Turfgrass-pest

Guides

Apamea devastator
glassy cutworm moth, glassy cutworm
Apamea devastator, commonly known as the glassy cutworm moth, is a noctuid moth of northeastern North America. The adult has a wingspan of 35–40 mm and flies from May to September. The larva is a subterranean cutworm that feeds on grasses, attacking roots and basal stems. The species is economically significant as a pest of turfgrass and agricultural grasses.
cutworm subterranean-feeder grass-pest Noctuidae Noctuinae Apameini Lepidoptera moth North-America turfgrass-pest agricultural-pest nocturnal May–September-flight-period 35–40-mm-wingspan larval-root-feeder
Ataenius spretulus
black turfgrass ataenius, black fairway beetle
Ataenius spretulus is a scarab beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) commonly known as the black turfgrass ataenius or black fairway beetle. It is the most common grub in golf course fairways in Michigan and throughout much of North America. The species has been extensively studied in turfgrass management contexts due to its economic impact as a root-feeding pest. Research indicates its abundance and distribution are influenced by soil moisture levels, mowing height, and natural enemy pressure rather than adult oviposition preferences alone.
turfgrass-pest golf-course scarab-beetle root-feeder biological-control integrated-pest-management
Blissus
chinch bugs
Blissus is a genus of true bugs (Hemiptera: Blissidae) comprising approximately 27 species, commonly known as chinch bugs in North America. Several species are significant agricultural pests: B. leucopterus (true chinch bug) attacks cereal crops including wheat, corn, and sorghum; B. occiduus (western chinch bug) damages warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass; and B. insularis (southern chinch bug) is a major pest of St. Augustine grass. These species exhibit strong host preferences for grasses and can cause substantial economic damage through phloem feeding.
chinch-bug turfgrass-pest cereal-pest phloem-feeder grass-specialist Burkholderia-symbiosis insecticide-resistance invasive-potential economic-pest Hemiptera
Blissus leucopterus
true chinch bug, chinch bug
Blissus leucopterus, commonly known as the true chinch bug, is a small hemipteran native to North America and the most frequently encountered species in the genus Blissus. Adults measure approximately 4 mm in length with distinctive black bodies, white wings bearing black triangular spots, and reddish legs. The species is a significant agricultural pest of turfgrass and grain crops, particularly corn, wheat, and sorghum, causing damage by sucking sap from stems and leaves. Populations thrive under hot, dry, sunny conditions, while heavy rainfall and high humidity promote fungal pathogens that suppress infestations.
agricultural-pest turfgrass-pest grain-crop-pest phloem-feeder North-American-native invasive-potential quarantine-pest
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas Montana Nebraska New-Mexico Alberta British-Columbia Manitoba Saskatchewan true-bug Lygaeidae Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Lygaeoidea Hexapoda Arthropoda Insecta Animalia Eukaryota Metazoa arthropod insect bug plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder economic-pest managed-grassland research-subject field-efficacy HPLC-analysis systemic-distribution leaf-tissue-concentration differential-mortality inconsistent-control insecticide-resistance pest-management turfgrass-science agronomy horticulture landscape-management host-plant-resistance cultivar-susceptibility population-dynamics movement-behavior colonization reproduction development nymph adult wing-polymorphism morphology identification-key diagnostic-character geographic-range species-distribution native-range introduced-range occasional-pest seasonal-activity monitoring scouting treatment-threshold action-threshold economic-injury-level damage-symptom plant-discoloration stunting turf-damage yield-loss crop-protection pest-control 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Chaetocnema minuta
Chaetocnema minuta is a Nearctic flea beetle in the subfamily Alticinae. Historically associated with grasses, it has been recently documented causing economic damage to turfgrass in the southwestern United States, including perennial ryegrass and hybrid bermudagrass. The species is among the smallest flea beetles in North America, with adults measuring approximately 1–1.6 mm in length.
flea-beetle turfgrass-pest Chrysomelidae Alticinae Nearctic southwestern-United-States emerging-pest
Chrysoteuchia
sod webworms, cranberry girdlers
Chrysoteuchia is a genus of Crambidae moths containing approximately 36 species worldwide, with exceptional diversity in China (33 species). The genus exhibits a Palearctic, Sino-Japanese, and Oriental distribution pattern. Species are strongly associated with humid to semi-humid environments and show cold tolerance with humidity-dependent distribution patterns. The cranberry girdler (C. topiarius) is a notable pest of cool-season turfgrasses, cranberries, and fir in North America.
