppers from typical grasshoppers in Acrididae.
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stemhumanRelevanceinteraction-with-humanssimilarTaxamust-include-reasonmisconceptionsonly-if-meaningfulextraDetailsimportant-additional-contextSTYLE-RULESclear-direct-sentencesavoid-fluff-filler-languagerepeating-taxonomy-in-proseoverly-technical-jargonconcrete-statementsabstract-descriptionsQUALITY-RULEScompleteness-highmost-fields-well-supportedcompleteness-mediumpartial-but-reliablecompleteness-lowsparse-datahasInferredContenttrue-ONLY-if-generalization-usedotherwise-falseOUTPUT-FORMATstrictly-match-JSON-schemano-extra-fieldsno-commentary-outside-JSONwater-associatedthree-subspeciesN.-c.-cristatusN.-c.-compressusN.-c.-floridanussmall-size399-observationsexact-matchmedium-completenessno-inferred-contentfactual-correctness-prioritizedconservative-approachinformative-contentno-fluffno-vague-generalizationscautious-language-where-neededno-fabricationunique-field-contentfocused-sectionsJSON-schema-complianceno-commentaryOebalus insularis
island stink bug, coffee-colored rice bug
Oebalus insularis is a stink bug species in the family Pentatomidae that has emerged as a significant agricultural pest in rice-growing regions of the Americas. Originally described from tropical and subtropical regions, it has established populations in Florida rice fields since at least 1932, where it became the second most abundant stink bug species in surveys conducted in 2008-2009. The species feeds on developing rice grains using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing 'pecky rice' damage that reduces crop yield and quality. Its economic importance has prompted research into biological control agents, including egg parasitoids in the genus Telenomus.
Oedipodinae
Bandwing Grasshoppers, band-winged grasshoppers
Oedipodinae, commonly known as bandwing grasshoppers, is a subfamily of grasshoppers within the family Acrididae. Members are characterized by colorful, often banded hindwings that are typically concealed at rest but revealed during flight. The subfamily has a worldwide distribution and includes many species adapted to xeric and open habitats. Some Oedipodinae species are among the most economically important locusts, capable of forming dense migratory swarms that cause extensive agricultural damage.
Panaphis juglandis
Walnut Aphid, Large Walnut Aphid
Panaphis juglandis, the large walnut aphid, is a phloem-feeding pest of walnut trees (Juglans regia). It colonizes exclusively the upper (adaxial) surface of walnut compound leaves, forming dense colonies along the main vascular veins of the outer leaflets. Native to the Old World (Central Asia and southeastern Europe), it has spread across Europe and was introduced to California in the early 20th century. The species reduces tree vigor, nut yield, and quality, and excretes honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth. It forms mutualistic relationships with ant species that tend and protect colonies from predators.
Phenacoccus solani
Solanum Mealybug
Phenacoccus solani, commonly known as the solanum mealybug, is a parthenogenetic mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae. It reproduces via thelytokous parthenogenesis, with females producing viable offspring without males. The species has a broad host range including plants in Solanaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Compositae families, and is recognized as a pest of tomato, cotton, and ornamental plants. Historically confused with P. defectus due to morphological similarity, molecular and morphometric analyses confirmed these as conspecific in 2016, with P. defectus synonymized under P. solani. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution spanning the Nearctic, Mediterranean basin, Asia, South America, Africa, Australia, and Pacific islands.
Phidotricha erigens
Phidotricha erigens is a pyralid moth first documented as a coffee pest in Amazonian Robusta plantations in Rondônia, Brazil, representing the first world record of this species attacking Coffea. The larvae, known as rosette caterpillars, damage reproductive structures including flower buds, flowers, and developing fruits. The species predominates over co-occurring Cryptoblabes gnidiella in some areas and has been associated with sudden population outbreaks causing economic losses in coffee farming.
Phylloxera caryaesemen
pecan phylloxera, pecan nut phylloxera
Phylloxera caryaesemen is a small, soft-bodied, gall-forming insect closely related to aphids that attacks pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis). It is considered the most damaging phylloxera species on pecans because it attacks shoots and developing nuts, unlike the related pecan leaf phylloxera which feeds only on leaves. Heavy infestations can reduce current-year yield, impair tree vitality, and diminish subsequent production. The insect induces abnormal plant growths (galls) by secreting substances that stimulate tissue development, with nymphs completing development inside these protective structures.
Phylloxera caryaesepta
pecan leaf phylloxera, pecan phylloxera
Phylloxera caryaesepta is a tiny, soft-bodied insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. It is a significant pest of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis), forming conspicuous galls on leaves, twigs, and nuts. The species survives winter as eggs in bark crevices, with nymphs emerging during spring bud break to feed on new growth. Unlike the related pecan leaf phylloxera (Phylloxera notabilis) which attacks only leaves, P. caryaesepta damages shoots and nuts, making it more economically destructive. Heavy infestations can reduce yield, impair tree vitality, and curtail subsequent production.
