Montane
Guides
Acmaeodera resplendens
Resplendent Buprestid
Acmaeodera resplendens is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Van Dyke in 1937. The species is distinguished by its brilliant metallic green to copper coloration. It has been collected from flowers of several composite species in montane habitats of southern Arizona, particularly from Heliomeris longifolia and Bahia dissecta. The specific epithet 'resplendens' refers to its striking, resplendent appearance.
Acmaeodera vandykei
Acmaeodera vandykei is a jewel beetle species in the family Buprestidae, described by Fall in 1899. It belongs to the large genus Acmaeodera, which contains approximately 150 species in North America. The species is known to be associated with Cercocarpus (mountain mahogany) in western North America, where adults have been reared from dead branches. Like other members of its genus, adults likely feed on pollen from flowers.
Acmaeodera variegata
Acmaeodera variegata is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, native to North America. The species was described by LeConte in 1852. It has been collected from flowers of Fallugia paradoxa (Apache plum) and Verbesina encelioides (cowpen daisy) in Arizona, and is associated with Cercocarpus (mountain mahogany) as a larval host. The species is part of the diverse Acmaeodera fauna of western North America.
Agathymus neumoegeni
orange giant-skipper, Neumogen's giant-skipper, Neumogen's agave borer, Neumogen's moth-skipper, tawny giant-skipper
Agathymus neumoegeni, the orange giant-skipper, is a large skipper butterfly of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults are univoltine, flying in September and October, and are strongly associated with agave plants. The species is notable for its distinctive orange and black wing patterning and its unique life history involving caterpillars that bore into agave leaves. Males exhibit mud-puddling behavior while females are non-feeding.
Agoliinus corruptor
Agoliinus corruptor is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Brown in 1929. It is known from a limited number of observations and collection records across northwestern North America. The species appears to be associated with temperate to boreal regions in western Canada and the northern United States.
Agoliinus incommunis
Agoliinus incommunis is a species of small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, originally described by Fall in 1932. The species is documented from mountainous regions of western North America, with records spanning from British Columbia south to New Mexico. As a member of the Aphodiini tribe, it belongs to a group commonly known as small dung beetles, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented. The species name "incommunis" (Latin for "uncommon" or "not shared") may allude to its rarity or restricted distribution.
Agonopterix canadensis
Canadian agonopterix, Canadian Agonopterix Moth
Agonopterix canadensis is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, with forewings measuring 8.5–10.5 mm. The species occurs across a broad North American range from the northeastern United States and southern Canada westward through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, California, and Nevada. Larvae feed on Senecio species, including Senecio serra.
Agrenia
Agrenia is a genus of springtails (Collembola: Isotomidae) distributed across arctic, boreal, and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere. The genus was formerly monotypic but now contains multiple species divided into two groups: the bidenticulata-group (with mucronal seta) and the agilis-group (without mucronal seta). Species exhibit morphological variation in claw structure related to latitude, with some populations showing sexual polymorphism and cyclomorphosis.
Agrenia bidenticulata
Agrenia bidenticulata is the type species of the genus Agrenia, a springtail in the family Isotomidae. It belongs to the bidenticulata species group, characterized by the presence of a mucronal seta. Populations show considerable morphological variation across their range, with Buryatian mountain forms differing from typical arctic populations in claw length. The species exhibits sexual polymorphism (epitoky) and cyclomorphosis.
Agrilaxia arizonae
Agrilaxia arizonae is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle (family Buprestidae) native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species is currently treated as a synonym of Agrilaxia flavimana, though this status remains ambiguous in some taxonomic sources. It is associated with oak habitats in montane regions of Arizona and has been collected by sweeping foliage of Quercus arizonica (Arizona white oak) and other oak species.
Agrilus abditus
Agrilus abditus is a North American jewel beetle (family Buprestidae) described by George Henry Horn in 1891. The species belongs to the hyperdiverse genus Agrilus, which contains thousands of species worldwide. Based on field observations, adults have been collected by sweeping foliage of Quercus arizonica (Arizona white oak) in southeastern Arizona. The species appears to be associated with oak habitats in montane regions of the southwestern United States.
Agrilus chiricahuae
Agrilus chiricahuae is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, first described by Fisher in 1928. The species is named after the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona, where it occurs. It belongs to the large genus Agrilus, which contains hundreds of species that are often challenging to distinguish from one another. The species has been documented in pine slash habitats in the Chiricahua Mountains.
Alexeter
Alexeter is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Ctenopelmatinae, tribe Mesoleiini. First described by Förster in 1869, the genus has a primarily Holarctic distribution with highest diversity in temperate regions, though species also occur in mountainous areas of the Oriental and Neotropical regions. Species are koinobiont endoparasitoids of sawfly larvae (Tenthredinoidea).
Ameletus
Upland Summer Mayfly (A. inopinatus)
Ameletus is a genus of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and the type genus of the family Ameletidae, circumscribed by Rev. A. E. Eaton in 1885. The genus is speciose, with approximately 30 bisexual species recognized in North America and additional species in Europe and Asia. Ameletus species occur in cold-water streams from small headwater brooks to larger rivers, with greatest diversity in mountainous regions of western North America. The genus includes A. inopinatus, the only predominantly montane mayfly species in the UK and a noted climate change indicator species.
Ameletus velox
Ameletus velox is a North American mayfly species described by Dodds in 1923. It belongs to the family Ameletidae, a group of predatory mayflies known for their distinctive larval morphology and behavior. The species is part of the Nearctic fauna with documented presence in North America. As with other Ameletus species, it likely inhabits cool freshwater streams, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in available literature.
Ammosphex
Ammosphex is a subgenus of spider wasps in the genus Arachnospila, family Pompilidae. It was established by Wilcke in 1942 and comprises species distributed across East Siberia and the Russian Far East. Recent taxonomic work has described five new species from Tuva, Khakassia, and the Republic of Altai, and expanded known distributions for eight additional species. The group is characterized by morphological features distinguishable in males, for which a revised identification key covering 24 species exists.
Amphichroum
Amphichroum is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) in the subfamily Omaliinae and tribe Anthophagini, established by Kraatz in 1857. The genus comprises approximately 32 described species distributed across montane regions of Asia, with significant diversity in the Himalayan region, Tibet, and southwestern China. Recent taxonomic revisions have added numerous species from China, particularly from Yunnan and Sichuan provinces. Species are primarily known from high-elevation mountain localities.
Amphizoa
troutstream beetles
Amphizoa is a monogeneric genus of aquatic beetles, the sole representative of the family Amphizoidae. These beetles are commonly called troutstream beetles due to their association with cold, flowing mountain waters. The genus contains five known species, with three distributed in western North America and two in the eastern Palearctic region (China and North Korea). Adults and larvae are predatory, feeding primarily on stonefly larvae. When disturbed, adults release a yellowish, cantaloupe-scented fluid from the anus as a chemical defense.
Amphizoa lecontei
Trout-stream beetle
Amphizoa lecontei is an aquatic beetle species in the family Amphizoidae, commonly known as the trout-stream beetle. Adults measure 11.5–16 mm in body length and possess a diagnostic carina on the fifth interval of the elytron. The species is restricted to western North America, with concentrations in the Rocky Mountains. It is one of few beetles in its family and represents a distinctive lineage of stream-dwelling coleopterans.
Anaplectoides brunneomedia
Brown-lined Dart
Anaplectoides brunneomedia, commonly known as the brown-lined dart, is a noctuid moth restricted to a few localities in the Appalachian Mountains. The species was described by McDunnough in 1946 and remains poorly known due to its limited distribution and rarity. Adults are active during summer months. The specific epithet 'brunneomedia' refers to the brown median line on the forewing.
Ancognatha
Ancognatha is a genus of rhinoceros beetles (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) comprising 22 described species. It represents the fourth most species-rich genus of Neotropical cyclocephaline scarabs. Species in this genus are distinguished from related taxa by their predominance in montane habitats at high elevations, in contrast to the lowland preferences of most other cyclocephalines.
Anepsius montanus
Mountain Darkling Beetle
Anepsius montanus is a darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) described by Casey in 1891. The species is known from Alberta, Canada, with very few documented observations. As a member of the genus Anepsius, it belongs to a group of tenebrionid beetles typically associated with dry, often montane habitats. The common name "Mountain Darkling Beetle" reflects its alpine or subalpine distribution pattern.
Anillinus langdoni
Anillinus langdoni is a small ground beetle in the tribe Bembidiini, described in 2004. It belongs to the A. langdoni species group, which includes four species with three endemic to the Great Smoky Mountains region. The species is distinguished from congeners primarily by male genitalia morphology and female spermathecal shape. Phylogeographic studies suggest its distribution reflects historical altitudinal shifts of habitat corridors and watershed-mediated isolation.
Anopina arizonana
Anopina arizonana is a small tortricid moth first described by Lord Walsingham in 1884. It has a wingspan of approximately 16 mm. The species is native to western North America, with a range extending from southern interior British Columbia and Alberta south to Arizona.
Anthaxia caseyi caseyi
Anthaxia caseyi caseyi is a subspecies of jewel beetle in the family Buprestidae. Based on field observations, adults have been collected from flowers of Purshia stansburyana (Stansbury's cliffrose) in the southwestern United States. The nominate subspecies occurs in the western Nearctic region. Taxonomic study of populations in Utah and Arizona suggests potential subspecific variation that may not align with currently recognized subspecies boundaries.
Anthocharis julia julia
Southern Rocky Mountain orangetip
Anthocharis julia julia is a subspecies of orangetip butterfly in the family Pieridae, found in the southern Rocky Mountain region. Adults are active in early spring and are distinguished by orange wing tips in males and more subdued coloration in females. The subspecies represents the nominate form of A. julia, described by Edwards in 1872.
Anthocharis thoosa inghami
Ingham's Orangetip
Anthocharis thoosa inghami is a subspecies of orangetip butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is one of several recognized subspecies of Anthocharis thoosa, a species complex distributed across western North America. Like other orangetips, adults are active in early spring and are associated with specific larval host plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The subspecies epithet 'inghami' honors a collector or researcher, following standard entomological naming conventions.
Apamea acera
Apamea acera is a noctuid moth native to western North America. The species was described by Smith in 1900 and was originally placed in the genus Polia. Its documented range extends from British Columbia through California and eastward to Utah. The wingspan measures approximately 46 mm.
Apantesis allectans
Apantesis allectans is a small tiger moth in the family Erebidae, originally described as Grammia allectans by Douglas C. Ferguson in 1985. The species was later transferred to Apantesis as part of a broader reclassification of tiger moth genera. It has a restricted distribution in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, where it inhabits montane pine forests at moderate elevations.
Apantesis behrii
Apantesis behrii is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Stretch in 1872. The species occurs in the western United States from Oregon south through California, with highest abundance in the Siskiyou and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges. It inhabits dry, rocky mountain environments and has a narrow adult flight period from early August to late September. Larvae feed on specific host plants including Lotus humistratus and Amsinckia species. The species was transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis based on phylogenetic revision.
Apantesis bolanderi
Apantesis bolanderi is a small tiger moth in the family Erebidae, originally described from Mount Shasta, California in 1872. It was formerly classified in the genus Grammia but was transferred to Apantesis along with related genera. The species is known from a single locality and remains poorly documented, with no confirmed observations in major biodiversity databases.
Apantesis elongata
Columbia Tiger Moth
Apantesis elongata is a tiger moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Stretch in 1885. It was transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis in a taxonomic revision that consolidated several related genera. The species occupies montane meadows in western North America and has been documented feeding on Claytonia lanceolata as a larva.
Apteroloma
Apteroloma is a genus of primitive carrion beetles in the family Agyrtidae, comprising approximately 14 described species. The genus is distinguished by its wingless or reduced-wing condition, as indicated by its name (from Greek 'apteros' meaning wingless). Species occur primarily in montane and alpine regions of central Asia and the Himalayas. Taxonomic revisions have clarified species boundaries, with recent work synonymizing A. jankovskii under A. anglorossicum and A. heinzi under A. harmandi.
Archips alberta
Alberta leafroller
Archips alberta is a species of tortricid moth commonly known as the Alberta leafroller. It occurs across boreal Canada and south through mountainous regions to Utah. The species inhabits coniferous forests, where larvae are presumed to feed on conifer foliage, though specific host records are not well documented. Adults are active during the growing season in northern forest ecosystems.
Archytas metallicus
Archytas metallicus is a species of tachinid fly (family Tachinidae) distributed across North America. As a member of the Tachininae subfamily, it belongs to a group of parasitoid flies whose larvae develop inside other insects. The species has been documented visiting flowers of Ericameria nauseosa (rubber rabbitbrush), where it occurs alongside other pollinators and flower-visiting insects. It is one of numerous Archytas species in the Nearctic region, many of which remain poorly studied in terms of their specific host relationships and ecological details.
Arctobyrrhus subcanus
Arctic Grey Pill Beetle
Arctobyrrhus subcanus is a species of pill beetle in the family Byrrhidae, commonly known as the Arctic Grey Pill Beetle. It is native to North America with documented records from western Canada including Alberta and British Columbia. Pill beetles in this family are characterized by their ability to conglobate—roll into a tight ball when disturbed. The genus Arctobyrrhus is associated with northern and montane habitats.
Arhopalus rusticus montanus
Arhopalus rusticus montanus is a subspecies of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, distributed across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. The species is associated with coniferous forests and develops under the bark of dead or dying conifers. Adults are active during cooler periods, with some populations exhibiting winter activity patterns. This subspecies is part of a complex with Holarctic distribution, showing variation in host preferences across its range.
Atoposmia
Atoposmia is a genus of bees in the family Megachilidae, tribe Osmiini. The genus was established by Cockerell in 1935 and is part of the diverse megachilid bee fauna. These bees are solitary and nest in pre-existing cavities, with females constructing brood cells using collected materials.
Atrecus macrocephalus
Atrecus macrocephalus is a rove beetle in the tribe Othiini, characterized by its relatively large head compared to body proportions. The species occurs across northern North America and has been recorded in both Canada and the western and northeastern United States. As a member of Staphylinidae, it belongs to one of the most diverse beetle families, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in published literature.
Autographa pseudogamma
Delicate Silver Y
A medium-sized North American noctuid moth in the Plusiinae subfamily, characterized by its distinctive wing pattern. Adults are active in mid-summer with a single generation per year. The species occupies a broad geographic range across northern and western North America.
Autographa v-alba
White Y Mark, White Y Mark Moth
Autographa v-alba is a North American noctuid moth first described by Rodrigues Ottolengui in 1902. It belongs to the subfamily Plusiinae, commonly known as loopers or semiloopers. The species is restricted to montane and foothill regions of western North America, with adults active in mid-summer. It is distinguished by a characteristic white Y-shaped mark on the forewing, referenced in both its scientific and common names.
Boloria astarte
Astarte Fritillary
Boloria astarte, commonly known as the Astarte fritillary, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It has a broad distribution across northwestern North America and northeastern Siberia. The species exhibits a wingspan of 42–51 mm and is active from mid-June to mid-August. Its larvae feed exclusively on spotted saxifrage (Saxifraga bronchialis).
Bombus bifarius
Two-form bumblebee
Bombus bifarius is a eusocial bumble bee of the subgenus Pyrobombus, first described by Cresson in 1879. Recent genetic research (2020) has clarified its taxonomy: what was historically considered a single species with two color morphs (red-tailed 'bifarius' and black-tailed 'nearcticus') has been split into two cryptic species. True B. bifarius is now restricted to the red-tailed form found in the southern Rocky Mountains, while the black-tailed and variable forms belong to the sister species Bombus vancouverensis. The species is small-bodied and has been identified as one of only two bumble bee species known to use pheromones in kin recognition.
Bombus mixtus
Fuzzy-Horned Bumble Bee, Tricoloured Bumblebee, Orange-Belted Bumblebee, Mixed Bumblebee
Bombus mixtus is a bumble bee species native to western North America, with a disjunct population in the Great Lakes region. It occupies diverse habitats including mountain meadows, taiga, tundra, chaparral, and open grassy areas. The species has been documented feeding on multiple flowering plant genera and nests both underground and on the surface. It is one of several Bombus species surveyed during 2016 conservation efforts for rare bumble bees in the Mt. Ashland area of Oregon.