Crambidae Crambinae sod-webworm cranberry-girdler turfgrass-pest China-biodiversity endophyte-resistance sex-pheromone alpine-moth humidity-dependent-distribution
Cotinis nitida
green June beetle, June bug, June beetle, Common Green June Beetle
Cotinis nitida is a native North American scarab beetle in the flower chafer subfamily Cetoniinae. Adults are large, metallic green beetles active during daylight hours, often seen flying loudly in search of ripe or fermenting fruit. The species completes a one-year life cycle, with larvae feeding underground on decaying organic matter and occasionally damaging turfgrass roots through tunneling behavior. Though sometimes mistaken for the invasive Japanese beetle, this species is significantly larger and behaviorally distinct, and is generally considered a minor agricultural pest.
scarab-beetle flower-chafer sap-feeder fruit-pest turfgrass-pest white-grub diurnal metallic-green native-species aggregation-pheromone gut-microbiome fermentation-attraction back-crawling-larva one-year-life-cycle organic-matter-decomposer southeastern-US-endemic ethanol-trap-attraction male-clypeal-horn sexual-competition misidentification-risk Cetoniinae Gymnetini Cotinis Coleoptera Scarabaeidae
Crambus tutillus
sod webworm
Crambus tutillus is a sod webworm moth in the family Crambidae, described by McDunnough in 1921. It is univoltine with a life cycle tightly regulated by photoperiod and temperature. Larvae develop through nine instars, overwintering as diapausing eighth instars, with adults emerging in mid-May and reproducing through June and July. The species exhibits an unusual adaptive response where early instar growth rates increase as daylength decreases, synchronizing development with seasonal food availability.
sod-webworm turfgrass-pest univoltine photoperiod-adaptation Pacific-Northwest diapause Crambidae Lepidoptera pest-management grassland-ecology
Cyclocephala aravaipensis
Cyclocephala aravaipensis is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Dynastinae, first described by Brett Ratcliffe in 1992. It belongs to the masked chafer genus Cyclocephala, a group of beetles whose larvae are commonly known as "white grubs" and are significant pests of turfgrass. The species epithet "aravaipensis" refers to the Aravaipa region in Arizona, indicating its known geographic association. Like other members of its genus, adults are small brown beetles with a distinctive dark facial marking, while larvae are cream-colored, C-shaped grubs that feed on plant roots.
Scarabaeidae Dynastinae Cyclocephalini masked-chafer white-grub turfgrass-pest Arizona-endemic Nearctic Coleoptera Ratcliffe-1992
Cyclocephala hirta
Western Masked Chafer
Cyclocephala hirta, commonly known as the Western Masked Chafer, is a scarab beetle species native to the southwestern United States. It is one of the most common 'June beetles' in the Los Angeles Basin, often encountered alongside the related Cyclocephala pasadenae. The species is a turfgrass pest whose larval stage causes significant damage to lawns and golf courses by feeding on grass roots.
turfgrass-pest white-grub June-beetle masked-chafer scarab-beetle
Cyclocephala lurida
Southern Masked Chafer
Cyclocephala lurida, commonly known as the southern masked chafer, is a scarab beetle native to the southeastern United States. Adults are small brown beetles with distinctive black facial markings, measuring 10–14 mm in length. The species is univoltine, with adults active primarily in June and July. While adults do not feed on plants and cause no damage, the subterranean larvae—known as white grubs—are significant turfgrass pests that feed on grass roots and can cause extensive lawn damage under dry conditions.
