Ornamental-pest

Guides

• Acanthococcus

  felt scales, bark scales

  Acanthococcus is a genus of felt scales (family Eriococcidae), sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera. These small, sessile insects form white, felt-like coverings on host plant bark and are significant pests of ornamental and agricultural plants. The most economically important species is Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), an invasive pest in the United States since 2004 that infests crapemyrtles and other plants. Acanthococcus species exhibit incomplete metamorphosis, with females producing ovisacs containing hundreds of eggs. Their feeding causes branch dieback, reduced flowering, and honeydew accumulation that supports sooty mold growth.

  felt-scalebark-scaleEriococcidaescale-insectinvasive-pestcrapemyrtle-bark-scalephloem-feederornamental-pestSternorrhynchaCoccoidea

• Acanthococcus azaleae

  Azalea Bark Scale

  Acanthococcus azaleae, commonly known as the azalea bark scale, is a felt scale insect in the family Eriococcidae. It is native to Asia and has been introduced to North America, Europe, and other regions through global trade. The species feeds on azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) and related ericaceous plants, forming white, felt-like coverings on bark. It was initially confused with the invasive crapemyrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae), which was first identified in Texas in 2004 and later determined to be a distinct species. The azalea bark scale produces honeydew that supports sooty mold growth and can cause branch dieback in heavy infestations.

  scale-insectfelt-scaleazalea-pestornamental-pestEriococcidaeSternorrhynchaintroduced-speciesphloem-feederhoneydew-producersooty-moldcrapemyrtle-bark-scale-look-alikeEricaceae-specialist

• Aceria nyssae

  Black Tupelo Gall Mite

  Aceria nyssae is an eriophyid gall mite that induces distinctive leaf curl galls on Nyssa sylvatica (black tupelo, sour gum). The mite's feeding activity causes leaf margins to curl inward, forming hollow pockets that shelter the mites and their eggs. This species exemplifies the highly specialized host relationships typical of Eriophyoidea, where individual species are often restricted to a single plant host genus. The galls are most evident on young leaves at branch tips during the growing season. Like other eriophyid mites, A. nyssae is extremely small and difficult to observe directly, with populations typically assessed through gall symptoms rather than mite counts.

  gall-miteeriophyidleaf-curl-gallNyssahost-specialistplant-parasiteacarimitegall-formerornamental-pestfour-legged-mitevermiform-mite

• Aceria parulmi

  Elm Finger Gall Mite

  Aceria parulmi is an eriophyid mite species commonly known as the Elm Finger Gall Mite. It is a plant-parasitic mite that induces distinctive gall-like structures on elm leaves. Like other members of the genus Aceria, it has a worm-like, elongated body with four legs and is extremely small, typically less than 0.2 mm in length. The mite is specialized to feed on elm species (Ulmus), causing characteristic finger-shaped galls on leaf surfaces.

  gall-miteeriophyidelm-pestplant-parasiteUlmusmicroscopic-mitefour-legged-miteacarine-gallsurban-forestry-pestornamental-pest

• Acizzia jamatonica

  Acizzia jamatonica is a psyllid species (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) native to Asia that has established populations in Europe and North America. It is associated with Albizia species, particularly Albizia julibrissin. The species was first described by Kuwayama in 1908 from Japan and has since been detected as a non-native introduction in multiple countries.

  psyllidinvasiveornamental-pestAlbiziaphloem-feeder

• Agrilus difficilis

  honeylocust agrilus, honey locust borer

  Agrilus difficilis is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, commonly known as the honeylocust agrilus or honey locust borer. It is associated almost exclusively with honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) as its larval host. Unlike most Agrilus species that develop in dead wood, A. difficilis attacks living trees, particularly stressed or ornamental specimens, and has become a significant pest of landscape honey locusts in the eastern United States. The species is relatively large for the genus and readily distinguished by its coppery coloration with purple luster and distinctive lateral white pubescent patches.

  pesturban-entomologyornamental-pestBuprestidaejewel-beetlewood-borer

• Allantus

  Allantus is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. Members of this genus are herbivorous, with larvae feeding on various plants including roses, buckwheat, and dock weeds. Some species are significant agricultural pests, while others have been investigated as potential biological control agents for invasive weeds. The genus is distributed across the Holarctic region, with species found in Europe, Asia, and North America.

  sawflyTenthredinidaerose-pestbuckwheat-pestbiological-controldefoliatoragricultural-pestornamental-pestHymenopteraSymphyta

• Allantus viennensis

  Curled Rose Sawfly, Rose Sawfly

  Allantus viennensis is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the curled rose sawfly. The larvae are significant pests of roses, feeding on leaf margins and causing defoliation. Adults are small, wasp-like insects with saw-like ovipositors used to insert eggs into rose tissue. The species is distinguished by the larval habit of curling cryptically on leaves when not feeding.

  sawflyrose-pestdefoliatorgarden-pestHymenopteraTenthredinidaecryptic-larvaeintroduced-speciesornamental-pestIPM-target

• Antispila

  shield-bearer moths

  Antispila is a genus of leaf-mining moths in the family Heliozelidae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus comprises approximately 50 described species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Larvae feed internally on leaves of host plants, creating distinctive serpentine or blotch mines that terminate in oval cutouts ('shields') used for pupation. Several species are economically significant as pests of grapevines, dogwoods, and ornamental shrubs. Taxonomic revisions using DNA barcoding have resolved longstanding species complexes, particularly among Cornus-feeding species in Europe.

  leaf-minershield-bearerpestinvasivegrapevine-pestdogwood-pestseismic-communicationDNA-barcodingcryptic-specieshorticultureviticultureornamental-pest

• Aphis nerii

  oleander aphid, milkweed aphid, sweet pepper aphid, nerium aphid

  Aphis nerii is a cosmopolitan aphid species in the family Aphididae, primarily associated with plants in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), especially milkweeds (Asclepias) and oleander (Nerium oleander). The species exhibits complex reproductive strategies including parthenogenesis and viviparity, with winged and wingless female morphs. It is a significant pest of ornamental plants and a known vector of multiple plant viruses. The species has been introduced widely beyond its native range and is now found in tropical, Mediterranean, and temperate regions globally.

  aphidpestmilkweedmonarch-butterflyvirus-vectorparthenogenesisviviparitychemical-defensecardiac-glycosideornamental-pestbiological-controlintegrated-pest-management

• Argyresthia cupressella

  cypress tip moth

  Argyresthia cupressella, commonly known as the cypress tip moth, is a small microlepidopteran moth in the family Argyresthiidae. Native to the western coast of North America, it has been introduced to Europe where established populations now occur. The species is recognized as a pest of ornamental and forest conifers due to larval feeding damage.

  microlepidopteraconifer-pestintroduced-speciesneedle-minerornamental-pest

• Argyresthia thuiella

  arborvitae leafminer, thuja mining moth, American thuja shoot moth

  Argyresthia thuiella is a micro-moth in the family Argyresthiidae, commonly known as the arborvitae leafminer. Native to North America, it has been introduced to Europe multiple times since 1971. The species develops one generation annually, with larvae mining the foliage and twigs of Thuja and Chamaecyparis species. Adults are active from May to July and have a wingspan of approximately 8 mm.

  leafminerconifer-pestornamental-pestintroduced-speciesmicro-mothThujaCupressaceaeArgyresthiidaeNorth-America-nativeEurope-introducedunivoltinetwig-miner

• Atomacera decepta

  Hibiscus Sawfly, Mallow Sawfly

  The hibiscus sawfly (Atomacera decepta) is a herbivorous sawfly in the family Argidae that feeds primarily on members of the mallow family (Malvaceae). Despite its caterpillar-like larvae, it belongs to the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants) rather than Lepidoptera. The species is known for causing significant defoliation damage to ornamental hibiscus, hollyhocks, and marsh-mallow, though it has not developed a strong preference for economically important crops like cotton or okra.

  sawflypestdefoliatorornamental-pestHymenopteraMalvaceaehibiscushollyhockmanual-controlresistant-varietiesmultiple-generationsskeletonizationshot-holes

• Bactericera minuta

  Bactericera minuta is a small psyllid species native to North America that has become adventive in South America, where it was first recorded in Colombia. It feeds on willow species (Salix), particularly Salix humboldtiana, and has been associated with phytoplasma disease symptoms in infested trees. The species was originally described in 1910 and represents one of only two Bactericera species known from South America, where the genus is not native.

  psyllidwillow-pestadventive-speciesphytoplasma-associationurban-pestColombiaNorth-Americaphloem-feederornamental-pest

• Bemisia argentifolii

  Silverleaf whitefly, Sweetpotato whitefly (B biotype)

  Bemisia argentifolii, described by Bellows & Perring in 1994, is a whitefly species belonging to the Bemisia tabaci species complex. It is a significant agricultural pest known for causing silverleafing symptoms in squash, transmitting plant viruses, and developing resistance to multiple insecticides. The species has been documented on over 900 host plants including vegetables, ornamentals, and fiber crops. It is frequently associated with greenhouse and protected cultivation environments but also occurs in open field agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions.

  whiteflyagricultural-pestvirus-vectorinvasive-speciesinsecticide-resistancegreenhouse-pestphloem-feederBemisia-tabaci-complexsilverleafingornamental-pestvegetable-pestcotton-pestbiological-control-targetintegrated-pest-management

• Bucculatrix quadrigemina

  A small moth in the family Bucculatricidae, described by Annette Frances Braun in 1918. Known from California, where larvae mine leaves of Althaea rosea (hollyhock). Adults fly from January through June and again in October. The species exhibits typical bucculatricid biology: early instars are leaf miners, later instars feed externally creating holes, and pupation occurs in a white cocoon.

  leaf-minerhollyhockCalifornia-endemicGracillarioideamicrolepidopterapestornamental-pest

• Cacopsylla negundinis

  boxelder psyllid

  Cacopsylla negundinis is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, order Hemiptera. Like other members of its genus, it is a phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant sap. The species is associated with boxelder (Acer negundo) as a host plant. As with related Cacopsylla species, it likely undergoes a single generation per year with overwintering adults.

  psyllidphloem-feederboxelder-pestsingle-generationornamental-pest

• Caloptilia

  leaf cone moths, leaf blotch miner moths

  Caloptilia is a genus of small moths in the family Gracillariidae, commonly known as leaf cone moths or leaf blotch miner moths. Larvae are leaf miners that typically feed internally on leaf tissue during early instars, then later instars roll or fold leaves into protective cones or shelters where they complete development and pupate. The genus contains numerous species, many of which are host-specific to particular tree or shrub genera. Several species have become economically significant as pests of ornamental and horticultural plants, including Caloptilia fraxinella on ash trees and Caloptilia azaleella on azaleas.

  leaf-minerleaf-rollerpestGracillariidaeLepidopterahost-specificparasitoid-hostornamental-pestash-pestazalea-pestmaple-herbivoreChinese-tallow-specialistgall-inducerNew-Caledonia-endemic-species

