Xylem-feeder
Guides
Aeneolamia albofasciata
Aeneolamia albofasciata is a spittlebug species in the family Ischnorhinidae, distributed across Mexico and Costa Rica. The species was originally described as Monecphora albofasciata by Lallemand in 1939 and later transferred to Aeneolamia. It belongs to a genus known for xylem-feeding habits and association with grasses and agricultural crops. Observations on iNaturalist suggest it is moderately well-documented in the field.
Anoecia corni
dogwood aphid, common dogwood-grass aphid, dogwood-grass aphid
Anoecia corni is a subterranean aphid species that alternates between dogwood trees and grass roots during its life cycle. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America. The species feeds primarily on xylem tissues and has been recorded as a pest of millets. It maintains associations with bacterial endosymbionts including the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola and several facultative symbionts.
Aphrophoridae
True Spittlebugs, Spittlebugs, Froghoppers
Aphrophoridae is a family of true bugs in the order Hemiptera, commonly known as spittlebugs or froghoppers. The family contains at least 160 genera and 990 described species. Nymphs are called spittlebugs and produce characteristic frothy masses for protection, while adults are referred to as froghoppers. Many species are xylem sap feeders and some serve as vectors for plant pathogens, particularly Xylella fastidiosa, which causes diseases including olive quick decline syndrome.
Apogonalia omani
A leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Young in 1977. The species is known from Oman and has been documented in the southwestern United States (Arizona). It belongs to a genus of sharpshooters, a group known for their xylem-feeding habits and potential role as vectors of plant pathogens.
Cacama crepitans
Coastal Cactus Dodger
A medium to large cicada species commonly known as the Coastal Cactus Dodger. Males produce a loud, distinctive song described as a high-pitched metallic buzz or shrill, often delivered in short bursts. The species is closely associated with cactus hosts, particularly cholla and prickly pear, in arid and semi-arid regions. Adults are fast-flying and alert, making them challenging to approach. Females oviposit into dry, dead cactus stems rather than living tissue.
Cephisus
spittlebug, froghopper
Cephisus is a genus of spittlebugs in the family Aphrophoridae, distinguished by producing exceptionally large frothy masses during the nymphal stage. Nymphs create these protective bubbles by siphoning air through a tubelike canal beneath the abdomen and mixing it with excreted plant fluids. The genus is the sole New World representative of the tribe Ptyelini, which has a broader distribution in Africa. Some species, notably C. siccifolia, can reach pest status on economically important plants including eucalyptus.
Cephisus variolosus
Cephisus variolosus is a large spittlebug (family Aphrophoridae) native to the Neotropics. Nymphs produce exceptionally large, frothy spittle masses on trees—substantially larger than those of temperate spittlebug species. The species has been recorded from Argentina, Brazil, and other South American countries, and occasionally reaches pest status on eucalyptus plantations. Adults have not been well described in available literature.
Cicadellidae
leafhoppers, typical leafhoppers, sharpshooters
Cicadellidae, commonly known as leafhoppers, is one of the largest families of Hemiptera with over 20,000 described species worldwide. These minute insects are plant-feeding specialists that suck xylem or phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The family is distinguished by hind legs modified for jumping, featuring double rows of spines on the tibiae. Many species are significant agricultural pests and vectors of plant pathogens, including the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa which causes diseases in citrus, grapes, and other crops. The subfamily Cicadellinae (sharpshooters) contains particularly important pest species due to their polyphagy and disease transmission capabilities.
Cicadettini
True Largeclasper Cicadas
Cicadettini is a large tribe of cicadas within the family Cicadidae, comprising at least 110 genera and over 520 described species. Members are distributed worldwide except for the Neotropics, with notable radiations in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Palearctic. The tribe includes diverse ecological specialists, from grassland inhabitants to species associated with seasonal riverine floodplains. Many species produce species-specific acoustic signals used for mate recognition.