Bombus vancouverensis
Vancouver Bumble Bee, Vancouver Island Bumblebee
Bombus vancouverensis is a eusocial bumblebee of subgenus Pyrobombus, widespread across mountainous regions of western North America. The species was long treated as synonymous with Bombus bifarius, with most historical literature on bifarius actually referring to vancouverensis. Genetic studies completed in 2020 confirmed their distinct status, with true B. bifarius being exclusively red-tailed and geographically restricted, while B. vancouverensis is polymorphic and broadly distributed. It is one of only two bumblebee species known to use pheromones for kin recognition.
Bombus vancouverensis nearcticus
Nearctic Bumble Bee
Bombus vancouverensis nearcticus is a subspecies of bumble bee native to western North America. It belongs to a species complex that has undergone taxonomic revision, with some authorities previously treating it as a distinct species (Bombus nearcticus) or synonymizing it with related taxa. The subspecies occurs in montane and coastal regions where it participates in pollination networks. Like other bumble bees in the subgenus Pyrobombus, it exhibits social colony structure with a single queen founding nests in spring.
Booneacris alticola
Marys Peak Wingless Grasshopper
Booneacris alticola, commonly known as the Marys Peak Wingless Grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper described in 1962. The specific epithet 'alticola' refers to its high-elevation habitat. It belongs to the subfamily Melanoplinae, a diverse group of North American grasshoppers. The species is characterized by its wingless condition, an adaptation common in montane grasshopper species.
Boreus californicus
California Snow Scorpionfly
Boreus californicus is a flightless species of snow scorpionfly endemic to western North America. It is active on snow surfaces across a broad elevation gradient from valley grasslands to alpine areas above tree line. The species exhibits a distinctive life history tied to snow cover, with mating occurring directly on snow surfaces. Surface activity has been documented at temperatures ranging from −5.0°C to 5.5°C, with pairs in copula observed between −0.5°C and 5.5°C.
Bothropolys
Bothropolys is a genus of lithobiid centipedes established by Wood in 1862. The genus comprises approximately 30 valid species distributed across North America and East Asia, with notable diversity in China. Species are primarily associated with temperate forest habitats, ranging from low elevations to montane environments above 2000 meters. Members of this genus are characterized by specific morphological traits including particular arrangements of ocelli, coxosternal teeth, and tergite projections.
Brachylomia populi
Brachylomia populi is a noctuid moth species first described by Strecker in 1898. It inhabits the inland mountain regions of western North America, with larvae that feed specifically on cottonwood, aspen (Populus), and oak (Quercus) leaves. The species has a wingspan of approximately 30 mm and is known from 133 iNaturalist observations.
Brachys cephalicus
Brachys cephalicus is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, first described by Schaeffer in 1909. The species is distributed across Central America and North America. Field observations from southeastern Arizona indicate adults are active in late spring (early June), where they have been collected by sweeping foliage of Quercus arizonica (Arizona white oak) and Quercus emoryi (Emory oak). Like other members of the genus Brachys, it is associated with oak foliage and appears to be most readily collected when host trees have freshly flushed new leaves.
Brachys floccosus
Brachys floccosus is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, originally described by Mannerheim in 1837. The species occurs in Central America and North America. Records indicate it has been collected from oak woodland habitats in montane regions of southeastern Arizona, specifically from Quercus hypoleucoides (silverleaf oak).
Bryolymnia ensina
Bryolymnia ensina is a small noctuid moth restricted to montane coniferous forests in the southwestern United States and Mexico. It was first described from Arizona in 1907 and remains one of the more narrowly distributed species in its genus. Adults fly during a brief mid-summer window, and the species is rarely encountered.
Bryolymnia semifascia
half-banded bryolymnia, half-banded bryolymnia moth
Bryolymnia semifascia, known as the half-banded bryolymnia, is a small noctuid moth native to the southwestern United States. First described by John Bernhardt Smith in 1900, this species inhabits conifer forests at moderate elevations. Adults are active during summer months and are characterized by a distinctive wing pattern featuring a partial band.
Bucrates weissmani
Weissman's Conehead
Bucrates weissmani is a katydid species in the conehead tribe Copiphorini, described by Walker in 2014. It occurs in restricted montane habitats in the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. The species is known from limited collection records and iNaturalist observations.
Caelius montanus
Caelius montanus is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aegialiinae. It was originally described as Aegialia montana by Brown in 1931. The species is found in mountainous and northern regions of western North America, including Alaska, the western Canadian provinces, and the Rocky Mountain states of the United States. Like other members of the tribe Aegialiini, it is associated with sandy or loose soil habitats.
Calacanthia
Calacanthia is a genus of shore bugs in the family Saldidae, established by Reuter in 1891. The genus contains seven described species distributed across alpine and montane regions of Europe and Asia, including the Himalayas, Tibet, and Sichuan. Species in this genus are associated with high-elevation aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. The genus is part of the tribe Saldoidini within the subfamily Saldinae.
Calliopsis subalpina
Calliopsis subalpina is a species of mining bee in the family Andrenidae, first described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1894. As a member of the genus Calliopsis, it belongs to a group of small to medium-sized solitary bees that nest in the ground. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records spanning from middle to high elevations. Like other Andrenidae, females construct individual burrows in soil to provision with pollen and nectar for their offspring.
Callophrys affinis affinis
Western Green Hairstreak, Immaculate Green Hairstreak
Callophrys affinis affinis, the western green hairstreak, is a subspecies of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It occurs in western North America, where adults have been observed in early summer. The subspecies is distinguished by its greenish wing coloration, typical of the green hairstreak group. Limited specific information exists for this subspecies separate from the broader species Callophrys affinis.
Callophrys sheridanii
Sheridan's Hairstreak, Sheridan's Green Hairstreak
A small, tail-less hairstreak butterfly with a wingspan of 20–24 mm, recognized by the characteristic straight white line crossing the underside of both wings. The species exhibits variable underside coloration from bright green to dark gray-green. It was designated the state butterfly of Wyoming in 2009. The species occupies a broad elevational range and shows significant geographic variation in wing pattern expression.
Campylomorphus
Campylomorphus is a monotypic genus of click beetles (Elateridae) containing a single species, Campylomorphus homalisinus. The genus is characterized by its rare orophilous (mountain-dwelling) habit and discontinuous distribution across southwestern Europe. Adults are small, flower-foraging beetles with generalist feeding strategies. The genus exhibits a fragmented geographic pattern hypothesized to reflect Pleistocene glaciation dynamics.
Carmenta giliae
Carmenta giliae is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It occurs in montane meadows of western North America, from Alberta and British Columbia south to Arizona and New Mexico. The species has a wingspan of approximately 25 mm. Larvae are root borers in wild Geranium species.
Carterocephalus skada
Western Arctic Skipper
Carterocephalus skada, commonly known as the Western Arctic Skipper, is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It belongs to the genus Carterocephalus, which includes several Arctic and subarctic skipper species. The species is part of a group of butterflies adapted to cooler climates and northern latitudes.
Catastia actualis
Catastia actualis is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is found in western North America, ranging from the Canadian prairies through the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. Adults are active in early summer with a relatively narrow flight period.
Ceresini
Buffalo Treehoppers and allies
Ceresini is a tribe of treehoppers within the subfamily Smiliinae (family Membracidae). It is notable among smiliine tribes as the only one with Palaearctic representatives; most other Smiliinae tribes are restricted to the Americas. The tribe includes the genus Ceresa, known as buffalo treehoppers, as well as genera such as Ilithucia, which are primarily distributed across the Andean highlands of South America. Members of this tribe exhibit the characteristic enlarged and often elaborately modified pronotum typical of Membracidae.
Cerophytum
rare click beetles
Cerophytum is a genus of rare click beetles in the family Cerophytidae, established by Latreille in 1809. The genus contains at least four described species distributed across the Holarctic region (Europe, Asia, and North America). Members are characterized by their clicking mechanism, which represents convergent evolution with the true click beetles (Elateridae). A fifth species, Cerophytum lii, was described in 2025 from Yunnan Province, China, representing the first record of the family in that country.
Chalcolepidius apacheanus
Apache click beetle
Chalcolepidius apacheanus is a large click beetle (family Elateridae) native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The species belongs to a genus characterized by metallic coloration and substantial body size among click beetles. Field observations indicate adults are associated with dead or dying coniferous trees, particularly ponderosa pine, where they have been observed at the base of trunks and in association with wood-boring beetle galleries. The species is active during summer months in montane pine-oak woodlands.
Chelis beanii
Bean's Tiger Moth
Chelis beanii, known as Bean's Tiger Moth, is a small tiger moth species in the family Erebidae. First described by Berthold Neumoegen in 1891, it occurs in montane regions of western North America. The species was transferred from the genus Neoarctia to Chelis based on phylogenetic revisions of tiger moth genera.
Chelis brucei
Bruce's tiger moth
Chelis brucei, commonly known as Bruce's tiger moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. Described by Henry Edwards in 1888, this moth is restricted to mountainous regions of western North America. Adults are active during a brief flight period in mid-summer, while larvae have been documented feeding on a limited set of host plants. The species was transferred from the genus Neoarctia to Chelis as part of a broader taxonomic reorganization of tiger moth genera.
Chersotis
Chersotis is a genus of noctuid moths in the subfamily Noctuinae, established by Boisduval in 1840. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed primarily across the Palearctic region. Species are predominantly found in mountainous and northern European habitats. Many species were described during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with several taxa originally placed in other genera before reassignment.
Chionea alexandriana
snow fly
Chionea alexandriana is a wingless crane fly species in the family Limoniidae, commonly known as a snow fly. It is active during winter months on snow fields in western North American mountains. Adults are small, measuring 4-8 mm, and are distinguished from related species by specific morphological traits including short antennae and body coloration.
Chionea obtusa
Chionea obtusa is a wingless crane fly in the family Limoniidae, one of sixteen North American species in the genus Chionea commonly known as "snow flies." Described by George Byers in 1983, this species inhabits the Nearctic region of western North America. Like other Chionea species, adults are active during winter months and are adapted to cold environments, though specific biological details for C. obtusa remain largely unstudied.
Chloealtis
slant-faced grasshoppers
Chloealtis is a genus of slant-faced grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, containing approximately five described species. Species in this genus are associated with forested and mountainous habitats in western North America. The genus has been studied extensively for its unusual meiotic chromosome behavior, particularly regarding synaptonemal complex formation and nuclear envelope attachment during cell division.
Chlosyne damoetas
Rockslide Checkerspot
Chlosyne damoetas, commonly known as the Rockslide Checkerspot, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is native to western North America, where it inhabits rocky and montane environments. The species was originally described by Skinner in 1902 under the basionym Melitaea damoetas.
Choristoneura albaniana
Choristoneura albaniana is a tortricid moth first described by Francis Walker in 1863. The species occurs across boreal and montane regions of North America and the northern Palearctic. Larvae feed on Prunus pennsylvanica (pin cherry) and Larix species (larches), making it a conifer and hardwood specialist within its genus.
Choristostigma
Choristostigma is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae, established by Warren in 1892. The genus contains approximately ten described species distributed across North America, including C. roseopennalis, which has been documented at ultraviolet and mercury-vapor light traps in mountain oak woodland habitats. Species within this genus are small to medium-sized crambid moths, though detailed morphological and biological information remains limited in the published literature.
Chrysina
Jewel Scarabs
Chrysina is a genus of large, charismatic scarab beetles commonly known as jewel scarabs. Adults are noted for their brilliant metallic iridescence, with coloration ranging from silver and gold to green, blue, and purple. The genus contains approximately 100 species distributed from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America to northern South America. Adults are nocturnal and readily attracted to lights. Larvae develop in decaying wood.
Chrysobothris axillaris
Chrysobothris axillaris is a North American jewel beetle in the family Buprestidae. The species was described by Horn in 1886. Based on field observations in the Davis Mountains of Texas, adults have been collected from Quercus grisea (gray oak) with fresh foliage, suggesting an association with oak hosts. The species appears to be active in late spring to early summer.
Chrysobothris vulcanica
A metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, found in western North America. The species is named for its volcanic association, with records from volcanic regions of the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains. Like other members of the genus Chrysobothris, it develops in dead or dying wood, though specific host plant associations remain poorly documented compared to better-studied congeners.
Cicindela decemnotata montevolans
Cicindela decemnotata montevolans is a subspecies of the Badlands Tiger Beetle described in 2012 based on morphological and molecular evidence. It represents one of four subspecific entities recognized within C. decemnotata, a species that has undergone rapid phylogenetic radiation following glacial recession in the past 10,000 years. The subspecies occupies montane or high-elevation habitats within the broader range of the species, which extends across the Rocky Mountains from the northwestern Great Plains and northern Great Basin north to Yukon.
Clepsis anderslaneyii
Clepsis anderslaneyii is a small tortricid moth described in 2009 from montane regions of southeastern Arizona. The species is known from three mountain ranges at elevations between 1,490 and 1,770 meters. Adults fly during summer months, with records from July to August. The species name honors the marriage of Sara Anderson and Malcolm Slaney.
Clepsis moeschleriana
Clepsis moeschleriana is a small tortricid moth described by Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke in 1862. It occurs in alpine and subalpine environments across a disjunct distribution spanning Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and western North America from Alaska to Newfoundland. The species has a wingspan of 15–23 mm and is active during summer months, with flight periods varying by region. Larvae feed on Delphinium barbeyi, a larkspur species.
Coccinella alta
High-country Lady Beetle
Coccinella alta is a small lady beetle species in the family Coccinellidae, first described by W.J. Brown in 1962. It is native to western North America, with confirmed records from Alberta, Utah, Colorado, and California. Adults measure approximately 4.80–5.30 mm in length and display distinctive black and pale coloration patterns on the head, pronotum, and elytra. The species appears to be associated with high-elevation or montane habitats, as suggested by its specific epithet and common name.
Coccinella monticola
mountain lady beetle, Tamarack ladybug
Coccinella monticola is a species of lady beetle native to western North America, with disjunct populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Adults measure 5.2 to 7 mm in length and are distinguished by two oval spots on each elytron plus a single spot behind the head. The species is known to occur in montane and northern forest habitats, including areas with tamarack (Larix laricina), which contributes to one of its common names. It can be confused with the similar Coccinella difficilis.
Colias christina
Christina Sulphur
Colias christina is a Pierid butterfly endemic to western North America, ranging from the Yukon and Northwest Territories south through the Canadian prairie provinces to the northern Rocky Mountain states of the United States. The species was named in 1863 by William Henry Edwards in honor of its first collector, Christina Ross. Adults display sexual dimorphism in wing coloration and are active from May through September.
Colias scudderii
Scudder's Sulphur, willow sulphur
Colias scudderii, commonly known as Scudder's Sulphur or the willow sulphur, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It inhabits mountain meadows and willow bogs across a broad elevational range from Alaska through the Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico. The species has a wingspan of 38–51 mm and is active during summer months. Larvae feed exclusively on willow species (Salix), with later instars overwintering.
Colladonus waldanus
Colladonus waldanus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Ball in 1903. It belongs to the genus Colladonus, a group of leafhoppers found primarily in North America. The species has been recorded from multiple Canadian provinces and U.S. states in western and north-central North America. Like other members of its family, it is a plant-feeding insect with piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Coloradia pandora davisi
Coloradia pandora davisi is a subspecies of giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, first described by Barnes and Benjamin in 1926. It represents the southernmost population of Coloradia pandora, distributed in Middle America and the southwestern United States. Like other Hemileucinae, adults do not feed and rely on fat reserves accumulated during the larval stage. The subspecies is distinguished from the nominate form by geographic range and subtle morphological differences.
Compsocryptus resolutus
Compsocryptus resolutus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It belongs to a genus of parasitoid wasps that target lepidopteran hosts. The species was described by Cresson in 1879. Very few observations exist, with records limited to specific locations in western Canada.
Cremastocheilus armatus montanus
Cremastocheilus armatus montanus is a subspecies of anteater scarab beetle, a myrmecophilous beetle that lives within ant colonies. Adults and larvae are predators of ant brood, feeding on ant larvae and pupae. The subspecies occurs in western North America at higher elevations, with records from montane regions of California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and British Columbia. Like other members of the genus, it exhibits specialized morphological adaptations for life within ant nests, including a heavily armored exoskeleton and modified mouthparts for piercing ant larvae.
