Ornamental-pest
Guides
Acanthococcus
felt scales, bark scales
Acanthococcus is a genus of felt scales (family Eriococcidae), sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera. These small, sessile insects form white, felt-like coverings on host plant bark and are significant pests of ornamental and agricultural plants. The most economically important species is Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), an invasive pest in the United States since 2004 that infests crapemyrtles and other plants. Acanthococcus species exhibit incomplete metamorphosis, with females producing ovisacs containing hundreds of eggs. Their feeding causes branch dieback, reduced flowering, and honeydew accumulation that supports sooty mold growth.
Acanthococcus azaleae
Azalea Bark Scale
Acanthococcus azaleae, commonly known as the azalea bark scale, is a felt scale insect in the family Eriococcidae. It is native to Asia and has been introduced to North America, Europe, and other regions through global trade. The species feeds on azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) and related ericaceous plants, forming white, felt-like coverings on bark. It was initially confused with the invasive crapemyrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae), which was first identified in Texas in 2004 and later determined to be a distinct species. The azalea bark scale produces honeydew that supports sooty mold growth and can cause branch dieback in heavy infestations.
Aceria nyssae
Black Tupelo Gall Mite
Aceria nyssae is an eriophyid gall mite that induces distinctive leaf curl galls on Nyssa sylvatica (black tupelo, sour gum). The mite's feeding activity causes leaf margins to curl inward, forming hollow pockets that shelter the mites and their eggs. This species exemplifies the highly specialized host relationships typical of Eriophyoidea, where individual species are often restricted to a single plant host genus. The galls are most evident on young leaves at branch tips during the growing season. Like other eriophyid mites, A. nyssae is extremely small and difficult to observe directly, with populations typically assessed through gall symptoms rather than mite counts.
Aceria parulmi
Elm Finger Gall Mite
Aceria parulmi is an eriophyid mite species commonly known as the Elm Finger Gall Mite. It is a plant-parasitic mite that induces distinctive gall-like structures on elm leaves. Like other members of the genus Aceria, it has a worm-like, elongated body with four legs and is extremely small, typically less than 0.2 mm in length. The mite is specialized to feed on elm species (Ulmus), causing characteristic finger-shaped galls on leaf surfaces.
Acizzia jamatonica
Acizzia jamatonica is a psyllid species (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) native to Asia that has established populations in Europe and North America. It is associated with Albizia species, particularly Albizia julibrissin. The species was first described by Kuwayama in 1908 from Japan and has since been detected as a non-native introduction in multiple countries.
Agrilus difficilis
honeylocust agrilus, honey locust borer
Agrilus difficilis is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, commonly known as the honeylocust agrilus or honey locust borer. It is associated almost exclusively with honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) as its larval host. Unlike most Agrilus species that develop in dead wood, A. difficilis attacks living trees, particularly stressed or ornamental specimens, and has become a significant pest of landscape honey locusts in the eastern United States. The species is relatively large for the genus and readily distinguished by its coppery coloration with purple luster and distinctive lateral white pubescent patches.
Allantus
Allantus is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. Members of this genus are herbivorous, with larvae feeding on various plants including roses, buckwheat, and dock weeds. Some species are significant agricultural pests, while others have been investigated as potential biological control agents for invasive weeds. The genus is distributed across the Holarctic region, with species found in Europe, Asia, and North America.
Allantus viennensis
Curled Rose Sawfly, Rose Sawfly
Allantus viennensis is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the curled rose sawfly. The larvae are significant pests of roses, feeding on leaf margins and causing defoliation. Adults are small, wasp-like insects with saw-like ovipositors used to insert eggs into rose tissue. The species is distinguished by the larval habit of curling cryptically on leaves when not feeding.
Antispila
shield-bearer moths
Antispila is a genus of leaf-mining moths in the family Heliozelidae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus comprises approximately 50 described species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Larvae feed internally on leaves of host plants, creating distinctive serpentine or blotch mines that terminate in oval cutouts ('shields') used for pupation. Several species are economically significant as pests of grapevines, dogwoods, and ornamental shrubs. Taxonomic revisions using DNA barcoding have resolved longstanding species complexes, particularly among Cornus-feeding species in Europe.
