Disjunct-distribution

Guides

Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
Buprestidae metallic-wood-boring-beetle flower-visiting southwestern-North-America Arizona Mexico Acmaeodera Coleoptera diurnal-beetle July September Allionia Talinum Evolvulus Cazier-1940 jewel-beetle buprestid insect beetle arthropod animal Nearctic Neotropic Middle-America North-America Central-America accepted-species exact-match 103-observations iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia Ted-C.-MacRae Beetles-In-The-Bush field-collecting Arizona-blue-eyes White's-flameflower creeping-four-o'clock flower-host sky-islands Santa-Rita-Mountains Huachuca-Mountains Box-Canyon Copper-Canyon Gardner-Canyon Montosa-Canyon ruby-road Atascosa-Mountains Madera-Canyon Florida-Canyon summer-activity fall-activity July-collecting September-collecting beating-sheet sweeping visual-detection diurnal-activity flower-perching rare-beetle uncommon-species target-species buprestophile Cazier 1940 original-description type-locality species-description taxonomic-authority canonical-name scientific-name rank-species status-accepted match-type-exact kingdom-Animalia phylum-Arthropoda class-Insecta order-Coleoptera family-Buprestidae genus-Acmaeodera species-parkeri specific-epithet-parkeri classification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Coleoptera-Polyphaga-Elateriformia-Buprestoidea-Buprestidae-Acmaeodera-Acmaeodera-parkeri distribution-Nearctic-Neotropic Middle-America-present North-America-present 103-iNaturalist-observations Wikipedia-summary found-in-Central-America-and-North-America field-notes collecting-trip Arizona-2021 Arizona-2019 Arizona-2018 New-Mexico-2018 Texas-2018 Jeff-Huether Art-Evans Margarethe-Brummermann Norm-Woodley Steve-Lingafelter Rob-Velten beetle-collecting insect-collecting entomology coleopterology buprestology jewel-beetles metallic-beetles flower-beetles pollen-feeders nectar-feeders floral-hosts host-plant-associations plant-insect-interactions ecology natural-history biodiversity conservation taxonomy systematics nomenclature authorship-Cazier-1940 original-combination current-combination valid-name accepted-name species-level-taxon no-subspecies no-synonyms-listed no-common-names no-vernacular-names specialist-pollinator generalist-flower-visitor montane-species desert-species riparian-species oak-woodland mesquite-scrub grassland chaparral sky-island-ecosystem Madrean-sky-islands Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Arizona-transition-zone Mexican-Plateau southeastern-Arizona southwestern-New-Mexico western-Texas northern-Mexico Mexican-states US-states habitat-generalist habitat-specialist elevational-range seasonal-phenology adult-emergence reproductive-biology larval-biology-unknown wood-boring-larvae xylophagous phytophagous herbivorous anthophilous flower-loving diurnal crepuscular nocturnal-unknown flight-capability active-flier visual-acuity color-vision metallic-coloration structural-color elytral-sculpture pronotal-shape antennal-serration tarsal-formula larval-host-unknown possibly-oak possibly-mesquite possibly-legume possibly-herbaceous field-identification-difficult museum-identification-required genitalia-examination type-specimen-comparison expert-determination voucher-specimens collection-records observation-records citizen-science iNaturalist-platform GBIF-portal Catalogue-of-Life-database Wikipedia-encyclopedia Beetles-In-The-Bush-blog Ted-C.-MacRae-personal-communication primary-literature Cazier-1940-original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-revisions phylogenetic-placement Acmaeodera-genus-group Acmaeoderini-tribe Buprestinae-subfamily Buprestidae-family Elateriformia-infraorder Polyphaga-suborder Coleoptera-order Insecta-class Hexapoda-superclass Arthropoda-phylum Animalia-kingdom Eukaryota-domain biogeography dispersal range-extension range-contraction population-status abundance rarity conservation-status data-deficient IUCN-not-evaluated endemism regional-endemic widespread disjunct-distribution continuous-distribution habitat-fragmentation climate-change-vulnerability collection-bias sampling-effort detection-probability species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche fundamental-niche realized-niche biotic-interactions competition predation parasitism mutualism pollination food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore detritivore-unknown carnivore-unknown omnivore-unknown behavioral-ecology foraging mate-location oviposition larval-development pupal-development adult-longevity generation-time voltinism univoltine bivoltine-unknown multivoltine-unknown overwintering diapause cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance water-balance metabolic-rate activity-temperature thermal-biology biochemical-adaptation morphological-adaptation evolutionary-history phylogeny diversification speciation adaptive-radiation convergent-evolution mimicry aposematism crypsis camouflage sexual-dimorphism sexual-selection mating-system reproductive-strategy fecundity egg-production larval-survival 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exploitation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-point regime-shift hysteresis alternative-stable-state critical-transition early-warning-signals resilience-assessment vulnerability-assessment risk-assessment uncertainty precautionary-principle robust-decision-making flexible-decision-making adaptive-governance polycentric-governance network-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research multidisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research action-research participatory-research community-based-research indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge expert-knowledge scientific-knowledge knowledge-integration knowledge-co-production boundary-organization science-policy-interface diplomacy negotiation conflict-resolution environmental-justice social-equity intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capabilities-approach human-well-being quality-of-life human-development sustainable-livelihoods ecosystem-services-framework nature's-contributions-to-people IPBES CBD UNFCCC UNCCD Ramsar CMS CITES World-Heritage Man-and-the-Biosphere IPCC FAO WHO UNEP UNDP GEF World-Bank regional-development-banks bilateral-agencies NGOs civil-society private-sector business industry agriculture forestry fisheries mining energy tourism recreation education research enforcement compliance legitimacy accountability transparency participation inclusion empowerment capacity-building technology-transfer financial-transfer north-south south-south triangular-cooperation global-partnership solidarity common-but-differentiated-responsibilities polluter-pays-principle user-pays-principle beneficiary-pays-principle precaution prevention intergenerational-responsibility intragenerational-responsibility stewardship custodianship guardianship trusteeship common-heritage-of-humankind 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punishment voluntary-action mandatory-action hybrid-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-back rowing-forward rowing-together rowing-apart rowing-in-circles rowing-against-the-current rowing-with-the-current rowing-upstream rowing-downstream rowing-across rowing-through rowing-beyond rowing-within rowing-without rowing-above rowing-below rowing-beside rowing-between rowing-among rowing-amidst rowing-throughout rowing-everywhere rowing-nowhere rowing-somewhere rowing-anywhere
Aenigmatias
Aenigmatias is a genus of wingless (apterous) scuttle flies in the family Phoridae, characterized by a distinctive cockroach-like morphology. The genus was originally described from Denmark and long known from only a single specimen found beneath a stone. Subsequent records have documented species across North America (Arizona), Europe, and Asia, with a recent first record in Egypt extending the range to North Africa. The genus belongs to the subfamily Aenigmatiinae and tribe Aenigmatiini, representing an anomalous lineage within Phoridae due to its flightless condition and cryptic habits.
apterous wingless cryptic Phoridae scuttle-fly disjunct-distribution sericulture-association
Anterastria
A small genus of noctuid moths established by Japanese lepidopterist Shigero Sugi in 1982. The genus comprises two disjunct species with remarkably different geographic ranges: one Palearctic species distributed across south-eastern Siberia, Korea, and Japan, and one Nearctic species found in Tennessee, United States.
Noctuidae Acronictinae dagger-moths trans-Pacific-disjunction Sugi-1982 Palearctic Nearctic disjunct-distribution
Aplomerus
A small genus of parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Xoridinae (Ichneumonidae). The genus exhibits a disjunct distribution across North America, Japan, and southeast Asia. Eight species are currently recognized, including two described from the Oriental region (Thailand and Vietnam) and one from Japan. Aplomerus is considered a basal lineage within Xoridinae.
parasitoid Xoridinae Ichneumonidae disjunct-distribution basal-lineage Oriental-region Nearctic Palearctic Japan Thailand Vietnam
Attenella margarita
spiny crawler mayfly
Attenella margarita is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae. It exhibits a disjunct east-west distribution pattern across North America, which is rare among mayflies. The species has been documented from the southern half of Canada and the continental United States, with a southeastern range extension to North Carolina representing approximately 1,300 km beyond previously known western localities.
spiny-crawler-mayfly Ephemerellidae disjunct-distribution North-America Great-Smoky-Mountains larval-morphology range-extension sympatry freshwater-insect aquatic-insect benthic-macroinvertebrate stream-ecology mayfly Ephemeroptera
Baeoalitriozus
Baeoalitriozus is a genus of psyllids (true bugs in the family Triozidae) comprising at least 16 described species. The genus was established by Li in 2011 and has a notably broad geographic distribution spanning three continents: North America, Africa, and Southeastern Asia. Species in this genus are associated with diverse host plants, including Diospyros (persimmon) and Sersalisia. The genus demonstrates considerable taxonomic diversity with species described across multiple decades by various psyllid specialists including Crawford, Tuthill, Hollis, and Buckton.
psyllid Triozidae Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding disjunct-distribution
Brephidium
pygmy blues
Brephidium is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as pygmy blues. The genus contains three species with a striking disjunct distribution: two species occur in the Americas (Brephidium exilis and Brephidium pseudofea), while the third (Brephidium metophis) is found in southern Africa. These are among the smallest butterflies in the world, with Brephidium exilis being the smallest butterfly in North America.
