Predatory-larvae
Guides
Acrosathe vialis
Acrosathe vialis is a species of stiletto fly in the family Therevidae, described by Osten Sacken in 1877. Stiletto flies in this family are predatory as larvae and generally associated with sandy or loose soil habitats. The species is documented from a small number of observations, suggesting it may be uncommon or underreported.
Alaus lusciosus
Texas Eyed Click Beetle, Texas Click Beetle
Alaus lusciosus, the Texas Eyed Click Beetle, is a large click beetle (Elateridae) distinguished by prominent false eyespots on the pronotum. Adults measure 20–35 mm and are nearly identical to A. zunianus, with which they share rounder eyespots and ivory or beige mottling rather than stark white patterning. The species ranges from Texas to southern Colorado, Oklahoma, and Kansas, where adults are active during the day or at dusk and are strong fliers. Larvae are predatory, inhabiting decaying wood and preying on other beetle larvae and pupae.
Alaus melanops
Western Eyed Click Beetle
Alaus melanops, the Western Eyed Click Beetle, is a large elaterid beetle found in western North America. Adults measure 20–35 mm and possess distinctive eyespots on the pronotum—black patches surrounded by white rings that serve as defensive mimicry. The species exhibits the family's characteristic clicking mechanism, using a prosternal spine and mesosternal notch to produce an audible snap that can launch the beetle into the air to escape predators or right itself. Larvae are predatory, inhabiting decaying wood where they feed on other beetle larvae and pupae.
Alaus patricius
Caribbean Eyed Click Beetle
Alaus patricius, known as the Caribbean Eyed Click Beetle, is a large click beetle in the family Elateridae. Like other members of the genus Alaus, it is characterized by prominent false eyespots on the pronotum that serve as a defensive adaptation against predators. The species exhibits the family's namesake clicking mechanism, using a prosternal spine and mesosternal notch to launch itself into the air when threatened or overturned. Larvae are predatory, inhabiting decaying wood where they hunt other insect larvae.
Allograpta radiata
Y-shaped Streaktail
Allograpta radiata is a species of syrphid fly (family Syrphidae), commonly known as the Y-shaped Streaktail. Like other members of the genus Allograpta, it is a small flower fly that likely contributes to pollination as an adult and may have predatory larvae. The species has been recorded in Hawaii and the United States, though specific ecological details remain limited in published sources.
Ammonaios
Ammonaios is a genus of stiletto flies (Diptera: Therevidae) described by Irwin and Lyneborg in 1981. The genus belongs to a family of predatory flies whose larvae develop in soil or sand and feed on other invertebrates. As a relatively small and poorly documented genus, its species-level taxonomy and biology remain incompletely known. The genus is part of the diverse therevid fauna found in various regions including parts of the Old World.
Anticheta
Anticheta is a genus of marsh flies in the family Sciomyzidae, commonly known as snail-killing flies. The genus comprises 15 described species divided into two subgenera: Anticheta (14 species) and Paranticheta (1 species). Species within this genus are associated with moist habitats and share the family-wide trait of predation on gastropods. The genus was established by Haliday in 1839 and has a primarily Holarctic distribution.
Asiloidea
asiloid flies
Asiloidea is a large superfamily of true flies (Diptera: Brachycera) with cosmopolitan distribution. It comprises approximately 11 families including the well-known Asilidae (robber/assassin flies), Bombyliidae (bee flies), Therevidae (stiletto flies), Mydidae (mydas flies), and Scenopinidae (window flies). Adult morphology is characterized by antennae with no more than 4 flagellomeres, leg empodium usually setiform or absent, and wing venation featuring an elongate cell cup with vein CuA2 ending freely or meeting A1 near the wing margin. Larval synapomorphies include posterior spiracles arising dorsally from the penultimate abdominal segment and, in most families except Bombyliidae and Hilarimorphidae, a modified cranium forming a hinged metacephalic rod.
DipteraBrachyceraAsiloidearobber-fliesbee-fliesstiletto-fliesmydas-flieswindow-fliescosmopolitanarid-habitatspredatory-larvaeflower-visitorsparasitoidsbiological-controlAsilidaeBombyliidaeTherevidaeMydidaeScenopinidaeApioceridaeApsilocephalidaeApystomyiidaeEvocoidaeHilarimorphidaeMythicomyiidaeProtapioceridaephylogenysystematicsvenomouspredatorymystaxmetacephalic-roddichopticholopticJurassicCretaceoustherevoid-cladeNamib-DesertCanary-IslandsSaudi-ArabiaDominicaChileGermanyfossilcybertaxonomyopen-accessZooKeysBohart-MuseumWorld-Robber-Fly-DayAthericidae
water snipe flies, ibis flies
Athericidae is a small family of flies in the infraorder Tabanomorpha, historically classified within Rhagionidae until separated by Stuckenberg in 1973. The family contains approximately 123 described species distributed worldwide across two subfamilies: Dasyommatinae (monotypic) and Athericinae. Adults are commonly known as water snipe flies or ibis flies. Larvae are strictly aquatic predators in fast-flowing montane streams and torrents, while adults are primarily nectar-feeders with some species exhibiting hematophagy.
Atherix
ibis flies
Atherix is a genus of 'ibis flies' in the family Athericidae, a small family closely related to Rhagionidae (snipe flies). Species occur across most of Europe and the Nearctic realm. Adults are medium-sized flies; larvae are aquatic predators. Females of some species exhibit distinctive clustering behavior, forming dense aggregations on bridge undersides where eggs are deposited.