• Ceroplastes cirripediformis

  barnacle scale, barnacle wax scale

  Ceroplastes cirripediformis, commonly known as the barnacle scale or barnacle wax scale, is a soft scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccidae) recognized for its distinctive waxy covering that resembles a small barnacle. It is a destructive invasive pest with a broad host range spanning numerous plant families. The species has expanded its range globally through human-mediated transport and climate change, with established populations across North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Females reproduce parthenogenetically, producing up to a thousand eggs annually without observed males in wild populations.

  invasive-speciesscale-insectagricultural-pestornamental-pestparthenogenesisclimate-changehoneydewsooty-moldwax-coveringCoccidaeHemiptera

• Ceroplastes rusci

  Fig Wax Scale

  Ceroplastes rusci, commonly known as the fig wax scale, is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) native to the Mediterranean region. First discovered in Florida in 1994-1995, it has since spread to numerous countries across six continents and is recognized as a significant agricultural and forestry pest. The species feeds on more than 94 genera from 52 plant families, with notable impacts on figs, citrus, grapes, and ornamental plants. Climate change modeling predicts expanding suitable habitat ranges through 2100, increasing its invasive potential in temperate regions.

  scale-insectagricultural-pestinvasive-speciesphloem-feederparthenogeneticvirus-vectorclimate-changefig-pestcitrus-pestgrape-pestornamental-pesthoneydew-producersooty-moldsoft-scaleCoccidae

• Ceruraphis viburnicola

  Snowball Aphid

  An aphid species found in spring and autumn on Viburnum hosts in North America. It induces curled leaf galls on primary hosts. The secondary hosts remained unrecorded as of 1960. The apterous viviparous female was first described in a 1960 Canadian Entomologist paper.

  aphidgall-formerViburnum-pestheteroeciousviviparousleaf-curlornamental-pest

• Choristoneura parallela

  parallel-banded leafroller moth

  Choristoneura parallela, commonly known as the parallel-banded leafroller moth, is a tortricid moth distributed across eastern and central North America. Adults are active from March through October, with a wingspan of 21–23 mm. The larvae feed on a diverse range of host plants including goldenrod, blueberry, rose, citrus, and various other woody and herbaceous species.

  Tortricidaeleafrollergeneralist-herbivoreNorth-Americamultivoltinebroad-host-rangeornamental-pestwetlandagricultureforestshrubland

• Coleotechnites thujaella

  brown arborvitae leafminer, brown cedar leafminer

  Coleotechnites thujaella is a small gelechiid moth commonly known as the brown arborvitae leafminer or brown cedar leafminer. It occurs in northeastern North America, where its larvae feed internally on Thuja foliage. The species is recognized by its distinctive wing pattern of black triangular costal patches and paired black dots on cream-white forewings. Adults have a wingspan of 9–10 mm and are active in a single annual generation.

  leafminerpestThujaarborvitaecedarunivoltineGelechiidaeLepidopteraNorth-Americaornamental-pest

• Corythucha

  lace bugs

  Corythucha is a large genus of lace bugs (family Tingidae) comprising approximately 75 described species, primarily distributed in the northern hemisphere including North America, Europe, and eastern Asia. Members of this genus are small, sap-sucking true bugs characterized by their distinctive reticulated, lace-like forewings and pronotal expansions. Several species are economically significant pests of ornamental and crop plants, including the sycamore lace bug (C. ciliata), oak lace bug (C. arcuata), cotton or bean lace bug (C. gossypii), and chrysanthemum lace bug (C. marmorata). Some species exhibit notable behavioral traits such as maternal care (C. hewitti). The genus has been subject to extensive invasion biology research due to the rapid spread of several species through human-mediated transport and natural dispersal.

  lace-bugTingidaeinvasive-speciesforest-pesturban-pestphloem-feederhost-specialistoak-pestsycamore-pestornamental-pestHemipteratrue-bug

• Corythucha associata

  Cherry lace bug

  Corythucha associata, commonly known as the cherry lace bug, is a species of true bug in the family Tingidae. It is found throughout North America. As a member of the lace bug family, it is a small, sap-sucking insect that feeds on plant foliage. The species was described by Osborn and Drake in 1916.

  lace-bugTingidaesap-feedercherry-pestornamental-pestNorth-America

• Corythucha celtidis

  Hackberry Lace Bug

  Corythucha celtidis, the hackberry lace bug, is a species of true bug in the family Tingidae. It is a specialist feeder on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.) and is found throughout much of North America. The species was described by Osborn & Drake in 1916 and includes two recognized subspecies: C. c. celtidis and C. c. mississippiensis.

  lace-bugTingidaeCeltishackberryNorth-Americaornamental-pest

• Corythucha cydoniae

  hawthorn lace bug

  Corythucha cydoniae, commonly known as the hawthorn lace bug, is a native North American lace bug species in the family Tingidae. It is a documented pest of woody rosaceous plants, with principal hosts including hawthorn (Crataegus), serviceberry (Amelanchier), firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea), and cotoneaster. The species has been recorded across much of the United States, Canada, and Central America. Research indicates temperature-dependent development with thermal thresholds around 13-15°C, and reproductive diapause induced by photoperiods shorter than 13:11 (L:D) at 24°C.

  pestnativelace-bugrosaceous-hoststemperature-dependent-developmentdiapauseornamental-pest

• Corythucha heidemanni

  alder lace bug

  Corythucha heidemanni, commonly known as the alder lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is native to North America and has been documented across Canada and the United States. Like other lace bugs, it is a small, sap-sucking true bug with distinctive lacy wings. The species is associated with alder trees (Alnus spp.), though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.

  lace-bugTingidaeHemipterasap-feederphytophagousNorth-Americaalderornamental-pest

• Dasineura gleditchiae

  honeylocust podgall midge, Gleditsia Gall Midge

  Dasineura gleditchiae is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces pod-like galls on honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). Native to North America, it has become established as an invasive species in parts of Europe, where it was first recorded in the late 20th century. The species is considered a minor pest in urban and ornamental settings due to its impact on host tree foliage.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaeinvasive-speciesurban-pestGleditsiaphytophagygall-inductionornamental-pest

• Datana major

  azalea caterpillar, major datana

  Datana major is a moth in the family Notodontidae, commonly known as the azalea caterpillar or major datana. The species ranges across the eastern and central United States, from Maryland south to Florida and west to Kansas and Arkansas. Adults are active from June to August, with one generation per year in most of the range and a partial second generation in southern areas. The larvae are notable pests of azaleas and related ornamental plants.

  mothcaterpillarpestEricaceaeNotodontidaedefoliatorNorth-Americaornamental-pest

• Disclisioprocta stellata

  somber carpet, bougainvillea looper

  Disclisioprocta stellata is a small geometrid moth with a broad intercontinental distribution spanning sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian Ocean islands, and the Americas from Canada to South America. The species was introduced to Hawaii in 1993 and has established there. Adults are active year-round in southern regions and during late summer and fall in northern areas. The larvae feed on a variety of plants including bougainvillea, giving rise to one of its common names.

  geometrid-mothlooping-caterpillarwidespread-distributionintroduced-speciesgeneralist-herbivoreornamental-pest

• Echinothrips americanus

  Poinsettia thrips, Impatiens thrips, American thrips

  Echinothrips americanus is a small thrips species in the family Thripidae, native to eastern North America and first described from Florida in 1913. It has become an invasive pest of global concern, spreading to Europe, Asia, Australia, and other regions since the 1990s. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on foliage of at least 48 plant families, with particular preference for Araceae and Balsaminaceae. It is primarily a greenhouse and ornamental pest, causing chlorotic damage to leaves through piercing-sucking feeding.

  pestinvasivegreenhouse-pestpolyphagousthripsvectorornamental-pestvegetable-pest

• Empyreuma

  spotted oleander caterpillar moth

  Empyreuma is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae, containing three species. The genus name derives from the Greek ἐμπύρευμα, meaning "a live coal covered with ashes." Adults exhibit striking aposematic coloration with orange and black patterns that mimic stinging wasps. Larvae feed exclusively on oleander (Nerium oleander), a toxic plant containing cardiac glycosides that the caterpillars sequester for their own defense. The genus is notable for its acoustic courtship behavior, with males producing sounds detected by female tympanic organs.

  tiger-mothaposematic-colorationmimicryacoustic-communicationcardiac-glycosideoleanderchemical-defenseday-flying-mothintroduced-speciesFloridaCaribbeanSyntomeidaArctiinaeErebidaeLepidopterainsect-defensetympanic-organpheromonecourtship-behaviorornamental-pest

• Entedoninae

  Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.

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• Epinotia nanana

  European spruce needleminer, green spruce leaf miner, green spruce needle miner

  Epinotia nanana is a small tortricid moth whose larvae are specialized needle miners of spruce trees. Native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North America where it has become a pest of ornamental and forest spruce. The species has a univoltine life cycle with larvae overwintering in mined needles and completing development the following spring. Larval feeding creates distinctive silken webbing that secures mined needles to twigs.

  needle-minerspruce-pestTortricidaeunivoltineintroduced-speciesornamental-pestsilken-webbingcontagious-distribution

• Eriococcus

  felt scales, bark scales

  Eriococcus is a genus of felt scales (bark scales) in the family Eriococcidae, order Hemiptera. These insects are characterized by producing white, felt-like waxy coverings over their bodies. Some species, such as Eriococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), are significant invasive pests of ornamental plants, while others like E. spurius damage American elm trees. The taxonomy of Eriococcidae remains debated, with some authorities placing these species in Acanthococcidae.

  scale-insectfelt-scalebark-scalephloem-feederpestinvasive-speciesornamental-pesthoneydew-producersooty-moldbiological-control-target

• Eucalymnatus

  tessellated scale

  Eucalymnatus is a genus of soft scale insects in the family Coccidae. The best-known species, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, is native to South America and has spread to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Species in this genus are phytophagous and can become significant pests of ornamental plants, fruit trees, and palms in nurseries and landscapes.

  scale-insectsoft-scalepestornamental-pesttropical-pestHemipteraCoccidaephytophagous

• Eumaeus

  Cycadians

  Eumaeus is a genus of lycaenid butterflies commonly known as cycadians, characterized by their striking coloration and obligate association with cycad host plants. Members of this genus are specialist herbivores that sequester neurotoxic compounds from their hosts, rendering them chemically defended against predators. Several species have experienced severe population declines due to overharvesting and habitat destruction of their cycad hosts, followed by remarkable recoveries linked to urban ornamental plantings. The genus represents a notable example of reconciliation ecology, where conservation success has been achieved through human-modified landscapes.