Cicadidae
Typical Cicadas, True Cicadas
Cicadidae is one of two families in the superfamily Cicadoidea, containing approximately 3,400 species in over 520 genera worldwide. Members are characterized by membranous wings, triangular arrangements of three ocelli on the head, short bristle-like antennae, and acoustic communication using tymbals. The family includes both annual species with staggered emergence patterns and periodical species with synchronized multi-year life cycles. Cicadidae is distinguished from its sister family Tettigarctidae by more efficient sound-producing mechanisms.
Clastoptera juniperina
Juniper Spittlebug
Clastoptera juniperina, known as the juniper spittlebug, is a species of spittlebug in the family Clastopteridae. The species is native to North America and was first described by Ball in 1919. As a member of the spittlebug group, the nymphs likely produce characteristic foam masses on host plants. The species name suggests an association with juniper plants.
Clastoptera octonotata
Clastoptera octonotata is a species of spittlebug described by Hamilton in 2015. It belongs to the family Clastopteridae, a group of xylem-feeding insects known for producing frothy spittle masses as nymphs. The species name refers to eight distinct markings. As a recently described species, detailed natural history information remains limited. It occurs in North America and has been documented through observations on iNaturalist.
Clastoptera querci
Clastoptera querci is a species of spittlebug in the family Clastopteridae, described in 2020. The specific epithet "querci" indicates an association with oak (Quercus), suggesting a host relationship with oak trees. As a member of the spittlebug superfamily Cercopoidea, this species shares the characteristic nymphal habit of producing protective foam masses on host plants. The genus Clastoptera is the primary genus within its family and is distributed across North America.
Clastoptera undulata
Casuarina Spittlebug
Clastoptera undulata is a spittlebug species in the family Clastopteridae, first described by Uhler in 1864. It is commonly known as the Casuarina Spittlebug. The species gained attention as an invasive pest in Bermuda, where it was discovered in 1959. Biological control efforts were undertaken using the parasitoid wasp Carabunia myersi. Most individuals in the Bermuda population overwinter as eggs. The species belongs to a group of xylem-feeding insects known for producing protective 'spittle' masses during their nymphal stages.
Cuerna
Cuerna is a genus of leafhoppers (sharpshooters) in the family Cicadellidae, established by Melichar in 1924. The genus comprises 26 described species distributed across North America from Canada and Alaska to Panama, with highest species diversity in the southwestern United States. As members of the tribe Proconiini, these insects are part of a group known for their xylem-feeding habits and association with diverse plant hosts.
Cuerna yuccae
Yucca Sharpshooter
Cuerna yuccae is a sharpshooter leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Oman & Beamer in 1944. It belongs to the tribe Proconiini, a group known for their role as vectors of plant pathogens including Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Pierce's disease in grapevines. The species is associated with yucca plants and occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States. Like other proconiine sharpshooters, it feeds on xylem fluid and has potential significance in plant disease epidemiology.
Diceroprocta
Scrub Cicadas
Diceroprocta is a genus of scrub cicadas in the family Cicadidae, comprising at least 60 described species. The genus originated in Mexico, where it exhibits the highest genetic diversity. Many species were historically misassigned to the related genus Tibicen. Diceroprocta species are distributed across the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts of Central America, with 21 species occurring in the United States and Canada. They are commonly associated with mesquite, willow, and other woody vegetation in arid and semi-arid regions.
Diceroprocta knighti
Dusty Flag-Bearer
Diceroprocta knighti is a cicada species in the family Cicadidae, distributed across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Like other members of its genus, it is an annual cicada with a multi-year nymphal stage spent underground feeding on tree and shrub roots. Adults emerge during summer months, with males producing species-specific acoustic signals to attract females. The species is part of the diverse cicada fauna of the Sonoran Desert region, where it co-occurs with related congeners at different elevations.
