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Cancer productus
Red Rock Crab, Pearl of the Pacific Northwest
A large, commercially harvested crab native to the eastern Pacific coast of North America. Adults display distinctive brick-red coloration with large pincers bearing black tips. The species inhabits intertidal to subtidal waters and is an opportunistic carnivore, feeding on barnacles, small crabs, and fish. It is subject to sport and commercial fisheries, particularly in California and Washington.
crustacean commercial-fishery carnivore intertidal benthic Pacific-coast burrowing-behavior
Cicindela limbata
Sandy Tiger Beetle
Cicindela limbata, the sandy tiger beetle, is a North American tiger beetle species specialized for life in dry sand dune habitats. It is characterized by extensive white maculations on the elytra that serve as thermal reflectance adaptations. The species exhibits a fragmented distribution across the Great Plains and boreal regions, with five recognized subspecies showing geographic variation in maculation patterns and body size correlated with local climate conditions. Populations display behavioral thermoregulation through midday burrowing into sand to avoid extreme surface temperatures.
tiger-beetle sand-dune-specialist thermoregulation subspeciation fragmented-distribution Great-Plains boreal Nebraska-Sandhills burrowing-behavior white-sand-habitat
Cicindela limbata limbata
Sandy Tiger Beetle
Cicindela limbata limbata is the nominate subspecies of the sandy tiger beetle, restricted to dry sand blowout and dune habitats in the Nebraska Sandhills and adjacent areas of Wyoming and South Dakota. It is characterized by extensively developed white maculations on the elytra with metallic green or blue sutural areas and discal markings. The subspecies exhibits distinct thermal adaptations including dense ventral pilosity and midday burrowing behavior to avoid extreme surface temperatures. Eastern populations show reddish suffusion in the green sutural areas, while western populations lack this trait.
tiger-beetle sand-dune-specialist thermal-adaptation burrowing-behavior Nebraska-endemic
Macromia illinoiensis
swift river cruiser, Illinois river cruiser
Macromia illinoiensis, commonly known as the swift river cruiser or Illinois river cruiser, is a dragonfly species in the family Macromiidae. The aquatic larval stage has been extensively studied due to its interactions with the invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), which frequently colonizes larval bodies. Research demonstrates that zebra mussel attachment impairs larval foraging behavior, reducing prey capture efficiency and altering burying behavior. Mussel colonization creates a positive feedback loop where colonized larvae bury more shallowly, increasing further colonization risk. These effects are density-dependent and reversible when mussels are lost, typically at molting. The species' life cycle spans aquatic and terrestrial habitats, making population impacts from mussel colonization potentially significant for ecosystem dynamics.
dragonfly Odonata zebra-mussel invasive-species Dreissena-polymorpha freshwater predator burrowing-behavior ecological-impact
Prionus integer
Prionus integer is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) in the subgenus Homaesthesis, endemic to the United States and found in shortgrass prairie habitats of the Great Plains. Adults exhibit unusual burrowing behavior, with both sexes creating shallow soil burrows. Males are strongly attracted to prionic acid pheromone lures, and adult activity appears triggered by rainfall events. The species was described by LeConte in 1851 and remains poorly known compared to economically important congeners.
Cerambycidae Prioninae longhorned-beetle Great-Plains shortgrass-prairie pheromone-attraction burrowing-behavior root-feeder
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae burrowing-mayflies Neotropical clay-bank-habitat U-shaped-tunnels mandibular-tusks Tortopsis Campsurinae Panamerican-distribution cladistic-revision synapomorphy parastyli-receptors flattened-penes furcasternal-protuberances subapical-tubercles limnological-sampling-bias nymph-morphology adult-morphology type-species-T.-igaranus new-species-T.-arenales Ecuador Colombia Argentina Molineri-2008 Needham-&-Murphy-1924 Zootaxa Arthropod-Systematics-&-Phylogeny Florida-Entomologist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI-Taxonomy embryonic-development early-instar-behavior T.-harrisi T.-bellus T.-circumfluus T.-zottai T.-igaranus T.-incertus T.-coreguaje Tortopsis-toro Tortopsis-andaki Tortopsis-limoncocha Tortopsis-spatula aquatic-insects freshwater riverine lotic ephemeropteran-systematics taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-analysis morphological-characters egg-morphology male-imago-description female-adult-description keys-to-species SEM-photography line-drawings type-material-examination redescription comparative-diagnosis burrowing-behavior clay-substrate tunnel-construction sampling-methodology surber-sampler-limitations drift-net-avoidance Panama South-America Central-America mayfly-diversity highest-diversity-Neotropics Asthenopodinae Ephemeroidea Hexapoda Metazoa Eukaryota accepted-genus higher-rank-match observation-count-2 no-Wikipedia-summary DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1 DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4 DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735 DOI-10.2307/3493493 Scott-et-al.-1959 Navás Ulmer Traver Lugo-Ortiz-&-McCafferty Domínguez Banks McDunnough Pictet Needham-&-Murphy freshwater-ecology aquatic-entomology insect-development nymphal-stages imago-description alate-adults wing-venation R-sector gonopore-structure parastyli-length pedestal-morphology lateral-view-curvature mandibular-morphology tusk-tubercles mesosternal-structure abdominal-sternum-notch furcasternum protuberance-configuration receptor-socket-orientation IR-vein R2-vein claw-like-structure gonopore-association penis-base-separation female-fore-wing additional-veins comparative-morphology type-specimen holotype allotype paratype neotropical-species new-species-description species-key identification-key male-adult-key female-adult-key nymph-key generic-key Polymitarcyidae-genera systematics phylogeny cladistics monophyly sister-group character-state transformation-series parsimony-analysis morphological-data-set external-morphology egg-chorion micropyle egg-burster hatching emergence behavioral-study early-instar embryology oviposition substrate-preference habitat-specificity endemic regional-diversity conservation biomonitoring water-quality-indicator macroinvertebrate benthic infaunal interstitial hyporheic river-bank stream-bank erosion sediment particle-size clay-content bank-stability root-mat vegetation-association flow-regime current-velocity depth width stream-order catchment basin ecoregion biogeography dispersal colonization vicariance 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