Athous
click beetles
Athous is a genus of click beetles (family Elateridae) established by Eschscholtz in 1829. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with numerous Nearctic and Palearctic species transferred to other genera including Hemicrepidius, Harminius, and Acanthathous. Species occur across forested habitats in the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, with some species showing distinct habitat preferences for either broadleaved or coniferous woodlands. Larvae are predaceous or feed on dead invertebrates, and adults occasionally feed on plant material.
Atrichomelina
snail-killing flies
Atrichomelina is a genus of marsh flies (family Sciomyzidae) whose larvae are predators of freshwater snails. The genus was established by Cresson in 1920 and contains at least one described species, Atrichomelina pubera. Like other sciomyzids, members of this genus have aquatic or semi-aquatic immature stages that develop in association with mollusk hosts.
Baccha
Baccha is a genus of hoverflies in the subfamily Syrphinae, characterized by extremely slender, club-shaped abdomens. Adults range from 7 to 10 mm in length and exhibit wasp-like body proportions with clear or faintly marked wings. The genus is distinguished by its distinctive elongate body form among syrphine flies.
Belosta
Belosta is a genus of small, slender flies in the family Scenopinidae, commonly known as window flies. The genus was established by Hardy in 1944 and is classified within the tribe Metatrichiini. Members of this genus are part of a family characterized by their distinctive wing venation and predatory habits as larvae. The genus is poorly documented in public sources, with limited species-level information available.
Brachynemurini
Long-tailed Antlions
Brachynemurini is a tribe of antlions within the family Myrmeleontidae, containing 28 genera and approximately 117 described species. Members are commonly known as long-tailed antlions. The tribe shows considerable diversity in the Americas, with genera distributed across North, Central, and South America, including the Galápagos Islands. Notable genera include Brachynemurus and Scotoleon, each containing 22 species. The tribe was established to accommodate antlions with distinctive morphological features separating them from other Myrmeleontinae.
Brachynemurus blandus
Brachynemurus blandus is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae, order Neuroptera. The genus Brachynemurus is one of 18 genera of antlions recorded north of Mexico. Like other antlions, this species undergoes complete metamorphosis with a predatory larval stage and a delicate, lacy-winged adult stage. The larvae are predatory, while adults are typically found in tall grasses, especially at dusk.
Brachypsectra
Texas beetle
Brachypsectra is a genus of beetles in the family Brachypsectridae, one of two extant genera in this small elateroid family. Adults are small, light brown beetles with distinctive pectinate antennae in males. The larvae are flattened, ovate predators with branched lateral lobes on thoracic and abdominal segments, historically known as an 'entomological enigma' before their adult form was discovered. The genus occurs in southwestern North America, with larvae found under bark, in leaf litter, and rock crevices.
Caenotus
Caenotus is a genus of small, slender flies in the family Scenopinidae, commonly known as window flies. These insects are part of the subfamily Caenotinae and are characterized by their reduced wing venation and elongated bodies. The genus was established by Cole in 1923 and contains species primarily found in arid and semi-arid regions.
Calopteron terminale
End Band Net-wing, End Band Net-winged Beetle
Calopteron terminale is a net-winged beetle in the family Lycidae, distinguished from congeners by a transverse depression across the elytra. It is found in eastern North American deciduous woodlands, where adults are active from July through September. The species participates in a Müllerian mimicry complex with similarly colored toxic beetles and moths. Larvae develop under bark of dead and dying trees, preying on small arthropods.
Cenophengus debilis
glowworm beetle
Cenophengus debilis is a species of glowworm beetle in the family Phengodidae, first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1881. Like other phengodid beetles, it is bioluminescent. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology and ecology remain poorly documented in the scientific literature.
Chaoborus maculipes
phantom midge
Chaoborus maculipes is a species of phantom midge in the family Chaoboridae, described by Stone in 1965. Phantom midges are small, delicate flies whose larvae are aquatic predators known for their transparent bodies. The species name "maculipes" refers to spotted legs. Like other Chaoborus species, adults are typically non-feeding and short-lived, with most of the life cycle spent in larval form in freshwater habitats.
Chauliognathus
soldier beetles, leatherwings
A genus of soldier beetles (family Cantharidae) comprising over 450 described species. Adults possess characteristically soft, flexible elytra that give rise to the common name 'leatherwings.' Many species exhibit red-and-black or orange-and-black coloration reminiscent of historical military uniforms. Adults are diurnal and frequently associated with flowers, where they feed on pollen and nectar. Larvae are primarily ground-dwelling predators. The genus occurs in the Americas and Australia, with notable species including the goldenrod soldier beetle (C. pensylvanicus) and the plague soldier beetle (C. lugubris).
Chrysomya
Old World blow fly
Chrysomya is a genus of blow flies in the family Calliphoridae, native to the Old World. The genus is distinguished by metallic blue-green coloration, thick setae on the meron, and plumose arista. Several species have become forensically significant due to their predictable developmental rates and association with carrion, with some species recently expanding into North America.
Chrysopilus griffithi
Griffith's snipe fly
Chrysopilus griffithi is a species of snipe fly in the family Rhagionidae, first described by Johnson in 1897. It is a member of the genus Chrysopilus, which is characterized by delicate metallic scales that give adults a sparkly, golden appearance. The specific epithet honors an individual named Griffith. Like other rhagionids, this species likely has larvae that develop in damp soil or decaying organic matter, though detailed life history information remains poorly documented.
