Stem-borer
Guides
Achatodes zeae
Elder Shoot Borer Moth, Spindle Worm
Achatodes zeae, known as the elder shoot borer moth or spindle worm, is a noctuid moth whose larvae bore into the shoots of elder bushes (Sambucus nigra). The species was first described in 1841 and gained agricultural attention in 1927 following an outbreak in Wisconsin. Its life cycle spans approximately one year, with extended egg dormancy and larval development focused on elder vegetation.
Acrobasis angusella
Hickory Leafstem Borer, Leafstem Borer, Hickory Leafstem Borer Moth
Acrobasis angusella, described by Grote in 1880, is a snout moth in the family Pyralidae. The species is known from Quebec, Canada, and the northeastern United States. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 18 mm and are active from May through September. The larvae are specialized feeders on hickory species (Carya), boring into leaf stems and causing premature leaf drop.
Agallissus lepturoides
Mexican Palm Petiole Borer
A longhorn beetle species in the Cerambycinae subfamily, first described by Chevrolat in 1844. The common name 'Mexican Palm Petiole Borer' refers to its specialized relationship with palm hosts. It has a documented but limited distribution in southern North America and Central America.
Agathymus
giant-skippers
Agathymus is a genus of large skipper butterflies described by H.A. Freeman in 1959. The genus comprises approximately 30 species distributed across arid regions of North America from the southwestern United States through Mexico to Costa Rica. Larvae are specialized stem-borers in agave plants, making this genus ecologically dependent on desert agave communities. Species are commonly known as giant-skippers.
Agrilinae
Agrilinae is a subfamily of metallic wood-boring beetles (family Buprestidae) characterized by larvae that develop in plant stems, twigs, and branches. The subfamily contains the hyperdiverse genus Agrilus, which with nearly 4,000 described species is among the largest genera in the animal kingdom. Most Agrilinae are secondary pests of broadleaf forests, developing in recently dead wood, though some species attack living trees of economic importance. Adults are typically small, often under 8 mm, and lack the vivid metallic colors common in other Buprestidae subfamilies. The subfamily has a cosmopolitan distribution with greatest diversity in tropical and warm temperate regions.
Agrilus cuprescens
Rose Stem Girdler, Bronze Cane Borer
Agrilus cuprescens is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, commonly known as the rose stem girdler or bronze cane borer. Native to the Palearctic region, it has been introduced to North America where it has been documented as far west as Washington State. The species is associated with Rosa species and related Rosaceae as larval hosts, with larvae developing in stems and exhibiting girdling behavior. It serves as host for the parasitoid wasp Baryscapus rugglesi.
Agrilus pseudocoryli
hazel stem borer
Agrilus pseudocoryli is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, commonly known as the hazel stem borer. It develops within stems of hazelnut plants (Corylus spp.), where larval tunneling causes dieback. The species has been documented as a pest of hybrid hazelnut cultivars in the Great Lakes region, with damage severity varying by cultivar. Adult activity occurs from early June to mid-July.
Alberada bidentella
Alberada bidentella is a small snout moth described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1908. It occurs in the south-western United States, where its larvae develop internally within the stems of cholla cacti (Cylindropuntia species). The species exhibits slight sexual dimorphism in wingspan.
Albuna fraxini
Virginia Creeper Clearwing
Albuna fraxini, commonly known as the Virginia Creeper Clearwing, is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae. The species is native to the northern United States and southern Canada. Adults are active during summer months and are notable for their wasp-mimicking appearance. The larvae develop within the stems of woody host plants including Virginia creeper and various ash species.
Alcathoe
Alcathoe is a genus of clearwing moths in the family Sesiidae, restricted to the New World tropics and extending north into the southern United States. These moths are notable for their striking wasp mimicry, with five species currently recognized north of Mexico. Males possess distinctive morphological features including highly bipectinate antennae and often a single tail-like appendage from the abdomen tip that approximates the dangling legs of wasps. The genus is rarely encountered due to diurnal activity and general disinterest in light traps.
Alcathoe caudata
Clematis Clearwing Moth
Alcathoe caudata is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, commonly known as the Clematis Clearwing Moth. The genus Alcathoe is restricted to the New World tropics and southern United States, with five species occurring north of Mexico. This species exhibits wasp mimicry, with transparent wings and a body form resembling spider wasps. Males possess a distinctive single tail-like appendage from the abdomen tip. The caterpillars are stem borers in Clematis plants.
Alcathoe pepsioides
Alcathoe pepsioides is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, known for its striking wasp mimicry. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and is one of five Alcathoe species found north of Mexico. Males possess a distinctive single tail-like abdominal appendage that approximates the dangling legs of spider wasps. The genus is otherwise restricted to the New World tropics.
Alcathoe verrugo
Alcathoe verrugo is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, native to the New World tropics and southern United States. Like other sesiids, it exhibits wasp mimicry, with transparent wings and a slender body that resembles hymenopterans in flight. The genus Alcathoe contains five species north of Mexico, all rarely encountered. Males possess a single tail-like abdominal appendage that approximates the dangling legs of wasps.
Amauromyza
Amauromyza is a genus of leaf-miner and stem-borer flies in the family Agromyzidae, comprising over 60 described species. Most species are phytophagous, with larvae feeding internally in plant tissues. The genus includes significant agricultural pests such as Amauromyza karli, which has recently emerged as a major constraint to quinoa production in the western United States. Species exhibit variation in feeding ecology, with some mining leaves and others boring stems.
Aphanisticus congener
Aphanisticus congener is a species of jewel beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Saunders in 1875. It belongs to a genus of minute buprestids characterized by their small size and reduced elytral sculpturing. The species epithet 'congener' suggests its close relationship to other members of the genus. Like other Aphanisticus species, it is likely associated with monocotyledonous plants, particularly grasses and sedges, though specific host records for this species are limited.
Arcola malloi
alligator weed stem borer, Alligatorweed Stem Borer
Arcola malloi is a snout moth species used as a biological control agent against the invasive aquatic plant alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides). Native to South America, it was introduced to the United States in the 1970s and is now established in the southeastern United States. The species is notable for its stem-boring larval behavior that destroys host plant stems from the inside. When present alongside the alligator weed flea beetle, the two species act synergistically to eliminate weed mats.
Aspidapion
Aspidapion is a genus of small weevils in the family Brentidae (subfamily Apioninae), distributed across the Palaearctic region including Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. The genus contains approximately seven recognized species, with A. aeneum being the largest British representative at 2.9–3.6 mm. Species are associated with Malvaceae host plants, with larvae developing inside living plant stems. The genus is distinguished from the related Pseudaspidapion by morphological characteristics of immature stages.
Ataxia
Ataxia is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Pteropliini) described by Haldeman in 1847. Species in this genus are found in the Americas and are associated with herbaceous plants, particularly members of the Asteraceae family. The genus includes species such as Ataxia hubbardi, which breeds in living tissues of plants including Helianthus, Ambrosia, and Silphium species. Some populations show morphological variation associated with specific host plants.
Atherigona reversura
Bermudagrass Stem Maggot, shoot-fly
Atherigona reversura is a muscid shoot fly commonly known as the bermudagrass stem maggot. Native to Central and Southeast Asia, it has become an invasive agricultural pest in the Americas, causing significant damage to bermudagrass and stargrass forage systems. The species was first detected in Hawaii, then spread to the continental United States beginning in 2009, and has since been reported in South America including Argentina and Uruguay. Larval feeding in grass stems causes death of upper leaves, stunted growth, and reduced forage yields.
Bactra
nutsedge borers
Bactra is a genus of small tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) comprising species primarily associated with sedges and nutsedges (Cyperus species). Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for weedy nutsedges, particularly purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Some species have expanded their host range to agricultural crops, with Bactra bactrana documented as a pest of sweet pepper in Greece. The genus occurs across temperate and tropical regions including Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia.