Cryphoeca montana
Cryphoeca montana is a species of true spider in the family Cybaeidae, originally described by Emerton in 1909. It is a nocturnal spider belonging to the subfamily Cryphoecinae, which was historically classified within the family Hahniidae. The species occurs in forested habitats of the United States and Canada, where it has been documented from under bark on dead trees, in leaf litter, moss, and beneath stones.
Cryptomaster
daddy longlegs
Cryptomaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Cryptomastridae, established in 1969 and containing two described species: C. leviathan and C. behemoth. Both species are endemic to the mountains of southwest Oregon and represent short-range endemic arachnids. The genus remained understudied for decades until 2016, when expanded distributional records of C. leviathan prompted discovery of the second species. These harvestmen belong to the suborder Laniatores, characterized by relatively short legs and cryptic habits in forest floor habitats.
Cucullia montanae
Mountain Hooded Owlet Moth
Cucullia montanae, commonly known as the mountain hooded owlet moth, is a species of noctuid moth found in North America. The species was described by Grote in 1882 and belongs to the subfamily Cuculliinae. It is recorded from western Canada including Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The common name references both its mountainous distribution and the characteristic hooded appearance of Cucullia larvae.
Cyrtopogon albifacies
Cyrtopogon albifacies is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Johnson in 1942. The specific epithet "albifacies" refers to the white face, a distinctive morphological feature. As a member of the genus Cyrtopogon, it shares the general robber fly habit of being an aerial predator of other insects. The species has been documented in Colorado, including during bioblitz surveys at Blodgett Peak Open Space.
Cyrtopogon dasylloides
Cyrtopogon dasylloides is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Samuel Wendell Williston in 1883. It belongs to the genus Cyrtopogon, a group of medium-sized robber flies found primarily in North America. The species is documented in Colorado, where it has been observed in foothill and montane habitats. Like other asilids, it is a predatory insect that captures prey in flight.
Dasycerus unicoi
Dasycerus unicoi is a species of rove beetle in the subfamily Dasycerinae, a small group of beetles characterized by their distinctive compact, rounded body form that differs markedly from the typically elongate shape of most staphylinids. The species epithet 'unicoi' references the Unicoi Mountains, part of the southern Appalachian range in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. This beetle is associated with high-elevation forest habitats in the Great Smoky Mountains region.
Decticita
shield-backed katydids
Decticita is a genus of shield-backed katydids in the family Tettigoniidae, established by Hebard in 1939. The genus contains at least three described species distributed in western North America, particularly California. Members are characterized by their reduced or modified forewings and shield-like pronotum typical of the shield-backed katydid group. The genus name reflects its relationship to the broader Decticinae group within Tettigoniidae.
Delomeristini
Delomeristini is a tribe of ichneumonid wasps within the subfamily Pimplinae. The tribe comprises approximately ten species in Europe, including genera such as Atractogaster, Delomerista, and Perithous. These wasps are parasitoids, with females using their elongated ovipositors to access hosts concealed in wood or other substrates.
Diarsia calgary
Calgary Dart
Diarsia calgary, commonly known as the Calgary Dart, is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1898. It is a medium-sized moth with a wingspan of approximately 30 mm. The species occupies a broad elevational range across western North America, from subarctic Yukon through mountainous regions to the southwestern United States.
Diarsia dislocata
Dislocated Dart
Diarsia dislocata, commonly known as the Dislocated Dart, is a noctuid moth species described by Smith in 1904. It occurs across boreal and montane regions of North America, with a transcontinental Canadian distribution and scattered records in Alaska, Washington, and Colorado. The species belongs to the diverse genus Diarsia, which contains numerous similar-looking dart moths. Its common name likely refers to a distinctive wing pattern feature that separates it from congeners.
Dicerca tenebrosa
flatheaded conifer borer, Dark Jewel Beetle
Dicerca tenebrosa, commonly known as the flatheaded conifer borer, is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found across North America, particularly in boreal and montane regions. The species is associated with coniferous trees, especially pines, and has been observed on dead or dying Pinus ponderosa and Pinus monophylla. Two subspecies are recognized: D. t. tenebrosa and D. t. knulli.
Dichelotarsus fissilis
Dichelotarsus fissilis is a soldier beetle (family Cantharidae) described from western North America. Originally described as Podabrus fissilis by Fall in 1926, it was later transferred to the genus Dichelotarsus. The species is known from a limited number of records in boreal and montane regions of Canada and Alaska. Like other Cantharidae, adults are likely active during daylight hours and associated with vegetation.
Dolichovespula arctica
Parasitic Aerial Yellowjacket
Dolichovespula arctica is a social parasitic wasp that lacks a worker caste, consisting only of reproductive females and males. It infiltrates established colonies of its primary host, Dolichovespula arenaria (Aerial Yellowjacket), and exploits the host's worker force to raise its own offspring. The species is rarely observed despite being fairly common across northern North America.
Dysstroma citrata
Dark Marbled Carpet, Northern Marbled Carpet
A Holarctic geometrid moth with highly variable forewing coloration ranging from whitish to dark brown or black. Adults are active in mid-summer. The species occupies mountainous and wetland habitats across a broad latitudinal range from the Arctic to temperate zones.
Eleodes obscura
Obscure Darkling Beetle
Eleodes obscura is a large darkling beetle species in the genus Eleodes, native to western North America. Adults measure 23–31 mm in length and are characterized by dull black coloration with grooved elytra. The species occupies a broad geographic range extending from south-central British Columbia to northern Mexico and eastward to the Great Plains. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed climbing tree trunks at night.
Eleodes obscura sulcipennis
Eleodes obscura sulcipennis is a subspecies of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. It has been documented in coniferous woodland habitats of southwestern Utah, where adults are active on the trunks of Ponderosa pine and Utah juniper at night. The subspecies was described by Mannerheim in 1843 and is currently accepted as valid.
Eleodes pimelioides
desert stink beetle, stout darkling beetle
Eleodes pimelioides is a small species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. It has been observed in alpine coniferous forest habitats, where it is active at night. The species is part of the diverse Eleodes genus, commonly known as desert stink beetles or clown beetles, though this particular species appears to favor cooler, higher-elevation environments rather than true desert conditions.
Epermeniidae
fringe-tufted moths
Epermeniidae, commonly called fringe-tufted moths, is a family of small Lepidoptera containing approximately 14 genera. The family is placed in its own superfamily Epermenioidea, though its systematic position among the apoditrysian group "Obtectomera" remains uncertain. Members are characterized by distinctive projecting scale tufts on the inner margin of the hindwing and whorls of bristles on the legs. The group has been extensively revised by Dr. Reinhard Gaedike, with major genera including Epermenia, Ochromolopis, and Gnathifera.
Ephestiodes monticolus
Ephestiodes monticolus is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Herbert H. Neunzig in 1990. It is currently known only from the US state of Arizona. As a member of the genus Ephestiodes, it belongs to a group of small moths commonly associated with dried plant materials, though specific biological details for this species remain undocumented.
Epuraea linearis
Epuraea linearis is a small sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae, measuring 2.7–3.0 mm in length. The species has a Holarctic boreal and montane distribution, occurring across northern North America from Alaska and Canada southward to the western and northeastern United States. Adults are active from May through September and have been associated with coniferous hosts, particularly pine and spruce.
Erebia
alpines, ringlets, arguses
Erebia is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, containing approximately 90–100 species. The genus is notable for its adaptation to cold environments, with most species inhabiting high-altitude or high-latitude regions. Members are predominantly dark brown to black with distinctive reddish-brown, orange, or rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands that typically contain black spots, sometimes with white centers. The genus exhibits complex taxonomic history with over 1300 described taxa, many of which are junior synonyms. Erebia serves as an important model for studying climate change impacts on montane and arctic-alpine insects due to its thermal ecology and distribution patterns.
Erebia epipsodea
Common Alpine
Erebia epipsodea, commonly known as the Common Alpine, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Satyrinae. It is distributed across North America from Alaska through the Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico, and eastward across the Canadian prairie provinces to southwest Manitoba. The species inhabits alpine and montane environments, with adults active from mid-June to early August. Larvae feed on various grass species.
Eristalis bellardii
Mexican mountain drone fly
Eristalis bellardii is an uncommon syrphid fly species first described in 1867. It is found in the Southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America. The species exhibits Batesian mimicry of honeybees, with adults visiting flowers for nectar and pollen. Larval biology remains unknown.
Eudonia albertalis
Eudonia albertalis is a small crambid moth described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1928 (published 1929). The species is restricted to montane and boreal regions of western North America, with records spanning from Alberta and British Columbia southward through Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 18 mm. The specific epithet refers to Alberta, the type locality.
Eulonchus marialiciae
Eulonchus marialiciae is a species of jewelled spider fly in the family Acroceridae, endemic to the Great Smoky Mountains of eastern North America. Unlike its congeners, which are locally abundant across western North America, this species is known from only a few specimens collected within a small contiguous area. Adults are brilliantly coloured pollinators, while larvae are parasitoids of tarantulas.
Eulonchus sapphirinus
Sapphire spider fly
Eulonchus sapphirinus is a species of small-headed fly in the family Acroceridae, commonly known as the sapphire spider fly. Adults are metallic blue in coloration and are specialized flower visitors, particularly abundant on Geranium robertianum in Olympic National Park, Washington. The species exhibits sexually dimorphic flower-visiting behavior related to mating, with females moving more slowly among flowers than males. Like other members of its genus, the larvae are parasitoids of spiders, though specific host records for this species remain unconfirmed.
Euophrys monadnock
Euophrys monadnock is a jumping spider species in the family Salticidae, first described by James Henry Emerton in 1891. It occurs across northern North America, including Canada and the northern United States, with records extending south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Males are notably colorful with distinctive black and orange leg markings, while females are more subdued in coloration. The species inhabits ground-level environments in forested and shrubland habitats.
Euphilotes bernardino
Bernardino blue
Euphilotes bernardino, the Bernardino blue, is a small lycaenid butterfly native to western North America. The species was first described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1916. It occurs in montane habitats, particularly in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, though the full extent of its range extends more broadly across North America. The species comprises four recognized subspecies with varying geographic distributions.
Euphilotes enoptes enoptes
dotted blue
Euphilotes enoptes enoptes is the nominate subspecies of the dotted blue butterfly, a small lycaenid found in western North America. It belongs to a species complex with localized, patchy distributions tied to specific host plant communities. The subspecies is less studied than its federally endangered relative E. e. smithi, with most ecological research focusing on that coastal California population.
Euphydryas anicia
Anicia checkerspot, Sacramento Mountains checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia is a checkerspot butterfly (family Nymphalidae) native to the southwestern United States. The species is represented by several subspecies, including E. a. howlandi and E. a. cloudcrofti, the latter being a rare, localized form endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico. The subspecies E. a. cloudcrofti has been proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act due to its extremely restricted range and vulnerability to habitat changes. Checkerspot butterflies in this genus are typically associated with specific host plants and occupy distinct elevational zones.
Euphydryas anicia brucei
Bruce's checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia brucei is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Historically treated under the genus Occidryas, it is now classified within Euphydryas. The subspecies is associated with montane habitats in western North America. Like other Euphydryas species, it likely has a complex life cycle involving specific larval host plants and adult nectar sources.
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti
Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico. It is currently proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The subspecies is restricted to high-elevation habitats in the Lincoln National Forest, where it depends on specific larval host plants maintained in protected food plots. Its limited geographic range and specialized habitat requirements contribute to its conservation concern.
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti
Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico. It is currently proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The subspecies is known from high-elevation habitats and has been the subject of research on parasitoid interactions, specifically with Cotesia wasps (Braconidae). Its restricted range and specific habitat requirements contribute to its conservation concern.
Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri
Hopfinger's Checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Gunder in 1934. The subspecies is currently considered a synonym under Occidryas anicia in some taxonomic systems, though it remains recognized as Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri in others. It is part of the Euphydryas anicia species complex, which includes multiple subspecies distributed across western North America. The species complex is associated with specific host plants and has been subject to conservation concern due to habitat requirements and climate sensitivity.
Euphydryas chalcedona
Chalcedon Checkerspot, Variable Checkerspot
Euphydryas chalcedona, commonly known as the Chalcedon Checkerspot or Variable Checkerspot, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. The species exhibits considerable geographic variation in appearance across its range. It is found in western North America, with populations occurring in diverse habitats from coastal areas to montane regions. Like other members of the genus Euphydryas, it has been affected by the broader declines in butterfly populations documented across the western United States.
Euphydryas chalcedona wallacensis
Euphydryas chalcedona wallacensis is a subspecies of the Variable Checkerspot butterfly, endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. It represents a geographically isolated population of Euphydryas chalcedona that has adapted to high-elevation habitats. The subspecies is of conservation concern due to its restricted range and vulnerability to climate change impacts on montane ecosystems.
Euphydryas gillettii
Gillett's Checkerspot, Gillette's Checkerspot
Euphydryas gillettii is a medium-sized checkerspot butterfly native to western North America. The species exhibits variable chemical defense through sequestration of iridoid glycosides from host plants, with defensive compound concentrations varying significantly between populations based on host plant use. First described by William Barnes in 1897, this montane butterfly has been the subject of ecological research examining host-plant selection and chemical ecology.
Eupithecia nonanticaria
Eupithecia nonanticaria is a small geometrid moth described by Clifford D. Ferris in 2007. It is restricted to high-elevation mixed coniferous forests in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, specifically the Pinos Altos Range, Black Range, and Chiricahua Mountains. Adults are active during a narrow window from late July to mid-August. The species is one of many Eupithecia "pugs" that are challenging to identify without detailed examination.
Eupithecia pretansata
Pug moth
Eupithecia pretansata is a small geometrid moth in the pug moth genus Eupithecia. It is known from a restricted range in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, specifically the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona and Chihuahua. Like other Eupithecia species, it exhibits the characteristic narrow wings and distinctive resting posture typical of pug moths. The species was described by Grossbeck in 1908.
Eurois occulta
Great Brocade, Great Gray Dart
Eurois occulta, commonly known as the Great Brocade or Great Gray Dart, is a medium-sized noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults display distinctive gray forewings with bold black-and-white patterning and a wingspan of 50–60 mm. The species exhibits notable color polymorphism, including a nearly black mountain form (f. implicata) found in Finland, Germany, and Scotland. Larvae feed on various woody and herbaceous plants including Vaccinium, birch, and willow.
Euryopis argentea
Silver Cobweb Weaver
Euryopis argentea is a small cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, first described by Emerton in 1882. It belongs to the subfamily Hadrotarsinae, a group distinguished by their unique hunting behavior. Unlike typical theridiids that construct tangled prey-catching webs, Euryopis species are active ant predators that use silk in a specialized ambush technique. The species has been recorded from the United States, Canada, and Russia (Kamchatka).
Euxoa campestris
Flat Dart
Euxoa campestris, commonly known as the flat dart, is a species of noctuid moth first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. It is found across much of North America, with a broad distribution spanning from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward through mountain ranges and eastern deciduous forests. The species has a single annual generation, with adults active from July to September. The wingspan ranges from 30–34 mm.
Euxoa castanea
Euxoa castanea is a moth species in the family Noctuidae described by J. Donald Lafontaine in 1981. It is found in western North America, with a wingspan of 35–38 mm. Adults are active from July to August, with one generation per year. The species belongs to a large genus of cutworm moths, many of which are agricultural pests.
Euxoa churchillensis
Alpine Dart, Churchill euxoa moth
Euxoa churchillensis, known as the Alpine Dart or Churchill euxoa moth, is a noctuid moth species described by McDunnough in 1932. It is characterized by small forewings measuring 10–13 mm in length. The species occupies a distinctive geographic range spanning subarctic Canada and alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, suggesting adaptation to cold environments. Limited specific ecological data exists for this species, though its placement in the genus Euxoa indicates likely cutworm-type larval biology.
Evergestis subterminalis
Brown-patched Evergestis
Evergestis subterminalis is a crambid moth species described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1914. It is endemic to western North America, occurring in montane meadow habitats from Alberta to California. Adults are active from mid-summer through autumn and possess distinctive wing patterning that facilitates identification.
Evodinus
Evodinus is a genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae, and tribe Rhagiini. The genus contains four recognized species distributed primarily in boreal and montane regions of North America and northern Europe. Members are associated with coniferous forests and are characterized by their distinctive elytral sculpturing.