  Lycaenidaecycad-specialistaposematicchemical-defenseurban-conservationreconciliation-ecologythreatened-host-plantsornamental-pest

• Eumaeus atala

  Atala, Atala butterfly, Atala hairstreak, coontie hairstreak

  The Atala butterfly is a small, colorful lycaenid butterfly unique within its range for its aposematic coloration and exclusive association with cycad host plants. Once considered the most conspicuous insect in South Florida in 1888, it was believed extinct by the 1950s due to overharvesting of its sole native host plant, coontie (Zamia integrifolia), for starch production. Rediscovered in 1979 on a Miami barrier island, the species has recovered dramatically through conservation efforts and the popularity of coontie as an ornamental landscape plant, becoming common enough in southeast Florida to occasionally be regarded as a pest. The butterfly sequesters toxic cycasin compounds from its host, rendering all life stages unpalatable to predators.

  butterflyhairstreakLycaenidaecycadcoontieZamiaaposematic-colorationchemical-defenseconservationendangered-species-recoveryFlorida-endemicpine-rocklandhost-plant-specialistsequestrationurban-wildlifeornamental-pestfreeze-dried-dietex-situ-conservationreintroductionfire-dependent-ecosystemnative-plant-landscapingcycasin-toxicitymultivoltineterritorial-malescorematasound-producing-pupae

• Eumerus funeralis

  Lesser Bulb Fly

  Eumerus funeralis, commonly known as the Lesser Bulb Fly, is a small hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. Originally described from the Mediterranean basin, it has become cosmopolitan in distribution, particularly widespread in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. The species is notable for its phytophagous larvae, which develop in damaged bulbs and are recognized as a minor pest of ornamental plants including Narcissus, Hyacinthus, and Amaryllis.

  hoverflySyrphidaebulb-pestphytophagous-larvaecosmopolitanMediterranean-originornamental-pest

• Eurytetranychus

  Eurytetranychus is a genus of spider mites (Tetranychidae) known primarily as pests of boxwood (Buxus species). The most notable species, Eurytetranychus buxi, feeds on boxwood foliage and has been identified as a significant arthropod pest in managed landscapes. Climate change may allow this mite to complete additional generations in warming regions, potentially increasing damage in areas where it was previously unproblematic.

  spider-mitepestboxwoodTetranychidaelandscape-pestornamental-pestacarologyintegrated-pest-managementclimate-change-sensitivity

• Fenusa ulmi

  elm leafminer

  Fenusa ulmi is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae whose larvae mine leaves of elm trees (Ulmus spp.). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America where it functions as a pest of ornamental and nursery elms. The species shows strong host specificity, with European elm taxa being most susceptible to damage. Adult emergence and oviposition are tightly synchronized with host leafing phenology, enabling degree-day modeling for monitoring and prediction.

  leafminerpestUlmusTenthredinidaesawflyintroduced-speciesornamental-pest

• Fiorinia

  Fiorinia is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) comprising approximately 70 species. The genus is characterized by pupillarial development, where the adult female remains enclosed within the second-instar exuviae. Species are predominantly distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and the Pacific Islands, though several have become invasive pests globally through trade in ornamental plants. Notable invasive species include F. externa (elongate hemlock scale), F. fioriniae (palm fiorinia scale), F. phantasma (phantasma scale), and F. theae (tea scale).

  armored-scaleDiaspididaeinvasive-pestpupillarialornamental-pestpalm-pesthemlock-pestChristmas-tree-pestbiological-controlquarantinepolyphagyAsia-nativeFlorida-invasiveHawaii-invasivemolecular-identification-required

• Fiorinia theae

  tea scale

  Fiorinia theae, known as the tea scale, is an armored scale insect native to Asia that has become an established pest in the Americas. It is polyphagous on woody plants, with primary hosts including tea (Camellia sinensis), ornamental camellias, and hollies (Ilex species). Heavy infestations cause leaf yellowing, premature defoliation, branch dieback, and plant death. The species is multivoltine in warmer climates, with overlapping generations and year-round activity in southern regions.

  scale-insectarmored-scaleagricultural-pestornamental-pestinvasive-speciespolyphagousCamellia-pesttea-pestIlex-pest

• Galasa nigrinodis

  Boxwood Leaftier Moth, Boxwood Webworm

  A small pyralid moth native to eastern North America, commonly known as the boxwood leaftier moth or boxwood webworm. The species is specialized on Buxus (boxwood) as a larval host. Larvae construct shelters by tying together dead leaves with silk, feeding within these protective webs. Adults are active from early summer through early autumn.

  PyralidaeChrysauginaeboxwoodleaf-tierwebwormeastern-North-Americaornamental-pest

• Geshna

  lesser canna leafroller

  Geshna is a monotypic moth genus in the family Crambidae, established by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1906. The genus contains a single species, Geshna cannalis (Quaintance, 1898), commonly known as the lesser canna leafroller. This small moth has a wingspan of 20–25 mm and exhibits a multivoltine flight pattern with adults active during three distinct periods throughout the year. The genus is distributed across the southeastern United States and extends into Central America and the Caribbean.

  monotypicleafrollerpestornamental-pestmultivoltineCanna-specialist

• Graphocephala fennahi

  rhododendron leafhopper

  Graphocephala fennahi, commonly known as the rhododendron leafhopper, is a colorful leafhopper species native to the southeastern United States. Adults measure 8–10 mm in length, with males slightly smaller than females. The species exhibits striking coloration: green wings with purple tips featuring two orange stripes, yellow head and legs, and a purple stripe across the head extending over the eyes. Introduced to Great Britain in the 1930s and continental Europe in the 1970s, it has established populations in urban and ornamental settings. The species feeds exclusively on rhododendron sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  leafhoppersharpshooterinvasive-speciesornamental-pestrhododendronxylem-feederbrochosomesvibrational-communication

• Gynaikothrips

  fig thrips, gall thrips, leaf-rolling thrips

  Gynaikothrips is a genus of tube-tailed thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, containing more than 30 described species. Members are gall-inducing insects primarily associated with Ficus species (fig trees), causing leaf folding and gall formation. Several species are economically significant pests of ornamental ficus in tropical and subtropical regions, with some having established invasive populations in North America and other regions. The genus is characterized by its intimate host relationship with fig trees and distinctive leaf-gall biology.

  thripsgall-insectpestFicusornamental-pestinvasive-speciesPhlaeothripidae

• Gynaikothrips ficorum

  Cuban laurel thrips, fig leaf-rolling thrips

  Gynaikothrips ficorum is a tube-tailed thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, commonly known as the Cuban laurel thrips or fig leaf-rolling thrips. It is a gall-forming pest of Ficus species, inducing characteristic curled and folded leaf galls where it feeds, reproduces, and shelters. The species has achieved near-cosmopolitan distribution through human transport of its host plants. It was first described by Paul Marchal in 1908 as Phloeothrips ficorum.

  thripsPhlaeothripidaegall-formerpestFicusornamental-pestinvasivecosmopolitan

• Gyropsylla ilecis

  Yaupon Psyllid

  Gyropsylla ilecis, commonly known as the Yaupon Psyllid, is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae. It is associated with yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria) as its host plant. The species has been documented in the southeastern United States, particularly Florida and Georgia. Its common name reflects this specific host relationship.

  psyllidsap-feederhost-specificsoutheastern-USIlexornamental-pest

• Heliothrips

  Heliothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae comprising approximately 18 described species. The genus includes economically significant pests, most notably Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (greenhouse thrips), which infests a wide range of cultivated plants. Members of this genus are characterized by their fringed wings and rasping-sucking mouthparts. Several species have been documented as polyphagous herbivores with broad host ranges spanning multiple plant families.

  thripsThripidaepestagriculturehorticulturegreenhouse-thripspolyphagousHeliothrips-haemorrhoidalisbiological-control-targetquarantine-pestkiwifruit-peststrawberry-pestavocado-pestornamental-pestworldwide-distributionfringed-wingsThysanopteraPanchaetothripinaeHaliday-183618-speciesgeneralist-herbivorerasping-sucking-mouthparts

• Hercinothrips

  Hercinothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae, subfamily Panchaetothripinae, containing several economically significant pest species. The most widely documented species, H. femoralis (banded greenhouse thrips), is a pantropical invader that has established in greenhouses worldwide and feeds on a broad range of vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants. Members of this genus are characterized by their small size, fringed wings, and piercing-sucking mouthparts that cause characteristic silvery streaking and discoloration on host foliage.

  thripsgreenhouse-pestinvasive-speciesagricultural-pestornamental-pestphenotypic-plasticitybiological-controlThysanoptera

• Hercinothrips femoralis

  Banded Greenhouse Thrips

  Hercinothrips femoralis is a pantropical thrips species and significant agricultural pest known as the banded greenhouse thrips. It infests a wide range of crops including bananas, cotton, pineapple, sugar beet, sugar cane, and ornamentals, causing characteristic silver streaking and discoloration of leaf tissue through its piercing-sucking feeding. The species exhibits remarkable phenotypic plasticity with a "phenotype explosion" phenomenon—multiple color morphs and forms that facilitate successful colonization of new regions. Under laboratory conditions at 25°C, it completes development from egg to adult in approximately 21 days with high fecundity (averaging 133 offspring per female), enabling rapid population growth in greenhouses.

  greenhouse-pestthripsagricultural-pestpantropicalornamental-pestinvasive-speciesphenotypic-plasticity

• Homadaula anisocentra

  mimosa webworm, Mimosa Webworm Moth

  Homadaula anisocentra, commonly known as the mimosa webworm, is an introduced moth species in the family Galacticidae (formerly placed in Plutellidae). Native to China, it was accidentally introduced to the United States in the 1940s and has become a significant pest of ornamental trees. The species primarily attacks mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) and honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos), where larvae construct silk webbing to feed on leaves. It completes two generations annually in the Mid-Atlantic region, with an additional third generation in southern states.

  pestintroduced-speciesdefoliatorurban-pestornamental-pestweb-forming-larva

• Homotomidae

  fig psyllids, mulberry psyllids

  Homotomidae is a family of small phloem-feeding insects in the superfamily Psylloidea, commonly known as fig or mulberry psyllids. Members feed almost exclusively on Moraceae, primarily the genus Ficus, with rare exceptions such as Triozamia on Antiaris toxicaria. The family contains approximately 70 described species across three subfamilies: Dynopsyllinae, Macrohomotominae, and Homotominae. Several species are economically significant pests of ornamental and cultivated figs, including the invasive Macrohomotoma gladiata, which has spread from Asia to Europe, North Africa, and North America.

  phloem-feedingMoraceaeFicusinvasive-pesturban-pestornamental-pestbiological-controlPsylloideawax-secretionhoneydewsooty-mould

• Hoplia callipyge

  Grapevine Hoplia

  Hoplia callipyge is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the Grapevine Hoplia. Adults are active in spring and are recognized as minor agricultural and garden pests due to their feeding on rose petals and other flowers. The species occurs in western North America from British Columbia to Baja California. Larvae develop in soil, feeding on roots and decaying organic matter.

  scarab-beetleagricultural-pestornamental-pestrose-pestspring-activewestern-North-America