Bactra furfurana
mottled marble
Bactra furfurana is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 13–19 mm, found across the Nearctic and Palearctic realms. Adults fly in June and July in damp marshy habitats. The larvae are stem-borers in rushes, feeding internally on Schoenoplectus lacustris and Juncus conglomeratus. The species closely resembles Bactra lancealana but can be distinguished by subtle wing shape and pattern differences.
Bellura densa
Pickerelweed Borer Moth
Bellura densa, commonly known as the pickerelweed borer moth, is a noctuid moth species native to eastern and southeastern North America. The species is notable for its aquatic or semi-aquatic larval biology, with caterpillars that bore into and feed on wetland plants. Adults are medium-sized moths with a wingspan of 35–50 mm. The species is associated with freshwater wetland habitats and has been documented from Maryland to Florida and west to Indiana and Louisiana.
Blastobasis
Blastobasis is the type genus of the moth family Blastobasidae (Gelechioidea), containing approximately half of all described species in that family. The genus is taxonomically problematic: its monophyly is seriously doubted, with many presumed relatives separated into small or monotypic genera that may represent specialized lineages within a broader Blastobasinae assemblage. Some formerly independent genera, including Agnoea, Auximobasis, Euresia, and Zenodochium, are variably included or excluded by different authors. Species occur across multiple continents with diverse larval habits, including acorn borers in oaks and stem borers in grasses.
Botanophila fugax
Botanophila fugax is a small fly in the family Anthomyiidae, distributed across the Palearctic region. The species is characterized by larval development as a stem borer in plant hosts. It has been documented as a host for the entomopathogenic fungus Strongwellsea crypta, which produces distinctive rhomboid-shaped abdominal holes in infected individuals.
Bothrosternini
Bothrosternini is a tribe of weevils within the subfamily Dryophthorinae, characterized by elongated rostrums and association with woody plants. Members of this tribe are found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in the Americas. The tribe includes economically significant species that attack palms and other monocots.
Calameuta
Calameuta is a genus of stem sawflies (family Cephidae) established by Friedrich Wilhelm Konow in 1896. The genus comprises approximately 14 described species distributed across Europe and North America. Members of this genus are associated with grasses and sedges, reflecting the family-wide ecological pattern of Cephidae. The genus is taxonomically stable and well-represented in entomological collections.
Calamotropha paludella
Bulrush Veneer
Calamotropha paludella is a crambid moth with broad distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, and a recent accidental introduction to the eastern United States. It is commonly known as the Bulrush Veneer due to its larval association with Typha plants. The species is notable for its wetland habitat specialization and transcontinental range.
Capperia evansi
Evans' Plume Moth
Capperia evansi is a small plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, native to Canada. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 14 mm and exhibit bivoltine flight periods in early June and again from mid-July to early August. The larvae are specialized feeders on Scutellaria species (skullcaps), where they damage the main stem causing it to droop and conceal themselves among withered leaves.
Carmenta
clearwing moth
Carmenta is a genus of clearwing moths in the family Sesiidae, characterized by transparent or partially transparent wings resulting from reduced wing scaling. The genus contains approximately 100 described species distributed primarily in the Neotropics, with some species extending into North America. Members are diurnal and often wasp-mimicking in appearance. Several species are economically significant as pests of agricultural crops, including C. theobromae which has shifted from native cacao to become a major pest of guava in Colombia.
Carmenta anthracipennis
liatris borer moth, Blazing Star Clearwing
A clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1875. The species is notable for its larval association with Liatris species, where larvae bore through stems. It occurs in the eastern and central United States, with records extending into Canada.
Carmenta prosopis
Carmenta prosopis is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1882. It occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The larvae feed on mesquites (Prosopis species). As a member of the clearwing moth group, it exhibits wasp-mimicking appearance and diurnal activity patterns typical of the family.
Carmenta tecta
mistletoe stem borer
Carmenta tecta is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1882. It is commonly known as the mistletoe stem borer due to its larval association with mistletoe plants. The species is documented from the southwestern United States, particularly Arizona. Its biology is closely tied to oak-mistletoe ecosystems.
Cephus
stem sawflies
Cephus is a genus of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae, first described by Latreille in 1802. Members are found in Europe and North America. These insects are notable for their cylindrical, wasp-like bodies and their habit of boring into grass stems.
Chilo
borers
Chilo is a genus of crambid moths (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) commonly known as borers. Species in this genus are primarily recognized as agricultural pests of graminaceous crops, particularly sugarcane. The genus includes economically significant species such as C. tumidicostalis (Plassey borer), C. sacchariphagus indicus (internode borer), C. auricilius (stalk borer), and C. suppressalis (striped rice stem borer). These moths are characterized by larval stages that bore into plant stems, causing substantial yield losses in tropical and subtropical agricultural regions.
Chilonini
Chilonini is a tribe of grass moths within the family Crambidae. Members are generally small to medium-sized moths with narrow wings and slender bodies. The tribe includes several economically significant stem-boring pest species, particularly in the genus Chilo, which attack cereal crops including maize, rice, and sugarcane. Chilonini species are distributed across tropical and temperate regions worldwide, with highest diversity in the Old World tropics.
Chionodes arenella
Chionodes arenella is a small gelechiid moth native to eastern North America, ranging from Nova Scotia to Virginia. The species has a wingspan of approximately 20 mm and is distinguished by its clay-colored forewings with contrasting pale veins and dark greyish shading. Larvae are specialized stem borers in beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata).
Chlorops
grass flies, frit flies
Chlorops is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies or frit flies. Several species are significant agricultural pests of cereal crops. Chlorops oryzae (rice stem maggot) is a major pest of rice in Asia, causing 20-50% yield losses by larval feeding on developing leaves and young panicles. Chlorops taeniopus (gout fly) and related species damage barley and wheat in Europe. The genus exhibits geographic variation in voltinism, with some populations producing 2-5 generations annually depending on latitude and diapause patterns.
Coenopoeus
Coenopoeus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lamiinae, tribe Acanthocinini. The genus contains two described species: Coenopoeus niger and Coenopoeus palmeri. These beetles are associated with cactus habitats, with C. palmeri specifically documented as feeding on staghorn cacti (Cylindropuntia species). Adults are nocturnal and feed externally on cactus tissues, while larvae are internal miners within cactus stems.
Crambidae
Crambid Snout Moths, grass moths
Crambidae is a large family of Lepidoptera comprising over 10,000 species in more than 1,000 genera across 15 subfamilies. The family includes economically significant agricultural pests such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), sod webworms (Crambus spp.), and the invasive box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis). Historically treated as a subfamily of Pyralidae, Crambidae was elevated to full family status based on the presence of a praecinctorium—a structure joining two tympanic membranes absent in Pyralidae. Members exhibit diverse morphologies: Crambinae (grass moths) are slender with wings folded tightly around the body at rest, while other subfamilies display bright coloration and rest with wings spread.
Crambini
Grass-Veneers
Crambini is a tribe of moths within the subfamily Crambinae, commonly known as Grass-Veneers. The tribe includes over 1,800 species worldwide. Larvae are predominantly root feeders or stem borers, with many species associated with grasses. The tribe is distinguished by tympanal organ structure and the phallus attached medially to the juxta.
Cylindrocopturus adspersus
sunflower stem weevil
Cylindrocopturus adspersus, commonly known as the sunflower stem weevil, is a true weevil in the family Curculionidae. Adults are small, grayish-brown beetles with irregular whitish markings, approximately 5 mm in length. The species has a single generation per year, with larvae developing inside sunflower stems and overwintering in chambers hollowed out at the base of the plant. It is recognized as an occasional but potentially serious pest of cultivated sunflowers in North America, capable of reducing yields by up to 50% in heavily infested fields.