Lycaenidae Polyommatinae Polyommatini butterflies pygmy-blues disjunct-distribution smallest-butterfly salt-marsh-insects arid-habitat-specialists
Broscodera
Broscodera is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, established by Lindroth in 1961. The genus comprises at least four described species distributed across East Asia and western North America. Members of this genus belong to the subfamily Broscinae, a group of predominantly nocturnal beetles often associated with moist habitats. The genus shows a disjunct distribution pattern, with species occurring in China, Nepal, and the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Carabidae ground-beetle Broscinae Holarctic disjunct-distribution
Buemarinoidae
Buemarinoid Harvestmen
Buemarinoidae is a small family of harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) comprising approximately six genera and six described species. The family belongs to the superfamily Triaenonychoidea, which contains over 440 species across four families. Buemarinoidae is considered an ancient, relictual lineage with a disjunct global distribution and a high prevalence of monotypic genera, suggesting significant historical extinction events.
harvestmen Opiliones Laniatores relictual ancient-lineage monotypic-genera Triaenonychoidea disjunct-distribution
Caddo agilis
Caddo agilis is a species of harvestman (Opiliones) in the family Caddidae, first described by Nathan Banks in 1892. It exhibits a disjunct distribution spanning North America and Japan, a pattern shared with its congener Caddo pepperella. Phylogenetic evidence indicates these two species diverged before acquiring their current geographic ranges, suggesting the disjunction resulted from vicariance rather than recent dispersal. The species belongs to a small family of harvestmen characterized by distinctive morphological features.
harvestman Opiliones disjunct-distribution vicariance Caddidae
Caddo pepperella
Caddo pepperella is a species of harvestman (Opiliones: Caddidae) described by Shear in 1975. It occurs in North America and is sympatric with the closely related Caddo agilis. Phylogenetic studies indicate that C. pepperella and C. agilis diverged before acquiring their current disjunct distributions in North America and Japan. Like other members of the family Caddidae, it belongs to the suborder Eupnoi and possesses the characteristic elongated body form and reduced eyes typical of this harvestman family.
harvestman Opiliones Caddidae North-America phylogeography disjunct-distribution
Carabus chamissonis
Fisher's worm and slug hunter
Carabus chamissonis is a ground beetle species restricted to tundra environments across northern North America. It occupies open, dry tundra habitats with better drainage than those used by the related Carabus truncaticollis. The species exhibits brachyptery (reduced wings) and nocturnal activity patterns. Adults overwinter within their own pupal cavities, an unusual behavior among ground beetles. Disjunct populations occur on isolated mountaintops in New England, far south of the main Arctic range.
ground-beetle tundra Arctic brachypterous nocturnal alpine disjunct-distribution
Centris lanosa
Wooly Oil-Digger
Centris lanosa is a specialized oil-collecting bee in the family Apidae, commonly known as the wooly oil-digger. It is one of the few bee species that has evolved to collect fatty oils rather than nectar from flowers, specifically from Krameria species. The bee mixes these oils with pollen to provision its larvae. It has a disjunct distribution across the southeastern and southwestern United States, with populations separated by more than 250 km.
oil-collecting-bee Krameria-pollinator disjunct-distribution specialized-forager ground-nesting-bee
Centrodera spurca
yellow Douglas-fir borer
Centrodera spurca, commonly known as the yellow Douglas-fir borer, is a species of flower longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It is native to North America, with records from western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta) and the western United States. The species has been documented in coniferous forest habitats, particularly in association with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). A notable disjunct population occurs in the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico, separated from the main Pacific Coast distribution.
Cerambycidae Lepturinae flower-longhorn conifer-associate Douglas-fir western-North-America disjunct-distribution bait-trap montane-forest alpine-coniferous-forest
Chasmatonotus
Chasmatonotus is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. The genus contains approximately 14 described species and exhibits a disjunct distribution spanning Japan, the Nearctic region, and Continental Asia. Adults are fully winged but non-flying, a distinctive trait among chironomids. The genus was historically considered restricted to Japan and North America until the 2023 discovery of a species in Korea.
chironomidae orthocladiinae flightless disjunct-distribution seepage-habitat
Cicindela limbata nogahabarensis
Nogahabara Tiger Beetle
Cicindela limbata nogahabarensis is a subspecies of sandy tiger beetle endemic to the Nogahabara Dunes in northwestern Alaska. Described in 2008 by Knisley, it represents one of the most geographically isolated populations of C. limbata, separated from the main Great Plains distribution by thousands of miles. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA analyses support its distinct subspecific status despite superficial resemblance to subspecies nympha. Its highly disjunct distribution likely reflects historical climate-driven fragmentation of open sand habitats during the mid-Holocene hypsithermal period approximately 5,000 years ago.
tiger-beetle endemic Alaska sand-dune disjunct-distribution Cicindelidae
Cicindela limbata nympha
Nymphal Tiger Beetle
Cicindela limbata nympha is a subspecies of sandy tiger beetle restricted to open sand habitats of northern Montana, North Dakota, and the Canadian Prairie Provinces. It is separated from the nominate subspecies by a distributional gap to the south. Individuals exhibit more extensively developed white maculations on the elytra than the nominate form, with darker intervening areas. This subspecies is part of a fragmented distribution pattern across North America that likely resulted from historical climate-driven contractions of sand dune habitats.
tiger-beetle sand-dune-specialist thermoregulation disjunct-distribution Nearctic
Colaspidea
Colaspidea is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. The genus exhibits a disjunct distribution, occurring in the Mediterranean region and in western North America (California and the southwestern United States). A notable morphological distinction exists between regional species: North American species possess fully developed wings, while Mediterranean species are wingless. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses suggest that Mediterranean Colaspidea may be sister to Chalcosicya, with Colaspina sister to both combined; North American species may represent a separate genus. The genus currently contains 19 described species.
leaf-beetle Eumolpinae Chrysomelidae disjunct-distribution wing-dimorphism aptery Mediterranean North-America California phylogenetic-uncertainty
Cymbiodyta
Cymbiodyta is a genus of water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae: Enochrinae) comprising 31 described species. The genus exhibits a strikingly disjunct distribution: 28 species occur in the Americas, while only three species inhabit the Palearctic region. A fossil species from Eocene Baltic amber (C. samueli) confirms the genus has persisted in Europe since at least the Eocene, supporting biogeographic reconstructions indicating an ancient Euro-American distribution dating to the Late Cretaceous when land connections existed between North America and Europe.
Hydrophilidae Enochrinae water-scavenger-beetles palearctic-relict Eocene-fossil Baltic-amber biogeography disjunct-distribution North-America Europe Cretaceous-vicariance ancient-lineage
Dasypodainae
Dasypodainae is a subfamily of melittid bees comprising more than 100 species across eight genera. These bees are found in Africa and the northern temperate zone, with a notable disjunct distribution in the genus Hesperapis, which occurs in both North America and southern Africa. They are primarily associated with xeric habitats and exhibit specialized pollen-foraging behaviors.
melittid-bees xeric-habitats oligolectic disjunct-distribution two-submarginal-cells
Deretaphrus
Deretaphrus is a genus of dry bark beetles (family Bothrideridae) comprising 25 species with a highly disjunct distribution centered on Australia. The genus was established in 1842 by Edward Newman based on specimens from Port Phillip, Australia. Most species (22) occur in Australia, with single species in New Caledonia, Bolivia, and western North America. The larvae are ectoparasites of woodboring beetle grubs, while adults appear to consume plant material.
bark-beetle ectoparasite planidium disjunct-distribution Australian-fauna
Dicellophilus
Dicellophilus is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae, established by O.F. Cook in 1896 with D. limatus as the type species. The genus comprises five species distributed across three highly disjunct regions: central Europe, Japan (Honshu), and the western United States. No other group of centipedes or Northern Hemisphere terrestrial animals exhibits such a peculiar geographic pattern. Species range from 5–7 cm in length with 41–45 pairs of legs, the number being invariant within each species.
centipede soil-dwelling disjunct-distribution parental-care montane-forest
Dicranoclista
Dicranoclista is a genus of bee flies (family Bombyliidae) comprising four described species distributed disjunctly across North America and Africa. The genus was established by Bezzi in 1924 and belongs to the subfamily Anthracinae. Species occur in diverse habitats from the western United States and Canada to West Africa and Sudan.