Chrysopinae
Typical Green Lacewings
Chrysopinae is the nominate and largest subfamily of green lacewings (Chrysopidae), comprising approximately 60 genera. The subfamily includes well-known genera such as Chrysoperla and Chrysopa, which are common in Europe and North America. Members are distinguished by their delicate, green bodies and golden eyes. Larvae are predatory and several species have been employed in biological pest control programs.
Coelotanypus
Coelotanypus is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Tanypodinae. The genus contains approximately five described species. It is classified within the tribe Coelotanypodini, a group characterized by predatory larval habits. Species in this genus have been documented in the Americas, with records from Colombia and Norway.
Coenomyia
stink fly
Coenomyia is a genus of flies in the family Xylophagidae, commonly known as "stink flies." The genus contains at least four described species, including the widespread Coenomyia ferruginea. These flies are characterized by their large size, brown coloration, and slow, clumsy movements. The family name Xylophagidae derives from Greek roots meaning "wood-eating," reflecting the larval habitat in dead and decaying wood where they prey on wood-boring beetle larvae.
Dictya pictipes
Dictya pictipes is a species of marsh fly in the family Sciomyzidae, a group commonly known as snail-killing flies due to the predatory habits of their larvae. The species was first described by Loew in 1859 under the basionym Tetanocera pictipes. Like other members of Sciomyzidae, adults are typically found in moist habitats near water. The genus Dictya is classified within the tribe Tetanocerini of the subfamily Sciomyzinae.
Didea
lucent flies
Didea is a Holarctic genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) commonly known as lucent flies. Adults are large-bodied, measuring 10–15 mm, with distinctive black and yellow coloration. The genus is notable for its late-season flight activity and predatory larvae that feed on arboreal aphids.
Dinaraea
Dinaraea is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, tribe Athetini, comprising approximately 16 described species. The genus is saproxylic, inhabiting dead wood habitats including subcortical galleries, rotting tree trunks, and polypore fruiting bodies. Larval morphology was first described in 2018 based on two European species, revealing diagnostic characters for the genus and distinct morphological differences between early (L1) and late (L2–3) larval instars.
Distremocephalus
glowworm beetles
Distremocephalus is a genus of glowworm beetles in the family Phengodidae, established by Wittmer in 1976. The genus comprises approximately 11 described species distributed across North America, primarily in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Members are bioluminescent beetles commonly known as glowworms, with most species described by Zaragoza in 1986.
Distremocephalus mexicanus
Distremocephalus mexicanus is a beetle species in the family Phengodidae, a group commonly known as glow-worm beetles or railroad worms. The species was described by Wittmer in 1963 and is native to Mexico. Phengodidae are bioluminescent beetles, with larvae and adult females typically producing light from specialized organs. Males are usually winged and non-luminous, while females are larviform and luminous. The genus Distremocephalus belongs to the tribe Mastinocerini within the subfamily Phengodinae.
Elater
click beetles, elaters
Elater is a genus of click beetles in the family Elateridae, characterized by a distinctive prosternal spine and mesosternal notch mechanism that produces an audible click when flexed. The genus includes species that are primarily nocturnal or crepuscular, with larvae that are predatory on other insects in decaying wood. Some species are attracted to fermenting substances and are captured in ethanol-baited traps.
Elgiva
snail-killing flies, marsh flies
Elgiva is a genus of snail-killing flies in the family Sciomyzidae, comprising approximately eight described species. These predatory flies are specialized in hunting aquatic or semi-aquatic snails, with larvae developing as parasitoids or predators of molluscan hosts. The genus has been studied for its biological control potential against pest snail populations.
Ellychnia
dark firefly, diurnal firefly
Ellychnia is a genus of fireflies (family Lampyridae) containing approximately 24 species found across the United States. Unlike most fireflies, adults are diurnally active and lack bioluminescent organs, instead using chemical signals for mate recognition. Adults are characterized by black bodies with distinctive rose-colored markings on the pronotum. Larvae inhabit rotting logs in moist terrestrial environments.
Glenurus luniger
Western Picture-winged Antlion
Glenurus luniger is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae, distinguished by its striking wing pattern with black, white, and pink wingtips. The species occurs in Central America and North America. Adults are rarely observed due to their cryptic behavior, while larvae are predatory and inhabit sandy soils. The common name "Western Picture-winged Antlion" reflects both its geographic range and distinctive wing markings.
Goniotropis
Goniotropis is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, subfamily Paussinae, containing at least 40 described species. Adults are large, parallel-sided beetles found in the New World tropics. Larvae are burrow-dwelling predators with a distinctive terminal disk composed of modified urogomphi and dorsal plates. The genus ranges from southern Arizona to northern Argentina.