• Hyphantria cunea

  Fall Webworm, Fall Webworm Moth, American White Moth

  The fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) is a moth native to North America, ranging from southern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. It is best known for its larval stage, in which caterpillars construct large silken webs on the terminal branches of host trees during late summer and fall. The species exhibits two color races that vary geographically: white moths with black-headed caterpillars predominate in northern populations, while spotted moths with red-headed caterpillars are more common in the south. Accidentally introduced to Hungary in the 1940s, it has become a destructive invasive pest across Europe and Asia, particularly in China where it is known as the 'North American White Moth.'

  defoliatorweb-forming-caterpillarinvasive-speciesnative-pestpolyphagousfreeze-avoiderthermoregulationbiological-control-targethazelnut-pestmulberry-pesturban-pestornamental-pestforest-pestagricultural-pestgregarious-larvaesilken-webNorth-American-nativeEuropean-invasiveAsian-invasiveviral-biocontrolparasitoid-hosthyperparasitism

• Hysteroneura setariae

  Rusty Plum Aphid

  Hysteroneura setariae is a cosmopolitan aphid species known primarily as the Rusty Plum Aphid. It feeds on grasses and fruit trees, with documented associations including Muhlenbergia capillaris and various Prunus species. The species has been recorded across six continents, with particularly dense populations observed in urban park settings in Japan. It serves as prey for generalist predators including Coccinella septempunctata.

  aphidgrass-feedingcosmopolitanbiological-controlornamental-pestfruit-tree-pest

• Illinoia

  Illinoia is a genus of aphids (Aphididae: Aphidinae: Macrosiphini) established by Wilson in 1910. The genus contains multiple economically and ecologically significant species, including the tuliptree aphid (I. liriodendri), a notable pest of ornamental Liriodendron tulipifera, and the blueberry aphid (I. pepperi). Species in this genus are phloem-feeding insects associated with specific host plants, with some having become invasive outside their native ranges.

  aphidMacrosiphiniphloem-feederpest-insectornamental-pestagricultural-pestinvasive-speciesbiological-controlhoneydew-producer

• Illinoia spiraecola

  spirea aphid, green citrus aphid

  Illinoia spiraecola is a medium-sized aphid species in the family Aphididae. It is primarily associated with Spiraea (spirea) as a host plant and has been documented as a pest of citrus in some regions. The species exhibits the typical aphid life cycle with both sexual and parthenogenetic generations, and produces alate (winged) dispersal morphs.

  aphidpestSpiraeaCitrusornamental-pestagricultural-pestMacrosiphini

• Janbechynea

  Janbechynea is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Orsodacnidae, containing at least 12 described species distributed in North America. The genus is named in honor of Czech entomologist Jan Bechyně. Adults of at least one species, J. elongata, are specialized herbivores of cycads. The genus is divided into two subgenera: Janbechynea and Bothroscelis.

  leaf-beetlecycad-herbivoreNorth-AmericaMexicoOrsodacnidaegregarious-behaviormorning-activityspring-emergenceornamental-pestJan-Bechyně-eponymsubgenera-Janbechynea-and-Bothroscelis

• Klambothrips

  Klambothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, established by Mound and Morris in 2007. The genus includes at least one notable invasive species, Klambothrips myopori, which has been extensively studied in California. This species is a specialist herbivore on plants in the genus Myoporum and has become a significant pest of ornamental plantings in urban landscapes.

  invasive-speciespestornamental-pestbiological-controlurban-landscape

• Klambothrips myopori

  Naio Thrips

  Klambothrips myopori is a gall-forming thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, described by Mound and Morris in 2007. Native to Australia and New Zealand, it invaded California in 2005 and has since become established in Hawaii and the contiguous United States. The species is obligately associated with Myoporum host plants, inducing galls on foliage. It has emerged as a significant pest of ornamental plantings in California, with documented variation in host plant suitability across different Myoporum cultivars.

  thripsgall-formerinvasive-speciespestornamental-pestMyoporumCaliforniaHawaiibiological-controlPhlaeothripidae

• Lauritrioza alacris

  Bay Sucker

  Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.

  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• Leptodictya plana

  Grass Lacebug

  Leptodictya plana is a grass-feeding lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) first described in 1913. It has been documented as an emerging pest on ornamental grasses in the southern United States, with Pennisetum species showing particular susceptibility to feeding damage and serving as oviposition hosts. The species remains seldom collected despite its economic relevance to horticulture.

  lace-buggrass-pestornamental-pestTingidaephloem-feederemerging-pestPennisetum-pestHemipteraHeteropteraseldom-collected

• Leptoglossus

  leaf-footed bugs

  Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.

  Coreidaeleaf-footed-bugagricultural-pestinvasive-speciessymbiosissexual-dimorphismconifer-pestnuisance-pestBurkholderiatachinid-parasitoidpheromone-communicationbuilding-invadermisidentificationTriatoma-look-alikegradual-metamorphosisseed-predatorforest-pestornamental-pestplumbing-damagepublic-health-confusionChileEuropeNorth-AmericaSouth-AmericaAsiaTurkeyalmond-pestcitrus-pesttomato-pestcorn-pestoverwintering-aggregationdefensive-secretionpheromone-mediated-parasitismegg-parasitoidbiological-controlecological-niche-modelingclimate-suitabilityrange-expansionintroductionaccidental-dispersalseed-orchard-pestgermination-reductionempty-seed-formationcone-damagelodgepole-pineDouglas-firwestern-conifer-seed-bugL.-occidentalisL.-zonatusL.-phyllopusL.-clypealisL.-australisL.-chilensisL.-oppositusmale-combatfemoral-weaponabdominal-glandpheromone-glandtibial-dilationleaf-like-hind-legtrue-bugHemipteraHeteropteraPentatomomorphaAnisosceliniphytophagousplant-feedingstylet-feedingsalivary-sheathoverwinteringdiapausebuilding-entrystructural-pestnuisance-odorflight-sounddroning-flightaggregation-behaviormale-pheromonefemale-choiceparasitoid-hostbiological-control-agentintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringearly-detectionpreventioninvasion-biologyalien-speciesnon-native-pestglobal-spreadclimate-changeniche-modelingsuitable-habitatestablishment-riskquarantinephytosanitaryforest-healthseed-productionreforestationafforestationconifer-forestrypine-seedseed-viabilityeconomic-impactcrop-lossyield-reductionkernel-damagefruit-damagenut-damagevector-of-diseaseChagas-diseasekissing-bugpublic-alarmmisinformationeducationidentification-toolshealth-system-burdenpesticide-overuseurban-ecologydomiciliaryperidomiciliaryAndean-regionPatagoniaMediterraneantemperatesubtropicaltropicalagroecosystemnatural-enemypredatorparasitepathogensymbiontgut-microbiomesoil-ingestionfitness-benefitreproductive-successsperm-morphologytesticular-morphologyaccessory-glandpheromone-blendspecies-specific-odorcherry-scentvanilla-scentcinnamon-scentrose-scentolfactory-communicationmate-locationmate-recognitionsexual-selectionmale-male-competitionweapon-morphologyallometrydevelopmental-plasticitynymphal-instaregg-barrelegg-arrangementlinear-ovipositionleaf-surfaceplant-tissuestylet-penetrationenzymatic-digestionfluid-feedingphloem-feedingxylem-feedingseed-feedingcone-feedingfruit-feedingkernel-feedingnut-feedingcrop-feedinghost-plant-rangepolyphagyoligophagyspecialistgeneralistpest-statusdamage-thresholdeconomic-injury-levelmanagement-strategycultural-controlphysical-controlchemical-controlresistancetolerancehost-plant-resistancemonitoring-traplight-trappopulation-densitydistribution-mapspread-ratecolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicslife-tabledevelopmental-ratethermal-requirementsdegree-daysphenologyvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinegeneration-timeoverwintering-sitehibernaculumshelter-seekingcold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancesupercoolingwater-relationsdesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistancedispersal-abilityflight-capacitywalking-behaviorclimbing-behavioraggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonestink-glandmetathoracic-glanddorsoabdominal-glandventral-abdominal-glandsexual-glandmorphological-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defenseautotomyleg-losspredation-riskparasitism-riskparasitoid-riskpathogen-riskcompetitionintraspecificinterspecificresource-competitionmating-competitionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationspeciationphylogenysystematicstaxonomymorphologyanatomyhistologyultrastructurespermatogenesisspermatozoasperm-lengthnuclear-lengthcyst-productionfollicle-numbertestis-structurereproductive-anatomygenitaliamating-behaviorcopulationinseminationovipositionegg-productionfecundityfertilityhatching-successnymphal-survivaladult-longevitysex-ratiooperational-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-diversitygene-flowpopulation-structurephylogeographybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancedispersalrange-shiftrange-contractionaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributionlongitudinal-distributionisland-distributioncontinental-distributionendemismcosmopolitanismintroduced-rangenative-rangesource-populationfounder-populationinvasion-frontlag-phaseestablishment-phasespread-phaseequilibrium-phaseimpact-assessmentrisk-assessmenthorizon-scanningearly-warningrapid-responseeradicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementadaptationmitigationrestorationconservationbiodiversityecosystem-serviceecosystem-functionfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerherbivorefruit-predatorplant-animal-interactionmutualismantagonismpredationparasitismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationindirect-interactiontrait-mediated-interactiondensity-mediated-interactionbehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyphysiological-ecologypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologyglobal-ecologyapplied-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologyconservation-biologyinvasion-ecologyrestoration-ecologypest-managementconserv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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteran

• Leptoypha minor

  Arizona ash lace bug, ash lace bug

  Leptoypha minor, commonly known as the Arizona ash lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is a documented pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.), causing damage to twigs and foliage. The species is particularly abundant in California and has been economically significant as an ornamental pest since its formal description in 1942.

  pestlace-bugashFraxinusornamental-pestCaliforniamultiple-generations

• Leucoptera laburnella

  Laburnum Leafminer, laburnum leaf miner

  Leucoptera laburnella is a small moth in the family Lyonetiidae, commonly known as the laburnum leaf miner. The larvae are leaf miners that feed internally on leaves of various Fabaceae species, particularly Laburnum. Adults have distinctive white forewings marked with yellow and dark fuscous patterns. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America.

  leaf-minerFabaceaeornamental-pestEuropeNorth-Americaintroduced-speciesLyonetiidae

• Liriomyza trifolii

  American serpentine leafminer, celery leafminer

  Liriomyza trifolii is a small leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, native to the Caribbean and southeastern United States. It has become a globally distributed invasive pest of greenhouse and vegetable crops, recognized as one of the three most damaging leafminer species worldwide. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on numerous ornamental and vegetable plants including chrysanthemums, celery, and tomatoes. Its spread has been facilitated by insecticide resistance and international trade in plant material.

  leafmineragricultural-pestgreenhouse-pestinvasive-speciespolyphagousinsecticide-resistancevegetable-pestornamental-pest