Evodinus monticola
Mountain Flower Longhorn
Evodinus monticola is a species of flower longhorn beetle in the subfamily Lepturinae. It occurs in montane forests of western North America, from the Sierra Nevada to the Rocky Mountains. The species is associated with coniferous forests and has been recorded feeding on flowers. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate E. m. monticola and E. m. vancouveri.
Formica argentea
Silvery Field Ant
Formica argentea is a North American ant species in the fusca group, first described by Wheeler in 1912. It is characterized by a silvery sheen on abdominal pubescence and reddish-brown appendages. The species occurs in western montane regions, including the Sierra Nevada, and has been documented as a host for the slave-making ant Polyergus breviceps. It belongs to the subsericea species complex and is closely related to F. subsericea, with which it overlaps in parts of its range.
Formica glacialis
Icy Mound Ant
Formica glacialis is a cold-adapted ant species in the Formicinae subfamily, described by William Morton Wheeler in 1908. It belongs to the Formica fusca species group and is primarily found in montane and boreal environments of eastern North America. The species is notable for its association with cold, high-elevation habitats, including areas with persistent snow cover.
Formica neorufibarbis
New World Red Bearded Ant
Formica neorufibarbis is an alpine ant species in the genus Formica, described by Emery in 1893. Research indicates this species exhibits worker size polymorphism that affects colony fitness, with colonies showing mean worker head widths ranging from 0.89–1.24 mm. The species has been studied for its nest site selection behavior at high elevations, specifically its use of rock versus soil substrates. It belongs to the fusca group within Formica and has been documented in montane environments of the western United States, including the Sierra Nevada.
Formica podzolica
Podzol Ant
Formica podzolica is a species of mound-building ant in the subfamily Formicinae, described by Francoeur in 1973. The species is associated with podzolic soils and functions as an ecosystem engineer in subalpine and montane environments. Colonies modify soil moisture and nitrogen availability around their nests, creating distinct microhabitats that alter plant community composition and structure.
Gandaritis
Gandaritis is a genus of geometrid moths comprising approximately 22 species, with 16 species recorded from China. The genus was established by Frederic Moore in 1868. Species within this genus are primarily distributed across the Palearctic region, with notable diversity in montane areas of western China. The Barred Straw (G. pyraliata) is the best-studied species, having been sequenced for genomic analysis.
Gazoryctra novigannus
Smooth Ghost Moth
Gazoryctra novigannus, commonly known as the Smooth Ghost Moth, is a species of ghost moth in the family Hepialidae. It was first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1926. The species occurs across western and central North America, from Quebec westward to the Rocky Mountains and south to Arizona. As with other hepialid moths, adults are non-feeding and larvae are presumed to feed on roots or decaying organic matter, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Gazoryctra pulcher
Gazoryctra pulcher is a moth species in the family Hepialidae, a group commonly known as ghost moths or swift moths. It is known from the southwestern United States, with records from Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1865. Like other hepialid moths, it likely exhibits primitive moth characteristics including reduced mouthparts in adults.
Gazoryctra roseicaput
Gazoryctra roseicaput is a hepialid moth described in 1893 from western North American mountain regions. Adults are medium-small with distinctive dull red-brown forewings marked by silvery-white spots. The species has a narrow seasonal flight period in late summer.
Gehringia
Gehringia is a monotypic genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the single species Gehringia olympica. The genus was established by Philip Jackson Darlington, Jr. in 1933, named in honor of physician John George Gehring. Its sole species is a tiny, shiny-black beetle with distinctive stout bristles, restricted to the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Geostiba
Geostiba is a genus of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in the subfamily Aleocharinae, tribe Geostibini. The genus contains over 250 described species distributed across Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia. Many species are placed in subgenera including Sibiota, Tropogastrosipalia, Sipalotricha, and Typhlusida. Species are predominantly found in temperate regions, with significant diversity in the Caucasus, Mediterranean, and Appalachian Mountains. Several species have been documented as predators of tick nymphs in soil ecosystems.
Gesneria centuriella
Smoky Gesneria
Gesneria centuriella is a small moth in the family Crambidae with a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. The species exhibits considerable geographic variation, with five recognized subspecies adapted to different regions from Eurasia through Alaska to Greenland and the western United States. Adults are active in mid-summer, with North American populations flying from mid-June to July.
Gillmeria albertae
Alberta Pale Plume Moth
Gillmeria albertae is a plume moth (family Pterophoridae) endemic to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Adults are small white moths with distinctive brownish-grey markings on the forewings and light brownish-grey hindwings. The species was first described in 1921 and is among the more geographically restricted members of its genus.
Gnophaela vermiculata
Police Car Moth, Police-Car Moth, Green Lattice
A day-flying moth of western North America, recognized by its striking black-and-white wing pattern with orange accents near the head. The common name 'Police Car Moth' refers to this coloration, which resembles historical police vehicle markings. Adults are active in late summer and visit flowers for nectar. Larvae feed on plants in the borage family, particularly Mertensia, Lithospermum, and Hackelia species.
Grylloblatta campodeiformis
Northern Rock Crawler
Grylloblatta campodeiformis, the northern rock crawler, is a wingless, cold-adapted insect endemic to western North America. It was the first grylloblatid species described scientifically (Walker, 1914) and serves as the type species for both its genus and family. The species occupies a broader range of habitats than previously assumed, from high-altitude glacial margins to subalpine forests and even low-elevation dry zones. Four subspecies are currently recognized, distributed across the Canadian Rockies and adjacent mountain ranges in British Columbia, Alberta, Montana, and Washington.
Grylloblattodea
ice crawlers, rock crawlers
Grylloblattodea is a small order of extremophile insects commonly known as ice crawlers or rock crawlers. These wingless insects are adapted to cold environments and are found in montane habitats, caves, and subalpine forests across western North America and northeastern Asia. The order comprises approximately 25-30 described species in five extant genera, though significant undescribed diversity is suspected. Grylloblattids are predatory, feeding on other arthropods, and show remarkable cold tolerance. They are considered a relict lineage with ancient origins, closely related to Mantophasmatodea within the clade Xenonomia (order Notoptera).
Gyrocheilus
Gyrocheilus is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae, containing only the species Gyrocheilus patrobas, commonly known as the red-bordered brown. The genus is restricted to mountainous regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. It belongs to the subfamily Satyrinae, a group often associated with forested habitats and shade-tolerant behavior.
Hecalus montanus
Hecalus montanus is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Ball in 1900. The species is distributed across northern and western North America, with records from Alaska, western Canada, and Colorado. As a member of the tribe Hecalini, it belongs to a group of leafhoppers whose biology remains poorly documented in published literature.
Heliothis borealis
Boreal Gem Moth, Boreal Gem
Heliothis borealis is a small noctuid moth native to northern North America. First described by George Hampson in 1903, it inhabits boreal and montane regions from Quebec to Alberta, with disjunct populations extending southward in the Rocky Mountains to southwestern Montana. Adults fly in late spring and early summer. Larval biology remains poorly documented, with feeding habits inferred from related Heliothis species.
Heliothis oregonica
Oregon Gem Moth
Heliothis oregonica, commonly known as the Oregon Gem Moth, is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae. First described by Henry Edwards in 1875, this small moth exhibits a disjunct distribution pattern across North America, with populations in western mountain regions and an isolated occurrence in Quebec. Adults are active during summer months.
Hemaris thetis
Rocky Mountain Clearwing, California Clearwing
Hemaris thetis is a day-flying sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae, commonly known as the Rocky Mountain clearwing or California clearwing. The species exhibits clearwing morphology with reduced wing scaling, resembling a bumblebee in flight. Adults are active from May to August and feed on nectar from various flowers. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1855 and occurs in mountainous regions of western North America.
Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis
Mount Shasta Sheep Moth
Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis is a subspecies of sheep moth in the family Saturniidae, endemic to the Mount Shasta region of northern California. As a member of the Hemileuca genus, it is a day-flying moth with reduced mouthparts that does not feed as an adult. The subspecies exhibits the characteristic orange and black coloration typical of H. eglanterina, though with geographic variation associated with its isolated mountain habitat. Like other buck moths, its larvae possess urticating spines that can deliver painful stings.
Hesperoboreus
Hesperoboreus is a genus of snow scorpionflies (Mecoptera: Boreidae) established by Norman Penny in 1977. Members of this genus are small, wingless insects adapted to cold environments. The genus is distinguished from the related Boreus by morphological features of the male genitalia. Very few observations exist, with only three records documented on iNaturalist as of the knowledge cutoff.
Hesperoboreus brevicaudus
Hesperoboreus brevicaudus is a species of scorpionfly in the family Boreidae, commonly known as snow scorpionflies. The species was described by George Byers in 1961 and is one of several western North American species in the genus Hesperoboreus. Like other boreids, adults are active during cold months and are often found on snow. The specific epithet brevicaudus refers to the relatively short abdomen characteristic of this species.
Himalopsyche
Himalopsyche is a genus of free-living caddisflies in the family Rhyacophilidae, containing more than 40 described species. The genus is primarily distributed in alpine to montane environments across Central and East Asia and North America, with its greatest diversity concentrated in the Himalayas and surrounding mountain ranges. Species within the genus have been divided into five morphological groups: kuldschensis, lepcha, navasi, phryganea, and tibetana. The genus has served as a model system for studying mountain biodiversity, gene flow, and the mountain-geobiodiversity hypothesis due to its endemic distribution in geologically dynamic regions.
caddisflyRhyacophilidaemountain-biodiversityTibeto-Himalayanaquatic-insectphylogeographygenome-assemblyindicator-speciesgene-flowHengduan-MountainsHimalayasalpinemontanerunning-waterfree-living-caddisflycocoon-makerpredatory-larvaewater-quality-monitoringadaptive-evolutionmountain-geobiodiversity-hypothesisHimalopsyche phryganea
Himalopsyche phryganea is a free-living caddisfly species in the family Rhyacophilidae, first described by Ross in 1941. Molecular phylogenetic studies have established it as the sole member of the phryganea species group within the genus. The species is known from North America, though the genus Himalopsyche is predominantly distributed in alpine to montane regions of Central and East Asia.
Hydatostega
Hydatostega is a genus of long-legged flies in the family Dolichopodidae. The genus was restored from synonymy with Hydrophorus and is now recognized as distinct. It contains approximately 11 described species with a disjunct distribution pattern.
Hylaeus basalis
Cinquefoil Masked Bee
Hylaeus basalis is a solitary bee species in the family Colletidae, commonly known as the Cinquefoil Masked Bee. It is native to North America and belongs to the genus Hylaeus, a group of nearly hairless bees often mistaken for wasps. Like other masked bees, females lack pollen-carrying structures and instead transport nectar and pollen internally in a crop, regurgitating food stores at the nest. The species has been documented in Colorado and Vermont.
Hypaurotis
Hypaurotis is a monotypic genus of hairstreak butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The sole species, Hypaurotis crysalus (Colorado Hairstreak), is endemic to montane oak scrublands of the southwestern United States and adjacent northern Mexico. The genus was erected by Scudder in 1876 based on specimens from Colorado.
Hypaurotis crysalus
Colorado Hairstreak
Hypaurotis crysalus, the Colorado Hairstreak, is a montane butterfly and the sole member of its genus. It was designated Colorado's state insect in 1996 following advocacy by a fourth-grade class in Aurora, Colorado. The species is univoltine, with adults peaking in July and August. It exhibits distinctive purple upper wing surfaces and cryptic gray undersides, and has specialized feeding habits that rarely include flower nectar.
Hypexilis
Hypexilis is a genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and tribe Graciliini. The genus was established by Horn in 1885 and contains two described species: H. longipennis Linsley, 1935 and H. pallida Horn, 1885. Members of this genus are known from western North America, particularly in montane juniper-oak-pinyon woodland habitats.
Hypochilus
North American lampshade spiders
Hypochilus is a genus of North American lampshade spiders (family Hypochilidae) comprising eleven described species, all endemic to the United States. The genus is a relictual lineage with a disjunct distribution across three montane regions: California, the southern Rocky Mountains, and the southern Appalachia. Hypochilus species exhibit extreme genetic divergence coupled with striking morphological conservatism, creating persistent challenges for species delimitation. These spiders are textbook examples of short-range endemics with naturally small geographic ranges and strict microhabitat specialization.
Hypochilus coylei
lampshade weaver
Hypochilus coylei is a lampshade spider described by Platnick in 1987 from the southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. It belongs to a relictual genus of microhabitat specialists with disjunct distributions across three North American montane regions. The species is sister to H. thorelli and exhibits extreme genetic divergence coupled with morphological stasis, characteristic of short-range endemic taxa with limited dispersal ability.
Hypochilus petrunkevitchi
lampshade spider
Hypochilus petrunkevitchi is a lampshade spider endemic to the southern Sierra Nevada of California. It exhibits extreme intraspecific genetic divergence, with nuclear and mitochondrial lineages corresponding directly to drainage basins. Populations show >15% CO1 divergence between river basins despite striking male morphological stasis. The species is a textbook example of a short-range endemic with naturally limited dispersal ability.
Hypochilus pococki
Pocock's lampshade-web spider
Hypochilus pococki is a relictual lampshade spider endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains. It belongs to a paleoendemic genus distributed disjunctly across three montane regions in North America. The species exhibits extreme genetic divergence over small geographic distances, with five identified mitochondrial haplogroups, yet shows striking morphological stasis in male reproductive structures. As a microhabitat specialist, it has extremely low dispersal ability, leading to pronounced population genetic structuring.
Hypochilus xomote
lampshade spider
Hypochilus xomote is a species of lampshade spider described in 2022 from the southern Sierra Nevada of California. It represents the southernmost known population of the genus Hypochilus in this mountain range and is considered a short-range endemic with an extremely restricted distribution. The specific epithet derives from the Yowlumni word for "south," reflecting its geographic position.
Hypotrix rubra
Hypotrix rubra is a small noctuid moth described in 2010. The species occurs in montane pine-oak woodlands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults are active in spring and mid-summer.
Isoperla montana
Montane Stripetail
Isoperla montana is a stonefly species in the family Perlodidae, commonly known as the montane stripetail. It belongs to the green-winged stonefly subfamily Isoperlinae. The species was first described by Banks in 1898 and is found in North America.
Isoperlinae
Stripetail Stoneflies, Springflies
Isoperlinae is a subfamily of stoneflies in the family Perlodidae, distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Members are commonly known as stripetails or springflies. The subfamily includes approximately 12 genera, with Isoperla being the most speciose and well-known. These stoneflies are aquatic insects whose nymphs inhabit running waters.
Juriniopsis aurifrons
Juriniopsis aurifrons is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae, first described by Brooks in 1949. The species is known from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other tachinid flies, it is likely a parasitoid, though specific host records remain undocumented. Adults have been observed visiting flowers, particularly those of rubber rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa).
Kessleria
Kessleria is a genus of small moths in the family Yponomeutidae, first described by Nowicki in 1864. The genus contains approximately 35 recognized species distributed primarily across the Palearctic region, with additional species found in Madagascar, New Guinea, and Japan. Many species exhibit narrow geographic ranges and are associated with high-elevation or insular habitats. The genus has been subject to significant taxonomic revision, particularly by Huemer and colleagues, who used DNA barcoding to clarify species boundaries.
Lasionycta coloradensis
Lasionycta coloradensis is a noctuid moth described by Richards in 1943. The species is endemic to the Rocky Mountains of western North America, with confirmed records from the Montana-Wyoming border south to New Mexico. It was among the 43 species treated in the comprehensive 2009 revision of the genus Lasionycta.
Lasionycta poca
Lasionycta poca is a noctuid moth described by Barnes and Benjamin in 1923. It occurs in alpine and subalpine habitats of the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Range in western North America. The species is predominantly found near timberline, with occasional records from adjacent forest habitats. Adults are active from mid-June through August.
Lasionycta silacea
Lasionycta silacea is a noctuid moth described by Crabo & Lafontaine in 2009 as part of a major revision of the genus Lasionycta. It inhabits high-elevation coniferous forests near the treeline in the Pacific Northwest and adjacent Rocky Mountains. The species is nocturnal and has a relatively restricted geographic range spanning from the British Columbia Coast Range and Washington Cascades to extreme southwestern Alberta.