Himalopsyche
Himalopsyche is a genus of free-living caddisflies in the family Rhyacophilidae, containing more than 40 described species. The genus is primarily distributed in alpine to montane environments across Central and East Asia and North America, with its greatest diversity concentrated in the Himalayas and surrounding mountain ranges. Species within the genus have been divided into five morphological groups: kuldschensis, lepcha, navasi, phryganea, and tibetana. The genus has served as a model system for studying mountain biodiversity, gene flow, and the mountain-geobiodiversity hypothesis due to its endemic distribution in geologically dynamic regions.
caddisflyRhyacophilidaemountain-biodiversityTibeto-Himalayanaquatic-insectphylogeographygenome-assemblyindicator-speciesgene-flowHengduan-MountainsHimalayasalpinemontanerunning-waterfree-living-caddisflycocoon-makerpredatory-larvaewater-quality-monitoringadaptive-evolutionmountain-geobiodiversity-hypothesisHydrotaea armipes
Hydrotaea armipes is a species of muscid fly in the family Muscidae. It is known from Europe, with distribution records from Portugal (including Madeira and São Miguel Island), Denmark, and Norway. The genus Hydrotaea includes species associated with decomposing organic matter and animal feces. Some Hydrotaea species have been documented as predators of other fly larvae in manure habitats.
Hydrotaea houghi
Hydrotaea houghi is a species of muscid fly described by Malloch in 1916. It belongs to the family Muscidae, which includes house flies and related species. The species has been recorded from Hawaii and the continental United States. As a member of the genus Hydrotaea, its larvae are known to be predatory on other fly larvae in manure and decaying organic matter.
Hydrotaea ignava
black garbage fly
Hydrotaea ignava is a muscid fly commonly known as the black garbage fly. It is native to Europe, with records from Portugal (including the Azores and Madeira), Denmark, and Norway. The species breeds in moist organic matter, particularly manure and decaying material in confined animal facilities. Its larvae are predatory on other fly larvae, including house fly maggots, and have been used in biological control programs. Adults are distinguished by their shiny bronze-black coloration and habit of remaining on food sources at night rather than dispersing to ceilings or vegetation.
Hydrotaea militaris
Hydrotaea militaris is a species of muscid fly in the genus Hydrotaea. The species was described by Meigen in 1826. Like other members of Hydrotaea, this species is associated with decomposing organic matter and livestock environments. Larvae of Hydrotaea species have been documented as predators of other fly larvae in manure, including horn fly larvae.
Isoperla bilineata
Two-lined Stripetail
Isoperla bilineata, commonly known as the two-lined stripetail, is a species of green-winged stonefly in the family Perlodidae. The species is found in North America, with distribution records from Alabama, Connecticut, Colorado, Florida, and Illinois. Adults feed on pollen, while larvae are predatory and emerge from water in spring.
Ithonidae
moth lacewings, giant lacewings
Ithonidae is a small family of neuropteran insects comprising ten living genera and over a dozen extinct genera known from fossils. The family represents one of the most primitive lineages within Neuroptera. Adults are medium to large-sized with distinctive wing venation. Larvae exhibit a highly unusual grub-like (scarabaeiform) body form with stout mandibles, unique among lacewings, and lead a subterranean lifestyle. The modern distribution is notably disjunct, with genera occurring in Australia, the Americas, and Asia, while fossil evidence indicates a formerly broader global range from the Early Jurassic to Late Eocene.
Keroplatidae
Predatory Fungus Gnats, Fungus Gnats
Keroplatidae is a family of small, delicate flies in the order Diptera, commonly known as predatory fungus gnats. The family comprises approximately 950 described species, though true diversity is estimated to be substantially higher. Members are predominantly forest-dwelling insects associated with damp microhabitats where fungi occur. The family is notable for containing three genera—Arachnocampa, Orfelia, and Keroplatus—with bioluminescent larvae, commonly called "glowworms." Larval ecology varies: some feed on fungi, others are predatory, and many combine both strategies. The fossil record extends to the Cretaceous period.
Laetilia
Scale-eating Moths
Laetilia is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1889. The genus contains approximately 16 described species distributed across North America and other regions. Laetilia species are notable for their entomophagous lifestyle, with larvae feeding primarily on scale insects (Coccoidea), a trait that has earned them the common name "Scale-eating Moths." This specialized predatory behavior makes them of interest for biological control of scale insect pests.
Laetilia dilatifasciella
Western Scale-feeding Snout
Laetilia dilatifasciella is a small snout moth (Pyralidae) native to the southwestern United States. Adults have forewings 6–8 mm in length and are active in spring and late summer through fall. The species is notable for its predatory larvae that feed on scale insects, making it one of relatively few moth species with carnivorous immature stages.
Litolinga tergisa
Litolinga tergisa is a species of stiletto fly (family Therevidae) first described by Thomas Say in 1823. The species was originally placed in the genus Thereva before being transferred to Litolinga. Stiletto flies are predatory as larvae and generally associated with sandy or loose soil habitats.
Mastinocerini
Mastinocerini is a tribe of glow-worm beetles within the family Phengodidae, comprising at least 190 described species across 24 genera. Members of this tribe are distributed primarily in the New World, with significant diversity in Central and South America. The tribe was established by LeConte in 1881 and includes the type genus Mastinocerus. These beetles are notable for their bioluminescent larvae, which use light production to lure prey.
Megaloptera
alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies
Megaloptera is a small order of holometabolous insects containing approximately 300 described species across two extant families: Corydalidae (dobsonflies and fishflies) and Sialidae (alderflies). Adults are characterized by large, membranous wings that fold over the abdomen, and many species have short adult lifespans during which they do not feed. Larvae are exclusively aquatic, predatory, and serve as important indicators of stream health due to their sensitivity to pollution. The order was formerly classified within Neuroptera but is now recognized as a distinct order within the superorder Neuropterida.