Cylindrocopturus dehiscens
Cylindrocopturus dehiscens is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae. It belongs to a genus associated with sunflowers (Helianthus spp.) and related plants in the Asteraceae family. The genus Cylindrocopturus includes several species that are recognized as sunflower pests, particularly as stem-borers during their larval stages.
Cylindrocopturus deleoni
Cylindrocopturus deleoni is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, first described by Buchanan in 1940. It belongs to the genus Cylindrocopturus, which includes several species associated with sunflower and other Asteraceae hosts. The species is recorded from western North America, specifically Alberta and British Columbia in Canada. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a stem-boring weevil with larvae that develop within host plant stems.
Cylindrocopturus longulus group
The Cylindrocopturus longulus group represents a species complex within the weevil genus Cylindrocopturus, closely related to C. adspersus (Sunflower Stem Weevil). Members of this group are stem-boring weevils associated with sunflowers (Helianthus spp.). The group designation indicates taxonomic uncertainty, with specimens potentially representing an undescribed species. Like other Cylindrocopturus species, these weevils likely complete their life cycle within sunflower stems, with larvae boring downward through pith tissue.
Cylindrocopturus quercus
Cylindrocopturus quercus is a species of twig and stem weevil in the tribe Zygopini, family Curculionidae. It is native to North America and associated with oak hosts (Quercus). As a member of the Zygopini, it likely exhibits the typical life history of twig-boring weevils, with larvae developing within woody stems.
Dectes
Dectes stem borer
Dectes is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae) established by John Lawrence LeConte in 1852. The genus contains three recognized species: Dectes nigripilus, Dectes sayi, and Dectes texanus. The most economically significant species is D. texanus, commonly known as the Dectes stem borer or soybean stem borer, which has become an important agricultural pest of soybean and sunflower crops in the central and eastern United States. Larvae tunnel into plant stems and girdle the base before overwintering, causing lodging and yield losses. D. sayi is also associated with soybean and sunflower but prefers common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) as a primary host.
Dectes texanus
Dectes stem borer, Texas prick, soybean stem borer
Dectes texanus is a native North American longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) that has emerged as a significant agricultural pest of soybeans and sunflowers in the Midwestern and Great Plains regions of the United States. Adults are characterized by antennae longer than their bodies and a pale gray coloration. Larvae tunnel inside plant stems from July through October, then girdle the stem base internally before overwintering, causing pre-harvest lodging and yield losses. The species has expanded its range and pest status dramatically since the 1980s, correlating with increased soybean acreage and adoption of no-till farming practices. Originally associated with wild hosts including ragweed and cocklebur, it colonized cultivated soybeans approximately 50 years ago.
Depressaria
Depressaria is a genus of moths in the family Depressariidae (subfamily Depressariinae), previously treated as part of Oecophoridae or as a distinct family. The genus contains approximately 80+ described species, with new species continuing to be discovered. Most species are specialists on Apiaceae (umbellifers), feeding on reproductive structures, though some species utilize Salicaceae (willows). Several species are economically significant agricultural pests or invasive species in North America, including D. depressana (purple carrot-seed moth) and D. radiella (parsnip webworm). The type species, D. heraclei (parsnip moth), has a confused taxonomic history dating to Linnaeus.
Diastictis baccatalis
Media Moth
Diastictis baccatalis, commonly known as the Media Moth, is a species of pyraloid moth in the family Crambidae. It is a moderately sized moth with distinctive wing patterns that facilitate identification. The species has been documented across much of North America and is frequently observed by citizen scientists, with over 2,300 records on iNaturalist. Its larvae are associated with plants in the genus Baccharis.
Dicerca pugionata
witch-hazel borer, ninebark borer
A striking jewel beetle in the family Buprestidae, measuring 11–14 mm in length. Unlike most Dicerca species that breed in dead wood, D. pugionata larvae mine living stems of woody shrubs. The species occurs sporadically across eastern North America but reaches locally abundant populations in Missouri glades where host plants grow under stressed conditions.
Dicymolomia julianalis
Julia's Dicymolomia Moth
Dicymolomia julianalis is a crambid moth distributed across eastern North America and Cuba. Larvae exhibit broad dietary flexibility, feeding on seeds of thistles and legumes, as internal borers in cattails and cactus stems, and as predators on bagworm eggs and larvae. The species has been studied for its potential impact on musk thistle seed production.
Diopsidae
Stalk-eyed Flies
Stalk-eyed flies are a family of true flies distinguished by their most conspicuous feature: eyes mounted at the ends of long lateral projections called eyestalks. This unique morphology is directly linked to their mating behavior, with males typically possessing longer eyestalks than females and using them in visual displays during courtship. The family occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia, with some species extending into the Arabian Peninsula and other areas. Several species are known agricultural pests, particularly as stem-borers in rice and other Poaceae.
Diploschizia impigritella
yellow nutsedge moth, five-barred glyphipterid moth
A minute sedge moth with a wingspan of 7–9 mm, described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1862. Adults are active from early May to early November across much of North America. The larvae are stem borers in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), making this species a potential biocontrol agent against this agricultural weed.
Dorcasta
Dorcasta is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Apomecynini, established by Pascoe in 1858. The genus contains eight described species distributed in the Americas. Larvae of at least one species, Dorcasta cinerea, have been documented developing in the stems of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima). Adults are associated with various woody and herbaceous host plants, though detailed life history information remains limited for most species.
Dorcasta cinerea
Dorcasta cinerea is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Apomecynini) described by George Henry Horn in 1860. The species is known from North America, with records from the United States and Mexico. A key biological trait is its larval association with buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima), a host plant relationship that distinguishes it from many cerambycids. Adults are active in spring, with collecting records from early May in Oklahoma.
Eana osseana
Eana osseana is a small tortrix moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Tortricinae. It has been treated under various taxonomic interpretations, with 'osseana-of-authors' referring to the species as historically recognized by European lepidopterists, distinct from related taxa now placed in separate species. The species occurs in Palearctic regions and is associated with dry, calcareous habitats. Adults are active in summer months.
Eichlinia calabaza
Southwestern Squash Vine Borer
Eichlinia calabaza is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, commonly known as the Southwestern Squash Vine Borer. It occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where its larvae develop within the stems of wild and cultivated cucurbits. The species is a significant agricultural pest of squash, pumpkins, and related crops. Adults are diurnal and wasp-mimicking in appearance.
Eichlinia cucurbitae
Squash Vine Borer
Eichlinia cucurbitae, commonly known as the squash vine borer, is a sesiid moth whose larvae are a major pest of cucurbit crops. The adult moth is a diurnal clearwing that mimics wasps in appearance and behavior. Larvae tunnel into the stems of host plants, disrupting vascular tissues and causing vine wilt and death. The species has a broad distribution in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions and typically produces two generations per year in temperate climates.
Elachiptera
frit flies
Elachiptera is a genus of small frit flies in the family Chloropidae, subfamily Oscinellinae. The genus contains approximately 81 valid species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia, with some species extending into the Oriental Region. Several species are known agricultural pests of cereal crops, with larvae feeding internally within stems of wheat and maize. The genus includes both fully winged and wingless (brachypterous) species.
Elasmopalpus
lesser cornstalk borer (for E. lignosellus)
Elasmopalpus is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, described by Émile Blanchard in 1852. The genus is restricted to the Americas and currently comprises three species. The type species E. angustellus was described with the genus, while E. corrientellus was added in 1888 and E. lignosellus in 1848. The genus is considered closely related to Ufa. The most well-known species, E. lignosellus (lesser cornstalk borer), is a significant agricultural pest of Poaceae and Fabaceae crops throughout the Americas.