Lasionycta subfuscula
A noctuid moth of western North America, ranging from southwestern British Columbia and Alberta through the Rocky Mountains to southern Oregon, Colorado, and Utah. Adults fly from mid-June to early September in transition zone and subalpine forests. Two subspecies are recognized: L. s. subfuscula in the southern Rocky Mountains and L. s. livida in the Pacific Northwest.
Lasionycta uniformis
Lasionycta uniformis is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, first described by Smith in 1893. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution across montane regions of western North America, ranging from southern Yukon to northern California and Colorado, with an isolated eastern population in the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. Five subspecies have been recognized, differentiated primarily by geographic range and subtle morphological variation. Adults are active during mid-summer.
Lasiopogon monticola
Mountain Sandpirate
Lasiopogon monticola is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Melander in 1923. The species epithet 'monticola' (mountain-dwelling) suggests an association with montane habitats. As a member of the Asilidae, it is a predatory fly that captures other insects in flight. The genus Lasiopogon comprises species commonly known as sandpirates, typically associated with sandy or loose soil substrates.
Lepilius chisosensis
Lepilius chisosensis is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae, described from the Chisos Mountains of Texas in 2012. It belongs to a genus of flightless weevils associated with high-elevation habitats in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species is known from a limited number of specimens and has been documented in coniferous forest environments.
Leptarctia californiae
California Tiger Moth
Leptarctia californiae, the California Tiger Moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1855, this western North American species inhabits montane environments including open forests, meadows, and clearings. It is one of few species in the genus Leptarctia, which belongs to the tiger moth tribe Arctiini.
Leucorrhinia hudsonica
Hudsonian Whiteface
Leucorrhinia hudsonica, the Hudsonian Whiteface, is a dragonfly species in the family Libellulidae. Its common name derives from its association with the Hudson Bay region. The species has disjunct, regionally rare populations in the Appalachian Mountains. As a member of the genus Leucorrhinia, it shares characteristics with other whiteface dragonflies, including the distinctive pale facial coloration that gives the group its common name.
Limenitis weidemeyerii
Weidemeyer's Admiral
Weidemeyer's Admiral is a medium-sized butterfly in the brush-footed family Nymphalidae, found across western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada and California. Adults display distinctive black and white dorsal wing patterns with rows of white spots, while the ventral surface shows brown with gray marginal markings. The species is named after 19th-century entomologist John William Weidemeyer, whose Rocky Mountain specimen was used for the original description. Larvae develop on woody plants in the genera Populus, Salix, Holodiscus, and Amelanchier, while adults feed on tree sap, carrion, and flower nectar.
Lintneria
Lintneria is a genus of sphinx moths (Sphingidae) established by Butler in 1876. Species in this genus are medium to large-sized hawkmoths found primarily in the Americas. The genus was historically merged with Sphinx but was reinstated as distinct based on morphological and molecular evidence. Lintneria species are characterized by specific wing venation patterns and genitalic structures that separate them from closely related genera.
Liodessus
Liodessus is a genus of small diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, tribe Bidessini. Species occur across the Americas from North America through the Andes to southern South America, with notable diversity in high-altitude wetlands and páramo ecosystems. Many species inhabit shallow, exposed pools and temporary water bodies, showing phenotypic plasticity in body form correlated with habitat permanence. The genus contains numerous species, with several new species described from the high Andes of Peru and Colombia in recent years. Taxonomic resolution relies heavily on male genital morphology.
diving-beetleaquatic-insecthigh-altitudepáramoAndesphenotypic-plasticityBidessiniHydroporinaeDytiscidaeColeopterawetlandtemporary-poolpeatlandsubantarctictaxonomymale-genitaliaCOI-barcodecryptic-speciesincipient-speciationhybridizationgeometric-morphometricsenvironmental-sentineldrought-indicatorSouth-AmericaNorth-AmericaFijiNavarino-IslandMagallanesPeruColombiaChileArgentinaBoliviaBogotáJunínCuscoHuánucoCundinamarcaSumapazPunasteppepeat-bogshallow-poolpuddlealtitude-3400-4900mL.-affinis-complexL.-bogotensis-complexL.-chilensisL.-affinisL.-obscurellusL.-noviaffinisL.-saratogaeL.-picinusL.-santarositaL.-alpinusL.-hauthiL.-rhigosL.-thespesiosGuignot-1939ZimmermannSharpLeConteSaySteinheilRégimbartBiströmMillerBalkeFranciscoloSanfilippoPederzaniNilssonYoungClarkHatchMannerheimCaseyAubéBalfour-BrowneBrinckPeschetSolierWhiteZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAnales-del-Instituto-de-la-PatagoniaPLoS-ONEGBIFiNaturalistCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyBOLDBarcode-of-Life-Data-SystemCOImitochondrial-DNAphylogeographypopulation-structurerange-expansionlineagegenetic-structuresubspecieslectotypeneotypesynonymynew-speciesnew-subspeciesrevisionmorphometricsallometrybody-sizebody-shapeelytrapronotumstriaecolorationpunctationhabitusoccipital-linegenital-morphologyaedeagusparamerediagnosisidentification-keytype-localitytype-specimenetymologybionomicsnatural-historygeographic-distributiondistribution-mapNearcticNeotropicalPatagoniaCape-Horn-Biosphere-Reservedroughtclimate-changeenvironmental-changesentinel-speciesplasticityadaptationphenotypic-variationhydrological-landscapewater-permanencepoolbogAltiplanoAndeanhigh-elevationmontanealpineaquaticfreshwaterlenticloticinsectbeetleAdephagaLiodessusLithophane leeae
Lithophane leeae is a noctuid moth described in 2009, notable for its extremely restricted distribution. It is known solely from the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona, making it one of the most geographically limited species in its genus. The species was named by Walsh and remains poorly known due to its rarity and limited study.
Lophocampa ingens
Lophocampa ingens is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It is endemic to the southern Rocky Mountains of the United States and Mexico. Adults are active in late spring, while larvae feed on several pine species. The species is distinguished by its patterned forewings with multiple rows of white spots on a dark brown background.
Lycaena mariposa
Mariposa copper
Lycaena mariposa, the mariposa copper, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It occurs in western North America, where adults are active in mid-summer. The species has a wingspan of 23–28 mm and exhibits the copper-orange coloration typical of its genus. Larvae feed on specific host plants including Vaccinium arbuscula and Polygonum douglasii. Two subspecies are recognized: L. m. penroseae and L. m. charlottensis.
Macaria brunneata
Rannoch looper
Macaria brunneata, the Rannoch looper, is a day-flying geometrid moth with a distinctive resting posture. The species shows a disjunct distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, occurring in boreal and montane regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. In Britain, it is highly localized to mature pine forests in central Scotland. The caterpillars feed on Ericaceae, particularly Vaccinium species.
Macroscytalus chisosensis
Macroscytalus chisosensis is a species of seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It is endemic to the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend National Park in Texas, USA. The species is known from a limited number of specimens collected at high elevations in this isolated mountain range. Its restricted distribution makes it a notable example of localized endemism in the Chihuahuan Desert region.
Manica
Manica is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae, family Formicidae. The genus contains six described species. These ants are distributed across the Holarctic region, with species found in North America and Eurasia. Manica ants are known to inhabit cool, montane environments and are among the few ant genera capable of surviving at high latitudes and elevations where conditions are challenging for most ant species.
Mannophorus forreri
Mannophorus forreri is a longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It belongs to the tribe Trachyderini, a group known for often brightly colored and patterned species. The species is rarely encountered in collections and appears to have a restricted distribution in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Field observations indicate adults are active in early autumn and visit flowers of yellow composites in mountainous areas of Arizona.
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eing-abettingbeing-facilitatingbeing-easingbeing-smoothingbeing-simplifyingbeing-clarifyingbeing-explainingbeing-interpretingbeing-translatingbeing-renderingbeing-convertingbeing-transformingbeing-changingbeing-alteringbeing-modifyingbeing-adjustingbeing-adaptingbeing-fittingbeing-suitingbeing-matchingbeing-correspondingbeing-agreeingbeing-accordingbeing-harmonizingbeing-conformingbeing-complyingbeing-observingbeing-adheringbeing-stickingbeing-clingingbeing-holdingbeing-graspingbeing-grippingbeing-seizingbeing-grabbingbeing-catchingbeing-capturingbeing-trappingbeing-snaringbeing-nettingbeing-hookingbeing-baggingbeing-landingbeing-securingbeing-obtainingbeing-acquiringbeing-gettingbeing-gainingbeing-winningbeing-earningbeing-achievingbeing-attainingbeing-reachingbeing-arrivingbeing-comingbeing-appearingbeing-emergingbeing-materializingbeing-manifestingbeing-showingbeing-displayingbeing-exhibitingbeing-presentingbeing-offeringbeing-givingbeing-grantingbeing-bestowingbeing-conferringbeing-awardingbeing-giftingbeing-donatingbeing-contributingbeing-sharingbeing-participatingbeing-engagingbeing-involvingbeing-committingbeing-dedicatingbeing-devotingbeing-attachingMegaplectes monticola
Megaplectes monticola is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. Originally described by Gravenhorst in 1829 as Ichneumon monticola, it was later transferred to the genus Megaplectes. The species epithet "monticola" refers to a mountain-dwelling habit. Like other ichneumon wasps, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The species has been recorded from Canada and parts of Europe including Denmark and Norway.
Melanoplus alpinus
Alpine grasshopper, Alpine spur-throat grasshopper
Melanoplus alpinus is a medium-sized spur-throated grasshopper inhabiting high-elevation meadows and parklands of western North America. It is distinguished by long wings, a dark dorsal stripe on the hind femur often with a wedge-shaped mark, and a bifurcate male cercus with a sharply pointed ventral arm. The species exhibits an extended egg diapause of two to three years and is considered a minor pest with potential to compete with livestock forage during droughts.
Melanoplus montanus species group
The Melanoplus montanus species group comprises a complex of closely related short-horned grasshoppers within the genus Melanoplus, characterized by montane and subalpine distributions across western North America. These species share morphological similarities that have historically complicated taxonomic boundaries, with members often distinguished by subtle differences in male genitalia and subtle coloration patterns. The group includes multiple named species that occupy overlapping elevational ranges and share ecological preferences for cooler, higher-elevation habitats.
Meris
Meris is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae. The genus was established by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. It contains five described species, all restricted to western North America. The genus is characterized by distinctive wing patterns and is part of a diverse group of inchworm moths.
Microcorsini
Microcorsini is a tribe of tortrix moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae, first described by Kuznetzov in 1970. The tribe was originally erected for four genera in Olethreutinae, later transferred to Tortricinae by the same author in 1973, with subsequent treatments returning it to Olethreutinae. The genus Cryptaspasma is the primary representative, with species distributed across the Neotropical region from Mexico to South America.
Milgithea alboplagialis
Milgithea alboplagialis is a small snout moth in the family Pyralidae, first described by Harrison G. Dyar in 1905. It is known only from the Huachuca Mountains in southeastern Arizona, where it inhabits montane environments. The species is characterized by a relatively modest wingspan of 23–27 mm. Like other members of its genus, it belongs to the subfamily Epipaschiinae, a group of pyralid moths whose larvae are generally associated with dead or decaying plant material.
Nebria coloradensis
Colorado gazelle beetle
Nebria coloradensis is a flightless ground beetle endemic to the mountainous regions of Colorado. Adults possess reduced wings (brachypterous) and are active nocturnally. The species inhabits wet ground in alpine and subalpine environments.
Nebria gebleri
Gebler's gazelle beetle
Nebria gebleri is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Dejean in 1831. It is found in North America, with a distribution spanning Alaska, Canada, and the western United States. The species comprises six recognized subspecies, each associated with specific mountain ranges. Adults are nocturnal and carnivorous.
Nebria gebleri cascadensis
Nebria gebleri cascadensis is a subspecies of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Kavanaugh in 1979. It belongs to the subgenus Catonebria within the genus Nebria. The subspecies is distributed in northwestern North America, including Alaska and parts of Canada and the contiguous United States. Very few observations exist in public databases, suggesting it may be uncommon or underreported.
Nebria gebleri gebleri
Nebria gebleri gebleri is a subspecies of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, subfamily Nebriinae. It is native to boreal and montane regions of North America, with records from Alaska, Canada, and the contiguous United States. The species is part of the subgenus Catonebria, a group characterized by cold-adapted biology and often associated with high-elevation or high-latitude habitats.
Nebria labontei
Labonte's gazelle beetle
Nebria labontei is a ground beetle endemic to the mountains of Oregon, United States. It belongs to the genus Nebria, a group commonly known as gazelle beetles for their running speed. The species was described by Kavanaugh in 1984 and is one of several Nebria species restricted to western North American mountain ranges.
Nebria ovipennis
oval gazelle beetle
Nebria ovipennis is a ground beetle endemic to California and Nevada, where it inhabits meadows and snowfield margins in upland and mountainous areas. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and carnivorous. The species belongs to the subfamily Nebriinae, a group often associated with cool, moist habitats at higher elevations.
Nebriinae
Nebriinae is a subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) established by Laporte in 1834, containing approximately 12 genera and more than 840 described species. The group is distributed across the Palaearctic region, with significant diversity in mountainous areas of Europe including the Carpathians, Balkans, and other ranges. Species are often associated with montane and submontane habitats, though some occur in lowland meadow-steppe environments. The genus Nebria is the most species-rich and well-studied within the subfamily.
Nemastomatidae
Nemastomatid Harvestmen
The Nemastomatidae are a family of harvestmen (Opiliones: Dyspnoi) comprising approximately 170 described species in 16 extant genera. The family is divided into two subfamilies with disjunct distributions: Nemastomatinae in Europe, North Africa, and western Asia, and Ortholasmatinae in western North America and eastern Asia. Members are characterized by variable body size (1–6 mm) and often possess elongated, thread-like pedipalps. The family is monophyletic and likely sister to the Dicranolasmatidae and Trogulidae.
Neophylax splendens
Neophylax splendens is a species of caddisfly in the family Uenoidae (formerly Thremmatidae). Larvae construct protective cases using silk and materials gathered from streambeds. The species was first described from North America in 1948 and has since been recorded in the Cypress Hills of Saskatchewan, Canada, representing a significant biogeographical extension linking montane regions of British Columbia and Utah to the southwestern corner of Saskatchewan.
Nepytia janetae
Nepytia janetae is a geometrid moth species that has transitioned from an innocuous, poorly studied insect to a significant forest pest in the southwestern United States. Since 1996, four major outbreaks have caused extensive defoliation and mortality of conifer trees across tens of thousands of acres in Arizona and New Mexico mountain ranges. The species exhibits an unusual life history as a univoltine, autumn- and winter-feeding looper at high elevations where temperatures regularly approach or fall below 0°F. Outbreaks appear associated with reduced snowpack, though the precise climatic mechanisms remain unclear.
Notiophilus simulator
Fall's big-eyed beetle
Notiophilus simulator is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as Fall's big-eyed beetle. The species exhibits wing dimorphism, with populations containing both short-winged (brachypterous) and long-winged (macropterous) individuals. It inhabits upland to mountainous environments across North America.
Oeneis alberta
Alberta Arctic
Oeneis alberta is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the Alberta Arctic. It inhabits prairie and montane grassland habitats across the Canadian prairie provinces and isolated Rocky Mountain populations in the southwestern United States. The species exhibits a single annual generation with adults active in late spring. Larvae feed on bunch grasses and overwinter in the larval stage.
Oeneis nevadensis
Great Arctic, Nevada Arctic, great grayling, Felder's Arctic, Pacific Arctic
Oeneis nevadensis, commonly called the great Arctic, is the largest western Arctic butterfly with a wingspan of 5.1–6.3 cm. It is distinguished by its biennial life cycle, with adults appearing only in even-numbered years for most populations. The species occurs in high-elevation habitats of the Cascade Mountains from southern British Columbia to northern California, where it represents the southernmost range limit for this Arctic group in western North America.
Oeneis uhleri varuna
Varuna Arctic
Oeneis uhleri varuna, commonly known as the Varuna Arctic, is a subspecies of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the genus Oeneis, a group commonly referred to as the Arctics, which are typically associated with high mountain habitats across western North America. This subspecies is distributed across the Canadian prairie provinces. The Varuna Arctic is one of several subspecies within the Oeneis uhleri species complex, which exhibits variation across its range in North America.