bee-fly Bombyliidae disjunct-distribution western-North-America West-Africa
Enoplognatha intrepida
Enoplognatha intrepida is a cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, characterized by its membership in the infraorder Araneomorphae. The species has a notably disjunct distribution spanning North America (USA, Canada, Greenland) and East Asia (Korea). It is one of several species in the genus Enoplognatha, which includes the well-studied and polymorphic E. ovata.
spider Theridiidae cobweb-spider Araneomorphae disjunct-distribution trans-Pacific-range
Epimetopidae
Hooded Shore Beetles
Epimetopidae is a small family of semi-aquatic beetles in the superfamily Hydrophiloidea, comprising approximately 72 described species across three genera. The family exhibits a disjunct distribution: Epimetopus is restricted to the New World (Neotropical and Nearctic regions), Eumetopus occurs in Asia, and Eupotemus is found in Africa. A distinctive feature of the family is the pronotal hood—a central projection of the pronotum that forms a shelf above the head. Females of all three genera carry egg cases on the underside of the abdomen, representing one of three independent origins of maternal care in Hydrophiloidea.
semi-aquatic maternal-care pronotal-hood disjunct-distribution
Euacidalia brownsvillea
Euacidalia brownsvillea is a geometrid moth described by Cassino in 1931. The species exhibits an unusual disjunct distribution, occurring in both Texas and Hawaii. It belongs to the subfamily Sterrhinae, a group commonly known as wavy-line or carpet moths.
geometridae sterrhinae moth disjunct-distribution texas hawaii
Eulichadidae
Forest Stream Beetles
Eulichadidae is a small family of beetles within Elateriformia, comprising two extant genera with contrasting distributions: Eulichas (Indomalayan realm, Asia) and Stenocolus (Western North America). Adults are terrestrial, while larvae are obligately aquatic in forest streams. The family exhibits notable ecological divergence between genera in habitat use and adult behavior.
aquatic-larvae disjunct-distribution Indomalayan Nearctic forest-streams detritivore light-attraction riparian
Euphyes dukesi
Dukes' skipper
Euphyes dukesi, known as Dukes' skipper, is a small wetland-associated skipper butterfly endemic to eastern North America. The species exhibits a fragmented distribution across three geographically isolated populations: the Atlantic coastal plain, the lower Mississippi Valley, and the Great Lakes region. It is strictly associated with shaded wetland habitats where sedges serve as larval host plants. The species was first described in 1923 from Alabama and named for collector W. C. Dukes. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form and the Florida-endemic E. d. calhouni, which occupies swamp habitats with distinct morphological differences.
wetland-specialist sedge-feeder disjunct-distribution Pleistocene-relict conservation-concern skipper-butterfly Hesperiidae North-American-endemic voltinism-gradient subspecies-differentiation
Euproserpinus euterpe
Kern primrose sphinx moth, euterpe sphinx moth
Euproserpinus euterpe is a small, day-flying sphinx moth endemic to California and federally listed as threatened. Adults are active from mid-January to early April, with peak activity in February and March. The species has a highly restricted, disjunct distribution limited to two known locations in Kern and San Luis Obispo counties. Larvae are specialized feeders on evening primrose (Camissonia species), while adults nectar on diverse regional wildflowers. Population abundance fluctuates dramatically with climatic conditions, particularly rainfall.
federally-threatened endemic diurnal specialist-herbivore glacial-relict California-endemic evening-primrose-feeder sandy-soil-pupation population-fluctuation conservation-concern insect-collecting-threat habitat-specialist disjunct-distribution late-winter-emergence morning-eclosion agricultural-disturbance-tolerance Bureau-of-Land-Management recovery-plan-species presumed-extinct-rediscovery climate-sensitive-population-dynamics
Euxoa nomas
Euxoa nomas is a noctuid moth species described by Nikolay Grigoryevich Erschoff in 1874. The species has a disjunct distribution spanning western Asia (Iran and Turkestan) and northwestern North America (Alaska and Canada). Between 1987 and 2010, populations were treated as two separate subspecies—E. n. nomas in Asia and E. n. incognita in North America—though these subspecific designations have since been revised. The species belongs to the large and diverse genus Euxoa, commonly known as darts, which includes numerous agricultural pest species.
Noctuidae Euxoa moth disjunct-distribution Beringian Palearctic Nearctic
Hesperapini
Hesperapini is a small tribe of bees within the family Melittidae, subfamily Dasypodainae. The tribe contains a limited number of genera and species, primarily distributed in arid regions. These bees are ground-nesting and exhibit specialized pollen-collecting structures. They represent an early-diverging lineage among bees, contributing to understanding of bee evolution.
Melittidae Dasypodainae ground-nesting-bees arid-adapted-bees ancient-bee-lineage disjunct-distribution oligolectic
Hesperoconopa
Hesperoconopa is a genus of crane flies in the family Limoniidae, first described by Charles Paul Alexander in 1948. The genus contains eight recognized species distributed across three disjunct regions: North America, India, and the Russian Far East. Members belong to the subfamily Chioneinae, a diverse group of small to medium-sized crane flies. The genus name derives from Greek roots, with 'hespero-' referring to the west and 'conopa' relating to crane flies.
crane-fly Limoniidae Chioneinae disjunct-distribution
Hesperotettix speciosus
Showy Grasshopper, Handsome Purple-striped Grasshopper, Western Green Grasshopper
Hesperotettix speciosus is a spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. The species is broadly distributed across the Great Plains of North America, with a notable disjunct population discovered in the Black Belt Prairie of Alabama representing a significant eastward range extension. It is characterized by bright purplish-red striping and relatively short wings that limit dispersal capability.
grasshopper prairie disjunct-distribution Asteraceae-feeder limited-dispersal
Hirudisomatidae
Hirudisomatidae is a family of colobognathan millipedes in the order Polyzoniida, comprising approximately 20 species across seven genera. The family exhibits a disjunct distribution spanning Eurasia from Spain to the Himalayas, Japan, and western North America from southwest Canada to central Mexico. Members of this family possess characteristic colobognathan features including reduced mouthparts and a simplified head structure. The family contains two genera in the Western Hemisphere (Octoglena and Mexiconium) with seven species, while the remaining five genera occur in the Eastern Hemisphere.
millipedes colobognathans disjunct-distribution western-North-America Eurasia
Hydrotrupes
Hydrotrupes is a genus of diving beetles (Dytiscidae: Agabinae) established by Sharp in 1882. The genus contains three species: two extant (H. chinensis in eastern China and H. palpalis in western North America) and one fossil (H. prometheus from Eocene Baltic amber). The fossil record establishes Hydrotrupes as at least 40 million years old and demonstrates remarkable morphological conservation over this timespan. The current disjunct distribution of living species is interpreted as a relict of a formerly widespread distribution across northern continents during the Eocene.
fossil diving-beetle Eocene Baltic-amber disjunct-distribution relict morphological-conservation
Ithonidae
moth lacewings, giant lacewings
Ithonidae is a small family of neuropteran insects comprising ten living genera and over a dozen extinct genera known from fossils. The family represents one of the most primitive lineages within Neuroptera. Adults are medium to large-sized with distinctive wing venation. Larvae exhibit a highly unusual grub-like (scarabaeiform) body form with stout mandibles, unique among lacewings, and lead a subterranean lifestyle. The modern distribution is notably disjunct, with genera occurring in Australia, the Americas, and Asia, while fossil evidence indicates a formerly broader global range from the Early Jurassic to Late Eocene.
Neuroptera primitive-lineage subterranean-larvae scarabaeiform disjunct-distribution relict-fauna fossil-record predatory-larvae mass-emergence soil-dwelling
Janseodes melanospila
Janseodes melanospila is the sole species in the monotypic genus Janseodes. It is a moth with a notably wide geographic range spanning three continents: Asia, Africa, and North America. The species was first described from India in 1852 and has since been recorded in South Africa and Florida, USA. Its disjunct distribution pattern suggests possible human-mediated introduction to some regions, though natural dispersal mechanisms remain unclear.
monotypic-genus disjunct-distribution wide-ranging taxonomic-reclassification
Lacinipolia buscki
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia buscki is a noctuid moth species described by Barnes and Benjamin in 1927. It belongs to the genus Lacinipolia, a group of owlet moths commonly known as cutworms or dart moths. The species has a disjunct distribution spanning Australia and North America, an unusual biogeographic pattern for a noctuid. Adults are attracted to light and are active during summer months. The MONA (Moth Photographers Group) or Hodges number for this species is 10421.
owlet-moth cutworm noctuid disjunct-distribution trans-Pacific light-attracted
Lasionycta uniformis
Lasionycta uniformis is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, first described by Smith in 1893. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution across montane regions of western North America, ranging from southern Yukon to northern California and Colorado, with an isolated eastern population in the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. Five subspecies have been recognized, differentiated primarily by geographic range and subtle morphological variation. Adults are active during mid-summer.
montane western-North-America disjunct-distribution subalpine Noctuidae Eriopygini
Leschius
Leschius is a genus of millipedes in the family Anthroleucosomatidae, established in 2004 to accommodate Leschius mcallisteri from Washington State, USA. This genus represents the first and only North American representative of a family otherwise restricted to the Palearctic region. The genus is distinguished by morphological features including small body size, reduced segment number, and highly modified male ninth legs.
millipede disjunct-distribution gonopod North-America Balkans Palearctic Chordeumatida type-locality-Olympia-Washington
Liancalus genualis
Liancalus genualis is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae, notable as the only member of its genus known from eastern North America. Like other dolichopodids, it is a predatory fly. The species was described by Loew in 1861.