Epiblema
Epiblema is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Eucosmini, with approximately 100 described species distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. Several species have been extensively studied for their ecological interactions, including parasitoid relationships and cryoprotective adaptations for overwintering. Some species, notably E. strenuana (ragweed borer) and E. minutana, have been investigated as biological control agents for invasive Asteraceae weeds, though taxonomic revisions have clarified their distinct status. The genus exhibits diverse larval feeding habits, with some species boring into plant stems or forming galls.
Epiblema obfuscana
Blue-washed Goldenrod Borer
A small tortricid moth in the genus Epiblema, recognized by the common name Blue-washed Goldenrod Borer. The species was described by Harrison G. Dyar in 1903 and belongs to the leafroller moth family Tortricidae. Like other members of its genus, it likely develops as a stem or root borer in herbaceous plants. The specific epithet and common name suggest coloration with bluish or grayish tones.
Etainia
Etainia is a genus of minute moths in the family Nepticulidae, established by Beirne in 1945. It was formerly treated as a subgenus of Ectoedemia but has been elevated to generic status. The genus contains species distributed across North America and Europe, with larvae that are leafminers and stem borers on woody plants. At least two native North American species are known, including Etainia thoraceleuca, which feeds on Ericaceae.
Etainia thoraceleuca
Etainia thoraceleuca is a North American moth in the family Nepticulidae, described in 2024 as the second native American species in the genus. It is known from light-collected adults across California, Arizona, and Ontario, Canada. The species is a specialist feeder on Ericaceae, with larvae making short leafmines on Arbutus and Arctostaphylos species before continuing development in stems and branches. It is sister to the European species E. albibimaculella.
Eurrhypini
Eurrhypini is a tribe of grass moths within the family Crambidae. Members of this tribe are small to medium-sized moths with narrow wings and slender bodies. They are associated with grassy and wetland habitats, where their larvae feed on monocotyledonous plants. The tribe includes several genera distributed across temperate and tropical regions.
Euzophera
snout moths
Euzophera is a genus of snout moths (Pyralidae) established by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1867. The genus comprises approximately 70 described species distributed across multiple continents, with larvae that typically bore into plant tissues. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, including stem borers of solanaceous crops and fruit borers of pomegranate. The genus exhibits considerable diversity in host plant associations, ranging from monophagous specialists to oligophagous generalists within particular plant families.
Fallapion occidentale
Black Sunflower Stem Weevil
Fallapion occidentale, commonly known as the black sunflower stem weevil, is a small weevil in the family Brentidae (primitive weevils) that feeds on sunflower plants (Helianthus spp.). Adults are black and approximately 3 mm in length. The species develops internally within sunflower stems and leaf petioles, with larvae feeding on pith tissue. It has been documented in association with the sunflower stem weevil (Cylindrocopturus adspersus) in Texas, though it causes minimal economic damage compared to other sunflower pests. Pupation occurs within the plant, with adults emerging in late summer.
Gillmeria pallidactyla
Yarrow Plume Moth
Gillmeria pallidactyla, commonly known as the Yarrow Plume Moth, is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae. It has a Holarctic distribution across North America and Eurasia. Adults are active from June to August, hiding in low vegetation during daylight hours and becoming active at dusk. The larvae are stem borers that overwinter in roots and feed on Achillea species in spring.
Globia laeta
red sedge borer, red sedge borer moth
Globia laeta, commonly known as the red sedge borer, is a small noctuid moth native to eastern North America. The species was first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1875 and was formerly placed in the genus Capsula before that name was changed to Globia due to a preoccupied mollusk genus. The moth is notable for its specialized larval habit of boring into the stems of Sparganium (bur-reed) plants.
Globia oblonga
Oblong Sedge Borer Moth, oblong sedge borer
Globia oblonga is a noctuid moth commonly known as the oblong sedge borer. First described by Grote in 1882, this species was formerly placed in the genus Capsula before that name was abandoned due to a homonym conflict with a mollusk genus. The species is notable for its specialized larval biology: early instars are leaf miners on emergent aquatic plants, while later instars transition to stem-boring below the water line. Adults are medium-sized moths with wingspans of 35–50 mm.
Globia subflava
Yellow Sedge Borer Moth, Subflava Sedge Borer
Globia subflava is a noctuid moth native to North America, commonly known as the yellow sedge borer or subflava sedge borer. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1882 and is characterized by its stem-boring larval habit in wetland plants. Adults are active in mid-summer with a single annual generation.
Hellinsia balanotes
Baccharis Borer
Hellinsia balanotes is a plume moth (Pterophoridae) commonly known as the baccharis borer. It is native to the Americas from the United States through Central America, and has been introduced to Australia as a biological control agent for the invasive shrub Baccharis halimifolia. The species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1908.
Hellinsia glenni
Glenn's Plume Moth
Hellinsia glenni is a small plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, described by Everett D. Cashatt in 1972. It occurs in scattered populations across North America, with records from Florida, Mississippi, and California. The species has a wingspan of approximately 26 mm. Its larvae are specialized stem borers of Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis).
Hellinsia grandis
Coyote Brush Borer Plume Moth
Hellinsia grandis, commonly known as the coyote brush borer plume moth, is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae. It is distributed across western North America from California through Mexico to Guatemala. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush), where larvae bore into stems. Adults are active in August and have a wingspan of approximately 34 mm.
Hellinsia kellicottii
Goldenrod Plume Moth, Goldenrod Borer
Hellinsia kellicottii, commonly known as the Goldenrod Plume Moth or Goldenrod Borer, is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae. The species was described by Fish in 1881 and is native to eastern North America. Adults have a wingspan of 14–29 mm and are active from February to October depending on latitude. The larvae are specialized feeders on Solidago (goldenrod) species.
Hypocoena basistriga
White-veined Sedge Moth
Hypocoena basistriga is a small noctuid moth with a distinctive pattern of white-veined forewings against a dark brown background. It inhabits mesic environments across western North America, from Alaska to the western Great Lakes region. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in late summer and early fall. Larval biology remains undocumented, though related species are stem borers in monocots.
Janus integer
currant stem girdler
Janus integer, commonly known as the currant stem girdler, is a species of stem sawfly in the family Cephidae native to North America. As a member of the Cephidae, it belongs to a family of sawflies characterized by their cylindrical, elongated bodies and larvae that bore into plant stems. The common name indicates a specific association with currant plants (Ribes species), where larvae likely cause damage by girdling stems. The species has been documented across multiple Canadian provinces including Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Newfoundland.
Languria mozardi
clover stem borer
Languria mozardi is a small lizard beetle (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) commonly known as the clover stem borer. Adults are red and black, measuring 4–9 mm in length. The species is native to North and Central America, with larvae developing inside the stems of host plants. Multiple host records document its presence on agricultural crops, including clover, canola, and soybeans.
Languria taedata
lizard beetle
Languria taedata is a polymorphic lizard beetle species distributed along the eastern coast of North America. Adults are dark, elongate beetles measuring 9–11 mm. The species exhibits notable color variation, including a distinctive all-piceous form ('Form C') found primarily along the western Gulf Coast—the first such form documented in the genus. Larvae develop internally within stems of Spartina alterniflora, the smooth cordgrass.
Lasioptera
Lasioptera is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae containing at least 140 described species. Species in this genus are primarily known for inducing galls on host plants, with larvae developing inside plant tissues. Some species have established complex relationships with fungi, including ambrosia fungus feeding. Several species are significant agricultural pests, including the Mediterranean tomato gall midge (L. tomaticola) and a stem-boring pest on tomatoes reported from Greece and Turkey. The genus has a wide geographic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, North America, and other regions, with host associations including Rubus (raspberry/blackberry), tomato, Arundo donax (giant reed), Leea indica, and various other plants.