Mydidae
Mydas flies, Mydaid flies
Mydidae, or mydas flies, are a small cosmopolitan family of large to very large flies within the superfamily Asiloidea. With approximately 471 described species, they represent one of the most distinctive dipteran groups due to their exceptional size—Gauromydas heros is the largest known fly species—and their frequent mimicry of stinging hymenopterans, particularly spider wasps. Most species inhabit arid and semiarid regions globally. The family is poorly studied, with larval biology documented for only a handful of species.
Myrmeleon mexicanus
Myrmeleon mexicanus is an antlion species in the family Myrmeleontidae, described by Banks in 1903. The species occurs in Central America and North America. As with other antlions, it has a predatory larval stage that constructs pit traps in sandy soil to capture prey, and a winged adult stage that is primarily nocturnal.
Necrobia violacea
blacklegged ham beetle, blue ham beetle, cosmopolitan blue bone beetle, Violet Checkered Beetle
Necrobia violacea is a small clerid beetle, 4–5 mm in length, with uniformly metallic blue-green to green coloration including its legs. The species occurs in the Palearctic region and has been introduced to North America. Adults are long-lived and associated with dried animal products, including cured meats, dried fish, aged cheeses, oilseeds, and desiccated carcasses. Larvae are predatory, feeding on other insect larvae found on carrion rather than consuming the carrion directly. The species has limited forensic relevance due to its preference for corpses in advanced decomposition stages.
Necrophila americana
American Carrion Beetle
Necrophila americana is a North American carrion beetle in the family Silphidae. Adults and larvae feed on decomposing animal flesh and also prey on fly larvae that compete for the same resources. Unlike burying beetles in the genus Nicrophorus, this species does not bury carcasses. Adults have been observed at sap flows on oak trees and in fermenting bait traps. The species has been documented in forensic entomology contexts due to its predictable association with decomposing remains.
Neocnemodon
Smoothleg fly
Neocnemodon is a genus of hoverflies in the family Syrphidae, distributed across North America and Europe. Species in this genus are small to medium-sized flies with distinctive smooth legs, a trait reflected in their common name 'Smoothleg fly'. The genus was established by Goffe in 1944 and is classified within the tribe Pipizini. Larvae are known to be predatory, feeding on specific aphid species associated with various host plants.
Ozodiceromyia notata
Mexican group Ozodiceromyia
Ozodiceromyia notata is a species of stiletto fly in the family Therevidae, first described by Wiedemann in 1821. It belongs to the mexicana-group within its genus, a group characterized by distinctive morphological features. The species is part of a genus that was taxonomically revised in 2000, which helped clarify species boundaries and distributions. Stiletto flies in this family are generally predatory as larvae, inhabiting soil and preying on other invertebrates, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Parasyrphus genualis
Common Bristleside
Parasyrphus genualis is a species of hoverfly (family Syrphidae) described by Williston in 1887. It was originally described under the genus Syrphus before being moved to Parasyrphus. The species has been documented in North America with at least 21 observations on iNaturalist. As a member of Syrphidae, it belongs to a family known for pollination services and, in many species, predatory larvae that feed on aphids.
Penniverpa festina
Penniverpa festina is a species of stiletto fly in the family Therevidae, described by Coquillett in 1893. Stiletto flies are predatory as larvae, inhabiting sandy soils where they feed on other invertebrates. Adults are generally found in open, sunny habitats and are known for their slender bodies and distinctive wing venation. This species is part of a diverse genus within a family containing approximately 1,000 described species worldwide.
Pentaneura
Pentaneura is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Tanypodinae. These aquatic insects are members of the tribe Pentaneurini and are found in freshwater habitats. The genus was established by Philippi in 1865 and contains predatory species whose larvae inhabit various aquatic environments.
Phengodes fusciceps
glowworm beetle
Phengodes fusciceps is a species of glowworm beetle in the family Phengodidae, described by LeConte in 1861. It is found in North America. The species comprises four recognized subspecies: P. f. fusciceps, P. f. floridensis, P. f. intermedia, and P. f. picicollis. Like other phengodid beetles, larvae are bioluminescent and exhibit specialized predatory behaviors.
Phengodini
Phengodini is a tribe of glowworm beetles within the family Phengodidae, established by LeConte in 1861. Members are characterized by bioluminescent larvae and adult females, a trait shared across the family. The tribe contains multiple genera distributed primarily in the Americas. Adult males are typically winged and non-luminous, while females are larviform and emit light.
Pherocera flavipes
Pherocera flavipes is a species of stiletto fly in the family Therevidae, described by Cole in 1923. It belongs to the subfamily Phycusinae. The species epithet 'flavipes' refers to yellow legs. Stiletto flies are predatory as larvae and typically associated with sandy or loose soil habitats where their larvae hunt other invertebrates.
Photinus consimilis
Cattail Flash-train Firefly
Photinus consimilis, commonly known as the cattail flash-train firefly, is a medium-sized firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae. It is native to eastern North America, where it inhabits wetlands and riparian areas. The species is recognized by its distinctive flash pattern of 3 to 9 quick pulses in a series lasting about 2 seconds, with 9 to 12 seconds of darkness between flash trains. Its specific epithet 'consimilis' refers to its morphological similarity to closely related Photinus species.