Aphis nerii
oleander aphid, milkweed aphid, sweet pepper aphid, nerium aphid
Aphis nerii is a cosmopolitan aphid species in the family Aphididae, primarily associated with plants in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), especially milkweeds (Asclepias) and oleander (Nerium oleander). The species exhibits complex reproductive strategies including parthenogenesis and viviparity, with winged and wingless female morphs. It is a significant pest of ornamental plants and a known vector of multiple plant viruses. The species has been introduced widely beyond its native range and is now found in tropical, Mediterranean, and temperate regions globally.
Argyresthia cupressella
cypress tip moth
Argyresthia cupressella, commonly known as the cypress tip moth, is a small microlepidopteran moth in the family Argyresthiidae. Native to the western coast of North America, it has been introduced to Europe where established populations now occur. The species is recognized as a pest of ornamental and forest conifers due to larval feeding damage.
Argyresthia thuiella
arborvitae leafminer, thuja mining moth, American thuja shoot moth
Argyresthia thuiella is a micro-moth in the family Argyresthiidae, commonly known as the arborvitae leafminer. Native to North America, it has been introduced to Europe multiple times since 1971. The species develops one generation annually, with larvae mining the foliage and twigs of Thuja and Chamaecyparis species. Adults are active from May to July and have a wingspan of approximately 8 mm.
Atomacera decepta
Hibiscus Sawfly, Mallow Sawfly
The hibiscus sawfly (Atomacera decepta) is a herbivorous sawfly in the family Argidae that feeds primarily on members of the mallow family (Malvaceae). Despite its caterpillar-like larvae, it belongs to the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants) rather than Lepidoptera. The species is known for causing significant defoliation damage to ornamental hibiscus, hollyhocks, and marsh-mallow, though it has not developed a strong preference for economically important crops like cotton or okra.
Bactericera minuta
Bactericera minuta is a small psyllid species native to North America that has become adventive in South America, where it was first recorded in Colombia. It feeds on willow species (Salix), particularly Salix humboldtiana, and has been associated with phytoplasma disease symptoms in infested trees. The species was originally described in 1910 and represents one of only two Bactericera species known from South America, where the genus is not native.
Bemisia argentifolii
Silverleaf whitefly, Sweetpotato whitefly (B biotype)
Bemisia argentifolii, described by Bellows & Perring in 1994, is a whitefly species belonging to the Bemisia tabaci species complex. It is a significant agricultural pest known for causing silverleafing symptoms in squash, transmitting plant viruses, and developing resistance to multiple insecticides. The species has been documented on over 900 host plants including vegetables, ornamentals, and fiber crops. It is frequently associated with greenhouse and protected cultivation environments but also occurs in open field agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions.
Bucculatrix quadrigemina
A small moth in the family Bucculatricidae, described by Annette Frances Braun in 1918. Known from California, where larvae mine leaves of Althaea rosea (hollyhock). Adults fly from January through June and again in October. The species exhibits typical bucculatricid biology: early instars are leaf miners, later instars feed externally creating holes, and pupation occurs in a white cocoon.
Cacopsylla negundinis
boxelder psyllid
Cacopsylla negundinis is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, order Hemiptera. Like other members of its genus, it is a phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant sap. The species is associated with boxelder (Acer negundo) as a host plant. As with related Cacopsylla species, it likely undergoes a single generation per year with overwintering adults.
Caloptilia
leaf cone moths, leaf blotch miner moths
Caloptilia is a genus of small moths in the family Gracillariidae, commonly known as leaf cone moths or leaf blotch miner moths. Larvae are leaf miners that typically feed internally on leaf tissue during early instars, then later instars roll or fold leaves into protective cones or shelters where they complete development and pupate. The genus contains numerous species, many of which are host-specific to particular tree or shrub genera. Several species have become economically significant as pests of ornamental and horticultural plants, including Caloptilia fraxinella on ash trees and Caloptilia azaleella on azaleas.
Ceroplastes cirripediformis
barnacle scale, barnacle wax scale
Ceroplastes cirripediformis, commonly known as the barnacle scale or barnacle wax scale, is a soft scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccidae) recognized for its distinctive waxy covering that resembles a small barnacle. It is a destructive invasive pest with a broad host range spanning numerous plant families. The species has expanded its range globally through human-mediated transport and climate change, with established populations across North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Females reproduce parthenogenetically, producing up to a thousand eggs annually without observed males in wild populations.