Listronotus maculicollis
annual bluegrass weevil
Listronotus maculicollis, the annual bluegrass weevil, is a highly destructive pest of short-mown turfgrass in eastern North America, particularly golf course putting greens, fairways, and tee boxes. Adults are small (up to 4.5 mm), dark-colored weevils with a distinct spotted or maculate pronotum. The species has expanded its range from the northeastern United States into the Midwest and Southeast since the 2000s. Larval feeding causes severe damage, with early instars acting as stem-borers and later instars feeding on the crown, resulting in irregular patches of dead turf. The weevil shows strong preference for Poa annua (annual bluegrass) over other turfgrass species, though it can develop on several cool-season grasses. Temperature, not photoperiod, drives daily activity patterns, with peak activity occurring at 14–17°C.
Lixus concavus
rhubarb curculio
Lixus concavus, commonly known as the rhubarb curculio, is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae. Adults are approximately 12 mm long, black with yellowish dusting, and possess a distinctive elongated snout with geniculate antennae. The species is univoltine, with one generation per year. While rhubarb is a common host, eggs laid in rhubarb tissue fail to develop; successful reproduction occurs in curly dock, sunflower, and thistle stalks.
Lorita
Lorita is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Cochylini, established by Busck in 1939. The genus contains four described species distributed in the Americas, with Lorita baccharivora known as a specialist feeder on Baccharis (saltbush). Adults are small moths with characteristic tortricid wing posture at rest.
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly, barley midge
The Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) is a major pest of wheat and other cereal crops. Adults are small, mosquito-like flies with dark wings, black thorax, and dark red abdomen. Females deposit eggs in clusters on wheat leaf surfaces; larvae feed on stem tissue, causing stunting, lodging, and reduced grain yield. Unlike most Cecidomyiidae, this species does not form galls. Native to Asia, it has spread globally and was one of the earliest documented invasive species in North America, first reported in 1779.
Mecas
Mecas is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) in the tribe Saperdini, distributed in North America. Species in this genus are stem- and root-borers, with larvae developing internally within host plant tissues. Some species have been documented as pests of cultivated sunflowers, while others are associated with native Asteraceae and other plants. The genus contains approximately 18 described species across three subgenera.
Mecas bicallosa
Mecas bicallosa is a species of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Martin in 1924. The species occurs in North and Central America. Like other members of the genus Mecas, it is associated with plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), where larvae bore into stems and roots.
Mecas cana
Mecas cana is a longhorn beetle species in the family Cerambycidae, described by Newman in 1840. The species is distributed across North America, including the United States and Mexico. Two subspecies are recognized: Mecas cana cana (the nominate subspecies) and Mecas cana saturnina (LeConte, 1859). Like other members of the genus Mecas, this species is associated with plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), where larvae bore into stems and roots.
Mecas marginella
Mecas marginella is a species of longhorn beetle (family Cerambycidae) first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1873. It is native to the United States and belongs to a genus whose members are commonly known as girdlers due to their habit of girdling plant stems. Like other Mecas species, it likely develops as a stem- and root-borer in host plants, though specific details for this species remain poorly documented.
Mecas pergrata
Mecas pergrata is a longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Thomas Say in 1824. Adults are 6–12 mm in length with gray pubescence. The species is a stem- and root-borer that exploits plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), including cultivated sunflowers. It is known from Mexico and the United States.
Mecinus janthinus
Toadflax stem weevil
Mecinus janthinus is a stem-boring weevil used as a classical biological control agent for invasive toadflax species (Linaria spp.) in North America. Originally introduced from Europe in the 1990s, it has established populations on Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) and yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) in the United States and Canada. The species exhibits high host specificity, with postrelease studies in Colorado finding no evidence of nontarget herbivory on native plants even under no-choice starvation conditions. Genetic studies have revealed that M. janthinus as historically defined comprises two cryptic species: M. janthinus sensu stricto associated with yellow toadflax, and M. janthiniformis associated with Dalmatian toadflax.
Megathyminae
giant skippers, yucca giant skippers
Megathyminae is a subfamily of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as giant skippers. These are among the largest skippers, characterized by robust bodies, relatively small wings for their body size, and a strong association with succulent plants. The group contains approximately 20 species distributed primarily in arid regions of North America. Larvae are endophagous, feeding internally within the stems or roots of host plants, particularly yuccas and agaves.
Melanagromyza undescribed-blephilia-stem-borer
An undescribed species in the genus Melanagromyza, a group of stem-boring flies in the family Agromyzidae. The informal name indicates this species develops as a stem borer in plants of the genus Blephilia, a group of mint-family herbs native to North America. As an undescribed species, it lacks formal scientific description and has not been assigned a species epithet. The genus Melanagromyza contains numerous economically significant agricultural pests, though this particular species appears to be associated with wild host plants rather than cultivated crops.
Meromyza americana
Wheat Stem Maggot
Meromyza americana, commonly known as the Wheat Stem Maggot, is a chloropid fly species whose larvae are significant pests of small grain cereals. The species completes a second generation in spring, with adults emerging to lay eggs on barley, oats, rye, wheat, and other grass hosts. Larval feeding occurs within stems, causing characteristic whitehead symptoms in infested tillers. Despite its pest status, infestations rarely exceed 1% of tillers, making insecticide treatments generally unnecessary.
Meropleon diversicolor
multicolored sedgeminer moth
Meropleon diversicolor, commonly known as the multicolored sedgeminer moth, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 29 mm. It is widely distributed across eastern and central North America, with records spanning from Quebec and New Brunswick south to Georgia and west to Kansas and Oklahoma. The species is strongly associated with wetland habitats and has a larval stage that bores into sedges (Carex and related genera). Adults are active from June through October, with peak abundance in August and September.
Mesapamea secalis
common rustic
Mesapamea secalis, the common rustic, is a noctuid moth found across Europe, north-west Africa, Turkey, and northern Iran. It was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 and was formerly treated as conspecific with Mesapamea didyma and M. remmi, all three now recognized as distinct species. Adults fly from July to August, with larvae feeding on grass stems.
Metallus rohweri
Metallus rohweri is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, first described by MacGillivray in 1909. It belongs to the subfamily Blennocampinae and is one of approximately five species in the genus Metallus. The genus is characterized by metallic coloration and association with Rubus host plants. This species is known from northeastern North America.
Microlarinus lypriformis
Puncture vine stem weevil
Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem-boring weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) introduced to North America as a biological control agent for puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris). Females oviposit into the stems of this host plant, and larvae feed internally on the pith, causing stem damage and plant mortality. Adults emerge through exit holes bored in the stem. The species has been used in combination with the seed-feeding weevil Microlarinus lareynii in biocontrol programs in the United States and Canada.
Mompha sp. (on Spermacoce)
An undescribed species in the genus Mompha, a family of small moths known for their narrow wings and association with specific host plants. This taxon is recognized from specimens reared or collected on Spermacoce species, a genus of flowering plants in the coffee family (Rubiaceae). As an undescribed species, it lacks formal scientific description and has not been assigned a species epithet. Its existence is documented through association with this particular host plant genus.
Mompha sturnipennella
Kentish Cosmet
Mompha sturnipennella is a small gelechioid moth in the family Momphidae, with a wingspan of 13–18 mm. It exhibits a bivoltine adult flight pattern, with one generation active in July–August and a second generation emerging in September, overwintering, and flying until May. The species is widely distributed across the Holarctic, occurring throughout most of Europe (excluding the Mediterranean south), Siberia, the Russian Far East, and Canada.
Monoptilota pergratialis
lima-bean vine borer moth
Monoptilota pergratialis, commonly known as the lima-bean vine borer moth, is the sole species in the genus Monoptilota. It is a small pyralid moth in the subfamily Phycitinae. The species is found in the central and southeastern United States. Larvae are known to bore into the stems of lima bean plants, causing damage to cultivated crops.