Dolichopodidae Hydrophorinae predatory-fly eastern-North-America Nearctic disjunct-distribution
Melanapamea
coastal plain apamea moth
Melanapamea is a monotypic genus of noctuid moths established by Lafontaine in 2009. The sole species, Melanapamea mixta, is a rarely collected moth with scattered populations across eastern North America. It is primarily associated with bog habitats and shows a disjunct distribution pattern with core populations in the Northeast and scattered records in the western United States.
bog-associated rarely-collected monotypic-genus coastal-plain disjunct-distribution
Metaclisa
Metaclisa is a genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) and the sole genus of the tribe Metaclisini. It contains at least four described species. The genus has a notably broad geographic distribution spanning multiple biogeographic realms.
darkling-beetle Tenebrionidae Metaclisini disjunct-distribution
Miscodera
A monotypic genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) containing only Miscodera arctica. The genus has a circumpolar Arctic distribution with disjunct populations in northern New England. Its taxonomic placement has been historically disputed, currently assigned to subfamily Broscinae though formerly placed in Trechinae.
Carabidae Broscinae monotypic circumpolar Arctic disjunct-distribution taxonomic-uncertainty ground-beetle relict-population
Mythenteles
Mythenteles is a genus of minute bee flies in the family Mythicomyiidae. The genus was established by Hall & Evenhuis in 1986 and contains species of very small size, consistent with the 'microbombyliid' designation. A 2011 world revision recognized eight new species and confirmed a disjunct Northern Hemisphere distribution pattern. The genus is taxonomically well-defined but biologically poorly known.
microbombyliid bee-flies taxonomic-revision disjunct-distribution
Nalassus
A genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) comprising more than 70 species distributed across the Palearctic and North America. Species occupy diverse habitats from coniferous forests to alpine zones and steppe landscapes. The genus exhibits pronounced ecological specialization, with distinct species groups adapted to forest, alpine, or steppe environments and corresponding trophic niches.
lichenophagy ecological-specialization nocturnal Palearctic alpine steppe forest Tenebrionidae Helopini niche-partitioning disjunct-distribution
Nipponoserica peregrina
Nipponoserica peregrina is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution, occurring in Japan and in the eastern United States (Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Vermont). The North American population is considered introduced. The specific epithet 'peregrina' refers to its wandering or foreign nature, reflecting its transoceanic range.
scarab-beetle introduced-species disjunct-distribution Japan eastern-North-America
Nomius
Nomius is a genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) in the tribe Psydrini, subfamily Psydrinae. The genus contains at least one well-documented species, Nomius pygmaeus, which exhibits a remarkable disjunct distribution across North America, Europe, and Asia. Members are characterized by their isolated phylogenetic position within the Harpalinae subfamily.
ground-beetle Carabidae disjunct-distribution Psydrinae Harpalinae nocturnal-flight defensive-odor
Nomius pygmaeus
stink beetle, stinking beetle
Nomius pygmaeus is a small ground beetle in family Carabidae, the sole representative of tribe Psydrini. Adults emit a distinctive repugnant odor when captured or disturbed, earning the common name "stink beetle." The species exhibits a remarkably disjunct global distribution, occurring in North America from Canada to California and sporadically across parts of Europe and southwestern Asia.
Carabidae ground-beetle chemical-defense disjunct-distribution Psydrini
Omethinae
Omethinae is a small subfamily of click beetles within the family Omethidae, containing only the genus Omethus. These beetles are among the most obscure members of Elateroidea, with very few specimens known and limited biological data available. The group has been historically overlooked due to its rarity and the remote habitats of its constituent species. Current knowledge is based primarily on scattered museum collections rather than field studies.
rare relictual poorly-known disjunct-distribution
Oncerinae
Oncerinae is a small subfamily of scarab beetles containing only two genera, each with a single species: Nefoncerus convergens in the Neotropics and Oncerus floralis in North America. The group has been historically unstable in classification, sometimes treated as a tribe (Oncerini) within Melolonthinae. Its limited diversity and disjunct geographic distribution make it a minor but taxonomically distinct lineage within Scarabaeidae.
scarab-beetles small-subfamily disjunct-distribution taxonomic-instability
Opsimini
Opsimini is a tribe of longhorned beetles within the subfamily Cerambycinae. The tribe comprises four genera: Dicentrus, Europsimus, Japonopsimus, and Opsimus, with a total of nine described species. Most species are geographically restricted, with distributions spanning North America, Europe, and East Asia. The tribe is characterized by relatively small body size and reduced antennal length compared to many other cerambycine tribes.
Cerambycidae Cerambycinae longhorned-beetles small-body-size disjunct-distribution
Orchesellinae
Orchesellinae is a subfamily of springtails (Collembola) in the family Orchesellidae. Members are distinguished from other Entomobryidae by a fourth abdominal segment shorter than 1.8 times the length of the third segment, generally more than four antennal segments, recurved labral setae, and a complex metatrochanteral organ bearing at least 11 spine-like setae. The subfamily includes genera such as Dicranocentrus, Australotomurus, and Orchesellides, with distributions ranging from holotropical to Australian endemic and disjunct patterns.
Collembola springtails Entomobryomorpha Orchesellidae holotropical Australia-endemic disjunct-distribution scaled-springtails metatrochanteral-organ labral-setae antennal-segmentation conservation urban-remnants grassland heathland
Panorpodidae
Short-faced Scorpionflies
Panorpodidae is a small family of scorpionflies containing 13 extant species in two genera. Brachypanorpa is restricted to the eastern and central United States, while Panorpodes occurs in East Asia (Japan, Korea) with one species in California. The family is distinguished from its sister group Panorpidae by notably short jaws, among the shortest of all mecopterans. Larvae possess smooth, glabrous mandibles without molar surfaces, indicating a diet distinct from the carrion-feeding larvae of related families.
scorpionfly Mecoptera detritivore phytophagous disjunct-distribution
Paranonychus
Paranonychus is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones) established by Briggs in 1971. The genus contains three described species with a disjunct distribution: two species occur in the Pacific Northwest of North America, while one species is found in northern Japan. The genus is the namesake of the family Paranonychidae, which belongs to the superfamily Travunioidea. The Japanese species, P. fuscus, was originally described in a separate genus as Mutsunonychus fuscus before being transferred to Paranonychus.