Phylloxera deplanata
pecan leaf phylloxera, pecan phylloxera
Phylloxera deplanata is a tiny, soft-bodied insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. It is a significant pest of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis), causing the formation of galls on leaves, shoots, and nuts. The species overwinters as eggs in bark crevices and emerges in spring to feed on new growth, inducing abnormal plant tissue development. Unlike the pecan leaf phylloxera (which forms galls on leaves only), this species attacks shoots and nuts, making it more economically damaging. Heavy infestations can reduce yield, impair tree vitality, and diminish subsequent production.
Poecilus
Greenclock Ground Beetles
Poecilus is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising approximately 144 species distributed across the Afro-tropical region, Palearctic (including Europe), the Near East, North Africa, and North America. Species within this genus are frequently encountered in agricultural landscapes, where they contribute significantly to epigeal (ground-dwelling) arthropod communities. Multiple species often occur sympatrically, exhibiting spatial partitioning within habitats. The genus has been extensively studied as a bioindicator of agricultural practices and environmental disturbance due to its sensitivity to soil management techniques and pesticide exposure.
Poecilus chalcites
Poecilus chalcites is a predaceous ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly found in agricultural systems and croplands across North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. The species is recognized for its role as a biological control agent, feeding on multiple crop pests including corn rootworm, corn earworm, and cutworm species. Sexual dimorphism in foretarsus shape allows straightforward sex identification: males possess a heart-shaped proximal foretarsus, while females have a thinner structure. Laboratory rearing studies have established protocols for maintaining colonies, though laboratory-reared adults typically fail to reproduce.
Poecilus cyanicolor
Poecilus cyanicolor is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Chaudoir in 1876. It belongs to the genus Poecilus, a group of small to medium-sized carabid beetles commonly found in agricultural and open habitats. The species has been documented in North America and Middle America, though specific ecological studies appear limited compared to congeners such as Poecilus chalcites.
Poecilus scitulus
woodland ground beetle
Poecilus scitulus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It belongs to the genus Poecilus, a group of predatory beetles commonly found in agricultural and woodland habitats. The species has been documented in Central America and North America, with confirmed records from Canada and the United States. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a ground-dwelling predator, though specific ecological details remain limited in published sources.
Polistes dominula
European Paper Wasp
Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.
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perseae
Avocado Lace Bug
Pseudacysta perseae is a lace bug in the family Tingidae, originally described by Heidemann in 1908. It is a significant foliar pest of avocado (Persea americana), causing characteristic damage to leaves. The species has undergone substantial range expansion from its original Caribbean distribution to include Mexico, the southern United States, and Central America. It has been introduced to California, where population genetic studies indicate at least two separate invasion events. The species passes through four nymphal instars and exhibits sexual dimorphism in antennal coloration, with adult males having a substantially darker fourth antennal segment.
Schizaphis
Grass Aphids, Greenbug
Schizaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, superfamily Aphidoidea. Originally distributed in the Palaearctic region, several species have been introduced worldwide. The genus contains more than 40 recognized species, with Schizaphis graminum (greenbug) being the most economically significant. Species in this genus are primarily associated with grasses and cereal crops, exhibiting varying degrees of host specificity from monophagy to polyphagy.
Scyphophorus
agave weevils, sisal weevils
Scyphophorus is a genus of snout and bark beetles in the subfamily Dryophthorinae, comprising approximately seven described species. The genus is best known for Scyphophorus acupunctatus, commonly called the agave weevil or sisal weevil, which is a major pest of agave crops worldwide. Species in this genus are native to the Americas but have been introduced to multiple continents through global plant trade. The genus is characterized by its association with plants in the families Asparagaceae (Agavoideae) and Asparagaceae (Nolinoideae, formerly Dracaenaceae).
Selenothrips
red-banded thrips (for S. rubrocinctus)
Selenothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae, established by Heinrich Hugo Karny in 1911. The genus contains at least two described species: S. rubrocinctus (Giard, 1901), commonly known as the red-banded thrips or cacao thrips, and S. glabratus Priesner, 1927. S. rubrocinctus is a polyphagous pest with broad tropical and subtropical distribution, known to attack cacao, cashew, mango, avocado, and other crops. Research on this species has focused on its feeding behavior in relation to plant water-stress and amino acid availability.
Sitobion avenae
English Grain Aphid
Sitobion avenae, the English grain aphid, is a globally distributed pest of cereal crops. It feeds on phloem sap and transmits yellow dwarf viruses to wheat, barley, and oats. Population dynamics are influenced by temperature, water availability, and host plant quality. The species exhibits complex reproductive strategies including both cyclical and obligate parthenogenesis. Management challenges include insecticide resistance, variable biotypes, and climate change impacts on dispersal and adaptation.
Sitonini
Sitonini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils (Curculionidae: Entiminae) with a Holarctic distribution. Members are specialized feeders on Fabaceae, with adults consuming leaves and larvae feeding on root nodules. The tribe includes economically significant pests, particularly in the genera Sitona and Charagmus, which damage lupin and other legume crops in Europe.