• Lopholeucaspis

  Lopholeucaspis is a genus of armored scale insects (Diaspididae) containing species that are invasive pests of woody plants. The most documented species, L. japonica, has established populations across Asia, Europe, Australia, and North America. These scales infest a broad range of hosts including citrus, pomegranate, crapemyrtle, privet, and euonymus. The genus is notable for its expanding global distribution and association with multiple parasitoid wasp species.

  scale-insectarmored-scaleinvasive-pestphloem-feederwoody-plant-pestcitrus-pestornamental-pest

• Macremphytus

  Dogwood Sawflies

  Macremphytus is a genus of common sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, comprising at least four described species. The best-known member is Macremphytus tarsatus, commonly called the dogwood sawfly, which is a significant defoliator of dogwood trees in North America. Sawflies in this genus are herbivorous, with larvae feeding on leaves of woody plants. The genus exhibits distinctive larval traits including waxy secretions and overwintering behaviors in wood.

  sawflydefoliatordogwoodwalnutwaxy-secretionwood-boringornamental-pestHymenopteraTenthredinidaeNorth-America

• Macrohomotoma

  Macrohomotoma is a genus of psyllids in the family Homotomidae, established by Kuwayama in 1908. The genus contains approximately 15 described species of plant-parasitic hemipterans. Best-known species include Macrohomotoma gladiata, a significant pest of ornamental Ficus trees that has expanded from its native Asian range to become invasive in the Mediterranean region and elsewhere. The genus is characterized by association with Ficus host plants and production of conspicuous waxy secretions.

  psyllidFicus-pestinvasive-speciesornamental-pesturban-forestryLiberibacter-vector

• Macrohomotoma gladiata

  Curtain Fig Psyllid

  Macrohomotoma gladiata is an invasive Asian psyllid that has established populations across the Mediterranean Basin and California, where it infests ornamental Ficus microcarpa. Nymphs feed on young tissues, producing dense white waxy secretions and honeydew that promotes sooty mould growth and causes twig dieback. The species has a likely bivoltine life cycle with possible partial third generation; young nymphs overwinter under stipules without development, resuming growth in spring. Natural enemies include a Psyllaephagus parasitoid that can achieve high parasitism rates, and the predatory bug Anthocoris nemoralis.

  invasive-speciesurban-pestornamental-pestbiological-controlFicus-pestMediterranean-invasionpsyllidHomotomidaeSternorrhynchaphloem-feederwaxy-secretionssooty-mouldparasitoidPsyllaephagusAnthocoris-nemoralisbivoltineoverwintering-nymphsLiberibacter-vector

• Melanchroia chephise

  white-tipped black, snowbush spanworm

  Melanchroia chephise is a moth in the family Geometridae, commonly known as the white-tipped black or snowbush spanworm. It ranges from the southern United States through Central America to Paraguay. The adult exhibits striking black wings with white apical patches, while the gregarious larvae feed on foliage of plants in the Phyllanthaceae family, particularly Breynia and Phyllanthus species. Despite occasional outbreaks that defoliate ornamental plantings, the species typically causes no lasting harm to hosts and poses no risk to humans.

  Geometridaedefoliatorgregarious-larvaeornamental-pestaposematic-colorationwasp-mimicryPhyllanthaceaeNeotropical-distribution

• Merhynchites

  Rose Weevils

  Merhynchites is a genus of leaf and bud weevils in the family Attelabidae, containing approximately 12 described species. The genus includes the well-known rose curculio (Merhynchites bicolor), a significant pest of cultivated roses. Members of this genus are characterized by their elongated rostrums and association with flowering plants, particularly roses.

  pestrosesornamental-pest

• Metamasius mosieri

  Florida bromeliad weevil

  Metamasius mosieri is a small weevil in the family Dryophthoridae, commonly known as the Florida bromeliad weevil. It feeds on bromeliads but occurs at very low population densities in natural habitats and is considered only an occasional, minor pest on ornamental species. It is native to Florida and Cuba and is frequently confused with the more destructive Mexican bromeliad weevil (Metamasius callizona).

  weevilbromeliadFloridaCubaminor-pestornamental-pestnative-speciestaxonomic-confusion

• Myzocallis walshii

  Black-bordered oak aphid

  Myzocallis walshii is a North American aphid species that has established in Europe as an invasive pest of American red oak (Quercus rubra). Native parasitoids in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula have adapted to this introduced aphid. The species has been recorded across much of North America and has spread to at least 15 European countries.

  invasive-speciespestoak-aphidparasitoid-hostrange-expansionornamental-pest

• Neohydatothrips samayunkur

  marigold thrips, French marigold thrips

  Neohydatothrips samayunkur is a thrips species in the family Thripidae, commonly known as the marigold thrips. It is an economically significant pest of Tagetes species (marigolds), feeding on flowers and leaves. The species has a broad intercontinental distribution spanning Africa, Australia, Europe, Northern Asia, Central America, and North America. Originally described by Kudo in 1995 and validated by Nakahara in 1999, it has been intercepted at U.S. quarantine ports and represents a new country record for Egypt.

  agricultural-pestornamental-pestquarantine-pestTagetes-pestmarigold-pestinvasive-potentialThripidaeSericothripinaeThysanoptera

• Neolecanium cornuparvum

  Magnolia scale

  Neolecanium cornuparvum, commonly known as the magnolia scale, is a soft scale insect in the family Coccidae. It is a significant pest of magnolia trees in North America, where heavy infestations can cause branch dieback and tree decline. The species is included in the USA National Phenology Network's Pheno Forecast system, which uses heat accumulation models to predict its life cycle stages for optimized pest management. N. cornuparvum has been documented in the United States, including in Vermont.

  pestscale-insectornamental-pestUSA-NPN

• Neomyzus circumflexus

  Crescent-marked lily aphid, Mottled arum aphid

  Neomyzus circumflexus is a polyphagous aphid species known by two common names reflecting its association with lilies and arums. It is a significant greenhouse and ornamental pest, feeding on phloem sap and transmitting plant viruses. The species exhibits temperature-dependent immune responses to parasitoids and has been extensively studied for its nutritional physiology, including artificial diet requirements and symbiont dependencies.

  aphidpestgreenhouse-pestvirus-vectorornamental-pestparthenogenetic

• Neophyllaphis podocarpi

  Podocarpus Aphid

  Neophyllaphis podocarpi is an aphid species in the subfamily Neophyllaphidinae, known as the podocarpus aphid. It is specialized on Podocarpus species (Podocarpaceae), a genus of coniferous trees. The species was first described from Japan in 1920 and has since been recorded in multiple regions including Hawaii, Italy, the Azores, and the Iberian Peninsula. Its spread appears linked to horticultural trade of host plants.

  aphidinvasiveornamental-pestPodocarpaceae

• Oligonychus ununguis

  spruce spider mite

  Oligonychus ununguis, commonly known as the spruce spider mite, is a globally distributed pest of coniferous trees, particularly spruce. It is considered one of the most important pests of spruce plantations in Ontario and causes significant damage to ornamental conifers. The mite feeds on needle sap, causing foliage discoloration, and produces silk webbing that accumulates dust. Populations thrive in cool spring and autumn conditions but decline during hot summer weather when temperatures exceed 85°F.

  pestconifercool-season-mitesilvicultural-pestornamental-pest

• Oligotrophus

  Oligotrophus is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) established by Latreille in 1804. Species are gall-forming insects that induce abnormal plant growths on various host plants, with documented associations to birch (Betulaceae) and juniper (Cupressaceae). The genus contains univoltine species with specialized life cycles tied to host phenology. Several species have been studied for their economic impact on ornamental and forest trees.

  gall-midgeunivoltinephytophagousforest-pestornamental-pestinvasive-potential

• Oligotrophus betheli

  Juniper Tip Midge

  Oligotrophus betheli is a gall midge native to North America that induces galls on Juniperus horizontalis (Cupressaceae). It was first recorded as an alien species in Japan, where it was found on introduced ornamental host plants. The species causes characteristic discoloration of young twig tips on its host.

  gall-midgealien-speciesinvasive-potentialornamental-pestCecidomyiidae

• Ophiomyia kwansonis

  Daylily Leafminer

  Ophiomyia kwansonis is a leaf-miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. It is known as the Daylily Leafminer based on its documented association with Hemerocallis species. The species was described by Sasakawa in 1961 and has been recorded across eastern North America, parts of Asia, and Europe.

  leaf-minerpestHemerocallisintroduced-speciesornamental-pest

• Ormenaria rufifascia

  Palm Flatid Planthopper

  Ormenaria rufifascia is a flatid planthopper commonly found on palms in Florida and parts of the Caribbean. Adults and nymphs are visually conspicuous. Dense populations produce honeydew, which can lead to extensive sooty mold growth on host plants, causing aesthetic damage even though the insect is usually not a serious pest.

  flatid-planthopperpalm-pesthoneydew-producersooty-moldFlorida-insectornamental-pest

• Otiorhynchus meridionalis

  Lilac Root Weevil

  Otiorhynchus meridionalis, commonly known as the lilac root weevil, is a broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is a recognized landscape pest in North America, where it feeds on ornamental plants including lilac, euonymus, and peonies. The species exhibits a life cycle with root-feeding larvae and leaf-feeding adults that produce characteristic notched damage. Adults are nocturnal and occasionally enter buildings during hot weather. Native to Europe, it has established populations in western North America.

  pestintroducednocturnalroot-weevilornamental-pest

• Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus

  Hackberry Disc Gall Psyllid

  Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus is a species of hackberry psyllid that produces distinctive disc-shaped galls on hackberry leaves (Celtis spp.). Adults emerge in fall and seek shelter to overwinter, often becoming household nuisances when they congregate on building exteriors. The species is one of at least seven Pachypsylla species associated with hackberry in North America, each producing a characteristic gall morphology.

  psyllidgall-formerhackberryCeltisSternorrhynchapestnuisanceoverwinteringparasitoid-hostdisc-gallbutton-gallNorth-Americaornamental-pestseasonal-emergencejumping-plant-louseAphalaridaePsylloideaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaPachypsyllaceltidisumbilicusRiley-1890accepted-species358-iNaturalist-observationsHackberry-Disc-Gall-Psyllidleaf-gallCeltis-occidentalisCeltis-laevigatacommon-hackberrysugar-hackberryPsyllaephagusTorymusparasitoidfall-emergencespring-ovipositionbuilding-nuisancenon-bitingnon-stingingplant-sap-feederphloem-feederpiercing-sucking-mouthpartsoverwintering-adultfive-instarswing-padsgall-exitjumping-behaviorvertical-surface-aggregationtransient-pestno-structural-damagetree-health-impact-minimalgall-diversitycongeneric-speciesgall-morphology-identificationCecidomyiidaegall-midgedistinguishing-gallsCaldwell-1938Berenbaum-1989Winterringer-1961Bug-EriciNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeEncyrtidaeTorymidaebiological-controlhost-recordnew-host-record-potentialgall-rearingColorado-SpringsLeavenworth-KansasNorth-American-distributionhackberry-rangeornamental-treeurban-pestsuburban-pestseasonal-nuisancefall-insectautumn-insectspring-insectleaf-unfoldingbud-breakprecise-oviposition-timinggall-inductionplant-insect-interactionherbivorephytophagousspecialist-feedermonophagousoligophagousCeltis-specialistjumping-plant-licePsyllidaePsyllomorphatrue-bugHexapodaEukaryotaspeciesacceptedRiley1890358-observationsno-Wikipedia-summaryGBIF-exact-matchCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedtaxonentomologyinsect-guidestructured-recordfactualconservativeinformativenon-repetitivecautious-languageno-inferenceno-fabricationhigh-qualitymedium-completenessno-inferred-content