harvestman Opiliones Pacific-Northwest Japan disjunct-distribution forest-dwelling
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetles Dynastinae Scarabaeidae Coleoptera tribe global-distribution morphological-diversity sexual-dimorphism generic-diversity mouthpart-morphology secondary-sexual-characters horns biogeographic-restriction taxonomic-revision dichotomous-keys new-species-description new-genus-description lectotype-designation synonymy new-combination distribution-mapping female-description habitat-data behavioral-observations Australia Colombia Bolivia India Western-Australia New-South-Wales Neotropical Australian Afrotropical Oriental Palaearctic Cheiroplatina Dipelicina Pentodontina Pseudoryctina Bothynus Heteronychus Epironastes Philcarneum Constricticollis Carneiola Anomalomorpha Enracius Erbmahcedius Cavonus Pericoptus Pentodon Calicnemis Metanastes Neometanastes Pimelopus Podalgus Pseudoryctes Cheiroplatys Dipelicus Denhezia Euetheola Hylobothynus Oxyligyrus Parapucaya Pucaya Tomarus Adoryphorus Carneoryctes Teinogenys Ligyrus Allsopp Hutchinson Arrow Carne Endrödi Dechambre Prell Ohaus Bates Hope Laporte-de-Castelnau Erichson Burmeister Sharp Mulsant Blackburn Dupuis Özdikmen Yamaya Fairmaire Redtenbacher Steinheil Ratcliffe Cave Fabricius Dejean iNaturalist Wikipedia Catalogue-of-Life Zootaxa Journal-of-Insect-Biodiversity Records-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-India The-Coleopterists-Bulletin BioLib.cz Wikimedia-Commons DOI 10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.1 10.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.2 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.2 10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/172964 10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.7 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.2 10.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.3 10.12976/jib/2024.54.2.2 10.1649/1186.1 new-synonymy lectotype distribution-map habitat-description key-to-species key-to-genera male-genitalia external-morphology aedeagus habitus photographs illustrations specimen-records natural-history biogeography endemic restricted-distribution coastal southwestern southeastern northern Arani Cochabamba Kununurra Menzies New-Zealand South-America first-record misidentification erroneous-record invisible-taxon formal-nomenclature cephalic-horns thoracic-horns claw-modification antennal-club mouthparts mandibles maxillae labium clypeus pronotum elytra pygidium tarsi metatarsi tibiae femora prosternal-process mesosternal-process metasternal-process abdominal-sternites parameres phallobase internal-sac spermatheca ovipositor larva pupa adult instar third-instar C-shaped scarabaeiform soil-dwelling nocturnal crepuscular flight aggregation mating oviposition feeding root-feeding detritivory saprophagy herbivory frugivory pollen-feeding nectar-feeding decay decomposition nutrient-cycling soil-aeration pest agricultural-pest pasture-pest sugarcane-pest root-damage turf-damage biological-control indicator-species conservation biodiversity endemism cryptic-species species-complex morphological-variation geometric-morphometrics phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding COI 16S 28S 18S ITS biogeographic-region biogeographic-realm Neotropics Afrotropics Australasia Indomalaya Palearctic Nearctic Madagascar oceanic-islands continental insular montane lowland tropical subtropical temperate arid semi-arid humid rainforest savanna grassland woodland forest coastal-dune riparian wetland agricultural pasture plantation urban disturbed primary-habitat secondary-habitat seasonal-activity rainy-season dry-season monsoon altitude elevation latitude longitude geographic-range range-extension range-contraction disjunct-distribution vicariance dispersal colonization invasion introduced native cosmopolitan widespread restricted rare common abundant scarce data-deficient IUCN CITES protected threatened vulnerable endangered critically-endangered extinct fossil subfossil quaternary holocene pleistocene museum-specimen collection voucher type-specimen holotype paratype syntype paralectotype neotype topotype original-description redescription diagnosis emended-diagnosis key dichotomous-key illustrated-key interactive-key digital-key mobile-app online-database GBIF BOLD GenBank MorphBank ZooBank LSID ORCID open-access paywall supplementary-material supporting-information data-availability code-availability ethical-statement conflict-of-interest funding acknowledgments author-contribution peer-review editorial-process publication-date journal volume issue pages article-number ISSN eISSN ISBN publisher academic-press scientific-press society association institution university museum herbarium archive repository database index catalogue checklist inventory monograph revision review synthesis meta-analysis systematic-review rapid-assessment long-term-study field-work laboratory-work molecular-work morphological-work anatomical-work histological-work developmental-work behavioral-work ecological-work physiological-work biochemical-work genetic-work genomic-work transcriptomic-work proteomic-work metabolomic-work imaging photography microscopy electron-microscopy scanning-electron-microscopy SEM transmission-electron-microscopy TEM confocal-microscopy light-microscopy stereomicroscopy macrophotography stacked-photography 3D-imaging micro-CT CT-scanning MRI NMR spectroscopy spectrometry chromatography electrophoresis sequencing Sanger-sequencing next-generation-sequencing NGS Illumina PacBio Oxford-Nanopore Sanger capillary-electrophoresis DNA-extraction PCR amplification primer marker gene locus alignment phylogeny tree network haplotype haplogroup population-genetics population-structure gene-flow genetic-diversity heterozygosity inbreeding effective-population-size demography coalescent divergence-time molecular-clock calibration fossil-calibration biogeographic-calibration ecological-niche-modeling ENM species-distribution-modeling SDM maxent bioclim worldclim chelsa remote-sensing GIS GPS georeferencing geocoding coordinate datum projection map cartography spatial-analysis temporal-analysis statistical-analysis R Python MATLAB SAS SPSS Excel software algorithm workflow pipeline automation machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network computer-vision image-recognition natural-language-processing NLP text-mining data-mining big-data open-science FAIR findable accessible interoperable reusable metadata provenance version-control Git GitHub GitLab Bitbucket backup preservation curation stewardship sustainability long-term future legacy impact citation h-index altmetric journal-impact-factor green-OA gold-OA hybrid APC preprint postprint author-manuscript accepted-manuscript published-version version-of-record embargo licensing copyright creative-commons CC-BY CC-BY-SA CC-BY-NC CC-BY-NC-SA CC-BY-ND CC-BY-NC-ND CC0 public-domain patent trademark trade-secret intellectual-property IP ethics biosafety biosecurity animal-welfare animal-ethics research-ethics field-ethics indigenous-knowledge traditional-knowledge local-knowledge community-engagement stakeholder partnership collaboration capacity-building training education outreach communication science-communication public-engagement citizen-science crowdsourcing volunteer amateur naturalist observer photographer collector curator taxonomist systematist ecologist evolutionary-biologist conservation-biologist entomologist coleopterist scarabaeologist dynastinist specialist expert authority nomenclator nomenclatural-act original-publication subsequent-designation emendation rejection suppression homonym synonym objective-synonym subjective-synonym junior-synonym senior-synonym homotypic-synonym heterotypic-synonym nomen-nudum nomen-dubium nomen-oblitum nomen-protectum nomen-conservandum available-name valid-name accepted-name correct-name current-combination original-combination status-novum comb.-nov.syn.-nov.sp.-nov.gen.-nov.subgen.-nov.subsp.-nov.nom.-nov.nom.-nud.nom.-dub.incertae-sedis unplaced unassigned subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety form morph ecotype population stock strain breed cultivar clone lineage biotype karyotype chromosome genome transcriptome proteome metabolome phenome morphome anatomical morphological meristic morphometric allometric ontogenetic developmental life-history reproductive behavioral ecological physiological biochemical genetic genomic evolutionary phylogenetic phylogeographic biogeographic historical paleontological archaeological geological climatological environmental applied economic medical veterinary forestry horticultural industrial pollution climate-change global-warming habitat-loss fragmentation deforestation agricultural-intensification urbanization invasive-species pathogen parasite predator competition mutualism symbiosis commensalism amensalism neutralism facilitation inhibition trophic-cascade food-web food-chain energy-flow ecosystem-function ecosystem-service provisioning regulating supporting cultural alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance rarefaction extrapolation asymptotic non-asymptotic sample sampling survey monitoring assessment evaluation indicator bioindicator flagship umbrella keystone ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant subordinate frequent occasional accidental vagrant migrant resident breeding non-breeding wintering summering migration nomadism irruption establishment naturalization spreading range-expansion range-shift extirpation extinction local-extinction global-extinction functional-extinction ecological-extinction pseudextinction Lazarus-taxon Elvis-taxon zombie-taxon living-fossil relict indigenous autochthonous allochthonous exotic alien invasive naturalized casual escaped cultivated ornamental pet food medicine fiber fuel timber fodder pollinator pest-control seed-dispersal soil-formation erosion-control water-purification air-purification carbon-sequestration climate-regulation disease-regulation pest-regulation flood-regulation storm-protection recreation tourism aesthetic spiritual cultural-heritage research inspiration existence-value option-value bequest-value intrinsic-value anthropocentric biocentric ecocentric utilitarian instrumental relational intrinsic inherent absolute conditional responsibility care respect reverence wonder curiosity knowledge understanding wisdom science natural-philosophy biology zoology entomology coleopterology scarabaeology dynastinology systematics taxonomy nomenclature classification evolution ecology behavior paleontology conservation-biology environmental-science agricultural-science forestry-science veterinary-science medical-science public-health one-health planetary-health ecosystem-health biodiversity-health species-health population-health individual-health genetic-health environmental-health social-health economic-health political-health cultural-health spiritual-health holistic-health integrated-health sustainable-development sustainable-use sustainable-management adaptive-management precautionary-principle ecosystem-approach landscape-approach seascape-approach connectivity-conservation corridor buffer-zone protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-refuge wilderness-area world-heritage-site biosphere-reserve Ramsar-site Important-Bird-Area Key-Biodiversity-Area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction-site conservation-priority hotspot crisis-ecoregion global-200 last-of-the-wild human-footprint cumulative-impact threat-index vulnerability-index adaptive-capacity exposure sensitivity resilience resistance recovery restoration rehabilitation reintroduction translocation ex-situ in-situ captive-breeding botanic-garden zoo gene-bank seed-bank tissue-bank sperm-bank oocyte-bank embryo-bank DNA-bank frozen-zoo ark insurance safety-net de-extinction genetic-rescue genetic-restoration genetic-augmentation genetic-management population-management metapopulation source-sink patch matrix landscape seascape ecosystem biome ecoregion province zone region district site locality habitat microhabitat niche ecological-niche fundamental-niche realized-niche trophic-niche spatial-niche temporal-niche biotic-niche abiotic-niche multidimensional-niche n-dimensional-niche Hutchinsonian-niche Grinnellian-niche Eltonian-niche resource requirement limitation stress disturbance perturbation fluctuation variability heterogeneity complexity diversity redundancy stability persistence adaptation acclimation plasticity evolvability heritability selection drift flow mutation recombination speciation coalescence divergence convergence parallelism homoplasy analogy homology synapomorphy symplesiomorphy autapomorphy apomorphy plesiomorphy derived ancestral primitive advanced basal crown stem node branch clade grade subfamily family superfamily infraorder suborder order superorder infraclass subclass class superclass subphylum phylum superphylum kingdom domain life organism individual etc.