Photinus ignitus
Ignited Firefly
Photinus ignitus is a North American firefly species distinguished by its bioluminescent courtship displays. Males produce characteristic flash patterns to attract females, who respond from perches in vegetation. Research has documented seasonal plasticity in female mate choice behavior, with females becoming less selective as the breeding season progresses. Like other Photinus species, it produces defensive compounds called lucibufagins that protect against predators.
fireflybioluminescencemate-choiceseasonal-plasticitynuptial-giftaggressive-mimicryLampyridaeColeopteraNorth-Americaflash-communicationlucibufaginsexual-selectionoperational-sex-ratiocold-lightphotocytesluciferinluciferasenocturnalcourtshippredation-defenseinsect-declinelight-pollutionhabitat-lossinsecticide-exposuresoil-dwelling-larvaeglowwormpredatory-larvaesoft-bodied-preysnailsslugswormssoil-insectsbiological-controlflash-patternfemale-choicemale-choicebody-sizelantern-sizereproductive-investmentegg-provisioningspermatophoreflash-signalmating-successselectivitybreeding-seasondusknightvegetationgrasslawnsforestsfieldsedgescanopyairspaceColumbia-MarylandWashington-Baltimore-areaUniversity-of-Virginia-studylight-pollution-impactmating-disruptionurbanizationresidual-insecticideslawn-treatmentweather-cyclesfood-availabilitylarval-predationpopulation-fluctuationbanner-yearspectacleJuly-4thIndependence-DayMother-Nature's-fireworkspyrotechnictwinklinggalaxycold-light-efficiencyno-heat-productionphotocyte-cellsspecialized-light-organterminal-abdominal-segmentslightly-coloredgiant-eyesflash-detectionvisual-acuitynocturnal-visionchemical-ecologydefensive-chemistrysteroidal-pyronestoad-toxinsspider-repellentbird-repellentfemme-fatalepredatory-exploitationchemical-acquisitiondefense-sequestrationnuptial-feedingreproductive-successsexual-conflictflash-manipulationphotographic-challengeflash-rechargefemale-contortionflash-directionalityaimed-signalmale-expendabilityfemale-investmentoffspring-productionbattery-lifeconservation-concernpopulation-monitoringcitizen-scienceBoston-Museum-of-Sciencefirefly-data-projectAllegheny-National-Forestsynchronous-firefliesPhotinus-carolinusPhoturis-pennsylvanicaPennsylvania-Firefly-FestivalFIRE-TeamLynn-FaustSara-LewisThomas-EisnerAerial-FirebaughKyle-Hayneschemical-ecology-pioneerexperimental-studyfield-observationnatural-historybehavioral-ecologyethologyjournal-articlepeer-reviewed-researchscientific-investigationinsect-conservationnocturnal-insectbeetlesoft-winged-beetlenot-true-bugnot-flyElateroideaPolyphagaElateriformiaLampyrinaeLucidotiniaccepted-nameFall-192736-observationsiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIWikipediaBug-of-the-WeekEntomology-Todayincomplete-informationdata-limitedresearch-opportunityfurther-study-neededPhotinus indictus
Silent Firefly
Photinus indictus, commonly known as the silent firefly, is a diurnal firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae. Adults are active during daylight hours and lack the bioluminescent lanterns characteristic of most fireflies, earning both its common name and specific epithet (Latin for "unspoken"). The species is found in eastern North America, particularly the Great Lakes region. Adults communicate through airborne pheromones rather than light signals.
Photinus macdermotti
Father Mac's firefly, Mr. Mac
Photinus macdermotti is a medium-sized firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae, native to eastern North America. Adults measure approximately 10 mm in length and are distinguished by a pale yellow pronotum with a black rectangular central mark bordered by red or pink. Males produce a characteristic flash pattern of two quick pulses separated by 2 seconds of darkness to attract females. The species is nearly identical in appearance to Photinus consanguineus and Photinus greeni, requiring careful identification.
Photinus scintillans
Pale Firefly
Photinus scintillans is a species of firefly in the family Lampyridae, commonly known as the Pale Firefly. Like other Photinus species, adults produce bioluminescent signals through a chemical reaction involving luciferin and luciferase. Males fly and emit characteristic flash patterns to attract females, which remain stationary in vegetation and respond with their own signals. The species is subject to predation by Photuris fireflies, which mimic their flash patterns to lure and consume males.
Pipiza
Pitheads
Pipiza is a genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) containing approximately 12 European species. Adults are predominantly dark-colored and resemble small bees or wasps. The genus is notable for its specialized larval ecology: larvae are predaceous, feeding exclusively on gall-forming aphids on foliage. Species show strong association with forested landscapes, particularly deciduous forests and forest edges. Climate modeling indicates high distributional stability across Europe, with potential northward shifts in species diversity.
Protosialis glabella
Protosialis glabella is a species of alderfly in the family Sialidae, order Megaloptera. The genus Protosialis represents one of several genera within Sialidae, a family of aquatic insects whose larvae are predatory and develop in freshwater habitats. Adults are typically nocturnal and short-lived, with reduced mouthparts and a primary focus on reproduction. The species was described by Ross in 1937. Megalopterans as a group are considered primitive holometabolous insects, retaining many ancestral characteristics.
Psorophora
gallinipper
Psorophora is a genus of large mosquitoes in the subfamily Culicinae, tribe Aedini, described by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1827. The genus comprises approximately 50 species distributed across the Americas, with three recognized subgenera: Psorophora, Janthinosoma, and Grabhamia. Several species, notably Psorophora ciliata and P. ferox, are among the largest mosquitoes in the world and are known for aggressive biting behavior. Larvae of some species are obligate predators with specialized anatomical adaptations for capturing prey.