cicadaDiceroproctaSonoran-Desertannual-cicadaHemipteraCicadidaeacoustic-communicationroot-feeding-nymphssummer-emergencesouthwestern-North-Americaxylem-feederdesert-arthropodinsect-songmulti-year-life-cycletymbal-organmonsoon-associated-emergenceCicadinaeFidicininiDavis-1917Dusty-Flag-BearerArizonaCaliforniaBaja-CaliforniaSinaloaSonoraMexicoUnited-Statesarthropodinsecttrue-bugAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaCicadoideaGuyalninaDraeculacephala antica
Draeculacephala antica is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1851. It belongs to the genus Draeculacephala, which is characterized by distinctive head morphology. The species has been recorded across multiple states in the eastern and central United States. Like other members of the Cicadellidae, it is a xylem-feeding insect that uses its piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract fluids from plant vascular tissue.
Enchenopa on-ceanothus-herbaceus
Enchenopa on-ceanothus-herbaceus is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, tribe Membracini. The specific epithet suggests an association with Ceanothus herbaceus, a plant in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), indicating likely host plant specialization. Members of the genus Enchenopa are characterized by their enlarged, often ornamented pronotum that extends backward over the body. This species is part of a genus whose taxonomy is currently undergoing revision, with many Neotropical species expected to be reassigned to related genera such as Membracis.
Graphocephala
sharpshooters, leafhoppers
Graphocephala is a large genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as sharpshooters. The genus is notable for its colorful, often vividly patterned species and its economic significance as vectors of plant pathogens. Members range from southern Canada to northern South America, with several species extensively studied for their role in transmitting Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Pierce's disease in grapevines. The genus includes well-known species such as the candy-striped leafhopper (G. coccinea) and the blue-green sharpshooter (G. atropunctata), a principal native vector of X. fastidiosa in California vineyards.
Graphocephala atropunctata
blue-green sharpshooter
Graphocephala atropunctata, commonly known as the blue-green sharpshooter, is a xylem-feeding leafhopper native to the western United States. It is the principal native vector of Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium that causes Pierce's disease in grapevines. This species has been extensively studied for its feeding behaviors using electropenetrography (EPG) techniques, which have characterized distinct waveform patterns associated with stylet penetration and xylem ingestion. Its role as a disease vector makes it economically significant to California's vineyard industry.
Graphocephala fennahi
rhododendron leafhopper
Graphocephala fennahi, commonly known as the rhododendron leafhopper, is a colorful leafhopper species native to the southeastern United States. Adults measure 8–10 mm in length, with males slightly smaller than females. The species exhibits striking coloration: green wings with purple tips featuring two orange stripes, yellow head and legs, and a purple stripe across the head extending over the eyes. Introduced to Great Britain in the 1930s and continental Europe in the 1970s, it has established populations in urban and ornamental settings. The species feeds exclusively on rhododendron sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Graphocephala ignava
Graphocephala ignava is a species of sharpshooter leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Ball in 1936. Like other members of the genus Graphocephala, this species likely possesses the characteristic brochosomes—nanoparticles that provide water-repellent and anti-reflective properties to the cuticle. The species is known from limited collection records in Arizona and Mexico. As a member of the subfamily Cicadellinae, it is classified as a sharpshooter, a group known for their relatively large size among leafhoppers and their association with xylem-feeding habits.
Helochara communis
bog leafhopper
Helochara communis, commonly known as the bog leafhopper, is a species of sharpshooter leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. The species has been documented to possess paired mycetomes within its abdomen containing multiple bacterial symbionts, with research demonstrating complex endosymbiotic relationships involving symbiote translocation and auxiliary cells. As a member of the sharpshooter group, it belongs to a lineage known for xylem-feeding and associated roles in plant pathogen transmission.
Homalodisca
sharpshooters
Homalodisca is a genus of large leafhoppers (sharpshooters) in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Proconiini. The genus contains approximately 18 described species distributed primarily in the Americas. The most economically significant species is Homalodisca vitripennis (formerly H. coagulata), commonly known as the glassy-winged sharpshooter, a major agricultural pest and vector of Xylella fastidiosa bacteria causing Pierce's disease in grapevines and other plant diseases. Members of this genus are characterized by their relatively large size among leafhoppers, xylem-feeding habits, and strong flight capabilities.