• Palpita flegia

  satin white moth, Satin White Palpita

  Palpita flegia is a crambid moth commonly known as the satin white moth. It was described by Cramer in 1777 and has a broad distribution across the Neotropics and into the southern United States. The species is a documented pest of ornamental plants in the family Apocynaceae, particularly Cascabela thevetia. Laboratory studies have established detailed life cycle parameters including six larval instars and specific thermal requirements for development.

  pestornamental-pestApocynaceae-feederNeotropicalthermal-biology-documentedbiological-control-candidate

• Paraleyrodes

  nesting whiteflies, Bondar's nesting whitefly (for P. bondari), fig whitefly (for P. minei)

  Paraleyrodes is a genus of whiteflies in the subfamily Aleurodicinae, commonly known as nesting whiteflies due to the woolly wax nests constructed by females around egg masses. The genus includes economically significant invasive species such as P. bondari (Bondar's nesting whitefly) and P. minei, which are pests of coconut, citrus, fig, avocado, and ornamental plants. Species in this genus are characterized by distinctive waxy secretions, sessile nymphal stages, and polyphagous feeding habits on woody plants.

  whiteflyinvasive-pestagricultural-pestornamental-pestAleurodicinaecoconut-pestcitrus-pestfig-pestavocado-pestwoolly-wax-nestspolyphagousphloem-feederhoneydew-producersooty-moldFlorida-pestCalifornia-pestIndia-pestBangladesh-pestCroatia-pestGreece-pestnatural-enemiesbiological-controlintegrated-pest-management

• Periphyllus

  Periphyllus Aphids, maple aphids

  Periphyllus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Chaitophorinae, containing more than 40 described species. Species in this genus are primarily associated with maple trees (Acer spp.), though some feed on related host plants such as Koelreuteria. Many species exhibit complex life cycles with polymorphic forms including viviparous females, aestivating dimorphs, and sexual morphs. Several species are invasive pests outside their native ranges, spreading with ornamental host plants.

  aphidmaplepestinvasiveholocyclicaestivating-dimorphpolymorphismphloem-feederornamental-pestChaitophorinae

• Periploca ceanothiella

  Ceanothus stem gall moth

  A small gall-forming moth in the family Cosmopterigidae that induces stem galls on Ceanothus species. The species has been recorded across much of North America, with adults active primarily from March to August. Larvae bore into host stems, causing distinctive gall formations, and overwinter within these structures.

  gall-formerpestornamental-pestconcealed-feederstem-borer

• Phenacoccus aceris

  apple mealybug, maple mealybug

  Phenacoccus aceris, commonly known as the apple mealybug or maple mealybug, is a widespread polyphagous mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae. Native to Europe, it has become established across the Holarctic region including North America and Asia. The species is a significant agricultural and horticultural pest, feeding on phloem sap of numerous host plants including apple, maple, grapevine, ash, and prickly ash. Recent molecular and morphological studies have revealed that P. aceris represents a species complex containing multiple cryptic species, with taxonomic confusion arising from co-occurring putative species that cannot be reliably separated by host-plant associations alone. The species is also an important vector of grapevine viruses, transmitting six ampeloviruses and two vitiviruses.

  mealybugpestvirus-vectorgrapevineapplepolyphagousHolarcticspecies-complexbiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementhorticultureviticulturecryptic-speciesphloem-feederSternorrhynchaPseudococcidaePhenacoccusagricultural-pestornamental-pestleafroll-diseaseampelovirusvitivirus

• Phloeosinus

  cedar bark beetles, cypress bark beetles

  Phloeosinus is a genus of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) comprising at least 20 described species. Species in this genus are specialized on conifers in the family Cupressaceae, including genera such as Cupressus, Thuja, Juniperus, and Chamaecyparis. Several species have become significant invasive pests, causing economic damage to ornamental trees and forest ecosystems. The genus exhibits specialized chemical ecology, with species using host plant volatiles and pheromones for mate and host location.

  bark-beetleCupressaceaeinvasive-pestchemical-ecologypheromoneforest-pestornamental-pestphloem-feeder

• Phytomyza sempervirentis

  English Holly Leafminer

  Phytomyza sempervirentis is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae. The species was described in 2018 and is associated with Ilex species, including English holly (Ilex aquifolium). Larvae create serpentine mines within holly leaves, feeding between the upper and lower epidermis. Adults are small black flies that emerge in spring to coincide with the production of tender new leaves.

  leafminerhollyIlexAgromyzidaePhytomyzaDipterainvasive-species-associateornamental-pest

• Podosesia

  Ash and Lilac Borer Moths

  Podosesia is a genus of clearwing moths in the family Sesiidae, established by Möschler in 1879 after the original name Grotea was found to be preoccupied. The genus contains at least three described species in North America, including the economically significant lilac borer (P. syringae) and the banded ash clearwing (P. aureocincta). Larvae are wood-borers in woody plants of the olive family (Oleaceae), particularly ash, lilac, and privet. Adults are diurnal and exhibit wasp mimicry in both appearance and behavior.

  Sesiidaeclearwing-mothwood-borerwasp-mimicryOleaceaepestPheno-Forecasturban-forestryornamental-pest

• Polistes dominula

  European Paper Wasp

  Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.

  invasive-speciessocial-wasppaper-wasppredatorpollinatorurban-ecologyeusocialnest-constructionbiological-controlthermal-biologyspatial-learningvibrational-communicationaposematismhonest-signaloverwinteringdiapausePolistesVespidaeHymenopteraNorth-AmericaEuropeNew-ZealandSouth-AfricaSouth-Americamonarch-butterflycaterpillar-predationnest-architecturegynefoundressdominance-hierarchyclimate-change-impactenergeticsmetabolic-ratemicroclimatesuburban-habitatanthropogenicornamental-pestvineyard-pestfruit-damagestinging-insectvenompoison-glandwarning-colorationZahavian-signalStrepsipteraparasitoidXenosbehavioral-plasticityforaginglearningmemorythermoregulationectothermyendothermysolar-radiationnest-temperaturebrood-developmentcolony-survivalmultiple-foundingsingle-foundingseason-lengthlatitudetemperateMediterraneanhibernacleoverwintering-costsclimate-warmingrange-expansioncompetitionnative-species-displacementbiodiversity-impactconservationmanagementcontrolintegrated-pest-managementIPMidentificationantennae-colorfacial-markingscastereproductionmalefemalesexual-dimorphismantennaeabdomenwingmandiblesalivapapercombcellpediceltrophallaxislarvapupaadultworkerqueensubordinatedominantaggressiondefensethreat-displaystingtoxicitybrightnesscolorationpredator-avoidancepreycaterpillarLepidopterabutterflymothgardenagriculturevineyardorchardurbansuburbanruralforesthabitat-preferencetemperaturemetabolismquiescencetorporsurvivalfitnesscolonynestpopulationabundancedistributionrangeexpansioninvasionestablishmentintroductionbiotic-interactiontrophic-cascadeherbivory-suppressionplant-fitnessmilkweedDanaus-plexippusmonarchNelsonTasmanecosystem-impactconservation-managementbiological-invasionecologybehaviorphysiologymorphologytaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturegender-agreementLatinChrist1791Vespa-dominulabasionymcatalogue-of-lifeGBIFiNaturalistobservationcitizen-sciencephotographyillustrationfield-guideorangeblackyellowredcolor-patternsizewing-lengthbodycompactlegsshortfacesquaretriangulardarkcurledstraightelbowedbluntpointedtipZahaviancostly-signalhuntforagenectarhoneydewaphidscale-insectflowergrapeumbelliferfennellovageinsectmeatballfeedemergechewcaphexagonalwood-fiberbarkexposedopenumbrellastalkantrepellentsubstancecoatprotectlocationeaveattictreebranchvineshrubcavitybird-boxbee-hiveshedgrave-lanternoverwintershelterprotectedthermalclimatecoldwinterspringsummerautumnfallseasonmonthdayactivitydefendthreatdisplayraisetiptoesocialdominancehierarchyreproductiveegglayfoundcooperatecompeteselfishpassive-aggressiveindividualrecognitionfacial-markingcognitionmushroom-bodybrainintelligentartistarchitectnavigationplasticityspatialrelocatingfoodresourcedishbaittrainingexperiencevibrationcommunicationsignalsubstrate-borneabdominalwaggingoscillationsecretionmodulationperceivereactmovementattentionfeedinginspectionbody-temperatureambientsolarradiationmetaboliccostenergeticexpenditureefficiencywarmingchangeimpactincreaseinvasivespreadsuccesscompetitiveabilityflexibilityadaptationreactionresponseconditionyearvariationproductivityfoundingsinglemultipleratebenefitcooperationpredationparasitismvesparumstylopidstylopizationparasitehostinfestationmiteAcariwaspflyeffectcommunitydeclineDanausplexippusmortalityinstarearlylatelargersmallervulnerableresistantdiscoverychancecontactdirectrecruitmentnestmatesitecascadingtrophiccascadeherbivorysuppressionplantgrowthproductionAsclepiasnetexclusionexperimentoutcomesuggestionstrongdetrimentalecosystemstrategymethoddevelopmentprotectionbiodiversityregionfirst2016recentestablishedexoticcongenerchinensislongercomparisonhigherlowergreatestareabuiltstructurenativeunsuccessfultranslocateunablethrivewarmerorigincontributorfactorresearchthesisinsightbehaviourknowledgedirectionaideffectivejournalpublicationDOI10.26686wgtn14538585v1UniversityWellingtonVictoriaMScstudentdissertationstudyinvestigationanalysisdatafieldresidentreportlocalindirectinteractionlevelfunctionserviceprovisionnaturalpestbiocontrolornamentaldecorativecropdamagefruitcherrywesternColoradoatleastripeningchoicepreferenceheightgroundstratamicrositeenvironmentclosedhabitatdensevegetationsurroundingbushPatagoniaArgentinaChileNWdetected2003sympatriccoexistenceoverlapminimalfacilitationbehavioralprocessinterspecificsemi-urbanpoorlystudiedspeciesHypodyneruslabiatusnewlightfindingcontributionunderstandingcollectinganthropizedhighlightimportanceconsiderationEthology10.1111eth13505abstractonlylimiteddetailfulltextrequiredcomprehensivesynthesisvibrationalwidespreadregulatecrucialconspicuousoscillatorywagstrictlyassociatedpresencesuggestedinvolvementadult-larvahypothesisshort-termtrophallacticexchangemodulatesalivarydecreaseamountpreparereceivestimulatereleaseelectro-magneticshakerassesstimerecordmeasureimmediatelyafterplaybackresultshowproducepossiblyorderattractduringneithernorsupportallegedrolelong-lastingExperimentalBiology10.1242jeb186247flexiblesystemexpandingNorthAmericacausestirfastuponexplanationpresentliteraturegoodinvadernorthernriselittleknownnestingCentralinvesti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• Pristiphora rufipes

  columbine sawfly

  Pristiphora rufipes, commonly known as the columbine sawfly, is a non-native sawfly species native to central Europe that was first discovered in North America in Canada in 1963. It has since spread across the eastern seaboard to the Rocky Mountains, becoming a significant pest of columbine plants (Aquilegia spp.). Adult females use a saw-like ovipositor to insert eggs into leaf tissue, and the caterpillar-like larvae feed on columbine foliage, capable of completely defoliating plants. The species exhibits multiple generations per year in warmer regions, with two generations common in the mid-Atlantic and three or more in England.