Psorophora howardii
Howard's Gallinipper
Psorophora howardii is a large, aggressive floodwater mosquito native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The species was described by Daniel William Coquillett in 1901. Adult females are persistent biters that attack humans and medium to large mammals at any time of day, with a proboscis strong enough to pierce through multiple layers of clothing. Larvae are predaceous, feeding on other mosquito larvae in temporary aquatic habitats. The species has demonstrated recent northward range expansion, with the first Canadian record documented in 2024 in southern Ontario.
Pterodontia flavipes
small-headed fly
Pterodontia flavipes is a species of small-headed fly in the family Acroceridae. Adult males measure 5.5–10.5 mm, while females are 5–9 mm. The species exhibits complete metamorphosis with larval development occurring in soil. Adults have been observed in grassy areas and are known for rapid, hovering flight.
Pyractomena lucifera
Marsh imp
Pyractomena lucifera is a firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae, commonly known as the marsh imp. It is a wetland specialist with a disjunct distribution across eastern North America. The species produces bioluminescent signals for mate communication and is threatened by habitat destruction and light pollution.
Rhagio scolopaceus
downlooker snipefly
Rhagio scolopaceus, commonly known as the downlooker snipefly, is a widespread species in the family Rhagionidae and the type species of its genus. It is recognized by dark spots or bands on the wings and an elongated third antennal segment. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in eye arrangement: females have broadly separated (dichoptic) compound eyes, while males have nearly conjoined (holoptic) eyes. It is considered the most common species in its family.
Rhagio tringarius
Marsh Snipefly, Marsh Snipe Fly
Rhagio tringarius, commonly known as the marsh snipefly, is a species of fly in the family Rhagionidae. Adults measure 8–14 mm in length with yellow-orange abdomens and long slender legs. The species is native to Europe but has been recorded in the Nearctic region, representing a first record for North America. Larvae are predatory, dwelling in soil and litter where they hunt small beetles and earthworms. Adults are active from May to September and are typically found resting on leaves in vegetated habitats.
Rhagionidae
Snipe Flies
Rhagionidae, or snipe flies, is a small family of medium-sized to large flies within the infraorder Tabanomorpha. Members are characterized by slender bodies, stilt-like legs, and often prominent piercing mouthparts. Many species are hematophagous as adults, while others are predatory on other insects. The family name derives from the resemblance of their proboscis to a snipe's beak. Larvae are primarily predatory and mostly terrestrial, though some are aquatic. The genus Rhagio includes species commonly called "down-looker" flies due to their habit of perching head-downward on tree trunks.
Rhinoleucophenga
Rhinoleucophenga is a genus of fruit flies in the family Drosophilidae, endemic to the New World with highest diversity in Neotropical open environments, particularly Brazil. The genus comprises at least 26 nominal species, with recent taxonomic work revealing numerous cryptic species and correcting long-standing misidentifications. One species, R. myrmecophaga, exhibits a remarkable predatory larval stage that exploits ant-plant mutualisms by trapping ants at extrafloral nectaries.
Rhyacophila angelita
Rhyacophila angelita is a species of free-living caddisfly described by Banks in 1911. It belongs to the family Rhyacophilidae, a group characterized by predatory larvae that do not construct portable cases. The species is known from North America.
Rhyacophiloidea
Rhyacophiloidea is a superfamily of caddisflies (order Trichoptera) established by Stephens in 1836. The group has been treated variously in classification systems, sometimes encompassing the entire suborder Spicipalpia when that group is ranked as a superfamily within Annulipalpia. The superfamily includes families of free-living caddisfly larvae that do not construct the portable cases characteristic of many other trichopteran groups.
Scenopinidae
window flies
Scenopinidae, commonly known as window flies, comprise approximately 400 described species of small brachyceran flies distributed worldwide. Adults are typically found on windows in buildings, giving rise to their common name. The family includes three subfamilies: Caenotinae, Proratinae, and Scenopininae. Larvae are predatory, inhabiting diverse environments from sandy arid soils to decaying organic matter, animal nests, and synanthropic settings. Two species, Scenopinus fenestralis and S. glabrifrons, have achieved cosmopolitan distributions through association with human trade.
Scenopinus
window flies
Scenopinus is a genus of small flies in the family Scenopinidae, commonly known as window flies. Species are typically dark-colored with clear wings and are associated with bird nests, buildings, and forest habitats. Larvae are predatory, feeding on other arthropods including moth and flea larvae. The genus occurs across the Palaearctic region, with records from Europe and boreal forest zones.
Schlingeria
Schlingeria is a genus of stiletto flies (family Therevidae) established by Irwin in 1977. It belongs to the subfamily Phycusinae, a group characterized by specialized morphological features including reduced wing venation and particular arrangements of thoracic bristles. The genus is poorly known, with only two observations recorded on iNaturalist and minimal published biological data available. Schlingeria species are presumably predatory as larvae, as is characteristic of the family Therevidae, though direct observations of life history remain undocumented.
Sciomyza
snail-killing flies
Sciomyza is a genus of marsh flies (Sciomyzidae) whose larvae are specialized predators or parasitoids of freshwater snails. Adults inhabit moist environments near gastropod populations. The genus includes seven described species distributed across northern Europe and North America.