Mordellina
tumbling flower beetles
Mordellina is a genus of tumbling flower beetles in the family Mordellidae, comprising more than 30 described species. These beetles are characterized by their ability to tumble or jump when disturbed, a trait common to the family. At least one species, Mordellina ancilla, has been documented as a stem-borer in herbaceous plants. The genus occurs across North America and potentially other regions, though species-level distributions vary.
Mordellina ancilla
Tumbling Little-maid Flower Beetle
Mordellina ancilla is a species of tumbling flower beetle in the family Mordellidae. It is native to North America and has been documented as a stem-borer of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in Ontario, Canada, representing the first known host record for this species on this introduced plant. The beetle feeds on stem pith during late stages of the host plant's biennial life cycle and continues feeding on dead plant material.
Noctuidae
owlet moths, cutworms, armyworms
Noctuidae is a large family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea, currently comprising approximately 1,089 genera and 11,772 species. The family is taxonomically unstable, having recently lost several subfamilies (Lymantriinae, Catocalinae, Calpinae) to the family Erebidae, making it now the second-largest family in Noctuoidea rather than the largest in Lepidoptera. Adults are predominantly nocturnal with cryptic brown, grey, or black coloration, though some tropical subfamilies exhibit bright coloration. Larvae are commonly known as cutworms or armyworms, with many species being significant agricultural pests.
Oberea
Oberea is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) in the tribe Obereini. Most species are stem borers of various plants, with documented associations including blackberries and their relatives, willows, aspen, and Euphorbia species. The genus has a broad distribution across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia and Africa. Several species have been investigated for biological control of invasive plants, including Oberea erythrocephala for leafy spurge management in Canada.
Oberea affinis
Raspberry Cane Borer
Oberea affinis is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Leng & Hamilton in 1896. Commonly known as the Raspberry Cane Borer, this species belongs to the genus Oberea, which contains numerous stem-boring beetles associated with various host plants. The species is part of the tribe Saperdini (or Obereini, depending on classification system) within the subfamily Lamiinae.
Oberea erythrocephala
Leafy Spurge Stem Boring Beetle, Red-headed Leafy Spurge Stem Borer
Oberea erythrocephala is a slender, elongate longhorn beetle introduced to North America as a biological control agent for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Adults have distinctive red heads, black eyes, and grayish-black hind wings. The species is univoltine and oligophagous, feeding and developing only on certain Euphorbia species in the subgenus Esula. It was approved for release in the United States in 1980 and has since established populations across at least fifteen states and several Canadian provinces. The beetle is considered secondary to Aphthona flea beetles in leafy spurge management due to its narrower host range.
Oberea ocellata
Sumac stem borer
Oberea ocellata is a flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini, commonly known as the sumac stem borer. It is a documented pest of woody plants, with larvae developing inside host stems and causing structural damage. The species has a three-year life cycle and is distributed across North America.
Ophiomyia
Ophiomyia is a genus of leaf-mining flies in the family Agromyzidae, established by Brazhnikov in 1897. The genus contains over 200 described species distributed worldwide, with particularly significant agricultural impact in tropical and subtropical regions. Several species, notably O. phaseoli, O. spencerella, and O. centrosematis, are major pests of leguminous crops, with larvae feeding internally in stems and leaves. The genus exhibits diverse host associations across multiple plant families, though many species show specialization on particular host genera.
Ophiomyia congregata
Ophiomyia congregata is a species of leaf-miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. The species was described by Malloch in 1913. As a member of the genus Ophiomyia, it is likely associated with stem or root mining in plants, though specific host associations and biological details for this particular species remain poorly documented in available literature.
Ophiomyia galiodes
Ophiomyia galiodes is a species of leaf-mining fly described in 2021. It belongs to the family Agromyzidae, a large group of small flies whose larvae feed internally in plant tissues. The species epithet "galiodes" refers to its association with Galium species (bedstraws). As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.
Opomyza germinationis
Opomyza germinationis is a univoltine fly species in the family Opomyzidae. The larva is a stem-boring pest of cereals and grasses, feeding on the central shoot and causing 'dead-heart' symptoms in young plants. Adults emerge in mid-summer and persist until early autumn, with oviposition occurring in September-November. The species has been documented as an agricultural pest in Britain and is present in Scandinavia.
Papaipema
Papaipema is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, erected by John B. Smith in 1899. The genus comprises approximately 50 described species, most of which are commonly known as "borers" due to their larval feeding habits. Species are distributed primarily across North America, with many exhibiting highly specialized host plant associations. Larvae tunnel into stems, roots, or rhizomes of specific native plants, making many species of conservation concern due to habitat loss and host plant rarity.
Papaipema arctivorens
Northern Burdock Borer, Thistle Stem Borer Moth
Papaipema arctivorens, commonly known as the northern burdock borer or thistle stem borer moth, is a noctuid moth species found in eastern and central North America. The species is notable for its specialized larval feeding on thistle and burdock stems, with larvae boring into the pith of host plants. Adults have a wingspan of 27–39 mm. The species has been documented across a broad geographic range from Quebec to northern Georgia.
Papaipema astuta
Stoneroot Stem Borer Moth
Papaipema astuta is a noctuid moth commonly known as the Stoneroot Stem Borer Moth. It is native to North America and belongs to a genus of moths whose larvae bore into stems of herbaceous plants. The species was described by Bird in 1907. Like other Papaipema species, it is associated with specific host plants, though detailed ecological studies remain limited.
Papaipema baptisiae
Dogbane Stem Borer Moth, Indigo Stem Borer, Wild Indigo Borer Moth
Papaipema baptisiae is a noctuid moth species described by Bird in 1902. It is commonly known as the Dogbane Stem Borer Moth, Indigo Stem Borer, or Wild Indigo Borer Moth. The species belongs to the genus Papaipema, a group of stem-boring moths whose larvae tunnel into the stems of herbaceous plants. Its Hodges number is 9485.
Papaipema beeriana
Blazing Star Borer Moth, Blazing Star Stem Borer, Liatris Borer Moth, Oriental Sea-kale
Papaipema beeriana is a noctuid moth whose larvae are specialist borers in the stems of blazing star (Liatris species). The species is endemic to North America and is of conservation concern due to its dependence on native prairie habitats and specific host plants. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The common name 'blazing star borer moth' directly references its obligate relationship with Liatris host plants.
Papaipema cataphracta
burdock borer
Papaipema cataphracta, commonly known as the burdock borer, is a noctuid moth distributed across eastern and central North America. Adults are active in late summer and fall. The larvae are root and stem borers, feeding on burdock (Arctium), lilies (Lilium), and thistles.
Papaipema cerussata
ironweed borer moth
Papaipema cerussata, commonly known as the ironweed borer moth, is a noctuid moth species found in eastern North America. The species is a stem-borer specialist, with larvae that feed internally on the stems of Vernonia noveboracensis. It has been documented across seventeen states from Maine to Georgia. The specific epithet 'cerussata' refers to the lead-white coloration characteristic of this species.
Papaipema duovata
Seaside Goldenrod Borer Moth, Seaside Goldenrod Stem Borer
Papaipema duovata is a noctuid moth specialized on seaside goldenrod. Adults are active in October and have a wingspan of approximately 36 mm. The species is listed as threatened in Connecticut. It was first described by Henry Bird in 1902 from specimens originally placed in Hydroecia.
Papaipema eryngii
Rattlesnake-master Borer Moth
Papaipema eryngii is a noctuid moth whose larvae are specialized stem borers of the rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium). The species has a restricted range in the central United States, tied to the distribution of its host plant. It is the only member of its genus known to have adapted to the defensive chemistry of this particular host. The species is listed as endangered in Illinois and was the subject of a declined federal protection petition in 2020.