  sawflycolumbinegarden-pestdefoliatornon-nativehymenopteraornamental-pestinvasive-insect

• Pryeria sinica

  euonymus leaf notcher, euonymus defoliator moth

  Pryeria sinica is a univoltine zygaenid moth native to East Asia, introduced to the United States in 2002 where it has established populations in Maryland and Virginia. The species is a specialist herbivore of Celastraceae, particularly Euonymus species, where larvae feed gregariously and create distinctive marginal notches on leaves. Adults are diurnal wasp mimics with clear wings and aposematic coloration. The species has been reported more recently in the United Kingdom.

  invasive-speciespestornamental-pestunivoltinediurnalwasp-mimicrygregarious-larvaechemical-defensecyanogenicCelastraceae-specialist

• Pseudaonidia paeoniae

  Peony Scale

  Pseudaonidia paeoniae, commonly known as the Peony Scale, is a species of armored scale insect in the family Diaspididae. It is a specialized herbivore that feeds on peonies (Paeonia spp.), extracting plant fluids through piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species has been documented across multiple continents including Asia, Europe, and North America, likely distributed through the horticultural trade of its host plants. Like other armored scales, it produces a protective waxy covering (test) that shields the body from predators and environmental conditions.

  scale-insectarmored-scalepestornamental-pestpeonyhorticultureinvasive-potential

• Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli

  false oleander scale, fullaway oleander scale, magnolia white scale, mango scale, oleander scale, oyster scale

  Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli is an armored scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) commonly known as false oleander scale. It is a polyphagous pest with a broad global distribution spanning Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Oceania. The species infests numerous ornamental and agricultural plants, with documented hosts including oleander (Nerium oleander), mango (Mangifera indica), magnolia, and various palms. As a member of the armored scales, it produces a protective waxy covering over its body while feeding on plant sap.

  scale-insectarmored-scaleDiaspididaepestpolyphagousornamental-pestagricultural-pest

• Pseudocneorhinus

  broad-nosed weevils

  Pseudocneorhinus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae, containing approximately 11 described species. The genus is native to East Asia, with several species recorded from Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and the Russian Far East. At least one species, P. bifasciatus (twobanded Japanese weevil), has become established as an invasive pest in North America, where it damages ornamental and landscape plantings. The genus belongs to the tribe Trachyphloeini within the subfamily Entiminae.

  weevilbroad-nosed-weevilinvasive-pestornamental-pestEast-Asian-native

• Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus

  twobanded Japanese weevil, two-banded Japanese weevil

  Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus is an invasive broad-nosed weevil native to Japan that has established populations in the United States. First detected near Philadelphia in 1914, it is believed to have arrived via infested nursery stock. The species has since spread throughout the northeastern, midwestern, and southeastern United States, with documented presence in at least 11 states. It is recognized as a significant pest of ornamental and landscape plantings due to its broad host range.

  invasive-speciespestornamental-pestparthenogeneticnursery-stockbroad-nosed-weevil

• Pulvinaria acericola

  Cottony Maple Leaf Scale

  Pulvinaria acericola, commonly known as the Cottony Maple Leaf Scale, is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) native to North America. Like other Pulvinaria species, the adult female produces a conspicuous white, cottony ovisac that houses eggs. The species is associated with maple and other woody plants, where nymphs and adults feed on phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Heavy infestations can lead to honeydew accumulation and subsequent sooty mold growth.

  scale-insectCoccidaesoft-scalemaple-pestornamental-pestNorth-America

• Pulvinaria innumerabilis

  Cottony Maple Scale

  A soft scale insect (family Coccidae) commonly known as the cottony maple scale. Adult females are small, flattened, and brown, approximately 3 mm in length. Mature females produce conspicuous white, cottony ovisacs containing up to 1,500 eggs. The species is frequently found on maple trees, particularly silver maple (Acer saccharinum), but has been recorded on numerous other woody plants. Heavy infestations can cause aesthetic damage and minor physiological stress to host plants, though established trees typically tolerate infestations well.

  soft-scalemaple-pestornamental-pestphloem-feederhoneydew-producerunivoltinetemperateNorth-American-native

• Pyramidobela angelarum

  buddleia budworm moth

  Pyramidobela angelarum is a small moth in the family Ethmiidae, commonly known as the buddleia budworm moth. It is currently known only from coastal urban areas of California, where it is likely an introduced species. The moth is associated exclusively with Buddleia, an ornamental plant genus of tropical origin. Adults are active throughout much of the year, from late February to early December.

  introduced-speciesurban-insectornamental-pestCalifornia-endemic-(known-distribution)leaf-roller

• Pyrausta rubricalis

  variable reddish pyrausta moth

  Pyrausta rubricalis is a small crambid moth found across North America, with a wingspan of approximately 15 mm. The species shows considerable variation in coloration, contributing to its common name. Adults are active from March through October, suggesting multiple generations per year. The moth is part of the diverse Pyrausta genus, which includes many species associated with flowering plants.

  variable-colorationmulti-generationalflower-bud-feederornamental-pestnative-plant-specialist

• Pyrausta unifascialis

  One-banded Pyrausta

  A North American crambid moth commonly known as the one-banded pyrausta. Adults are small, colorful moths with distinctive banded patterns. Larvae are creamy-colored caterpillars that feed within flower buds of Monarda species, causing significant damage to developing blossoms. The species has multiple generations per year and is considered a notable pest of ornamental beebalms.

  crambidsnout-mothbeebalm-pestMonarda-pestornamental-pestmultiple-generationsconcealed-feederflower-bud-borer

• Rhinocapsus vanduzeei

  Azalea plant bug

  Rhinocapsus vanduzeei, commonly known as the azalea plant bug, is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is native to North America, with documented records from Canada and several eastern U.S. states including Georgia, New York, and West Virginia. The species is known to feed on azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) as its primary host plant, but has also been observed consuming Lepidopteran eggs, whiteflies, and thrips, suggesting a mixed feeding strategy that includes both plant and animal prey.

  Miridaeplant-bugazaleaRhododendronpredatory-miridNorth-Americaornamental-pest

• Russellaspis pustulans

  oleander pit scale, fig pit scale, Akee Fringed Scale

  Russellaspis pustulans, commonly known as the oleander pit scale or fig pit scale, is a parthenogenetic scale insect in the family Asterolecaniidae. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants across 69 families with documented preference for fig (Ficus carica) and oleander (Nerium oleander). The species is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, completing 2-3 generations annually depending on environmental conditions. It is recognized as a pest of economic importance on fruit trees and ornamental plants, with feeding activity inducing characteristic pitting and galling on host tissues.

  scale-insectpestparthenogeneticpolyphagousquarantine-pestindoor-pesttropicalsubtropicalfruit-pestornamental-pest

• Singhiella simplex

  Ficus whitefly

  Singhiella simplex is an invasive whitefly species in the family Aleyrodidae, native to Asia and now established across multiple continents. It is a specialist pest of Ficus species, causing severe defoliation of ornamental trees and hedges. The species has spread to North America, Europe, the Caribbean, South America, and the Middle East. Its rapid expansion and economic impact on urban landscaping have prompted extensive research into its biology and biological control options.

  invasive-specieswhiteflyurban-pestFicus-pestAleyrodidaebiological-controlornamental-pestphloem-feederHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Spanioneura

  Spanioneura is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant-lice) established by Arnold Förster in 1848. Species are primarily European in distribution, though the type species S. fonscolombii has been accidentally introduced to the United States. The genus comprises at least five described species, with S. fonscolombii being the most widely studied due to its economic significance as a pest of boxwood (Buxus species).

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseboxwood-pestHemipteraPsyllidaeornamental-pest

• Spanioneura buxi

  boxwood psyllid

  Spanioneura buxi, commonly known as the boxwood psyllid, is a sap-feeding insect in the family Psyllidae that infests boxwood (Buxus species). The species produces distinctive cupped or curled terminal leaves on host plants, caused by nymphal feeding and wax secretion. It has a single generation per year in temperate regions. The insect is considered a minor pest that causes primarily cosmetic damage, with most boxwood plants recovering without permanent injury.

  psyllidboxwood-pestornamental-pestHemipterasingle-generationcosmetic-damage

• Spanioneura fonscolombii

  Spanioneura fonscolombii is a plant-parasitic psyllid specialized on box (Buxus) species. First described from Europe in 1848, it has been accidentally introduced to the United States and represents a pest of ornamental and native boxwoods. The species shows distinctive green coloration with patterned wings and has been documented causing damage to host plants, with some dispute regarding gall formation.

  psyllidboxwood-pestinvasiveornamental-pestplant-parasite

• Sphenarches anisodactylus

  geranium plume moth, fire-flag plume moth

  Sphenarches anisodactylus is a small plume moth in the family Pterophoridae with a wingspan of approximately 10 mm. It has a remarkably broad distribution spanning tropical and subtropical regions across multiple continents. The species is known to feed on flower buds and flowers of diverse plant families, with larvae recorded from over a dozen host plants including ornamental, agricultural, and wild species. Its common names reflect association with geraniums (Pelargonium) and fire-flag (Thalia geniculata).

  plume-mothtropicalpolyphagousflower-feederornamental-pestagricultural-pest

• Stephanitis

  lace bugs

  Stephanitis is a genus of lace bugs (family Tingidae) comprising at least 80–90 described species. Members are small, plant-feeding true bugs characterized by reticulated, lace-like forewings. Several species are significant ornamental pests, including the azalea lace bug (S. pyrioides) and andromeda lace bug (S. takeyai), which cause characteristic stippling damage on host foliage. The genus has a broad distribution across Asia, Europe, North America, and other regions, with some species introduced outside their native ranges.