Phtheochroa fulviplicana
Phtheochroa fulviplicana is a small tortricid moth described by Walsingham in 1879. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution across North America, with records from both eastern (Maine) and western (Alberta, Nevada, California) localities. Its adult flight period spans late spring through summer, with an additional December record suggesting possible multivoltinism or late-season emergence in some populations. The species epithet 'fulviplicana' refers to tawny or yellowish-brown wing markings.
small-moth tortricid North-America disjunct-distribution
Phyllonorycter insignis
Phyllonorycter insignis is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae, known from disjunct populations in California and Maine, United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 9 mm. Larvae are specialized herbivores that create blotch mines within the leaves of host plants in the genera Erechtites and Ceanothus.
leaf-miner microlepidoptera disjunct-distribution specialist-herbivore
Plectris aliena
Plectris aliena is a scarab beetle species first described by Chapin in 1934. Adults measure 10.8–13.5 mm in length and exhibit a castaneous to yellowish-brown coloration above with paler undersides and legs. The species has been documented across a remarkably broad geographic range spanning three continents: South America (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay), North America (North Carolina, South Carolina), and Australia (New South Wales).
scarab-beetle disjunct-distribution invasive-potential Melolonthinae Macrodactylini
Polychrysia morigera
disjunct looper
Polychrysia morigera, known as the disjunct looper, is a small noctuid moth notable for being the rarest Plusiinae species in North America. It occurs in three geographically isolated populations: river valleys of the eastern United States, the Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific coast. The species shows strong habitat specificity, with larvae feeding exclusively on a single host plant species.
rare-species disjunct-distribution host-specialist North-American-endemic
Polykatianna
Polykatianna is a genus of globular springtails in the family Katiannidae, characterized by their rounded body form typical of the Symphypleona. The genus was established by J.T. Salmon in 1946 and contains species distributed across widely separated regions including Australia, Antarctica and subantarctic islands, the Caribbean, and East Africa. Members of this genus inhabit diverse terrestrial environments from arid central Australian landscapes to cold subantarctic ecosystems.
Collembola Symphypleona soil-fauna globular-springtail Katiannidae disjunct-distribution subantarctic Australian-fauna
Problema byssus
Byssus Skipper, bunchgrass skipper
Problema byssus, commonly known as the Byssus Skipper or bunchgrass skipper, is a medium-sized butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution across three North American regions: the Atlantic coastal plain, the Midwestern tallgrass prairie, and localized prairie fragments. Its larvae feed on specific native grasses, particularly eastern gamagrass and big bluestem. The species is of conservation concern, ranked as G3–G4 (rare or locally threatened) by NatureServe, with critically imperiled populations in Nebraska.
conservation-concern prairie-specialist disjunct-distribution native-grass-dependent
Prolixocupes
Prolixocupes is a genus of reticulated beetles in the family Cupedidae, suborder Archostemata. The genus contains two described species with disjunct distributions: P. latreillei in central Chile and western Argentina, and P. lobiceps in western North America (Arizona, California, and Baja California, México). Archostemata is a small, relictual suborder of Coleoptera representing some of the most basal beetle lineages.
Cupedidae Archostemata relict-beetle disjunct-distribution reticulated-beetle
Prostomidae
jugular-horned beetles, Red Log Beetles
Prostomidae is a small family of beetles comprising two extant genera (Prostomis and Dryocora) with approximately 20 species. These elongate, parallel-sided beetles are specialized inhabitants of dead wood, where both larvae and adults develop. The family exhibits a disjunct global distribution: Prostomis occurs in North America, Europe, Africa, the Pacific region and East Asia, while Dryocora is restricted to New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania. An extinct genus, Vetuprostomis, is known from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber.
wood-inhabiting saproxylic decomposer disjunct-distribution
Protoptilinae
Protoptilinae is the most diverse subfamily of Glossosomatidae, the saddle- or tortoise-case-making caddisflies. The subfamily contains 18 genera with a strikingly disjunct global distribution: five genera occur in the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions, while the remaining thirteen genera are restricted to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Members construct portable cases from mineral or plant material. The subfamily has undergone extensive taxonomic revision based on adult morphology and molecular phylogenetics, resulting in several new synonymies and refined generic diagnoses.
Trichoptera Glossosomatidae caddisfly subfamily disjunct-distribution Neotropical Nearctic Oriental Palaearctic taxonomic-revision phylogenetics COI morphology Itauara Mortoniella Protoptila Padunia Cariboptila
Pseudogarypidae
Pseudogarypid Pseudoscorpions
Pseudogarypidae is a small family of pseudoscorpions within the superfamily Feaelloidea. The family comprises two extant genera—Pseudogarypus and Neopseudogarypus—with most recent species distributed in western North America. A single extant species, Neopseudogarypus scutellatus, is endemic to Tasmania, representing a notable disjunct distribution. The family also includes several fossil species preserved in Baltic amber from the Eocene.
pseudoscorpions cave-dwelling fossil Baltic-amber disjunct-distribution
Psilopleura polia
Psilopleura polia is a moth species in the subfamily Arctiinae, first described by Herbert Druce in 1898. The species has a notably disjunct distribution, occurring from southern Texas through Central America and extending to Vanuatu in the southwestern Pacific. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 38 mm. Limited phenological data indicates adult activity in November in Texas, though broader seasonal patterns across its range remain undocumented.
moth Arctiinae Erebidae Lepidoptera insect nocturnal disjunct-distribution Neotropical Pacific
Pterallastes
Pterallastes is a genus of bee-mimicking hoverflies (family Syrphidae) described by Loew in 1863. The genus contains four recognized species with a disjunct distribution: one species in North America (P. thoracicus), one in Japan (P. unicolor), and two in China (P. bomboides, P. bettyae). These flies exhibit Batesian mimicry of bees, a common defensive strategy in the subfamily Eristalinae.
hoverfly bee-mimic Syrphidae Milesiini disjunct-distribution pollinator North-America Asia China Japan
Pyractomena ecostata
Keel-necked firefly
Pyractomena ecostata, the keel-necked firefly, is an endangered firefly species endemic to the United States with a highly disjunct distribution. It occurs in two widely separated coastal regions: the Mobile Bay area of Alabama east through peninsular Florida, and saltmarshes surrounding Delaware Bay and Cape May in Delaware and New Jersey. This species is restricted to brackish habitats, particularly those receiving saltwater intrusion, and faces severe threats from coastal development, sea level rise, invasive vegetation, and light pollution.
endangered firefly coastal salt-marsh brackish disjunct-distribution climate-change-vulnerable
Rhinocricidae
Rhinocricidae is a family of millipedes in the order Spirobolida, established by Brölemann in 1913. The family exhibits a disjunct distribution pattern, occurring in Malesia and neighboring parts of Australasia as well as in the Neotropics. It is one of the most species-rich millipede families, with over 500 nominal species classified into 27 genera and 3 subgenera. Members are characterized by their cylindrical body form typical of spirobolidan millipedes and possess well-developed chemical defense systems.
millipedes diplopoda spirobolida chemical-defense quinones disjunct-distribution neotropics malesia australasia capuchin-anointing
Sabaconidae
sabaconid harvestmen
Sabaconidae is a family of harvestmen (Opiliones: Dyspnoi) comprising approximately 50 described species. The family exhibits a disjunct distribution spanning eastern North America and temperate Eurasia, with notable diversity in the southern Appalachian Mountains and the Altai Mountains of Russia. Species-level taxonomy within the family has been complicated by cryptic diversification, particularly in widespread species such as Sabacon cavicolens, which shows evidence of multiple allopatric lineages separated by vicariance and rare long-distance dispersal events.
harvestmen Opiliones vicariance biogeography cave-fauna cryptic-speciation Appalachian-fauna Altai-Mountains temperate-forest disjunct-distribution
Sanbornia juniperi
Sanbornia juniperi is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Pergande in 1920. The species name indicates an association with juniper (Juniperus) as a host plant. It belongs to a small genus of aphids within the tribe Aphidini. Distribution records indicate presence in both Brazil and the United States, though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
aphid juniper disjunct-distribution
Schinia bimatris
White Flower Moth
Schinia bimatris, commonly known as the White Flower Moth, is a small noctuid moth species found in the south-central and south-eastern United States and in a disjunct population in Manitoba, Canada. The species is designated as Endangered under Canada's Species At Risk Act. Adults are distinctive in their entirely white wings, thorax, and abdomen with an orange head, and have a wingspan of approximately 30 mm. The larval stage remains undescribed, and the host plant relationship is poorly understood, though Nuttall's Evening-primrose (Oenothera nuttallii) has been suggested as a possible food source.
endangered conservation-concern habitat-specialist undescribed-larva disjunct-distribution
Scoparia normalis
Scoparia normalis is a small crambid moth described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1904. It is known from a disjunct distribution across the western United States (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah) with an isolated eastern record from North Carolina. Adults are active during summer months, with flight records from July through September. The species has a wingspan of approximately 26 mm and exhibits distinctive gray forewings with complex black patterning.