Oligostigmoides cryptalis
Oligostigmoides cryptalis is a moth in the family Crambidae, subfamily Acentropinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1896 based on specimens from Mexico. The species has been recorded from montane localities in Mexico (Xalapa, Orizaba), Costa Rica, and Panama. Very few observations exist, with only three records documented on iNaturalist.
Olophrum boreale
Olophrum boreale is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Russia, and North America. The species occurs in boreal and montane habitats. Limited observational records suggest it is not frequently encountered.
Omalorphanus
Omalorphanus is a monotypic genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) described in 1987 from the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon. The sole species, Omalorphanus aenigma, was noted by its authors for possessing multiple unusual morphological features that complicated its taxonomic placement. The genus was ultimately assigned to subfamily Omaliinae based on its distinctive defense gland structure and spiracle arrangement.
Omus californicus
California night-stalking tiger beetle
Omus californicus is a nocturnal tiger beetle species endemic to western North America, recognized for its distinctive night-stalking predatory behavior. The species exhibits notable taxonomic complexity with six recognized subspecies distributed across California, Oregon, and adjacent regions. Adults are elusive, active primarily during nighttime hours, and are associated with forested and montane habitats. The species has been subject to taxonomic confusion with related taxa, particularly regarding subspecies boundaries.
Omus californicus angustocylindricus
Narrow Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus californicus angustocylindricus is a subspecies of night-stalking tiger beetle endemic to California. It is one of several subspecies within the Omus californicus complex, characterized by its narrow, elongated body form. Adults are nocturnal and difficult to observe, with activity patterns tied to seasonal conditions. Larvae construct burrows in forested habitats, typically found along logging roads or under cover objects. The subspecies is considered rare and has been documented from limited localities in northern California, particularly in Plumas County.
Omus californicus subcylindricus
Subcylindrical Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus californicus subcylindricus is a subspecies of night-stalking tiger beetle in the family Carabidae. It is one of several subspecies within the Omus californicus complex, which exhibits considerable morphological and geographic variation across its range in western North America. The subspecies was described by Nunenmacher in 1940 and is distinguished by its subcylindrical body form compared to other members of the complex.
Onthophagus mextexus
Onthophagus mextexus is a dung beetle species in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Howden and Cartwright in 1970. The species occurs in montane regions of northeastern Mexico and southern Texas, USA. As a member of the genus Onthophagus, it is presumed to be a tunneler dung beetle that buries dung for larval development, though specific natural history details remain undocumented. The species was described from specimens collected in the Mexican states of Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, and Veracruz.
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
ArachnidaAraneaeLinyphiidaedwarf-spiderArcticborealHolarctictundramontanepredatorcold-adaptedground-dwellinghigh-latitudehigh-altitudeSaaristoMarusikChyzerKulczyński18942004-revisiongenitalic-charactersepigynumembolusconductorpalaearcticnearcticEurasiaNorth-AmericaScandinaviaSiberiaAlaskaCanadaGreenlandKazakhstanMongoliaChinaKurile-IslandsFinlandSwedenNorwayGermanySwitzerlandItalySlovakiaBulgariaCentral-Europetype-species:-Oreoneta-frigidathirty-species30-speciessmall-spidersheet-web-weavermoney-spiderLinyphiinaeErigoninaemicrohabitatlitter-dwellingcrypticunderstudiedtaxonomic-revisionmorphological-taxonomylight-microscopyspecies-descriptionbiogeographyglacial-refugiapost-glacial-colonizationendemicregional-endemicalpine-endemicArctic-endemicboreal-foresttaigarocky-habitatmeadowwetlandstream-marginsnowbedfellfieldheathmosslichenvegetationsoil-surfacestonerockboulderscreetalusdebrishumusorganic-layerpermafrostpolarsubpolarcold-stenothermstenothermstenotopichabitat-specialistconservationraredata-deficientIUCNred-listnatural-historysystematicsphylogenymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOIcytochrome-oxidase28S18SITSmorphologytaxonomyalpha-taxonomyrevisionmonographfaunisticschorologyzoogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationcryptic-speciesspecies-complexspecies-groupspecies-aggregatesubspeciesinfraspecificvariationpolymorphismsexual-dimorphismmalefemalejuvenileinstarecdysismoltingdevelopmentgrowthreproductionmatingcourtshipsperm-transferspermatophorepedipalppalpal-organcopulatory-organgenitaliaepigynevulvaspermathecafertilization-ductcopulatory-ductatriumscapemacerationdissectionmicroscopestereomicroscopecompound-microscopeillustrationdrawingphotographySEMscanning-electron-microscopyhabitusdorsalventrallateralprosomaopisthosomaabdomencephalothoraxcarapacesternumchelicerafanglegtarsusmetatarsustibiapatellafemurcoxatrochanterspinneretcolulustracheal-spiraclebook-lungcuticlesetahairspinemacrosetasensillumchaetotaxyeyeoculusocellianterior-median-eyeposterior-median-eyeanterior-lateral-eyeposterior-lateral-eyeeye-tubercleclypeusfoveapedicelwaistconstrictioncolorpatternpigmentationmelanismalbinismsizemeasurementtotal-lengthcarapace-lengthcarapace-widthabdomen-lengthleg-lengthleg-formulaindexratioproportionallometryontogenysubadultadultmaturitysexual-maturityreproductive-maturitylongevitylife-spangeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinesemivoltinebiennialperennialoverwinteringdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehalosethermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationpostural-thermoregulationactivitydiurnalnocturnalcrepuscularmatutinalvespertinecircadianrhythmseasonalphenologycalendardatemonthactivity-periodbreeding-seasonovipositioneggegg-saccocoonsilkwebsheet-webtangle-webspace-webplatform-webdome-webbowl-webfunnelretreatsignal-linedraglineattachment-discampullate-glandcylindriform-glandaciniform-glandaggregate-glandflagelliform-glandtubuliform-glandpiriform-glandmajor-ampullateminor-ampullatesilk-proteinspidroinfibroinsericingluevisciddrycapture-silkdragline-silksafety-lineanchor-lineframe-lineradial-linespiral-linesticky-spiralnon-sticky-spiralhubperimetersubstratenicheguildfunctional-grouptrophic-levelcarnivorezoophagearthropodivoreinsectivorepreycaptureattacksubdueimmobilizekillfeeddigestextraoral-digestionsucking-stomachgutmidguthindgutMalpighian-tubuleexcretionosmoregulationmetabolismrespirationtracheaspiraclegas-exchangecirculationhemolymphheartaortasinusnervous-systembrainganglionnervesensory-organmechanoreceptorchemoreceptorthermoreceptorhygroreceptorphotoreceptorproprioceptortrichobothriumtarsal-organslit-sensillumlyriform-organpedipalp-organHaller's-organcontact-chemoreceptorgustatoryolfactorypheromonesemiochemicalkairomoneallomonesynomonecommunicationsignalvibrationseismicairbornevisualchemicaltactilecopulationinseminationspermspermatozoonmedian-apophysisterminal-apophysisparacymbiumcymbiumbulbustegulumsubtegulumradixlamellaprocessapophysisflangehookcoilspiralductreservoirscleriteplatefieldfossapocketreceptaculumspermathecaeglandinsemination-ductuterusuterus-externusuterus-internusvaginagonoporeovipositorovaryoviductfolliclevitellogenesisoogenesisspermatogenesistestisvas-deferensejaculatory-ductseminal-vesiclefecundityfertilityclutch-sizeegg-numberhatchingemergenceballooningaerial-dispersalsilk-draglinegossamermigrationmovementwalkingrunningjumpingclimbingburrowinghidingrefugeshelterdefensepredationpredator-avoidanceantipredatorcrypsiscamouflagemimicryaposematismdeimaticthanatosisautotomyleg-lossregenerationinjurywoundhealingimmune-responsehemocytemelanizationencapsulationnoduleparasiteparasitoidpathogenfungusbacteriumvirusnematodemitegroomingcleaninghygieneself-maintenancesilk-useweb-useprey-captureforaginghuntingambushsit-and-waitactive-huntingsearchingprobingtestingexplorationlearningmemorycognitionbehaviorethologyecologypopulationcommunityecosystembiomebiospherehabitatenvironmentabioticbioticfactortemperaturehumiditymoisturepreci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advena
Oxycnemis advena is a small noctuid moth described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1882. It is restricted to the mountainous regions of southwestern North America, occurring in southern Arizona, eastern Nevada, southern California, and southern Baja California. Adults are active during mid-summer, with flight records from July to August. The species is one of relatively few in the genus Oxycnemis, which belongs to the tribe Psaphidini within the subfamily Amphipyrinae.
Oxygonus montanus
Catskill Mountain Click Beetle
A click beetle in the family Elateridae, native to eastern Canada. Adults have been recorded from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. The common name suggests association with mountainous regions, though specific habitat requirements remain poorly documented. Like other elaterids, it possesses the characteristic clicking mechanism for righting itself when overturned.
Pachybrachis alticola
Pachybrachis alticola is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle first described by Fall in 1915. It belongs to the genus Pachybrachis, a diverse group of small, rounded leaf beetles characterized by their compact bodies and often patterned elytra. The species name "alticola" suggests an association with higher elevations, though specific habitat preferences remain poorly documented. Like other members of its genus, it likely feeds on various herbaceous plants and shrubs.
Panthea greyi
Panthea greyi is a noctuid moth described in 2009 by Anweiler. It is known from montane regions of the southwestern United States, specifically in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and southern Utah, at elevations between 1524 and 2545 meters. Adults are active during summer months, with males having a wingspan of 38–45 mm and females 42–50 mm.
Papestra biren
Glaucous Shears, Glaucous Shears Moth
Papestra biren, commonly known as the glaucous shears, is a noctuid moth with a wingspan of 30–38 mm. The species was first described by Goeze in 1781 and exhibits notable color variation across its range, including purplish-grey, ashy-grey, and dark ruddy-grey forms. Adults are active from May to July in a single annual generation. The species has a broad Palearctic distribution and was introduced to North America in 1935, where it has since expanded southward from Newfoundland.
Paraleuctra vershina
summit needlefly
Paraleuctra vershina, commonly known as the summit needlefly, is a species of rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It was described by Gaufin & Ricker in 1974. The species is distributed across western North America, with records from Alaska through western Canada to California and Colorado. As a member of the Leuctridae, it is characterized by wings that roll tightly around the body when at rest.
Paraplatyptilia atlantica
Atlantic Canada Plume Moth
Paraplatyptilia atlantica is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, endemic to Eastern Canada. It is known only from Newfoundland and Quebec, with records from coastal and montane habitats including Mount Albert at elevations up to 1,100 metres. The species is small, with a wingspan of approximately 20 mm. Adults are active during mid-summer.
Paraplatyptilia fragilis
Beardtongue Plume Moth
Paraplatyptilia fragilis is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, described by Lord Walsingham from the Klamath Lakes area in northern California. It has a wide geographic range across the Great Basin, inland montane and desert regions from eastern British Columbia to Utah, and from New Mexico to southern California and Baja California Norte in Mexico. Adults are active in April and have a wingspan of 17–19 mm. The species is very similar to Paraplatyptilia carduidactylus but averages paler in coloration, particularly on the uniformly pale abdomen. The larvae feed specifically on Penstemon cyananthus.
Parnassius
Apollos, snow Apollos
Parnassius is a genus of cold-adapted butterflies found in northern circumpolar regions and high-elevation montane habitats including the Alps and Himalayas. These butterflies exhibit altitudinal melanism—dark bodies and darkened wing bases that facilitate rapid solar warming in cold environments. Despite belonging to the swallowtail family Papilionidae, they lack the characteristic tail extensions. The genus comprises 38–47 disputed species and serves as an important model system for studying metapopulation dynamics, population genetics, and thermal ecology in the context of climate change.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-dive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hconnectivity-conservationcorridorbuffer-zoneprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugewilderness-areaworld-heritage-sitebiosphere-reserveRamsar-siteImportant-Bird-AreaKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-Extinction-siteconservation-priorityhotspotcrisis-ecoregionglobal-200last-of-the-wildhuman-footprintcumulative-impactthreat-indexvulnerability-indexadaptive-capacityexposuresensitivityresilienceresistancerecoveryrestorationrehabilitationreintroductiontranslocationex-situin-situcaptive-breedingbotanic-gardenzoogene-bankseed-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankDNA-bankfrozen-zooarkinsurancesafety-netde-extinctiongenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-augmentationgenetic-managementpopulation-managementmetapopulationsource-sinkpatchmatrixlandscapeseascapeecosystembiomeecoregionprovincezoneregiondistrictsitelocalityhabitatmicrohabitatnicheecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichetrophic-nichespatial-nichetemporal-nichebiotic-nicheabiotic-nichemultidimensional-nichen-dimensional-nicheHutchinsonian-nicheGrinnellian-nicheEltonian-nicheresourcerequirementlimitationstressdisturbanceperturbationfluctuationvariabilityheterogeneitycomplexitydiversityredundancystabilitypersistenceadaptationacclimationplasticityevolvabilityheritabilityselectiondriftflowmutationrecombinationspeciationcoalescencedivergenceconvergenceparallelismhomoplasyanalogyhomologysynapomorphysymplesiomorphyautapomorphyapomorphyplesiomorphyderivedancestralprimitiveadvancedbasalcrownstemnodebranchcladegradesubfamilyfamilysuperfamilyinfraordersuborderordersuperorderinfraclasssubclassclasssuperclasssubphylumphylumsuperphylumkingdomdomainlifeorganismindividualetc.Phidippus asotus
Phidippus asotus is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae, distributed across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Both sexes average approximately 7 mm in body length. Males are distinguished by pale orange coloration, while females are less vividly marked. The species occupies montane habitats between 5,000–7,000 feet elevation and has been observed hunting on oak, juniper, and various shrubs. Adults mature in fall, with some individuals likely overwintering to become active again in spring.
Phlaeopterus cavicollis
Phlaeopterus cavicollis is a rove beetle in the subfamily Omaliinae, first described from the Pacific Northwest region. The species is associated with cool, moist montane and coastal environments across western North America. It belongs to a genus characterized by compact body forms and association with forest floor habitats. Available records suggest it occupies a relatively narrow geographic range compared to some congeners.
Phyciodes orseis
California Crescent, Orseis crescentspot
Phyciodes orseis is a small nymphalid butterfly endemic to western North America, with its core range in northern California and Oregon. It inhabits mountain valleys, meadows, and stream canyons, where it has been documented as part of ecosystem monitoring efforts on the Fremont-Winema National Forests. The species has experienced range contraction, with historical records from the San Francisco Bay Area now considered mislabeled or representing extirpated populations.
Phyllonorycter nipigon
Balsam Poplar Leaf Blotch Miner
Phyllonorycter nipigon is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. The species is widespread across northern North America, with larvae that create blotch mines in leaves of various Populus species. Adults are active in late summer and fall, with one generation per year. The species is named after Lake Nipigon in Ontario, Canada.
Phymonotus
Phymonotus is a monotypic genus of shield-backed katydid erected in 2011, containing the single species P. jacintotopos. The genus is distinguished by an unusually enlarged dome-like pronotum, a distinctive calling song, and seven additional morphological features. It is considered a Pleistocene relic taxon endemic to high-elevation conifer forests of the San Jacinto Mountains in southern California.
Phymonotus jacintotopos
San Jacinto shieldback
Phymonotus jacintotopos is a rare, monotypic shield-backed katydid endemic to the San Jacinto Mountains of southern California. It is distinguished by an unusually enlarged dome-like pronotum, distinctive red-and-black coloration, and a unique calling song. The species is considered a Pleistocene relic, restricted to isolated high-elevation conifer forests. It belongs to the tribe Nedubini, whose members have a Gondwanan distribution.
Pidonia aurata
Pidonia aurata is a small long-horned beetle in the subfamily Lepturinae, known from the western United States. Based on field observations, adults display a distinctive black-and-yellow color pattern and have been collected on flowers of Asteraceae and Malvaceae. The species appears to be active in early to mid-summer, with records from June at elevations around 7000 feet in northern Arizona.