Scarabaeidae Dynastinae turfgrass-pest white-grub univoltine pheromone-communication southeastern-United-States root-feeder integrated-pest-management biological-control milky-spore Paenibacillus-popilliae
Cyclocephala parallela
Cyclocephala parallela is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by Casey in 1915. It belongs to the genus Cyclocephala, commonly known as masked chafers, whose larvae are significant turfgrass pests. The species occurs in parts of Florida and adjacent southeastern states, where its white grub larvae feed on grass roots.
scarab-beetle masked-chafer turfgrass-pest white-grub root-feeder nocturnal light-attracted Florida-endemic
Cyclocephala pasadenae
Southwestern Masked Chafer, Pasadena Masked Chafer
Cyclocephala pasadenae, commonly known as the southwestern masked chafer or Pasadena masked chafer, is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. Native to southwestern North America, it is one of several masked chafer species whose larvae are significant pests of turfgrass. The species is tan or auburn in color, approximately 13 mm in length, with some patterning on the elytra. Along with its congener Cyclocephala hirta, it is locally abundant in the Los Angeles basin.
masked-chafer white-grub turfgrass-pest rhinoceros-beetle scarab Dynastinae Cyclocephalini southwestern-United-States root-feeder
Cyclocephala robusta
Cyclocephala robusta is a species of masked chafer beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1863. It belongs to the subfamily Dynastinae, though unlike many members of this group it lacks the large horns characteristic of the subfamily. The species is native to the south-central and southeastern United States. Like other Cyclocephala species, it likely has a life cycle involving root-feeding larval stages and adult beetles that do not feed on plants.
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Dynastinae masked-chafer white-grub turfgrass-pest Nearctic United-States LeConte-1863 soil-dwelling-larva nocturnal light-attracted Cyclocephalini
Fissicrambus
Grass-veneers
Fissicrambus is a genus of grass-veneer moths in the family Crambidae, established by Bleszynski in 1963. The genus contains approximately 17 described species distributed primarily in North America. Several species, notably F. mutabilis, are recognized as agricultural pests of turfgrass, wheat, and corn. Larvae are commonly known as sod webworms due to their habit of constructing silk-lined burrows in soil.
Crambidae grass-veneer sod-webworm turfgrass-pest agricultural-pest North-America nocturnal herbivore
Herpetogramma phaeopteralis
dusky herpetogramma moth, tropical sod webworm, dark sod webworm
Herpetogramma phaeopteralis is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of approximately 18 mm, originally described by Guenée in 1854. It is known by multiple common names including dusky herpetogramma moth, tropical sod webworm, and dark sod webworm. The species has an exceptionally broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents. Larvae feed on grass leaves, and the species is occasionally referenced in turfgrass pest management and biological control research.
Crambidae Spilomelinae sod-webworm turfgrass-pest Guenée-1854 grass-feeder broad-distribution entomopathogenic-nematode-host
Listronotus
Listronotus is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae containing at least 100 described species. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, notably the carrot weevil (L. oregonensis), annual bluegrass weevil (L. maculicollis), and Argentine stem weevil (L. bonariensis), as well as biological control agents such as L. setosipennis used against invasive weeds. Species in this genus exhibit diverse host associations ranging from cultivated Apiaceae crops to pasture grasses and invasive weeds.
weevil agricultural-pest turfgrass-pest biological-control Curculionidae
Listronotus maculicollis
annual bluegrass weevil
Listronotus maculicollis, the annual bluegrass weevil, is a highly destructive pest of short-mown turfgrass in eastern North America, particularly golf course putting greens, fairways, and tee boxes. Adults are small (up to 4.5 mm), dark-colored weevils with a distinct spotted or maculate pronotum. The species has expanded its range from the northeastern United States into the Midwest and Southeast since the 2000s. Larval feeding causes severe damage, with early instars acting as stem-borers and later instars feeding on the crown, resulting in irregular patches of dead turf. The weevil shows strong preference for Poa annua (annual bluegrass) over other turfgrass species, though it can develop on several cool-season grasses. Temperature, not photoperiod, drives daily activity patterns, with peak activity occurring at 14–17°C.