Sepedophilus testaceus
Sepedophilus testaceus is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) originally described from Europe and now established in North America as an introduced species. The species has undergone taxonomic revision, with several previously described North American species (imbricatus, limuloides, elongatus) synonymized under this name. Larvae possess specialized morphological adaptations on the posterior abdomen that facilitate prey capture. Adults are associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats.
Synthesiomyia nudiseta
Synthesiomyia nudiseta is a large muscid fly (7–10 mm) and the sole species in its genus. It is necrophagous and facultatively predatory, with larvae known to consume other necrophagous fly larvae including Chrysomya rufifacies and C. albiceps. The species is forensically significant due to its predictable life cycle and tendency to pupate in confined locations near carcasses, such as within clothing. Originally tropical and subtropical in distribution, it has established in southwestern Europe (Spain, Italy, Portugal) and occurs in the southern United States.
Tabanus nigrovittatus
greenhead horse fly, salt marsh greenhead, greenhead fly, greenhead, greenfly
Tabanus nigrovittatus, commonly known as the greenhead horse fly or salt marsh greenhead, is a biting horse fly species endemic to coastal salt marshes of the eastern United States. Adult females are aggressive blood-feeders that require vertebrate blood for egg production, while males do not feed on blood. The species is smaller than most horse flies, approximately the size of a house fly. Larvae develop in intertidal salt marsh mud for one to two years, preying on other invertebrates. Adults emerge in late spring and are most active from late June through August. The species is a significant human and animal pest, with populations managed through black box traps rather than insecticides due to ecological concerns.
Tanypodinae
Tanypods
Tanypodinae is a subfamily of non-biting midges within Chironomidae, distinguished by predominantly predatory larval ecology. Larvae possess specialized mouthparts adapted for capturing small invertebrate prey, including other chironomid larvae, setting them apart from the primarily detritivorous or filter-feeding larvae of most other chironomid subfamilies. First and second instar larvae additionally consume algae. The subfamily exhibits broad ecological tolerance, with species occurring in diverse freshwater habitats from pristine rivers to heavily polluted mine drainage systems. Tanypodinae serves as an important component of macrozoobenthos and functions as a biological indicator for aquatic ecosystem assessment.
Tetanocera vicina
Tetanocera vicina is a species of marsh fly in the family Sciomyzidae, first described by Macquart in 1844. Members of this genus are commonly known as marsh flies or snail-killing flies due to their specialized larval biology. The species is part of a group of Diptera whose larvae are predators or parasitoids of freshwater snails, playing a distinctive ecological role in aquatic ecosystems. As with many Sciomyzidae, detailed species-level biology remains incompletely documented.
Therevidae
Stiletto flies
Therevidae, commonly known as stiletto flies, is a family of brachyceran flies in the superfamily Asiloidea containing approximately 1,600 described species worldwide. The family is most diverse in arid and semiarid regions with sandy soils. Adults are small to medium-sized (2.4–18 mm) with hairy bodies and are often brightly colored, with many species exhibiting wasp or ant mimicry. Larvae are apodous, eucephalic, and predatory, living in soil and other substrates where they hunt insect larvae.
Toxomerus
Calligrapher Flies
Toxomerus is a large genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) distributed across the Americas, with over 130 described Neotropical species and additional Nearctic endemics. Species are small (typically 6–9 mm), characterized by large eyes with posterior indentation and diagnostic abdominal patterns. Most larvae are predatory on soft-bodied insects, particularly aphids, though at least three species are known pollen-feeders. Adults are pollinivorous, feeding on nectar and pollen from diverse flowering plants. The genus includes notable ecological specialists such as Toxomerus basalis, a kleptoparasite of sundews (Drosera), and several species introduced to the Afrotropics.
hoverflyflower-flyaphid-predatorpollinatorbiological-controlHymenoptera-mimickleptoparasiteintroduced-speciesNeotropicalNearcticAfrotropical-introductionpolyvoltineSyrphiniSyrphinaeDipteraSyrphidaeToxomerus-marginatusToxomerus-disparToxomerus-pulchellusToxomerus-basalisToxomerus-floralisToxomerus-politusToxomerus-apegiensisDroserasundewpollenivorypredatory-larvaeurban-adapteragricultural-beneficialcryptic-larvaeeye-dimorphismterritorial-behaviorDNA-barcodingcitizen-sciencemuseum-collectionsrange-expansionconservation-concernToxorhynchites
elephant mosquitoes, mosquito eaters, giant treehole mosquitoes
Toxorhynchites is a genus of large, non-biting mosquitoes found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Adults are active during daylight hours and feed exclusively on nectar, honeydew, and plant juices rather than blood. The genus includes the largest known mosquito species, reaching up to 18 mm in body length and 24 mm in wingspan. Larvae are obligate predators that consume other mosquito larvae and aquatic invertebrates, making them valuable for biological control of disease-vector mosquitoes.
Xylophagidae
awl-flies, stink flies
Xylophagidae is a small family of lower brachyceran flies comprising nine extant genera and approximately 135 species. Commonly known as awl-flies or stink flies, these insects are characterized by elongated bodies that resemble ichneumon wasps, with a constricted base of the abdomen and three-segmented antennae. The family occurs across all biogeographical regions except the Afrotropics. Larvae are primarily associated with rotting wood, where many species are predatory on other insect larvae.