Pieris marginalis
margined white
Pieris marginalis, commonly known as the margined white, is a butterfly species distributed across western North America from the Yukon through Western Canada to the Rocky Mountains. It exhibits seasonal polyphenism, with distinct spring and summer wing forms. The species utilizes plants in the family Brassicaceae as larval hosts and has been observed in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats, suggesting ecological flexibility.
Pinalitus rubrotinctus
Pinalitus rubrotinctus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1968. It belongs to a genus of mirid bugs associated with coniferous vegetation. The species is known from the southwestern United States.
Pionenta ochreata
Pionenta ochreata is a small geometrid moth found in the southwestern United States. The species was originally described by Hulst in 1898 and later transferred to the genus Pionenta when that genus was erected to accommodate species formerly placed in Antepione. Adults fly during late spring and summer months.
Plateros
net-winged beetles
Plateros is a large genus of net-winged beetles (family Lycidae), with over 900 species worldwide and 47 currently described species. It is the largest genus in its family and belongs to the tribe Platerodini. The genus has a wide distribution across the Americas, Africa, and Asia, including Sri Lanka, Indochina, Korea, and Japan. Members are predominantly found in tropical regions, with some species extending into temperate zones.
Platypalpus
dance fly, hybotid dance fly
Platypalpus is a large genus of hybotid dance flies comprising at least 580 described species worldwide, with over 200 species in Europe alone. These small predatory flies are characterized by their compact bodies, enlarged compound eyes that occupy most of the head, and raptorial front legs adapted for seizing prey. Adults are active predators that feed on small insects, while larvae occupy diverse microhabitats including leaf litter, soil, and aquatic environments. The genus has been documented in agricultural ecosystems, particularly cereal crops and greenhouses, where they may contribute to pest regulation.
Platypedia
Wing-tapping Cicadas
Platypedia is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae containing at least 20 described species distributed across western North America. Unlike most cicadas, males in this genus lack tymbal organs and instead produce sound through crepitation—snapping their wings together or striking them against vegetation. This alternative sound production mechanism enables two-way acoustic communication between males and females, as females also produce sound. The genus occurs primarily in montane habitats, with species segregated by elevation.
Platypedia bernardinoensis
Platypedia bernardinoensis is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It belongs to a group of cicadas known as "wing-bangers" or "wing-tappers" that produce sound by snapping their wings against vegetation rather than using the tymbal organs typical of most cicadas. The species is found in western North America.
Platypedia minor
Minor Cicada
Platypedia minor is a small cicada species in the genus Platypedia, a group known for producing sound through wing-snapping rather than abdominal tymbals. Like other Platypedia species, males lack the timbal organs typical of most cicadas and instead communicate via crepitation—snapping their wings against their bodies or substrate. The species occurs in western North America, where it inhabits montane and foothill environments.
Platypedia putnami
Putnam's Cicada, Putnam's Wing-banger
Platypedia putnami is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae, commonly known as Putnam's Cicada or Putnam's Wing-banger. It occurs in mountainous regions of western North America, typically at elevations around 6,000 feet in evergreen forest understory. Unlike most cicadas, males lack abdominal tymbals and instead produce sound by snapping their wings against vegetation—a behavior termed crepitation. The species has four recognized subspecies distributed across its range.
Platypedia putnami keddiensis
Putnam's Cicada
Platypedia putnami keddiensis is a subspecies of Putnam's cicada, a small, slender, hairy black cicada with orange highlights and a distinctive orange pronotal collar. Unlike most cicadas, males lack timbal organs and instead produce sound through crepitation—snapping their wings together or against vegetation to create a subtle tick-ticking noise. This subspecies occurs in western North America at elevations around 6,000 feet, primarily in evergreen forest understory. Both sexes can produce sound through this wing-snapping mechanism, potentially enabling two-way acoustic communication.
Plebejus idas aster
Idas Blue, Northern Blue
Plebejus idas aster is a subspecies of the Idas Blue butterfly, a small lycaenid found in North America. It belongs to a complex of closely related blue butterflies that have been subject to taxonomic revision, with this subspecies sometimes treated under the genus Lycaena. The species is associated with open habitats and has documented relationships with host plants and ants.
Podismini
spur-throated grasshoppers
Podismini is a tribe of spur-throated grasshoppers within the subfamily Melanoplinae of the family Acrididae. It is distinguished from other Melanoplinae tribes by a cosmopolitan northern hemisphere distribution, with substantial representation outside the Americas. The tribe comprises approximately 12 genera and at least 20 described species, organized into four subtribes (Miramellina, Podismina, Tonkinacridina) and one genus group (Bradynotae). Members are characterized by winglessness or reduced wings in many species, particularly in montane and temperate lineages.
Polites sonora
Sonoran skipper, western long dash
Polites sonora is a small skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae found along the Pacific coast of North America. It has a wingspan of 25–27 mm and exhibits one generation annually in Canada, flying from mid-July to mid-August. Research indicates this species overwinters as eggs, with snowpack providing insulating protection that positively influences adult emergence success. Climate change poses significant threats through warming winters and reduced snow cover.
Polygonia gracilis
Hoary Comma
Polygonia gracilis, commonly known as the Hoary Comma, is a butterfly species widespread across boreal North America. It inhabits forested and mountainous regions from Alaska and Canada southward through the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and the Pacific coast. The species is recognized by its distinctive wing shape with ragged, notched margins. Adults are known to overwinter, allowing for early spring activity in suitable habitats.
Prasinalia
Prasinalia is a genus of jewel beetles (family Buprestidae) established by Casey in 1909. The genus contains at least two recognized species: Prasinalia cuneata (Horn, 1868) and Prasinalia imperialis (Barr, 1969). Based on field observations by buprestid specialists, species in this genus are considered significant finds for collectors and are associated with western North American habitats, particularly in southern California and the southwestern United States.
Prophalangopsidae
grigs, primitive katydids
Prophalangopsidae is the sole extant family of the ancient superfamily Hagloidea (Orthoptera). The family comprises a small number of relict species in North America and Asia, alongside numerous extinct genera known from Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits. Extant members are known as "grigs" in North America. The family diverged from its closest living relatives, the katydids (Tettigoniidae), over 230 million years ago during the Permian, making it one of the most phylogenetically isolated orthopteran lineages. Fossil evidence documents substantial diversity during the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, with sparse records thereafter.
Prumnacris rainierensis
Cascade Timberline Grasshopper
Prumnacris rainierensis, commonly known as the Cascade Timberline Grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper endemic to the Pacific Northwest United States. The species is distinguished by its association with high-elevation timberline habitats, particularly in the Cascade Range. It belongs to the subfamily Melanoplinae, a diverse group of grasshoppers often associated with montane and alpine environments.
Pseudeva palligera
Western Unspotted Looper
Pseudeva palligera is a noctuid moth of western North America, occurring from British Columbia and Alberta south through California. It is a member of the looper moth group within subfamily Plusiinae. The species is characterized by relatively small size and unspotted wing patterning that distinguishes it from related taxa. Adults are attracted to light and have been documented in diverse habitats including montane areas and riparian zones.
Pseudeva purpurigera
Western Straight-lined Looper, Straight-lined Looper Moth
Pseudeva purpurigera, the Western Straight-lined Looper, is a noctuid moth found across western and eastern North America. Adults display distinctive thoracic and abdominal tufts that give a 'mohawk' appearance. The species has one generation annually, with adults active in mid-summer.
Psorthaspis portiae
Psorthaspis portiae is a species of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, first described by Rohwer in 1921. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States, with specific observations in Arizona. As a member of the genus Psorthaspis, it belongs to a group of wasps known for hunting spiders to provision their nests. The species is recognized by its distinctive coloration, featuring a black body with bright orange thorax and whitish abdominal apex.
Psychomastax
monkey grasshoppers
Psychomastax is a genus of monkey grasshoppers in the family Eumastacidae, first described by Rehn and Hebard in 1918. The genus contains at least four described species distributed in arid regions of the western United States, primarily California and Nevada. These grasshoppers are characterized by their distinctive morphology typical of Eumastacidae, which are known for their jumping ability and often colorful appearance. The genus name reflects their placement within the Psychomastacini tribe.
Puto
giant mealybugs, Puto scale insects
Puto is a genus of scale insects in the family Putoidae, commonly known as giant mealybugs. The genus was established by Signoret in 1875 and is distinguished by its large body size relative to other mealybugs, dense white wax coating, and distinctive morphological features including cerarii and multilocular disc-pores. Putoidae is recognized as a distinct family separate from Pseudococcidae, representing a transitional evolutionary group between archaeococcoids and neococcoids. Species in this genus are primarily associated with woody host plants in temperate and montane regions.
Pyla rainierella
Pyla rainierella is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae. It was described by Harrison G. Dyar in 1904. The species is known from the Pacific Northwest region of North America, with the type locality associated with Mount Rainier in Washington State. Very few observations of this species have been documented.
Pyrgus centaureae
Northern Grizzled Skipper
A skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, found in mountainous regions of Scandinavia. Adults fly in June and July. The species has been documented to switch larval foodplants between years of development.
Pyrgus ruralis
Two-banded Checkered-Skipper, Two-banded Checkered Skipper
Pyrgus ruralis is a small skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as the two-banded checkered skipper. It occurs across western North America from southern British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains south to central California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The species has one generation annually, with adults active from April to July. A federally endangered subspecies, P. r. lagunae (Laguna Mountains skipper), persists in a restricted range in the mountains east of San Diego, California.
Rhyacophilidae
Free-living Caddisflies
Rhyacophilidae is a family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) commonly known as free-living caddisflies. Larvae are distinctive for not constructing portable cases, instead living freely on substrates in freshwater habitats. Most species are predatory. The family contains over 700 described species, with the genus Rhyacophila alone comprising approximately 500 species distributed primarily across the Northern Hemisphere.
Rindgea subterminata
Rindgea subterminata is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1913. It belongs to the genus Rindgea, a group of North American moths characterized by relatively plain, grayish-brown coloration and subtle wing patterns. The species is known from western North America, where adults are active during the summer months.
Saphenista
Saphenista is a genus of tortricid moths established by Walsingham in 1914. It belongs to the tribe Cochylini within the subfamily Tortricinae. Species in this genus are primarily distributed in the Neotropical region, with documented occurrences in Central and South America including Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico. The genus is part of a diverse radiation of Cochylini in montane habitats.
Saphenista bartellae
Saphenista bartellae is a small tortricid moth described in 2019. The species occurs in two disjunct populations: a coastal California population found at low elevations, and a montane population ranging from British Columbia through the Sierra Nevada to the Rocky Mountains. Adults fly in mid-summer at high elevations but in autumn along the coast. The species is known from relatively few collections.
Scaphinotus debilis
weakly thorax snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus debilis is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, placed in the tribe Cychrini. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, with records from Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate S. d. debilis and S. d. alpinus, the latter restricted to high-elevation areas of North Carolina. Like other members of its genus, it is a specialized predator of land snails.
Scaphinotus interruptus
Ménétriés' snail-eating beetle, Menetries' Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus interruptus is a species of ground beetle in the tribe Cychrini, commonly known as Ménétriés' snail-eating beetle. Adults are flightless due to reduced wings (brachyptery) and are specialized predators of terrestrial snails. The species is endemic to mountainous regions of the western United States, specifically California and Oregon.
Scaphinotus johnsoni
Johnson's Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus johnsoni is a large ground beetle in the subfamily Carabinae, commonly known as the snail-eating beetles. It is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, where it inhabits coniferous forests in montane and subalpine zones. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), flightless, and nocturnal, with gregarious tendencies. As a member of the genus Scaphinotus, it is presumed to be a molluscivore, using its elongated jaws to extract snails from their shells.
Scaphinotus oreophilus
mountain loving snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus oreophilus is a large ground beetle in the subfamily Carabinae, commonly known as the mountain loving snail-eating beetle. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), rendering them flightless. The species belongs to a group of "snail hunters" characterized by robust bodies and prominent, sculptured mandibles adapted for crushing mollusk shells. It occurs in montane regions of the western United States.
Scaphinotus relictus
Relic Snail-eating Beetle, rilictual snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus relictus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the Relic Snail-eating Beetle. This species is found in western North America, with records from Alberta and British Columbia in Canada southward through Idaho, Montana, Washington, and California in the United States. It inhabits deciduous, mixed, and coniferous forest habitats. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal in their activity patterns.
Scaralina
Scaralina is a genus of planthoppers in the family Fulgoridae described in 2024. The genus contains 15 species distributed from Idaho to Panama, with most species occurring at elevations above 1000 meters. Adults are strongly attracted to blacklights and are most diverse in the Madrean Sky Islands bioregion.
Scaralina aethrinsula
Scaralina aethrinsula is a planthopper species in the family Fulgoridae, described in 2024. It was formerly confused with three related species under the misapplied name Alphina glauca. The species occupies montane habitats across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it is associated with oak woodlands.
Scaralina cristata
Scaralina cristata is a planthopper species in the family Fulgoridae, distinguished by its association with oak habitats at higher elevations. It occurs from Arizona south through the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico, overlapping in range with congeners S. aethrinsula and S. metcalfi. Adults are readily attracted to blacklights, facilitating detection and study. The species was formally described in 2024, resolving decades of taxonomic confusion under the misapplied name Alphina glauca.
Schinia villosa
Little Dark Gem
Schinia villosa, commonly known as the Little Dark Gem, is a small noctuid moth first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1864. It is primarily a western North American species associated with montane habitats, though its range extends eastward across the Canadian prairies. The species exhibits the typical Schinia trait of flower-visiting behavior, with adults active in mid-summer and larvae feeding on Asteraceae hosts.
Sclerobunus
harvestman
Sclerobunus is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) endemic to western North America. The genus was revised in 2014, which elevated several former subspecies to species rank, described five new species, and synonymized Cyptobunus under Sclerobunus. Species in this genus are primarily montane and show strong phylogeographic structure consistent with persistence in isolated mountain refugia during glacial cycles.
Sclerobunus robustus
Sclerobunus robustus is a montane-restricted harvestman species occurring in the southwestern United States. A 2014 taxonomic revision elevated two former subspecies (S. glorietus and S. idahoensis) to full species status. Population genomic research has identified multiple Pliocene-era refugia in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Intermontane Plateau, with genetically distinct clades showing patterns of isolation by distance in continuous mountain habitats and isolation by environment in isolated sky island populations.
Scopula fuscata
Scopula fuscata is a moth in the family Geometridae, first described by George Duryea Hulst in 1887. It is distributed across western North America from southwestern Saskatchewan through British Columbia and southward to California and Arizona. The species inhabits montane environments including foothill regions. Adults have a wingspan of 24–28 mm.
Scopula luteolata
Scopula luteolata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, subfamily Sterrhinae. It is restricted to western North America, occurring in montane habitats from southwestern Canada through the western United States. The species is associated with forest edge and opening habitats in mountainous regions. Adults have a wingspan of 23–26 mm. Like other geometrid moths, its larvae are likely 'inchworm' type caterpillars, though specific host plant associations remain poorly documented.
Scopula siccata
Scopula siccata is a species of geometrid moth first described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1939. It occurs in mountainous regions of western North America, inhabiting dry slopes at moderate to high elevations. The species has a relatively restricted distribution spanning from northern Colorado northward through Wyoming, western Montana, and Idaho to southern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta. Adults have a wingspan of 23–24 mm. Like other members of the genus Scopula, the larvae are likely inchworm-type caterpillars, though specific host plant associations remain undocumented.
Semioscopis
Semioscopis is a genus of small moths in the family Depressariidae, comprising approximately 14 valid species distributed across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. The genus was established by Hübner in 1825 and is currently classified in the subfamily Depressariinae. Species are distinguished primarily by genitalia morphology and grouped into seven species-level clades based on phylogenetic analysis of COI gene sequences. A new species, S. sinicella, was described in 2025 from montane habitat in central China.
Serica anthracina
Serica anthracina is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by LeConte in 1856. Adults measure 5–8.5 mm in length and exhibit variable coloration ranging from uniform testaceous to black. The species is distributed across western North America, from the Canadian prairies through the Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific coast.
Siederia
Siederia is a genus of small bagworm moths in the family Psychidae, established by Meier in 1953. The genus was erected to accommodate species previously placed in the large, polyphyletic 'wastebin genus' Solenobia, which is now recognized as a junior synonym of Taleporia. Siederia species are classified in the subfamily Naryciinae, though some authorities place them in Taleporiinae if Naryciinae is not considered sufficiently distinct. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed primarily in the Palearctic region.