turfgrass-pest golf-course-pest stem-borer crown-feeder temperature-dependent-activity insecticide-resistance Poa-annua-specialist expanding-range weevil Coleoptera Curculionidae integrated-pest-management biological-control nematode-control fluorescent-marking-technique
Prosapia
froghoppers, spittlebugs
Prosapia is a genus of froghoppers (family Ischnorhinidae) comprising approximately six described species distributed across North and Central America, including the Caribbean. These insects are commonly known as spittlebugs due to the protective foamy masses produced by nymphs. Several species are significant agricultural pests of forage grasses, turfgrasses, and sugarcane, causing economic damage through xylem feeding that induces water stress, tissue death, and reduced forage quality. The genus includes the invasive two-lined spittlebug (P. bicincta), which established in Hawaiʻi in 2016 and has since damaged thousands of hectares of cattle pastures.
spittlebug froghopper pasture-pest turfgrass-pest invasive-species Hawaiʻi cattle-ranching xylem-feeder hemimetabolous Wolbachia integrated-pest-management forage-grass kikuyu-grass Bermuda-grass Brachiaria sugarcane-pest Cercopidae Ischnorhinidae economic-entomology tropical-agriculture
Prosapia bicincta
Two-lined Spittlebug, Twolined Spittlebug
Prosapia bicincta, commonly known as the two-lined spittlebug, is a froghopper in the family Ischnorhinidae (formerly Cercopidae). Native to the eastern United States, it was first detected in Hawaiʻi in 2016 and has since become a destructive invasive pest of pasture grasses, infesting over 70,000 hectares on Hawaiʻi Island. The species is named for the two prominent red or orange stripes crossing the black wings of adults and for the foamy spittle masses produced by nymphs. It causes significant economic damage to forage grasses, turfgrasses, and sugarcane through feeding that induces water stress, reduces photosynthesis, and causes plant tissue death.
agricultural-pest invasive-species pasture-pest Hawaiʻi-invasive turfgrass-pest froghopper xylem-feeder economic-entomology integrated-pest-management forage-grass
Sphenophorus arizonensis
Sphenophorus arizonensis is a billbug weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae, described by Horn in 1873. It is native to North America and belongs to a genus containing multiple economically significant turfgrass and crop pests. Like other Sphenophorus species, it likely develops within grass stems and roots, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented.
billbug weevil turfgrass-pest North-America Dryophthoridae Sphenophorus Coleoptera
Sphenophorus gentilis
Sphenophorus gentilis is a species of weevil in the family Dryophthoridae. It is native to North America. As a member of the genus Sphenophorus, it is commonly known as a billbug. Specific ecological and biological details for this species remain poorly documented in available literature.
weevil billbug turfgrass-pest North-America Coleoptera Dryophthoridae Sphenophorus
Sphenophorus minimus
lesser billbug
Sphenophorus minimus, commonly known as the lesser billbug, is a species of weevil in the family Dryophthoridae. It is native to North America, with documented records from Canada (Ontario, Québec) and the United States (Vermont). As a member of the genus Sphenophorus, it belongs to a group of billbugs that are significant turfgrass pests, though specific details about its biology and economic impact remain limited compared to better-studied congeners.
billbug weevil Coleoptera North-America turfgrass-pest poorly-known-species
Sphenophorus parvulus
bluegrass billbug
Sphenophorus parvulus, commonly known as the bluegrass billbug, is a small weevil native to North America and a significant pest of turfgrass, particularly Kentucky bluegrass. Adults measure approximately 5–7 mm in length, with a distinctive long, downward-curving rostrum comprising about one-third of the body length. The species was described by Swedish entomologist Leonard Gyllenhaal in 1838, with the specific epithet derived from Latin 'parvus' meaning small. It is one of at least ten Sphenophorus species that damage turfgrass in the United States and is frequently studied in the context of integrated pest management and host plant resistance.