Homalodisca elongata
Homalodisca elongata is a species of sharpshooter leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Proconiini. It was described by Ball in 1936. The species belongs to a genus containing several economically important vectors of plant pathogens, including the glassy-winged sharpshooter (H. vitripennis), though H. elongata itself has received limited specific study. Like other proconiine sharpshooters, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant xylem.
Homalodisca insolita
johnsongrass sharpshooter
Homalodisca insolita, commonly known as the johnsongrass sharpshooter, is a proconiine sharpshooter in the family Cicadellidae. It is native to southern North America and has been documented spreading northward into the southeastern United States. The species is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited bacterium that causes Pierce's disease in grapevines and other plant diseases. Its eggs serve as hosts for egg parasitoids including Paracentrobia americana (Trichogrammatidae).
Homalodisca liturata
smoketree sharpshooter, lacertate sharpshooter
Homalodisca liturata, commonly known as the smoketree sharpshooter or lacertate sharpshooter, is a relatively large leafhopper species native to North America, measuring approximately 13 mm in length. The species exhibits strong host-plant associations, with documented preference for desert smoketree (Psorothamnus spinosus) where available, though it utilizes multiple host species. H. liturata is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterial pathogen causing Pierce's disease in grapevines and other plant diseases. Both sexes produce acoustic signals, a notable behavioral trait among sharpshooters. The species has been documented harboring phytoplasma bacteria related to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma hispanicum' in its salivary glands, suggesting potential involvement in transmitting yellows-type diseases.
Lepyronia
spittlebugs, froghoppers
Lepyronia is a genus of froghoppers (spittlebugs) in the family Aphrophoridae, comprising approximately 17 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Nymphs develop within protective spittle masses on host plant stems, feeding on xylem sap. The genus includes notable agricultural and forest pests, with at least one species confirmed as a vector of phytoplasma plant pathogens. Adults are active in mid-summer and are capable of jumping considerable distances.
Magicicada
Periodical Cicadas
Magicicada is a genus of periodical cicadas found in eastern North America, comprising seven species that emerge in synchronized mass events after 13- or 17-year underground development periods. These cicadas are among the longest-lived insects, spending nearly their entire lives as nymphs feeding on tree root xylem before emerging to molt, mate, and die within weeks. The genus is famous for its prime-numbered periodicity, predator satiation strategy, and the formation of distinct geographic broods that emerge on different schedules.
Magicicada septendecula
Decula Periodical Cicada
Magicicada septendecula is one of three species of 17-year periodical cicadas endemic to the eastern United States. It is typically the rarest of the three species in mixed-species populations and exhibits stronger habitat specificity than its congeners. The species prefers upland woodland habitats dominated by hickories and walnuts, particularly Carya glabra (pignut hickory), and shows a strong association with Juglandaceae host trees. First described in 1962, it has been recorded from Connecticut southward through the eastern states, with the northeastern-most record from Totoket Mountain in North Branford, Connecticut in 2013. M. septendecula is distinguished from M. septendecim by its smaller body size and hind tibial length (less than 6.3 mm versus 6.3 mm or greater). The species exhibits greater susceptibility to delayed emergence compared to other Magicicada species, which may contribute to its comparative rarity.
Magicicada tredecula
Little 13-Year Cicada
Magicicada tredecula is a periodical cicada endemic to the United States that emerges every thirteen years as part of synchronized broods. It is one of four species comprising Brood XIX, the Great Southern Brood, and is typically the least common among the 13-year Magicicada species in most areas where it occurs. Adults are active for four to six weeks, during which they mate and females lay eggs in tree branches before dying.