Sparganothoides
Sparganothoides is a New World genus of tortricid moths established in 1986, containing 32 described species. The genus exhibits greatest species diversity at middle elevations from central and southern Mexico through Costa Rica. A 2009 systematic revision organized species into six monophyletic groups based primarily on male genitalia morphology. Biological data remain limited, derived mainly from laboratory rearings of eight species.
Sparganothoides hydeana
Sparganothoides hydeana is a tortricid moth described by Klots in 1936. It belongs to the Hydeana Group, one of six monophyletic species groups recognized in the genus Sparganothoides. The species occurs in montane regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Speyeria carolae
Carole's fritillary
Speyeria carolae, known as Carole's fritillary, is a brush-footed butterfly endemic to the Charleston Mountains of Clark County, Nevada. Described in 1942 by dos Passos and Grey, this species is notable for its extremely restricted range, having been recorded only from this single mountain range. Adults fly from mid-June to September in a single annual generation. The species is closely associated with Viola charlestonensis, which serves as the sole known larval host plant.
Speyeria egleis
Great Basin fritillary, egleis fritillary
Speyeria egleis is a medium-sized fritillary butterfly native to western North America. Adults are active from late June through August and inhabit mountain meadows, forest openings, and exposed rocky ridges. The species exhibits strong fidelity to Viola species as larval host plants. Multiple subspecies have been described across its range, reflecting geographic variation in morphology and distribution.
Speyeria hesperis irene
Speyeria hesperis irene is a subspecies of the Hesperis fritillary, a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the greater fritillary group within the genus Speyeria, which are medium to large butterflies with characteristic silver spots on the undersides of their wings. The subspecies designation indicates geographic variation within the broader species S. hesperis. Like other Speyeria species, it is associated with violets (Viola spp.) as larval host plants. GBIF currently lists this taxon as a synonym of Speyeria atlantis, reflecting ongoing taxonomic revision in this complex group.
Speyeria mormonia
Mormon fritillary
Speyeria mormonia, commonly known as the Mormon fritillary, is a small montane butterfly distributed across western North America from the Yukon to California and Nevada. The species exhibits extreme protandry, with males emerging at least two weeks before females, leading to skewed adult sex ratios toward males. It occupies diverse habitats including rocky mountainsides, meadows, grasslands, and forest clearings, with populations typically occurring in small, semi-isolated patches. Multiple subspecies have been described, reflecting the species' broad geographic range and high genetic variability.
Sphaeroderma
Sphaeroderma is a genus of flea beetles (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) comprising approximately 250 species distributed across the Old World. Members of this genus are small leaf beetles characterized by enlarged hind femora adapted for jumping. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with new species continuing to be described from montane regions.
Sphodrini
Sphodrini is a tribe of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, subfamily Platyninae. The tribe comprises more than 30 genera and at least 910 described species. Members of this tribe exhibit considerable diversity in geographic distribution, ranging from the Himalayas and East Asia to Europe and the Middle East. Some genera, such as Pristosia, show complex biogeographic patterns associated with Tertiary Tibetan faunal components and Himalayan uplift.
Spilomyia liturata
Rocky Mountain Hornet Fly
Spilomyia liturata, commonly known as the Rocky Mountain Hornet Fly, is an uncommon species of hoverfly (Syrphidae) found in western North America. Adults are notable mimics of yellowjacket wasps, exhibiting sophisticated visual and auditory deception. The species is associated with montane habitats along the Rocky Mountains, where larvae develop in water-filled tree holes.
Staphylinini
Staphylinini is a tribe of large rove beetles within the family Staphylinidae. The tribe contains at least 20 genera and approximately 120 described species. Members are distributed across multiple biogeographic regions, with documented occurrences in the Palaearctic, Neotropical, and Oriental regions. Some species exhibit specialized ecological associations, including termitophily.
Stenamma schmittii
Stenamma schmittii is a species of ant in the genus Stenamma, described by Wheeler in 1903. The genus Stenamma comprises cryptic "leaf-litter" ants found in moderately humid to wet forest habitats across the Holarctic region, Central America, and northwestern South America. Species in this genus are adapted to cool, wet environments at mid to high elevations, often becoming the most common ant genus in cloud forest leaf-litter samples. Stenamma species exhibit diverse life history strategies and nesting behaviors, including the use of clay "door-pebbles" for nest protection in some species.
Stenotothorax cribratulus
Stenotothorax cribratulus is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, originally described by Schmidt in 1917. It is a small dung beetle native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The species belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive body sculpturing. Records indicate it occurs in forested mountainous regions.
Stethophyma gracilis
Graceful Grasshopper
Stethophyma gracilis is a grasshopper species in the subfamily Gomphocerinae, native to western North America. It inhabits moist meadows and grasslands, particularly in montane and subalpine regions. The species is characterized by its slender body form and relatively long wings. Populations are typically found at higher elevations compared to many other grasshopper species in the region.
Sunira verberata
Battered Sallow
Sunira verberata is a noctuid moth of western North America, previously classified under Agrochola. Adults are active in late summer and fall. The species occupies montane and boreal forest habitats across a broad latitudinal range from Alaska to the southwestern United States.
Sympistis acheron
Sympistis acheron is a noctuid moth species described by James T. Troubridge in 2008. It occurs in montane regions of western North America at elevations between 600 and 3,000 meters. Adults are active from late July through late September.
Sympistis amenthes
Sympistis amenthes is a noctuid moth described in 2008, known from a restricted range in the western United States. It occurs at moderate elevations on the east slope of the Cascade Range and adjacent areas. The species has a relatively small wingspan and a brief adult flight period in early autumn. It is one of many recently described species in the taxonomically complex genus Sympistis.
Sympistis anweileri
Sympistis anweileri is a noctuid moth described from western North America in 2008. It occurs at moderate to high elevations (2,000–8,000 feet) in mountainous terrain from Alberta and British Columbia south to Montana. The species inhabits a range of habitats from alpine treeline to dry valley forests. Adults fly in mid-summer with a wingspan of 30–36 mm.
Sympistis cherti
Sympistis cherti is a noctuid moth species described by James T. Troubridge in 2008. It is a relatively recently described species with a restricted distribution in montane western North America. Adults are active during mid-summer at moderate to high elevations. The species is known from very few observations.
Sympistis incubus
Sympistis incubus is a noctuid moth described by James T. Troubridge in 2008. It is restricted to montane habitats in Washington and Oregon, occurring at elevations between 1,800 and 4,500 feet. Adults are active in September and have a wingspan of 28–35 mm.
Sympistis zetterstedtii
Alpine Sallow
Sympistis zetterstedtii, commonly known as the Alpine Sallow, is a moth species in the family Noctuidae. It was described by Staudinger in 1857 and is associated with alpine or montane habitats. The species has been recorded primarily in northern Europe, though the exact distribution requires verification. It is part of a taxonomically complex genus where species boundaries and nomenclature have been subject to revision.
Syngrapha alticola
Alticola Looper Moth, Alpine Beauty
Syngrapha alticola is a small noctuid moth found in high-elevation and Arctic environments across North America. The species occurs above treeline from Newfoundland to Alaska, with disjunct populations extending southward in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada to central California and Colorado. Adults are active during mid-summer, with two generations per year in at least part of the range. The species is one of relatively few Lepidoptera specialized for life in alpine tundra habitats.
Syngrapha angulidens
Syngrapha angulidens is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1891. It is distributed across montane regions of western North America from Alaska to New Mexico. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in mid-summer.
Syngrapha interrogationis
Scarce Silver Y Moth
Syngrapha interrogationis, commonly known as the scarce silver Y, is a noctuid moth distributed across northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The species ranges from Alaska and Canada through Iceland, Europe, and Siberia to Northeast Asia including Japan. Adults display the characteristic silver Y-shaped mark on the forewings typical of the Plusiinae subfamily. The species is considered scarce or locally distributed in parts of its European range.
Syngrapha orophila
Syngrapha orophila is a noctuid moth described by George Hampson in 1908. It is restricted to western North America, where it inhabits mountainous and northern coastal regions. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in mid-summer.
Syngrapha sackenii
Syngrapha sackenii is a noctuid moth described by Grote in 1877. It is restricted to the Rocky Mountains of the western United States, occurring in southwestern Montana, northeastern Utah, New Mexico, and Colorado. Very few observations exist in public databases, with only five records documented on iNaturalist.
Tenthredo maxima
Tenthredo maxima is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, characterized by a broad connection between thorax and abdomen lacking the narrow 'wasp waist' of other Hymenoptera. The species comprises two recognized subspecies: T. m. maxima and T. m. retura (formerly T. retura). It occupies a unique phylogenetic position within the genus, forming its own species group with no close relatives in North America. The species has been extensively studied for its geographic variation across western North American mountain systems.
Tetracis montanaria
Tetracis montanaria is a recently described geometrid moth species known only from a restricted high-elevation range in southeastern Arizona. Described by Ferris in 2010, it represents one of three new species added to the genus during a major taxonomic revision that synonymized Synaxis with Tetracis. The species inhabits montane aspen-coniferous forests at elevations between 2,440 and 2,715 meters. Adults are active in early autumn, with flight records from early October and possibly late September.
Thanatus altimontis
Thanatus altimontis is a running crab spider in the family Philodromidae, first described by Gertsch in 1933. As a member of the genus Thanatus, it shares the characteristic ground-dwelling hunting behavior typical of this group, contrasting with the vegetation-dwelling habits of related slender crab spiders (Tibellus). The species occurs in mountainous regions of western North America, with records from the western United States, Mexico, and western Canadian provinces. Like other Thanatus species, it likely overwinters as an adult and becomes active in early spring, when specimens have been observed basking on warm surfaces.
Tinacrucis
Tinacrucis is a genus of tortricid moths established by Powell in 1986. The genus exhibits marked sexual dimorphism, with males and females showing distinct morphological differences. It contains six described species distributed primarily in Mexico and Central America, with one species extending into the mountains of Arizona. Tinacrucis noroesta is noted as North America's largest tortricine moth.
Tinagma dryadis
Tinagma dryadis is a small moth in the family Douglasiidae, described by Staudinger in 1872. It has a wingspan of 7–8 mm and is active in July. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Dryas octopetala.
Titanoecidae
Rock Weavers
Titanoecidae is a family of cribellate spiders comprising five genera and approximately 67 species. Members are primarily dark-colored web-builders that construct woolly, cribellate silk webs. The family occurs across the New World and Eurasia, with several species inhabiting high-altitude mountain environments where they can achieve high local abundance. The family was elevated from Amaurobiidae by Lehtinen in 1967.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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deceptum
Tragidion deceptum is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) described by Swift & Ray in 2008 during a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus. It occurs in montane habitats of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it breeds in recently dead oak branches. The species exhibits Batesian mimicry of tarantula hawk wasps (Pompilidae: Pepsis, Hemipepsis), with bright orange-red and black coloration. It is one of several Tragidion species historically confused under the name T. 'annulatum' prior to the 2008 revision.
Tricholita knudsoni
Tricholita knudsoni is a species of owlet moth described in 2009 from western Texas. It is a relatively small noctuid with a wingspan of 33–35 mm. The species is known from a restricted geographic range in the Trans-Pecos region, with all documented records from light trap collections between late August and late October. It was described by Crabo and Lafontaine during their revision of related noctuid genera.
Triclonella xuthocelis
Triclonella xuthocelis is a small moth species described by Hodges in 1962. It belongs to the family Momphidae (formerly placed in Cosmopterigidae), a group of small gelechioid moths. The species is restricted to montane regions at the border of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is known from relatively few observations, reflecting either genuine rarity or limited survey effort in its high-elevation habitat.
Trimerotropis bernardi
San Bernardino grasshopper, forest falls grasshopper, San Bernardino Mountain grasshopper
Trimerotropis bernardi is a band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Rentz & Weissman in 1984. The species is endemic to the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, with records indicating presence in forested montane habitats. It belongs to a genus of grasshoppers typically associated with open, often sandy or rocky terrain, though this species appears restricted to higher elevation coniferous forest environments. Available observational data remains limited, with few documented occurrences.
Trirhabda borealis
Boreal Goldenrod Leaf Beetle
Trirhabda borealis is a skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is a specialist herbivore associated with goldenrod (Solidago) and has been studied for its movement behavior in fragmented versus continuous habitats. The species occurs in North America, with records from western Canada and the northern United States.
Udea abstrusa
Udea abstrusa is a small crambid moth described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1966. It is distributed across western North America from the Canadian prairie provinces and northern territories south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and New Mexico. The species exhibits notable subspecific variation, with four recognized subspecies occupying distinct geographic ranges. Adults are active in mid-summer.
Udeopsylla
robust camel cricket
Udeopsylla is a monotypic genus of camel crickets in the family Rhaphidophoridae, containing only the species Udeopsylla robusta. These insects are nocturnal, wingless orthopterans with distinctive defensive behaviors when disturbed, including regurgitation, defecation, and adopting exaggerated postures. The genus was established by Scudder in 1862.
Udeopsylla robusta
Robust Camel Cricket
Udeopsylla robusta, commonly known as the Robust Camel Cricket, is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. First described by Haldeman in 1850 under the name Phalangopsis robustus, this species is native to North America and has been recorded from the United States and Mexico. The species is characterized by its robust body form typical of camel crickets, with a humpbacked appearance and long antennae. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed in various habitats including oak-juniper woodlands and montane environments.
Ufeus felsensteini
Ufeus felsensteini is a small noctuid moth described in 2013, known exclusively from the Santa Catalina Mountains in southeastern Arizona. The species exhibits unusual seasonality among temperate moths: adults emerge in spring and enter an overwintering state, with most flight activity occurring during winter months. It is one of the few species in the genus Ufeus, a small noctuid lineage.
Utacapnia logana
Logan Snowfly
Utacapnia logana is a small winter-emerging stonefly in the family Capniidae, commonly known as the Logan Snowfly. It is native to the Rocky Mountain region of the western United States, where it inhabits cold, clean mountain streams. Adults emerge during winter months, a trait characteristic of the Capniidae family. The species was originally described as Capnia logana in 1965 before being transferred to the genus Utacapnia.
Xanthippus corallipes altivolus
Red shanks
Xanthippus corallipes altivolus is a subspecies of the redshanked grasshopper found from foothills to timberline in Colorado and western North America. Adults are medium to large, tan-colored grasshoppers with distinctive red inner hind femora and orange hind tibiae. This subspecies is distinguished from other X. corallipes subspecies by its high-elevation habitat. Populations can cause significant damage to rangeland grasses during outbreak years.
Xylechinus montanus
crenulate bark beetle
Xylechinus montanus is a species of crenulate bark beetle described by Blackman in 1940. It is a member of the weevil family Curculionidae and has been recorded in North America, with distribution records from Alaska and western Canadian provinces including Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan. As a bark beetle, it is likely associated with woody vegetation, though specific ecological details remain limited.
Xysticus montanensis
Montane Crab Spider
Xysticus montanensis is a species of crab spider in the family Thomisidae, first described by Keyserling in 1887. It is distributed across western and central North America, with records from Canadian provinces including Alberta, British Columbia, and Manitoba, as well as the United States. As a member of the genus Xysticus, it shares the typical crab spider morphology and ambush-hunting behavior, though species-specific details remain limited in the literature.
Zelotes subterraneus
Ground spider
Zelotes subterraneus is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae and the type species of the genus Zelotes. It has a Palearctic distribution across Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The species is notoriously difficult to identify, particularly females, due to striking similarity with congeners Zelotes apricorum and Zelotes latreillei. Males can be distinguished by examination of embolus structure on the pedipalps. Body length ranges from 3.8-7.8 mm in males and 5.8-9.2 mm in females. It is an active nocturnal hunter that does not build webs for prey capture.
Zopherus nodulosus haldemani
Texas Ironclad Beetle
Zopherus nodulosus haldemani, commonly known as the Texas Ironclad Beetle, is a subspecies of ironclad beetle in the family Zopheridae. These beetles are renowned for their exceptionally hard, heavily sclerotized exoskeletons that make them notoriously difficult to pin for collection. The species exhibits nocturnal activity patterns, with adults frequently observed on tree trunks at night. The subspecies name honors American entomologist Samuel Stehman Haldeman.