turfgrass-pest weevil integrated-pest-management host-plant-resistance endophyte biological-control cuticular-hydrocarbons mate-recognition chemical-ecology
Sphenophorus phoeniciensis
Phoenix Billbug
Sphenophorus phoeniciensis, commonly known as the Phoenix billbug, is a weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae. It is one of at least ten billbug species that damage turfgrass in the United States. The species is distinguished from similar billbugs primarily by its size, measuring 6–8 mm in length. It is found in North America, particularly in western regions of the United States.
billbug weevil turfgrass-pest Dryophthoridae
Sphenophorus probably-unnamed
Sphenophorus probably-unnamed is a billbug species within the weevil genus Sphenophorus, a group of turfgrass and agricultural pests whose larvae are notoriously difficult to identify morphologically. The specific epithet "probably-unnamed" indicates this taxon represents a distinct species that has not yet been formally described or named in the scientific literature. Like other Sphenophorus species, it is presumed to have a life cycle involving larval development within plant tissues and adult feeding on vegetation, though specific biological details for this undescribed taxon remain undocumented.
billbug weevil undescribed-species turfgrass-pest cryptic-species molecular-identification Sphenophorus Curculionidae integrated-pest-management larval-identification
Sphenophorus scoparius
Sphenophorus scoparius is a weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae, found in North America. Like other members of the genus Sphenophorus, it is commonly referred to as a billbug. Species in this genus are associated with turfgrass and agricultural habitats, though specific ecological details for S. scoparius remain poorly documented in published literature.
Coleoptera Dryophthoridae Sphenophorus billbug North-America turfgrass-pest weevil
Sphenophorus striatipennis
Groove-winged Billbug Weevil
Sphenophorus striatipennis is a billbug weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae, found in North America. The common name "Groove-winged Billbug Weevil" refers to distinctive striations on the wing covers. As a member of the genus Sphenophorus, it belongs to a complex of weevil species that develop within grass stems and roots, though specific biological details for this species remain limited in available literature.
weevil billbug North-America turfgrass-pest Coleoptera
Sphenophorus venatus
hunting billbug
Sphenophorus venatus, commonly known as the hunting billbug, is a weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae. It is native to North and Central America, with established populations in parts of Europe including Spain and Corsica. The species is a documented pest of turfgrasses and forage crops, with different subspecies showing host preferences: S. v. vestitus affects zoysiagrass, while S. v. confluens has been recorded as a pest of orchardgrass. Adults and larvae feed on grasses, with larvae causing damage by boring into stems and roots. The species uses volatile organic compounds from host plants and conspecifics for dispersal and host-finding, with males attracted to Cynodon dactylon and females attracted to male conspecifics.
billbug weevil turfgrass-pest Dryophthoridae Sphenophorus hunting-billbug grass-pest pheromone volatile-organic-compounds cuticular-hydrocarbons integrated-pest-management subspecies-vestitus subspecies-confluens zoysiagrass orchardgrass bermudagrass North-America introduced-species Europe molecular-identification COI ITS2
Sphenophorus venatus glyceriae
Sphenophorus venatus glyceriae is a subspecies of billbug weevil in the family Curculionidae. Billbugs (Sphenophorus spp.) are significant turfgrass and agricultural pests whose larvae feed internally on plant stems and roots. This subspecies belongs to a complex of closely related taxa that are difficult to distinguish morphologically, particularly as larvae.
billbug weevil turfgrass-pest Curculionidae Sphenophorus subspecies glyceriae larval-identification-difficult molecular-identification-needed
Sphenophorus venatus venatus
hunting billbug
Sphenophorus venatus venatus is a subspecies of hunting billbug, a weevil in the family Dryophthoridae. It is widely distributed across North America and has been documented in Middle America, Spain, and Corsica. This subspecies is associated with grass habitats, particularly Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass), and exhibits chemically-mediated host and mate recognition behaviors. Males are attracted to host-plant volatiles and conspecific cues, while females respond to male conspecifics. The species uses both volatile and contact chemical cues for orientation and recognition.
billbug weevil turfgrass-pest chemical-ecology pheromone cuticular-hydrocarbons Dryophthoridae Cynodon-dactylon host-recognition mate-recognition North-America