Ceroplastes rusci
Fig Wax Scale
Ceroplastes rusci, commonly known as the fig wax scale, is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) native to the Mediterranean region. First discovered in Florida in 1994-1995, it has since spread to numerous countries across six continents and is recognized as a significant agricultural and forestry pest. The species feeds on more than 94 genera from 52 plant families, with notable impacts on figs, citrus, grapes, and ornamental plants. Climate change modeling predicts expanding suitable habitat ranges through 2100, increasing its invasive potential in temperate regions.
Ceruraphis viburnicola
Snowball Aphid
An aphid species found in spring and autumn on Viburnum hosts in North America. It induces curled leaf galls on primary hosts. The secondary hosts remained unrecorded as of 1960. The apterous viviparous female was first described in a 1960 Canadian Entomologist paper.
Choristoneura parallela
parallel-banded leafroller moth
Choristoneura parallela, commonly known as the parallel-banded leafroller moth, is a tortricid moth distributed across eastern and central North America. Adults are active from March through October, with a wingspan of 21–23 mm. The larvae feed on a diverse range of host plants including goldenrod, blueberry, rose, citrus, and various other woody and herbaceous species.
Coleotechnites thujaella
brown arborvitae leafminer, brown cedar leafminer
Coleotechnites thujaella is a small gelechiid moth commonly known as the brown arborvitae leafminer or brown cedar leafminer. It occurs in northeastern North America, where its larvae feed internally on Thuja foliage. The species is recognized by its distinctive wing pattern of black triangular costal patches and paired black dots on cream-white forewings. Adults have a wingspan of 9–10 mm and are active in a single annual generation.
Corythucha
lace bugs
Corythucha is a large genus of lace bugs (family Tingidae) comprising approximately 75 described species, primarily distributed in the northern hemisphere including North America, Europe, and eastern Asia. Members of this genus are small, sap-sucking true bugs characterized by their distinctive reticulated, lace-like forewings and pronotal expansions. Several species are economically significant pests of ornamental and crop plants, including the sycamore lace bug (C. ciliata), oak lace bug (C. arcuata), cotton or bean lace bug (C. gossypii), and chrysanthemum lace bug (C. marmorata). Some species exhibit notable behavioral traits such as maternal care (C. hewitti). The genus has been subject to extensive invasion biology research due to the rapid spread of several species through human-mediated transport and natural dispersal.
Corythucha associata
Cherry lace bug
Corythucha associata, commonly known as the cherry lace bug, is a species of true bug in the family Tingidae. It is found throughout North America. As a member of the lace bug family, it is a small, sap-sucking insect that feeds on plant foliage. The species was described by Osborn and Drake in 1916.
Corythucha celtidis
Hackberry Lace Bug
Corythucha celtidis, the hackberry lace bug, is a species of true bug in the family Tingidae. It is a specialist feeder on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.) and is found throughout much of North America. The species was described by Osborn & Drake in 1916 and includes two recognized subspecies: C. c. celtidis and C. c. mississippiensis.
Corythucha cydoniae
hawthorn lace bug
Corythucha cydoniae, commonly known as the hawthorn lace bug, is a native North American lace bug species in the family Tingidae. It is a documented pest of woody rosaceous plants, with principal hosts including hawthorn (Crataegus), serviceberry (Amelanchier), firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea), and cotoneaster. The species has been recorded across much of the United States, Canada, and Central America. Research indicates temperature-dependent development with thermal thresholds around 13-15°C, and reproductive diapause induced by photoperiods shorter than 13:11 (L:D) at 24°C.
Corythucha heidemanni
alder lace bug
Corythucha heidemanni, commonly known as the alder lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is native to North America and has been documented across Canada and the United States. Like other lace bugs, it is a small, sap-sucking true bug with distinctive lacy wings. The species is associated with alder trees (Alnus spp.), though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Dasineura gleditchiae
honeylocust podgall midge, Gleditsia Gall Midge
Dasineura gleditchiae is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces pod-like galls on honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). Native to North America, it has become established as an invasive species in parts of Europe, where it was first recorded in the late 20th century. The species is considered a minor pest in urban and ornamental settings due to its impact on host tree foliage.
Datana major
azalea caterpillar, major datana
Datana major is a moth in the family Notodontidae, commonly known as the azalea caterpillar or major datana. The species ranges across the eastern and central United States, from Maryland south to Florida and west to Kansas and Arkansas. Adults are active from June to August, with one generation per year in most of the range and a partial second generation in southern areas. The larvae are notable pests of azaleas and related ornamental plants.