Neophilaenus
spittlebugs
Neophilaenus is a genus of spittlebugs (family Aphrophoridae) containing approximately 10 described species distributed primarily across the Palearctic region. Nymphs are known for producing characteristic foam masses ("cuckoo spit") that provide protection and moisture retention during development. Several species, particularly N. campestris and N. lineatus, have been extensively studied due to their role as vectors of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, which threatens Mediterranean agriculture including olive, almond, and grapevine crops. The genus exhibits temperature-dependent phenology, with development rates and adult emergence timing varying predictably with altitude and latitude.
Neophilaenus lineatus
lined spittlebug
Neophilaenus lineatus, commonly known as the lined spittlebug, is a species of spittlebug in the family Aphrophoridae. It has a broad distribution spanning Europe, northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. Studies indicate a two-year life cycle with subterranean root-feeding nymphs, unlike the annual cycle of some related species. The species shows sensitivity to temperature gradients, with developmental timing varying by altitude.
Neotibicen
Dog-day Cicadas, Annual Cicadas, Harvestfly, Jar Fly
Neotibicen is a genus of large-bodied cicadas (family Cicadidae) found in eastern North America, formerly including Bermuda. These cicadas are commonly known as "dog-day cicadas" or "annual cicadas" due to their appearance every summer, typically from July through August. Unlike periodical cicadas (Magicicada), which emerge in synchronized 13- or 17-year cycles, Neotibicen species appear annually because overlapping generations ensure adults emerge every year. The genus was established in 2015 when species were moved from the formerly broader genus Tibicen, which was redefined to include only European species. Neotibicen species are among the most commonly encountered cicadas in the eastern United States and are known for their loud, complex songs produced by males to attract females.
Neotibicen pruinosus
scissor grinder, scissors grinder dog-day cicada
Neotibicen pruinosus, commonly known as the scissor grinder, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is one of several North American cicadas known as "scissor grinders" due to its distinctive call resembling scissors being run over a grinding wheel. The species is primarily green with complex markings and an entirely black abdomen. A rare pale variant occurs in southeastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma. The specific name pruinosus is Latin for "frosty," referring to the pruinose (powdery white) coating on the underside.
Neotibicen tibicen
Swamp Cicada, Morning Cicada
Neotibicen tibicen is an annual cicada species in the family Cicadidae, known for its morning activity pattern and distinctive song. It is the most frequently encountered Neotibicen species in North America, often perching on low vegetation where it is easily observed. The species was formerly classified as Tibicen chloromerus and Tibicen tibicen before being moved to Neotibicen in 2015. Two subspecies are recognized: N. t. tibicen and N. t. australis.
Okanagana
Okanagana is a genus of cicadas comprising approximately 60 described species, primarily distributed in western North America. Species in this genus are generally arid- or cold-adapted, with most occurring in western U.S. states and Canada. The genus includes notable exceptions such as O. viridis, which inhabits temperate deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. Okanagana species are characterized by their acoustic communication, with males producing species-specific calling songs. Several species have been studied as hosts for specialized parasitoids, including the sarcophagid fly Emblemasoma auditrix, which locates hosts through phonotaxis to male calling songs.
Oncometopia
sharpshooters
Oncometopia is a genus of sharpshooters (leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae) found in North and South America, erected by Carl Stål in 1869. Species range from 9.4 to 15.0 mm in length and are characterized by distinctive morphological features including a moderately produced head, coriaceous forewings with apical membranes, and specialized hindleg tarsomere proportions. Several species are economically important as vectors of plant pathogens, particularly Xylella fastidiosa, which causes diseases such as phony peach disease and citrus variegated chlorosis.
Oncometopia alpha
Oncometopia alpha is a species of sharpshooter leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Fowler in 1899. It belongs to the tribe Proconiini, a group known for their powerful jumping ability and xylem-feeding habits. The species has been recorded from multiple U.S. states including Florida, Georgia, Arizona, and Massachusetts, as well as from Durango, Mexico, suggesting a broad but patchy distribution across North America.