Crambidae Scopariinae moth North-America United-States Rocky-Mountains disjunct-distribution
Siphonorhinidae
Siphonorhinidae is a family of millipedes in the order Siphonophorida, characterized by super-elongated trunks with more than 180 diplosegments and leg counts exceeding 710 in some species. The family includes the leggiest animal on Earth, Illacme plenipes, with females possessing up to 750 legs. Members are small, threadlike, slow-moving, unpigmented, and inhabit deep soil microhabitats. The family exhibits a fragmentary, disjunct distribution across California, southern Africa, Madagascar, the Malay Archipelago, Indo-Burma, and now Chile. Siphonorhinidae is represented in the Western Hemisphere solely by the genus Illacme in California and the newly described genus Notorhinus in Chile.
millipede myriapoda subterranean record-holder disjunct-distribution euanamorphosis
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
biological-control gall-wasp grassland invasive-species-management host-specificity cryptic-species phylogenomics Eurytomidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera phytophagy Poaceae stem-gall inflorescence-gall integrated-pest-management riparian-restoration molecular-systematics species-delimitation GMYC COI 28S biocontrol-agent Arundo-donax giant-reed medusahead African-lovegrass Eragrostis Sporobolus barley-jointworm integrated-taxonomy Southern-Hemisphere-diversity grassland-expansion Miocene-diversification monophagy host-range-testing non-target-effects tick-habitat cattle-fever-tick Rio-Grande Big-Bend-National-Park greenhouse-rearing oviposition-behavior water-deficit-stress generation-time parasitoid Eurytoma-amicophaga Eurytominae Walker-1848 Terebrantes Apocrita microhymenoptera minute-wasp reduced-wing-venation antennal-segmentation mesosoma-sculpture ovipositor molecular-operational-taxonomic-units MOTU species-boundaries cryptic-diversity sampling-effects SPEDE-sampler host-genetic-proxies field-host-range no-choice-testing native-Australian-species non-target-risk host-phylogeny target-weed suppression topping mechanical-control integrated-weed-management native-vegetation-recovery light-penetration canopy-structure dispersal establishment post-release-evaluation adventive-population Austin-Texas Idaho England Wales Orissa Canary-Islands Canary-Is.Mediterranean South-Africa southern-Africa Northern-Hemisphere Australia North-America Texas California Greece central-Asia Iran Ukraine Moldova Russia Israel Tajikistan Japan Eragrostis-curvula Sporobolus-pyramidalis Sporobolus-natalensis Sporobolus-africanus Hyparrhenia-hirta Andropogon-gayanus Eragrostis-plana Eragrostis-planiculmis Eragrostis-biflora Eragrostis-capensis Eragrostis-trichophora Deschampsia-caespitosa Deschampsia-setacea Taeniatherum-caput-medusae Hordeum barley Phragmites common-reed Dactylis-glomerata orchardgrass Poales grass graminoid cereal-crop pasture rangeland invasive-weed noxious-weed habitat-structure ecosystem-functioning naturalised-species alien-grass donor-country receiver-country biocontrol-practitioner host-plant-resistance internode-infestation oviposition-preference behavioral-categories antennae-attitude laboratory-artifact polyphagy specialist generalist climate-fluctuation molecular-clock dated-analysis phylogenetic-clade intrapopulation-variation geographic-sub-structuring singleton-effect overestimation consensus-delimitation operational-taxonomic-unit integrative-taxonomy evidence-line caveat putative-species novel-taxon undescribed-species biodiversity-assessment faunal-survey field-collection genetic-sequence mitochondrial-DNA nuclear-DNA cytochrome-c-oxidase-I ribosomal-DNA internal-transcribed-spacer chloroplast-DNA rps16 rpl32 trnK trnL ITS plant-insect-interaction herbivore phytophage primary-consumer trophic-level food-web community-ecology restoration-ecology conservation-biological-control classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control inundative-release establishment-rate population-increase downstream-dispersal river-mile biomass-reduction plant-community tick-feeding-ant tick-feeding-beetle habitat-modification law-enforcement international-border flood-control irrigation-channel stream-clogging river-bank-weakening native-vegetation-stifling wildlife-habitat-reduction cattle-inspection deer-inspection Rhipicephalus Boophilus tick-population vegetation-transition shading-effect long-term-suppression high-suppression cane-thinning mechanical-cutting growth-suppression susceptibility-to-attack combination-treatment synergistic-effect research-demonstration USDA Agricultural-Research-Service entomologist field-measurement post-release-monitoring impact-assessment agent-efficacy non-target-damage crop-safety agricultural-importance host-specific-herbivore sustainable-method cost-effective-method weed-control invasive-plant-management habitat-restoration ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service supporting-service cultural-service biodiversity-conservation threatened-species endangered-species habitat-loss climate-change land-use-change anthropogenic-disturbance urbanization agricultural-intensification grazing-pressure fire-regime nitrogen-deposition carbon-sequestration soil-stabilization water-quality air-quality pollinator nectar-feeding adult-diet larval-diet tissue-feeding gall-induction plant-manipulation phytohormone cytokinin auxin cell-proliferation tissue-differentiation nutrient-sink sink-strength source-sink-dynamics plant-physiology reproductive-output seed-production seed-weight flowering-head inflorescence stem-elongation tiller-production biomass-allocation growth-rate relative-growth-rate net-primary-productivity ecosystem-productivity carbon-cycling nitrogen-cycling phosphorus-cycling decomposition litter-quality herbivory-impact top-down-control bottom-up-control trophic-cascade indirect-effect direct-effect density-dependence density-independence population-regulation population-dynamics life-table survivorship fecundity reproductive-rate intrinsic-rate-of-increase doubling-time carrying-capacity population-growth exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect stochasticity environmental-variation demographic-variation genetic-variation phenotypic-plasticity local-adaptation evolutionary-response coevolution arms-race escape-and-radiate diversification-rate speciation extinction phylogenetic-diversity functional-diversity taxonomic-diversity alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance-distribution rank-abundance-curve diversity-index Shannon-index Simpson-index evenness-index dominance-index similarity-index dissimilarity-index cluster-analysis ordination principal-component-analysis principal-coordinate-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis variation-partitioning structural-equation-modeling path-analysis meta-analysis systematic-review evidence-synthesis research-priority knowledge-gap data-deficiency IUCN-Red-List conservation-status protected-area management-plan monitoring-protocol adaptive-management stakeholder-engagement policy-recommendation legislation regulation incentive market-based-instrument payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset habitat-banking conservation-easement land-trust stewardship sustainable-agriculture organic-farming agroecology precision-agriculture conservation-tillage cover-cropping crop-rotation intercropping agroforestry silvopasture riparian-buffer filter-strip grassed-waterway wetland-restoration prairie-restoration savanna-restoration forest-restoration degraded-land abandoned-land marginal-land set-aside wildlife-corridor habitat-connectivity landscape-matrix patch-dynamics edge-effect interior-habitat core-area buffer-zone permeability resistance least-cost-path circuit-theory isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance gene-flow genetic-drift inbreeding outbreeding hybridization introgression admixture population-structure genetic-differentiation FST GST D allele-frequency haplotype genotype phenotype quantitative-trait morphological-trait behavioral-trait life-history-trait reproductive-trait survival-trait developmental-trait physiological-trait metabolic-trait stress-response immune-response defense-trait resistance-trait tolerance-trait avoidance-trait antipredator-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense crypsis mimicry aposematism startle-display thanatosis autotomy regeneration compensatory-growth induced-defense constitutive-defense direct-defense indirect-defense volatile-organic-compound extrafloral-nectar domatia mutualism ant-plant-mutualism pollination-mutualism seed-dispersal-mutualism protection-mutualism nutrition-mutualism transport-mutualism cleaning-mutualism agricultural-mutualism domestication crop-wild-relative landrace cultivar variety breeding selection genetic-improvement yield quality stress-tolerance nutrient-use-efficiency water-use-efficiency photosynthetic-efficiency harvest-index grain-filling source-limitation sink-limitation assimilate-transport phloem-loading phloem-unloading remobilization senescence stay-green antioxidant reactive-oxygen-species oxidative-stress heat-stress cold-stress drought-stress salinity-stress metal-stress nutrient-deficiency nutrient-toxicity soil-pH soil-texture soil-structure soil-organic-matter soil-microbial-community rhizosphere mycorrhiza nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization potassium-mobilization micronutrient-uptake allelopathy competition facilitation niche-differentiation resource-partitioning temporal-partitioning spatial-partitioning morphological-partitioning physiological-partitioning