Disclisioprocta stellata
somber carpet, bougainvillea looper
Disclisioprocta stellata is a small geometrid moth with a broad intercontinental distribution spanning sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian Ocean islands, and the Americas from Canada to South America. The species was introduced to Hawaii in 1993 and has established there. Adults are active year-round in southern regions and during late summer and fall in northern areas. The larvae feed on a variety of plants including bougainvillea, giving rise to one of its common names.
Echinothrips americanus
Poinsettia thrips, Impatiens thrips, American thrips
Echinothrips americanus is a small thrips species in the family Thripidae, native to eastern North America and first described from Florida in 1913. It has become an invasive pest of global concern, spreading to Europe, Asia, Australia, and other regions since the 1990s. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on foliage of at least 48 plant families, with particular preference for Araceae and Balsaminaceae. It is primarily a greenhouse and ornamental pest, causing chlorotic damage to leaves through piercing-sucking feeding.
Empyreuma
spotted oleander caterpillar moth
Empyreuma is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae, containing three species. The genus name derives from the Greek ἐμπύρευμα, meaning "a live coal covered with ashes." Adults exhibit striking aposematic coloration with orange and black patterns that mimic stinging wasps. Larvae feed exclusively on oleander (Nerium oleander), a toxic plant containing cardiac glycosides that the caterpillars sequester for their own defense. The genus is notable for its acoustic courtship behavior, with males producing sounds detected by female tympanic organs.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
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nanana
European spruce needleminer, green spruce leaf miner, green spruce needle miner
Epinotia nanana is a small tortricid moth whose larvae are specialized needle miners of spruce trees. Native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North America where it has become a pest of ornamental and forest spruce. The species has a univoltine life cycle with larvae overwintering in mined needles and completing development the following spring. Larval feeding creates distinctive silken webbing that secures mined needles to twigs.
Eriococcus
felt scales, bark scales
Eriococcus is a genus of felt scales (bark scales) in the family Eriococcidae, order Hemiptera. These insects are characterized by producing white, felt-like waxy coverings over their bodies. Some species, such as Eriococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), are significant invasive pests of ornamental plants, while others like E. spurius damage American elm trees. The taxonomy of Eriococcidae remains debated, with some authorities placing these species in Acanthococcidae.
Eucalymnatus
tessellated scale
Eucalymnatus is a genus of soft scale insects in the family Coccidae. The best-known species, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, is native to South America and has spread to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Species in this genus are phytophagous and can become significant pests of ornamental plants, fruit trees, and palms in nurseries and landscapes.
Eumaeus
Cycadians
Eumaeus is a genus of lycaenid butterflies commonly known as cycadians, characterized by their striking coloration and obligate association with cycad host plants. Members of this genus are specialist herbivores that sequester neurotoxic compounds from their hosts, rendering them chemically defended against predators. Several species have experienced severe population declines due to overharvesting and habitat destruction of their cycad hosts, followed by remarkable recoveries linked to urban ornamental plantings. The genus represents a notable example of reconciliation ecology, where conservation success has been achieved through human-modified landscapes.
Eumaeus atala
Atala, Atala butterfly, Atala hairstreak, coontie hairstreak
The Atala butterfly is a small, colorful lycaenid butterfly unique within its range for its aposematic coloration and exclusive association with cycad host plants. Once considered the most conspicuous insect in South Florida in 1888, it was believed extinct by the 1950s due to overharvesting of its sole native host plant, coontie (Zamia integrifolia), for starch production. Rediscovered in 1979 on a Miami barrier island, the species has recovered dramatically through conservation efforts and the popularity of coontie as an ornamental landscape plant, becoming common enough in southeast Florida to occasionally be regarded as a pest. The butterfly sequesters toxic cycasin compounds from its host, rendering all life stages unpalatable to predators.
butterflyhairstreakLycaenidaecycadcoontieZamiaaposematic-colorationchemical-defenseconservationendangered-species-recoveryFlorida-endemicpine-rocklandhost-plant-specialistsequestrationurban-wildlifeornamental-pestfreeze-dried-dietex-situ-conservationreintroductionfire-dependent-ecosystemnative-plant-landscapingcycasin-toxicitymultivoltineterritorial-malescorematasound-producing-pupaeEumerus funeralis
Lesser Bulb Fly
Eumerus funeralis, commonly known as the Lesser Bulb Fly, is a small hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. Originally described from the Mediterranean basin, it has become cosmopolitan in distribution, particularly widespread in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. The species is notable for its phytophagous larvae, which develop in damaged bulbs and are recognized as a minor pest of ornamental plants including Narcissus, Hyacinthus, and Amaryllis.