Papaipema eupatorii
Joe-Pye Weed Borer Moth, Joe-Pye-weed borer, eupatorium borer
Papaipema eupatorii is a noctuid moth species native to North America. The common names reference its larval association with Joe-Pye weed (Eutrochium/Eupatorium species). Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species was originally described by Lyman in 1905 under the genus Gortyna.
Papaipema furcata
Ash Shoot Borer Moth, ash tip borer
Papaipema furcata is a noctuid moth whose larvae bore into the twigs of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) and box elder (Acer negundo). Adults are active from late summer through autumn, with a wingspan of 33–49 mm. The species ranges across eastern and central North America from Quebec to Georgia and west to Louisiana and Manitoba.
Papaipema insulidens
ragwort stem borer moth
Papaipema insulidens, commonly known as the ragwort stem borer moth, is a species of cutworm moth in the family Noctuidae. The species was described by Bird in 1902 and is native to North America. The common name suggests larval boring behavior in ragwort (Senecio) stems, though specific host associations require verification. It is assigned Hodges number 9488 in the North American moth numbering system.
Papaipema lysimachiae
Loosestrife Borer, Loosestrife Borer Moth
Papaipema lysimachiae, commonly known as the Loosestrife Borer, is a North American moth in the family Noctuidae. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Lysimachia quadrifolia, where larvae bore into stems and roots. Adults are active in late summer and autumn.
Papaipema maritima
maritime sunflower borer moth, giant sunflower borer moth
Papaipema maritima is a noctuid moth species native to North America, first described by Henry Bird in 1909. The larvae are specialized stem borers that tunnel into the stems of giant sunflower (Helianthus giganteus), creating distinctive stem galls. The species has experienced significant population decline and is classified as a species of special concern in Connecticut, where it is believed to be extirpated. Its specialized host relationship and habitat loss contribute to its vulnerable conservation status.
Papaipema nebris
stalk borer
Papaipema nebris, commonly known as the stalk borer, is a noctuid moth whose larvae tunnel into the stems of herbaceous plants. The species is distributed across eastern North America, from southern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, with the notable exception of Florida. Adults are nocturnal and active during summer months. The species is of agricultural concern due to larval damage to corn and other crops.
Papaipema nelita
coneflower borer, Coneflower Borer Moth
Papaipema nelita, commonly known as the coneflower borer, is a moth species in the family Noctuidae. The species was described by Strecker in 1898 and is native to North America. It belongs to a genus whose larvae are known as borers in the stems and roots of herbaceous plants. The species has been documented in Canada and the United States.
Papaipema nepheleptena
Turtlehead Borer Moth, turtle head borer moth
Papaipema nepheleptena, the Turtlehead Borer Moth, is a noctuid moth described by Dyar in 1908. The species is endemic to North America. It belongs to a genus whose larvae are specialized stem borers in herbaceous plants. The common name indicates an association with turtlehead plants (Chelone spp.), though this relationship requires confirmation from primary sources.
Papaipema polymniae
Cup Plant Borer, Leafcup Borer Moth
Papaipema polymniae is a noctuid moth commonly known as the Cup Plant Borer or Leafcup Borer Moth. The species is a specialist herbivore whose larvae feed exclusively on Polymnia uvedalis (leafcup), a native North American plant in the sunflower family. It has been documented in limited numbers in the northeastern United States.
Papaipema sauzalitae
figwort stem borer
Papaipema sauzalitae, commonly known as the figwort stem borer, is a noctuid moth species first described by Grote in 1875. The species belongs to the genus Papaipema, a group of stem-boring moths whose larvae tunnel into the stems of herbaceous plants. Its common name indicates a specialized relationship with figwort (Scrophularia) plants. The species is recorded from North America and has been assigned MONA/Hodges number 9474.
Papaipema silphii
Silphium Borer Moth, silphius borer moth
Papaipema silphii, commonly known as the Silphium Borer Moth, is a noctuid moth species described by Bird in 1915. It belongs to the genus Papaipema, a group of moths whose larvae are specialized borers in the stems and roots of herbaceous plants. The species is found in North America and is associated with plants in the genus Silphium. The species has been assigned Hodges number 9498 in the North American moth numbering system.
Papaipema sulphurata
Water-willow Stem Borer, Decodon Stem Borer, Swamp Loosestrife Borer Moth
Papaipema sulphurata is a noctuid moth endemic to southeastern Massachusetts, including Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The species is an obligate specialist on Decodon verticillatus (water-willow or swamp loosestrife), with larvae that tunnel into stems and feed on vascular tissue. Adults fly in autumn, with a wingspan of 32–38 mm. The species is considered rare due to its restricted range and specific host plant requirements.
Papaipema unimoda
meadow rue borer, Meadow Rue Borer Moth
Papaipema unimoda is a noctuid moth commonly known as the meadow rue borer. Adults are active in late summer and fall, with a single annual generation. The species is notable for its larval habit of boring into the roots and stems of herbaceous host plants.
Parapamea buffaloensis
Lizard's-tail Borer Moth
Parapamea buffaloensis, commonly known as the Lizard's-tail Borer Moth, is a noctuid moth species described by Grote in 1877. The species is native to North America and is associated with wetland habitats where its larval host plant, lizard's-tail (Saururus cernuus), occurs. The common name reflects its specialized relationship with this plant, as the larvae bore into the stems. Adults are nocturnal and have been documented through limited but consistent observations.
Pegomya
Pegomya is a genus of flies in the family Anthomyiidae comprising diverse species with varied larval feeding strategies. Larvae exhibit leaf mining, stem boring, gall induction, seed feeding, and mycophagy. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, including those attacking sugar beet, spinach, and cruciferous crops. Some species have been investigated for biological control of invasive plants.
Periploca ceanothiella
Ceanothus stem gall moth
A small gall-forming moth in the family Cosmopterigidae that induces stem galls on Ceanothus species. The species has been recorded across much of North America, with adults active primarily from March to August. Larvae bore into host stems, causing distinctive gall formations, and overwinter within these structures.
Phylloecus trimaculatus
Rose Shoot Sawfly
Phylloecus trimaculatus, commonly known as the rose shoot sawfly, is a stem sawfly in the family Cephidae. Adults emerge in late April and oviposit inside the stems of Rosa and Rubus species. Larvae feed within host stems throughout the summer before dropping to the ground to overwinter. The species occurs from southern Canada through the eastern United States to the Great Plains.
Phymatopus
swift moths, ghost moths
Phymatopus is a genus of swift moths in the family Hepialidae, erected by Wallengren in 1869. The genus occurs across Eurasia and western North America, with species distinguished primarily by male genitalia morphology and forewing pattern variation. Members lack tibial spurs, proboscis, frenulum, and have very short antennae. The genus exhibits an unusual mating system where males release attractants to draw females, reversing the ancestral hepialid condition.
Rhinoncus longulus
Smartweed Node Weevil
Rhinoncus longulus is a small weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the Smartweed Node Weevil. The species is documented from multiple Canadian provinces and is associated with Polygonaceae host plants. Like other members of the genus Rhinoncus, this species likely develops within the stems or nodes of its host plants. The specific epithet 'longulus' refers to its somewhat elongated body form relative to congeners.
Rumatha bihinda
A snout moth species described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1922. Adult males have a wingspan of 30–35 mm, females 32–36 mm. The species is restricted to the southwestern United States. Larvae are stem-borers in Cylindropuntia cacti.
Schoenobiinae
Schoenobiinae is a subfamily of grass moths (Crambidae) established by Duponchel in 1846. The group comprises approximately 30 genera including Schoenobius, Scirpophaga, Donacaula, and Catagela. Many species are stem borers of monocot plants, with larvae feeding internally in stems of grasses, sedges, and rushes. Some genera contain significant agricultural pests, particularly of rice and other cultivated cereals.