Oncometopia hamiltoni
Oncometopia hamiltoni is a species of sharpshooter leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Rakitov in 2016. It belongs to the tribe Proconiini, a group of large, active leafhoppers known for their xylem-feeding habits and distinctive "raining" behavior caused by forceful excretion of excess fluid. The species is part of a genus containing several economically significant sharpshooters that have been studied for their role in plant disease transmission and their interactions with egg parasitoids.
Oncometopia orbona
Broad-headed Sharpshooter
Oncometopia orbona, commonly known as the broad-headed sharpshooter, is a large leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. It feeds on xylem sap from plants, processing large volumes of nutrient-poor fluid and excreting the excess as honeydew—a behavior that creates the phenomenon of 'raining trees.' The species possesses distinctive white chalky brochosomes on its sides, used to powder egg-laying sites. It is a strong flier with excellent eyesight and serves as a host for egg parasitoids in the family Mymaridae.
Pacarina
Little Specklewings
Pacarina is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, distributed in the Neotropical region. The genus remained poorly known until 2020, when the first definitive host plant and rearing records were published. Twenty-nine adults emerged from the soil of a potted Dracaena trifasciata plant in Panama, revealing that nymphs develop underground feeding on host plant roots. These reared specimens likely represent an undescribed species, highlighting how much remains unknown about this genus.
Paramysidia
Paramysidia is a genus of derbid planthoppers established by Broomfield in 1985. It contains seven described species, all named by Broomfield except for two species originally described under different genera and later transferred. The genus is part of the diverse Derbidae family within the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea.
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Philaenini is a tribe of froghoppers (family Aphrophoridae) established by Metcalf in 1955. Members are classified within the subfamily Aphrophorinae of the spittlebug superfamily Cercopoidea. The tribe contains multiple genera of xylem-feeding insects known for nymphs that produce protective foam masses. These insects are part of the diverse Hemiptera fauna associated with woody and herbaceous plants.
Philaenus
meadow spittlebug, spittlebug, froghopper
Philaenus is a genus of spittlebugs in the family Aphrophoridae containing eight described species. The genus is best known for Philaenus spumarius (meadow spittlebug), a widespread insect in the Northern Hemisphere and the primary vector of Xylella fastidiosa in Europe. Most species exhibit striking color polymorphism with up to sixteen distinct phenotypes including dark, pale, mottled, and striped patterns. Nymphs produce protective foam masses from excreted xylem fluid and glandular secretions. The genus has been extensively studied for genetic diversity, climate change responses, and vector ecology.
Philaenus spumarius
Meadow Spittlebug, Meadow Froghopper
Philaenus spumarius is a small spittlebug (5–7 mm) in the family Aphrophoridae, native to the Palearctic and introduced to North America. The species exhibits extreme color polymorphism with approximately 20 known color varieties ranging from yellowish and brownish to black. Nymphs produce characteristic foam masses for protection, while adults are strong jumpers and capable fliers. It has become economically significant as the primary European vector of Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Olive Quick Decline Syndrome and Pierce's disease in grapevines.
Proconiini
sharpshooters
Proconiini is a large tribe of xylem-feeding leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) comprising approximately 422 species in 58 genera, restricted to the New World. Members are commonly known as sharpshooters due to their rapid, directed flight patterns. The tribe includes major agricultural pests and vectors of Xylella fastidiosa, a phytopathogenic bacterium causing diseases in citrus, grapes, almonds, and other crops. Proconiini species exhibit distinctive morphological adaptations including brachyptery in high-altitude Andean forms and unique egg brochosome production for offspring protection.
Prosapia
froghoppers, spittlebugs
Prosapia is a genus of froghoppers (family Ischnorhinidae) comprising approximately six described species distributed across North and Central America, including the Caribbean. These insects are commonly known as spittlebugs due to the protective foamy masses produced by nymphs. Several species are significant agricultural pests of forage grasses, turfgrasses, and sugarcane, causing economic damage through xylem feeding that induces water stress, tissue death, and reduced forage quality. The genus includes the invasive two-lined spittlebug (P. bicincta), which established in Hawaiʻi in 2016 and has since damaged thousands of hectares of cattle pastures.