Smicronyx fulvus
Red Sunflower Seed Weevil
Smicronyx fulvus, commonly known as the red sunflower seed weevil, is a small seed-feeding weevil in the family Curculionidae. Adults are 2.5–3 mm long and reddish-brown in color. The species is a significant pest of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in North America, with larvae developing inside developing achenes and reducing seed oil content by approximately 30% per larva. It has a univoltine life cycle with adults present throughout the growing season.
Sphenophorus aequalis ochreus
clay-colored billbug
Sphenophorus aequalis ochreus is a subspecies of the clay-colored billbug, a weevil in the family Curculionidae. Billbugs are significant turfgrass and agricultural pests whose larvae bore into plant stems, roots, and crowns. This subspecies has been documented in association with saltmarsh bulrush stands near alkaline lake margins in New Mexico, where adults were observed walking, mating, and burrowing into soil at the base of plants. The species complex presents identification challenges due to morphological similarities among related billbug taxa.
Spilonota
Bud moths
Spilonota is a globally distributed genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae. The genus contains approximately 35 described species, with members recorded across Europe, Asia, North America, and other regions. Several species are significant agricultural pests, particularly of fruit trees. The most extensively studied species, Spilonota ocellana (eye-spotted bud moth), is a well-documented pest of apple and other rosaceous crops.
Stegasta bosqueella
Red-necked Peanutworm Moth, Rednecked Peanutworm
Stegasta bosqueella is a gelechiid moth whose larvae are significant pests of peanut crops, particularly in South and Central America. The species has also been documented in North America from Alabama to Virginia. Adults are small moths attracted to light, while larvae feed concealed within closed peanut leaflets, producing distinctive symmetrical damage patterns upon leaf expansion. The species has been successfully managed using attract-and-kill strategies targeting adults.
Sternochetus
Sternochetus is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Cryptorhynchinae. The genus contains at least three described species, including Sternochetus mangiferae (mango seed weevil), Sternochetus frigidus (mango pulp weevil), and Sternochetus olivieri. These species are economically significant pests of mango (Mangifera indica) and related species. Adults are compact weevils with a characteristic habit of pressing their legs to their body and fitting their beak into a ventral groove when disturbed. The genus was established by Pierce in 1917, with some species previously described under Curculio.
Striacosta albicosta
Western Bean Cutworm, Western Bean Cutworm Moth
Striacosta albicosta, the western bean cutworm, is a noctuid moth and sole member of its genus. Historically restricted to the western Great Plains of the United States, it has undergone substantial eastward range expansion since 2000, now occurring throughout the U.S. Corn Belt and into Canada and Mexico. It is a significant agricultural pest of corn and dry beans, with larvae feeding on reproductive structures and causing yield losses up to 40% in corn. The species has developed resistance to Cry1F Bt protein, complicating management in transgenic crops.
Thyanta
redshouldered stink bugs, red-shouldered stink bugs
Thyanta is a genus of stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae containing approximately 19 described species. Species in this genus are recognized by a distinctive reddish band across the pronotum (the 'shoulder' region behind the head), giving them the common name 'redshouldered stink bugs.' Several Thyanta species are significant agricultural pests, particularly of soybean, corn, and various legume crops. The genus is native to the Americas, with species distributed from North America through South America.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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fragariae
strawberry crown borer
Tyloderma fragariae is a hidden snout weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the strawberry crown borer. The species is a documented agricultural pest of strawberry plants, with larvae boring into crowns and causing significant damage to cultivated crops.
Uroleucon sonchi
Sow-thistle Aphid, Large Sow-thistle Aphid, Brown Lettuce Aphid
Uroleucon sonchi is a large aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the sow-thistle aphid or brown lettuce aphid. Native to the Palaearctic region, it has been introduced to multiple continents and is now cosmopolitan in distribution. The species is economically significant as a pest of cultivated lettuce and related crops, while also occurring on wild Asteraceae hosts. It reproduces parthenogenetically during spring and summer, typical of many aphids.
Vanduzea laeta
Vanduzea laeta is a small treehopper species in the family Membracidae, described by Frederic Webster Goding in 1893. Adults are active primarily from May through August. The species is recognized as a pest of common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and other Helianthus species, feeding on plant sap. It is frequently confused with the related species V. segmentata.
Vitacea polistiformis
grape root borer, Grape Root Borer Moth
Vitacea polistiformis, commonly known as the grape root borer, is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae. It is a significant agricultural pest of grapevines (Vitis spp.) in the eastern and midwestern United States, where larval feeding on roots causes 'slow vine decline' that may take 5–10 years to become visible aboveground. Adults are Batesian mimics of Polistes paper wasps. As few as nine larvae can kill a mature vine with an 8-inch base circumference.
Zygogramma exclamationis
sunflower beetle
Zygogramma exclamationis, the sunflower beetle, is a leaf-feeding chrysomelid beetle native to North America. Adults emerge from hibernation in late spring to early summer, coinciding with sunflower seedling emergence, and feed on young leaves. Larvae develop through summer, feeding nocturnally on foliage while hiding in flower bracts during daylight hours. The species completes one generation per year, with new adults emerging in late summer before overwintering in soil. It is a recognized pest of cultivated sunflowers, particularly damaging to seedlings, and serves as host for parasitoid tachinid flies including Myiopharus neilli.