Scrobipalpa
Scrobipalpa is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Janse in 1951. The genus contains over 100 described species distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe, and introduced populations in North America and Australasia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of sugar beet, quinoa, tobacco, and eggplant. The genus was historically split with Euscrobipalpa treated as a subgenus or separate genus, but this distinction is no longer recognized as valid.
Sesiinae
clearwing moths
The Sesiinae are a subfamily of clearwing moths within the family Sesiidae, established by Boisduval in 1828. Members are characterized by reduced wing scaling that creates transparent areas, mimicking wasps or hornets in appearance. The subfamily includes multiple tribes, notably Synanthedonini, which contains genera such as Carmenta, Tipulamima, and Macrotarsipodes. Species occur across multiple continents with documented host associations including Clerodendrum paniculatum (Lamiaceae) and Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae).
Stenispa metallica
Black Smooth Hispine
Stenispa metallica is a species of hispine beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. Adults are characterized by a shining black body with an obscure metallic tinge. The species has been recorded from a broad range of states in the eastern and central United States, as well as from Mexico. Larval development is associated with sedges and grasses, with Scirpus atrovirens documented as a confirmed host plant.
Sternechus
true weevils
Sternechus is a genus of true weevils (family Curculionidae) containing more than 50 described species. The genus is best known for Sternechus subsignatus, a significant agricultural pest of soybean in South America known locally as 'picudo grande' (big weevil). This species was first detected in southern Brazil in the 1970s and has since spread to northern Brazil and Argentina, where it causes economic damage through stem boring that can result in stand loss. Some species in the genus have been treated as distinct species in certain regions; for example, S. subsignatus in northern Argentina is sometimes considered S. pinguis. The genus is part of the extraordinarily diverse Curculionidae, which with approximately 60,000 species represents one of the largest families in the animal kingdom.
Stictobaris ornatella
flower weevil
Stictobaris ornatella is a species of flower weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae, described by Casey in 1920. The species is known from North America and has been documented in only a small number of observations. Its larvae are specialized stem borers in Amaranth plants.
Strauzia perfecta
Strauzia perfecta is a species of fruit fly in the family Tephritidae, first described by Loew in 1873. It belongs to the genus Strauzia, a group of tephritid flies whose larvae develop in plant stems. The species is accepted as valid in major taxonomic databases. Specific biological details remain poorly documented in available literature.
Suleima baracana
baracana moth
Suleima baracana is a tortricid moth whose larvae bore into stems of the Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Adults are small, cryptically colored moths that resemble bird droppings—specifically goldfinch waste—providing effective camouflage when resting on upper leaf surfaces. The species has been documented in Alberta, Canada, and is part of a guild of sunflower-specialist tortricid moths that exploit cultivated and native sunflowers.
Suleima helianthana
sunflower bud moth
Suleima helianthana, commonly known as the sunflower bud moth, is a tortricid moth species native to central North America. The species is a specialist pest of sunflowers (Helianthus spp.), with larvae that tunnel into stalks and buds. Two generations occur annually. While historically documented on cultivated and wild sunflowers, the species was first recorded on Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) in California's San Joaquin Valley in 2024, representing an emerging pest situation for small-farm producers.
Symmetrischema tangolias
South American potato tuber moth, Andean potato tuber moth, tomato stemborer
Symmetrischema tangolias is a gelechiid moth native to the Andean region of South America that has become a globally significant agricultural pest. The species infests solanaceous crops, particularly potatoes and tomatoes, with larvae burrowing into stems, leaves, petioles, and tubers. It has established invasive populations in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Chile. The species is adapted to cooler temperatures than the related potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella, with optimal development occurring between 14–17°C.
Synanthedon albicornis
Western Willow Clearwing Moth
Synanthedon albicornis is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, commonly known as the Western Willow Clearwing Moth. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with males possessing highly bipectinate (feathery) antennae and distinctive white thoracic tufts composed of hair-like scales. Like other sesiids, it is a wasp mimic with reduced wing scaling that creates a transparent appearance. The species is diurnal and generally not attracted to light traps.
Synanthedon castaneae
Chestnut Clearwing Moth
A clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, Synanthedon castaneae is a specialist associated with Castanea (chestnut) trees. The species is part of a guild of insects that historically relied on American chestnut (Castanea dentata) as a host, and like other members of this community, has been affected by the decline of this keystone tree species due to chestnut blight. The common name reflects this host association.
Thaumatopsis pectinifer
Thaumatopsis pectinifer is a grass-veneer moth in the family Crambidae, described by Zeller in 1877. It occurs across the central and eastern United States. The larvae are stem borers in grasses, including cultivated corn.
Thrincopyge
jewel beetles
Thrincopyge is a genus of jewel beetles (family Buprestidae) in the subfamily Polycestinae. The genus contains three described species: T. alacris, T. ambiens, and T. marginata. Adults are known for their striking metallic coloration, typically combining blue or green with vivid yellow. Larvae develop within the dried flowering stalks of sotol plants (Dasylirion spp.), while adults conceal themselves at the base of the plants among the long, strap-like leaves. The genus occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
Thrypticus willistoni
Thrypticus willistoni is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae, first described by Wheeler in 1890. The genus Thrypticus comprises small to minute flies associated with grasses and sedges, with larvae that develop within plant stems. Adults are characterized by reduced wing venation and distinctive leg proportions typical of the family.
Thurberiphaga
Thurberiphaga is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, containing a single species, Thurberiphaga diffusa. The genus is endemic to southern Arizona and is tightly associated with its sole host plant, wild cotton (Gossypium thurberi). The caterpillar is a stem-borer with distinctive pinkish coloration and rough setae. Adults are active during the summer monsoon season.
Trachelus
stem sawflies
Trachelus is a genus of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae. Species are internal feeders in grass stems, with several species recognized as significant agricultural pests of wheat and barley. The genus occurs across the Palearctic region, with documented species in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Larval development occurs entirely within host plant stems, causing characteristic damage often called 'whiteheads' in cereal crops.
Trachelus tabidus
Black Wheat Stem-sawfly
Trachelus tabidus is a stem-sawfly in the family Cephidae, commonly known as the Black Wheat Stem-sawfly. It is an agricultural pest of cereal crops, particularly wheat. The larvae bore inside stems, causing lodging and yield loss. It has been documented in North America and Europe, including the Azores.
Trichobaris
flower weevils
Trichobaris is a genus of flower weevils in the family Curculionidae, comprising 8–13 described species distributed from the southwestern United States through Mexico. These weevils are specialized herbivores associated with plants in the family Solanaceae, particularly the genus Datura, with which they likely coevolved. Several species are notable agricultural pests, including T. mucorea (tobacco stalk borer) and T. trinotata (potato stalk borer), which also feed on cultivated solanaceous crops. Research on this genus has contributed to understanding host-herbivore coevolution, chemical ecology of host selection, and the decoupling of maternal oviposition cues from larval performance.
Trichobaris mucorea
tobacco stalk borer
Trichobaris mucorea is a flower weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the tobacco stalk borer. The species is specialized on host plants in the genus Nicotiana, particularly Nicotiana attenuata, where it completes most of its life cycle concealed within stems. Adult females use volatile chemical cues to select oviposition sites, though these cues do not necessarily predict larval performance. The species is native to North America.
Xubida dentilineatella
Xubida dentilineatella is a small crambid moth described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1913. It occurs in Mexico and the southern United States, with confirmed records from Arizona. Adults are active during summer months, and larvae are specialized borers in Saccharum species.
Zenodoxus mexicanus
Zenodoxus mexicanus is a clearwing moth (family Sesiidae) described by Beutenmüller in 1897. The genus Zenodoxus belongs to the subfamily Tinthiinae, a group of sesiid moths characterized by their wasp-mimicking appearance and diurnal activity patterns. This species occurs in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, with the specific epithet suggesting a Mexican distribution. Clearwing moths in this family are typically associated with woody plants, with larvae often boring into stems or roots.