Coccoidea
Guides
Acanthococcus
felt scales, bark scales
Acanthococcus is a genus of felt scales (family Eriococcidae), sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera. These small, sessile insects form white, felt-like coverings on host plant bark and are significant pests of ornamental and agricultural plants. The most economically important species is Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), an invasive pest in the United States since 2004 that infests crapemyrtles and other plants. Acanthococcus species exhibit incomplete metamorphosis, with females producing ovisacs containing hundreds of eggs. Their feeding causes branch dieback, reduced flowering, and honeydew accumulation that supports sooty mold growth.
Cerchysius
Cerchysius is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, established by Westwood in 1832. Species in this genus are known to attack scale insects (Coccoidea), serving as biological control agents. The genus is represented in major entomological collections including the UCR Encyrtidae holdings, which contains multiple Cerchysius species. Cerchysius species have been recorded from Brazil, Denmark, and New Caledonia.
Cerococcus
ornate pit scales
Cerococcus is a genus of scale insects in the family Cerococcidae, commonly known as ornate pit scales. These insects are characterized by their distinctive waxy coverings and association with plant hosts. The genus was established by Comstock in 1882 and contains species found primarily in the Americas. Members of this genus are part of the diverse assemblage of Coccoidea, the superfamily of scale insects.
Cerococcus quercus
Oak Wax Scale
Cerococcus quercus is a scale insect in the family Cerococcidae, commonly known as the Oak Wax Scale. This species is associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.), as indicated by its specific epithet. Like other cerococcids, it produces a waxy covering for protection. The species was first described by Comstock in 1882 and is native to North America, with records from the United States.
Coccidae
soft scales, wax scales, tortoise scales
Coccidae is a family of scale insects in the superfamily Coccoidea, commonly known as soft scales, wax scales, or tortoise scales. The family contains over 1,100 species in 171 genera worldwide. Females are typically flat with elongated oval bodies and smooth integument often covered with wax; they may possess legs in some genera but not in others. Males may be winged or wingless. Coccidae are distinguished from armored scales (Diaspididae) by their soft, waxy covering rather than a hard, separable scale. Many species are economically important agricultural and horticultural pests.
Euclemensia schwarziella
A small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae, described by August Busck in 1900 (published 1901). The species is known from Arizona and Texas. Its larvae are parasitoids of scale insects in the genera Kermes and Allokermes, making it one of relatively few moths with this specialized ecological strategy.
Kuwania
Kuwania is a genus of scale insects in the family Kuwaniidae (sometimes historically placed in Margarodidae). The genus was established by Cockerell in 1903. Scale insects in this group are characterized by reduced morphology in adult females, often appearing as immobile, waxy coverings on host plants. The family Kuwaniidae is considered a distinct lineage within the Coccoidea, though its taxonomic placement has been subject to revision.
Kuwania raygilli
Oak Red Scale Insect
Kuwania raygilli is a scale insect in the family Kuwaniidae, described in 2013 from North American material. It is known by the common name Oak Red Scale Insect. The species belongs to a small family of armored scale relatives with distinctive morphological features. Very few observations exist in public databases.
Kuwaniidae
Kuwaniidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, first described by MacGillivray in 1921. The family comprises approximately 14 described species distributed across four genera: Kuwania, Neogreenia, Neosteingelia, and the extinct genus Hoffeinsia. Members of this family are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea, which includes all scale insects and mealybugs. Kuwaniidae represents one of the lesser-known families of scale insects, with limited biological and ecological documentation available.
Laetilia
Scale-eating Moths
Laetilia is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1889. The genus contains approximately 16 described species distributed across North America and other regions. Laetilia species are notable for their entomophagous lifestyle, with larvae feeding primarily on scale insects (Coccoidea), a trait that has earned them the common name "Scale-eating Moths." This specialized predatory behavior makes them of interest for biological control of scale insect pests.
Lecanodiaspididae
false pit scales, lecanodiaspidids
Lecanodiaspididae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) commonly known as false pit scales. Members are found worldwide but are most diverse in the Far East. The family comprises approximately 12 described genera including Lecanodiaspis, Anomalococcus, and Pterococcus. These insects are phloem-feeders that develop waxy, protective coverings over their bodies.
Margarodidae
ground pearls, cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, giant scale insects
Margarodidae, commonly known as ground pearls or cottony cushion scales, is a family of scale insects within the superfamily Coccoidea. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with many former subfamilies (including Monophlebidae, Matsucoccidae, Xylococcidae, and others) now elevated to family status. The current Margarodidae sensu stricto is monophyletic and includes genera such as Margarodes, Porphyrophora, and Eurhizococcus. Members exhibit diverse life histories, with some species being subterranean root feeders and others above-ground foliar feeders. Several species are economically important as agricultural pests or historically as sources of natural dyes.
Metaphycus
Metaphycus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, established by Mercet in 1917. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution and comprises numerous species that are important biological control agents, particularly of scale insects (Coccoidea). Species such as Metaphycus helvolus and M. luteolus have been widely used in classical biological control programs against soft scale pests in agriculture.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
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ensign scale insects
Newsteadia is a genus of ensign scale insects in the family Ortheziidae. Species are minute, typically measuring under two millimeters in length. Most species inhabit leaf litter, though some have been recorded from plant roots. The genus contains approximately 48 described species distributed across multiple continents.
Nipponorthezia
Nipponorthezia is a genus of scale insects in the family Ortheziidae, established by Kuwana in 1916. Members of this genus are part of the diverse group of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, characterized by their protective waxy coverings. The genus is native to East Asia, with records primarily from Japan. As with other ortheziid scale insects, species in this genus likely possess a protective ovisac for egg-laying females.
Nipponorthezia obscura
Nipponorthezia obscura is a scale insect in the family Ortheziidae, first described by Morrison in 1952. It belongs to a genus endemic to eastern Asia, despite its specific epithet suggesting otherwise. The species has been recorded from Central and North America based on distribution data, though detailed biological information remains sparse. As a member of Ortheziidae, it shares family characteristics of being ground-dwelling or bark-inhabiting scale insects with a protective waxy covering.
Ortheziidae
ensign scales, ortheziids
Ortheziidae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera) commonly known as ensign scales, comprising 20 genera and 198 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution with species richness concentrated in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions; representation is sparse in Australasia and the Far East. Members are distinguished by their mobile adult females, six legs, and prominent waxy secretions. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests.
Pityococcidae
Pityococcidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, established by McKenzie in 1942. The family comprises at least three genera—Desmococcus, Pityococcus, and the extinct Cancerococcus—with approximately eight described extant species. Members are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects and mealybugs) and share the piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of Sternorrhyncha. The family remains poorly studied, with limited ecological and biological data available for most species.
Steingeliidae
Steingeliidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, containing approximately 5 genera and 10 described species. The family was established by Morrison in 1927 and is classified within the superfamily Coccidoidea. Members are placed in the infraorder Coccidomorpha alongside other scale insects and mealybugs. The genus *Steingelia* is the type genus, described by Nasonov in 1908.
Xylococcidae
Xylococcidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera. The family contains approximately 11 described species across four genera: Xylococcus, Xylococculus, Jansenus, and the extinct genus †Baisococcus. Members of this family are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea, which encompasses scale insects and mealybugs. The family was established by Pergande in 1898.