Eurytetranychus
Eurytetranychus is a genus of spider mites (Tetranychidae) known primarily as pests of boxwood (Buxus species). The most notable species, Eurytetranychus buxi, feeds on boxwood foliage and has been identified as a significant arthropod pest in managed landscapes. Climate change may allow this mite to complete additional generations in warming regions, potentially increasing damage in areas where it was previously unproblematic.
Fenusa ulmi
elm leafminer
Fenusa ulmi is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae whose larvae mine leaves of elm trees (Ulmus spp.). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America where it functions as a pest of ornamental and nursery elms. The species shows strong host specificity, with European elm taxa being most susceptible to damage. Adult emergence and oviposition are tightly synchronized with host leafing phenology, enabling degree-day modeling for monitoring and prediction.
Fiorinia
Fiorinia is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) comprising approximately 70 species. The genus is characterized by pupillarial development, where the adult female remains enclosed within the second-instar exuviae. Species are predominantly distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and the Pacific Islands, though several have become invasive pests globally through trade in ornamental plants. Notable invasive species include F. externa (elongate hemlock scale), F. fioriniae (palm fiorinia scale), F. phantasma (phantasma scale), and F. theae (tea scale).
Fiorinia theae
tea scale
Fiorinia theae, known as the tea scale, is an armored scale insect native to Asia that has become an established pest in the Americas. It is polyphagous on woody plants, with primary hosts including tea (Camellia sinensis), ornamental camellias, and hollies (Ilex species). Heavy infestations cause leaf yellowing, premature defoliation, branch dieback, and plant death. The species is multivoltine in warmer climates, with overlapping generations and year-round activity in southern regions.
Galasa nigrinodis
Boxwood Leaftier Moth, Boxwood Webworm
A small pyralid moth native to eastern North America, commonly known as the boxwood leaftier moth or boxwood webworm. The species is specialized on Buxus (boxwood) as a larval host. Larvae construct shelters by tying together dead leaves with silk, feeding within these protective webs. Adults are active from early summer through early autumn.
Geshna
lesser canna leafroller
Geshna is a monotypic moth genus in the family Crambidae, established by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1906. The genus contains a single species, Geshna cannalis (Quaintance, 1898), commonly known as the lesser canna leafroller. This small moth has a wingspan of 20–25 mm and exhibits a multivoltine flight pattern with adults active during three distinct periods throughout the year. The genus is distributed across the southeastern United States and extends into Central America and the Caribbean.
Graphocephala fennahi
rhododendron leafhopper
Graphocephala fennahi, commonly known as the rhododendron leafhopper, is a colorful leafhopper species native to the southeastern United States. Adults measure 8–10 mm in length, with males slightly smaller than females. The species exhibits striking coloration: green wings with purple tips featuring two orange stripes, yellow head and legs, and a purple stripe across the head extending over the eyes. Introduced to Great Britain in the 1930s and continental Europe in the 1970s, it has established populations in urban and ornamental settings. The species feeds exclusively on rhododendron sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Gynaikothrips
fig thrips, gall thrips, leaf-rolling thrips
Gynaikothrips is a genus of tube-tailed thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, containing more than 30 described species. Members are gall-inducing insects primarily associated with Ficus species (fig trees), causing leaf folding and gall formation. Several species are economically significant pests of ornamental ficus in tropical and subtropical regions, with some having established invasive populations in North America and other regions. The genus is characterized by its intimate host relationship with fig trees and distinctive leaf-gall biology.
Gynaikothrips ficorum
Cuban laurel thrips, fig leaf-rolling thrips
Gynaikothrips ficorum is a tube-tailed thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, commonly known as the Cuban laurel thrips or fig leaf-rolling thrips. It is a gall-forming pest of Ficus species, inducing characteristic curled and folded leaf galls where it feeds, reproduces, and shelters. The species has achieved near-cosmopolitan distribution through human transport of its host plants. It was first described by Paul Marchal in 1908 as Phloeothrips ficorum.
Gyropsylla ilecis
Yaupon Psyllid
Gyropsylla ilecis, commonly known as the Yaupon Psyllid, is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae. It is associated with yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria) as its host plant. The species has been documented in the southeastern United States, particularly Florida and Georgia. Its common name reflects this specific host relationship.