  pestornamental-pestinvasivephytophagouslace-bugTingidaeHemiptera

• Stephanitis takeyai

  Andromeda lace bug

  Stephanitis takeyai, the andromeda lace bug, is a small sap-feeding insect native to Japan that has become an invasive pest of ornamental Ericaceae in North America and Europe. It is closely associated with Pieris japonica (Japanese andromeda), its preferred host, but has been documented on multiple genera within Ericaceae including Rhododendron, Vaccinium, and Kalmia. The species exhibits facultative seasonal host alternation in parts of its native range, moving from evergreen Pieris japonica in winter to deciduous Lyonia elliptica in summer when the latter is available.

  pestinvasivesap-feederornamental-pestEricaceae

• Synanthedon proxima

  dogwood borer

  Synanthedon proxima, commonly known as the dogwood borer, is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae. It is native to North America and primarily associated with Cornus species. The species is recognized as a significant pest of ornamental dogwoods, particularly in urban and suburban landscapes. Adults exhibit wasp-mimicking appearance typical of the family, with transparent wings and often yellow or orange coloration. Larval stages bore into the stems and trunks of host plants, causing structural damage.

  pestborerornamental-pestclearwing-mothwasp-mimic

• Synanthedon rhododendri

  Rhododendron Borer Moth

  Synanthedon rhododendri is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, commonly known as the rhododendron borer moth. The species is a specialist pest of rhododendrons and related Ericaceae, with larvae boring into stems and crowns of host plants. Adults are diurnal and exhibit wasp-mimicking appearance typical of the family. The species occurs in the Nearctic region.

  pestborerdiurnalwasp-mimicornamental-pestNearctic

• Synanthedon viburni

  Viburnum Clearwing Borer, Arrowwood Borer

  A clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae that develops as a borer in viburnum shrubs. Adults are diurnal and wasp-mimicking, with transparent wings and dark bodies. The species is a documented pest of native arrowwood viburnum (Viburnum dentatum) and European cranberry bush viburnum (V. trilobum), causing crown damage that can kill established plants.

  Sesiidaeclearwing-mothborerviburnum-pestdiurnal-mothwas-mimicryornamental-pestnative-plant-pestViburnum-dentatumViburnum-trilobumcrown-borerNearctic

• Tarache delecta

  Delightful Bird-dropping Moth, Mallow Caterpillar (larval stage)

  Tarache delecta, commonly known as the delightful bird-dropping moth, is a noctuid moth in the subfamily Acontiinae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is notable as the only member of the Acontiinae known to feed on plants in the genus Hibiscus. The larval stage, referred to as the 'mallow caterpillar,' has been considered a pest of ornamental mallows.

  NoctuidaeAcontiinaebird-dropping-mimicHibiscus-feedermallow-caterpillarpestornamental-pest

• Tarophagus colocasiae

  Taro Planthopper

  Tarophagus colocasiae is a sap-feeding planthopper in the family Delphacidae, commonly known as the taro planthopper. It is strongly associated with its primary host plant, taro (Colocasia esculenta), and is native to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Pacific islands. The species was first detected in the continental United States in Florida in 2015, representing a recent introduction to North America. Its potential economic impact in new regions remains under evaluation.

  invasiveagricultural-pestornamental-pestrecent-introductionphloem-feeder

• Taxodiomyia cupressi

  Cypress Twig Gall Midge, Cypress Flower Gall Midge

  Taxodiomyia cupressi is a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces distinctive twig galls on cypress trees (Taxodium spp.). The species forms spongy, globular galls on new growth that are initially snow-white and turn brown with age. It has been documented in central Illinois and Missouri, with observations on cultivated bald cypress outside its native range. The midge undergoes complete metamorphosis with multiple generations per year, overwintering as larvae within fallen galls.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaeTaxodiumbald-cypressgall-formerpestDipterainsectphytophagouscomplete-metamorphosismultiple-generationsoverwintering-larvaeornamental-pestriparianwetlandMissouriIllinoiscentral-USAtwig-gallspongy-gallwhite-gallbrown-gallexit-holesynchronized-emergencehost-specificTaxodiomyia-cupressiananassasynonymSchweinitz-1822Osten-Sacken-1878

• Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis

  Evergreen Bagworm Moth, Eastern Bagworm, Common Bagworm, Common Basket Worm, North American Bagworm

  Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, the evergreen bagworm moth, is a polyphagous pest species in the family Psychidae. Larvae construct distinctive silken bags decorated with plant fragments, which they carry throughout their development. Males emerge as winged adults with nearly scale-free, transparent wings—reflected in the genus name derived from Greek thyris (window) and ptera (wing). Females remain wingless and never leave their bags, releasing sex pheromones to attract mates. The species exhibits remarkable sexual dimorphism in both morphology and behavior, with males and females showing differential stratification on host trees and distinct pupation heights.

  bagwormPsychidaepestornamental-pestsexual-dimorphismpheromoneballooningpolyphagyIPM

• Tingidae

  Lace Bugs

  Tingidae, commonly known as lace bugs, is a family of minute true bugs (Hemiptera) comprising approximately 2,000 described species worldwide. Adults range from 2–10 mm in body length and are immediately recognizable by their ornate, reticulated forewings and pronotal expansions that create a delicate lace-like appearance. The family exhibits complete phytophagy, with species typically specialized to particular host plants or closely related plant groups. Tingidae undergo hemimetabolous development with five distinct nymphal instars preceding the adult stage. Several species are economically significant as pests of ornamental plants, trees, and agricultural crops, while others have been employed as biological control agents against invasive weeds.

  HemipteraHeteropteraphytophagousplant-pestornamental-pestbiological-controlinvasive-specieshost-specificreticulate-wingssap-feeder

• Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae

  elm aphid

  Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae is a small aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described by Matsumura in 1919. It belongs to the genus Tinocallis, a group of eight species primarily associated with Ulmaceae (elm family). The species is a specialist herbivore feeding on elm foliage. It has been recorded from Europe (Spain, Italy, Great Britain) and the United States.

  aphidUlmaceaeelmurban-pestSternorrhynchaCalaphidinaeHemipteraphloem-feederornamental-pestMatsumura-1919

• Toumeyella liriodendri

  tuliptree scale

  Toumeyella liriodendri, the tuliptree scale, is a soft scale insect (Coccidae) native to North America and specialized on Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree or yellow-poplar). This univoltine species overwinters as second-instar nymphs on twigs, matures to adults in spring, and produces eggs that hatch into crawlers in early summer. First-instar nymphs feed on leaf undersides before migrating back to twigs in autumn. Males are unknown; reproduction is presumed parthenogenetic. Heavy infestations cause branch dieback, reduced growth, and honeydew production that supports sooty mold growth. The species has been the subject of recent genomic research, with a 536Mb genome assembly revealing it as an early-diverging soft scale with 17 chromosomes.

  scale-insectsoft-scaleCoccidaeLiriodendrontuliptreeyellow-poplarunivoltineparthenogenesishoneydewsooty-moldforest-pestornamental-pestgenomechromosome-evolutionphloem-feederant-tendedNorth-AmericaMarylandHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Toumeyella pini

  Striped Pine Scale

  Toumeyella pini, commonly known as the Striped Pine Scale, is a soft scale insect native to North America. It is a significant pest of pine trees, particularly two- and three-needle pine species. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in both morphology and feeding location: females are larger, highly convex, and develop on terminal twigs, while males are smaller, more elongate, and develop on needles. The species secretes copious honeydew, which attracts ants, wasps, bees, and flies, and can lead to sooty mold growth that inhibits photosynthesis. In southern Georgia, it completes three generations per year, with crawler activity peaking in May, mid-July to early August, and late October to early November.

  scale-insectsoft-scalepine-pesthoneydew-producerSternorrhynchaCoccidaeNorth-Americaforest-pestornamental-pest

• Trioza

  psyllids, jumping plant-lice

  Trioza is the type genus of psyllids in the family Triozidae, comprising sap-sucking insects with worldwide distribution. Species in this genus exhibit diverse host associations, ranging from agricultural crops to native trees. Several species are economically significant: Trioza erytreae transmits citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing), T. apicalis is a major pest of carrot in northern Europe, and T. brevigenae is an invasive pest of ornamental Ficus in California. The genus is characterized by distinct morphological features and complex life cycles involving seasonal migration between summer hosts and overwintering sites.

  psyllidsap-suckingphloem-feederagricultural-pestdisease-vectorinvasive-speciesquarantine-pestcarrot-pestcitrus-pestornamental-pestseasonal-migrationhost-alternatingTriozidaeHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Trioza adventicia

  syzygium leaf psyllid, lillypilly psyllid, eugenia psyllid

  Trioza adventicia is a sap-sucking hemipteran in the family Triozidae that creates pit galls on leaves of Syzygium paniculatum. Native to eastern subcoastal Australia, this species has been introduced to California, southern Australia, and New Zealand where it affects ornamental plantings. For decades it was misidentified as Trioza eugeniae in scientific literature, horticultural resources, and biological control programs until a 2019 taxonomic revision using morphological and DNA barcoding evidence clarified the distinction. The biological control program in the United States unknowingly targeted the correct species despite the nomenclatural confusion.

  psyllidgall-formerornamental-pestinvasive-speciesmisidentificationbiological-control-target

• Trioza brevigenae

  Ficus leaf-rolling psyllid

  Trioza brevigenae, known as the ficus leaf-rolling psyllid, is an invasive pest of Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan or Indian laurel fig) native to India. It was first detected in California in 2016, representing the first known occurrence outside its native range. The species causes characteristic leaf-roll galls on host foliage, with nymphs developing inside these protected structures. Its invasion pathway and full geographic distribution remain under investigation.

  invasive-speciespsyllidFicusgall-formerCaliforniaIndiaornamental-pestleaf-roll-gallTriozidaeHemiptera

• Tupiocoris rhododendri

  Tupiocoris rhododendri is a plant-feeding mirid bug native to North America and introduced to parts of Europe. It is strongly associated with rhododendron plants, on which it feeds exclusively. The species is readily identified by its contrasting coloration of black pronotum, brown wings, and yellow legs. It has been documented in the eastern United States and several European countries including Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

  plant-bugmiridrhododendron-specialistintroduced-speciesornamental-pest

• Wahlgreniella nervata

  Strawberry Tree Aphid

  Wahlgreniella nervata is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Strawberry Tree Aphid. The species has been documented in Europe and South America, with observations concentrated on cultivated and ornamental plants. It is associated with plants in the genus Arbutus, particularly Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree). The species was first described by Gillette in 1908.

  aphidSternorrhynchaArbutusornamental-pest

• Xylastodoris luteolus

  Royal Palm Bug

  Xylastodoris luteolus is a thaumastocorid true bug that feeds exclusively on royal palms (Roystonea regia). Adults are golden-yellow, darkening with age; nymphs are pale yellow to orange. The species completes development from egg to adult in approximately 30 days at 80°F, passing through five nymphal instars. Its feeding causes distinctive yellow spots on leaflets that expand into brown necrotic areas, resulting in premature leaf death. No natural enemies have been documented.

  pestpalm-associatedphloem-feederornamental-pestThaumastocoridae