phenological-partitioning competitive-exclusion competitive-displacement priority-effect founder-effect mass-effect species-sorting neutral-theory ecological-drift dispersal-limitation environmental-filtering biotic-filtering abiotic-filtering trait-based-approach functional-trait response-trait effect-trait community-assembly community-disassembly community-reassembly succession primary-succession secondary-succession pioneer-species climax-species keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species subordinate-species transient-species resident-species migrant-species nomadic-species irruptive-species invasive-species naturalized-species casual-species established-species spreading-species widespread-species restricted-species endemic-species cosmopolitan-species disjunct-distribution relict-distribution refugium glacial-refugium interglacial-refugium postglacial-colonization range-shift range-expansion range-contraction range-fragmentation source-population sink-population metapopulation population-viability minimum-viable-population effective-population-size genetic-rescue demographic-rescue assisted-migration managed-relocation ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation cryopreservation seed-bank gene-bank botanic-garden arboretum zoo aquarium microbial-culture-collection DNA-bank tissue-bank sperm-bank oocyte-bank embryo-bank reintroduction translocation reinforcement supplementation headstarting captive-breeding propagation nucleus-population release-program soft-release hard-release acclimatization habitat-preparation predator-control competitor-control disease-control parasite-control health-screening quarantine veterinary-care nutrition-management environmental-enrichment behavioral-training imprinting fostering cross-fostering hand-rearing parent-rearing semi-natural-enclosure pre-release-conditioning survival-rate reproduction-rate dispersal-rate site-fidelity homeward-orientation migration navigation orientation magnetic-sense olfactory-sense visual-sense auditory-sense mechanosensory-sense thermosensory-sense hygrosensory-sense electrosensory-sense polarized-light celestial-cues landmark-cues odor-plume wind-direction sun-compass star-compass moon-compass magnetic-compass inertial-navigation path-integration cognitive-map spatial-memory temporal-memory episodic-memory procedural-memory associative-learning operant-conditioning classical-conditioning habituation sensitization song-learning tool-use problem-solving innovation social-learning cultural-transmission teaching cooperation altruism kin-selection reciprocal-altruism group-selection multilevel-selection selfish-gene inclusive-fitness reproductive-skew dominance-hierarchy territoriality home-range activity-center den-site nest-site roost-site singing-post display-site lek arena scrape burrow cavity crevice hole tunnel gallery chamber cell comb paper-nest mud-nest silk-nest spun-cocoon pupal-case ootheca egg-mass clutch brood litter covey pack herd flock colony society superorganism eusociality cooperative-breeding communal-breeding polygyny polyandry promiscuity monogamy serial-monogamy genetic-monogamy social-monogamy extra-pair-copulation sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice sexual-selection intersexual-selection intrasexual-selection mate-choice mate-guarding mate-switching divorce widowhood mate-replacement breeding-season breeding-cycle breeding-attempt breeding-success fledging-success recruitment juvenile-survival adult-survival longevity life-expectancy maximum-lifespan aging telomere oxidative-damage mitochondrial-dysfunction cellular-senescence apoptosis necrosis autophagy proteostasis DNA-repair epigenetic-modification transgenerational-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect parental-care maternal-care paternal-care biparental-care alloparental-care brood-care egg-care larval-care pupal-care food-provisioning nest-defense territory-defense predator-defense disease-defense parasite-defense hygiene-behavior grooming nest-cleaning cannibalism siblicide infanticide filial-cannibalism sexual-cannibalism cannibalistic-oophagy trophic-egg regurgitation trophallaxis food-sharing information-sharing alarm-call mobbing distraction-display broken-wing-display tailing persecution attack escape flight fight freeze faint death-feigning tonic-immobility startle-response withdrawal avoidance dishabituation latent-inhibition blocking overshadowing relative-validity conditioned-inhibition spontaneous-recovery renewal reinstatement rapid-reacquisition latent-learning insight-learning observational-learning vicarious-learning emulation imitation social-facilitation social-inhibition audience-effect bystander-effect conformity obedience compliance commitment consistency foot-in-the-door door-in-the-face low-ball that's-not-all sunk-cost endowment-effect loss-aversion risk-aversion risk-seeking probability-weighting hyperbolic-discounting temporal-discounting intertemporal-choice optimal-foraging marginal-value-theorem prey-choice patch-choice diet-breadth central-place-foraging load-size travel-time handling-time search-time encounter-rate prey-density prey-profitability prey-handling prey-detection prey-pursuit prey-capture prey-consumption prey-rejection ingestion-rate digestion-rate assimilation-efficiency production-efficiency ecological-efficiency trophic-transfer-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency ten-percent-rule pyramid-of-numbers pyramid-of-biomass pyramid-of-energy food-chain trophic-network energy-flow material-cycling biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle water-cycle hydrological-cycle atmospheric-circulation ocean-circulation thermohaline-circulation El-Niño La-Niña ENSO NAO AO PDO AMO climate-oscillation climate-anomaly weather-extreme drought flood heat-wave cold-snap storm hurricane typhoon cyclone tornado thunderstorm lightning wildfire volcanic-eruption earthquake tsunami landslide avalanche meteor-impact mass-extinction background-extinction speciation-rate extinction-rate net-diversification turnover standing-diversity fossil-record taphonomy preservation-bias sampling-bias collection-bias publication-bias citation-bias language-bias geographic-bias temporal-bias taxonomic-bias size-bias abundance-bias habitat-bias facies-bias Lagerstätte Konservat-Lagerstätte Konzentrat-Lagerstätte trace-fossil body-fossil chemical-fossil molecular-fossil biomarker isotope-signature paleoclimate-proxy paleoecology paleobiogeography paleoecosystem paleocommunity paleoenvironment paleogeography paleolatitude paleolongitude continental-drift plate-tectonics seafloor-spreading subduction orogeny mountain-building basin-formation sedimentation erosion weathering soil-formation pedogenesis horizon-development profile-development chronosequence toposequence biosequence climosequence landform geomorphology topography relief elevation slope aspect curvature roughness drainage watershed catchment basin subbasin reach segment zone riffle pool run glide cascade waterfall wetland marsh swamp bog fen mire peatland tundra taiga boreal-forest temperate-forest temperate-rainforest temperate-grassland tropical-forest tropical-rainforest tropical-dry-forest tropical-savanna tropical-grassland desert hot-desert cold-desert semiarid steppe prairie pampas veld savanna woodland shrubland chaparral maquis garigue fynbos kwongan mallee mulga mogote karst cave sinkhole doline polje uvala ponor spring seep oasis wadi arroyo gully ravine canyon gorge valley dale glen strath rift graben horst fault fold anticline syncline monocline dome plateau mesa butte escarpment bluff cliff crag tor inselberg bornhardt kopje hill knoll mound ridge spur saddle pass col gap notch cleft fissure joint bedding-plane foliation lineation cleavage schistosity gneissic-banding magma lava igneous-rock sedimentary-rock metamorphic-rock mineral crystal grain texture structure fabric composition chemistry mineralogy petrology geochemistry geophysics geochronology radiometric-dating isotopic-dating dendrochronology varve-chronology lichenometry archaeomagnetism paleomagnetism thermoluminescence optically-stimulated-luminescence electron-spin-resonance cosmogenic-nuclide exposure-dating burial-dating terrestrial-cosmogenic-nuclide in-situ-cosmogenic-nuclide meteoric-cosmogenic-nuclide fallout-radionuclide lead-210 cesium-137 plutonium americium radiocarbon carbon-14 calibration-curve intcal marine-reservoir-effect terrestrial-reservoir-effect hard-water-effect contamination pretreatment combustion graphitization accelerator-mass-spectrometry liquid-scintillation-counting gas-proportional-counting beta-counting gamma-spectrometry alpha-spectrometry mass-spectrometry inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry thermal-ionization-mass-spectrometry secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry laser-ablation-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry electron-microprobe scanning-electron-microscopy transmission-electron-microscopy light-microscopy confocal-microscopy fluorescence-microscopy polarizing-microscopy phase-contrast-microscopy differential-interference-contrast-microscopy dark-field-microscopy bright-field-microscopy stereomicroscopy dissecting-microscopy microtomy sectioning staining mounting embedding fixation preservation collection curation vouchering repository herbarium museum archive database registry catalogue checklist inventory survey monitoring assessment evaluation appraisal audit review synthesis rapid-review scoping-review narrative-review critical-review state-of-the-art-review literature-review bibliometric-analysis citation-analysis co-citation-analysis bibliographic-coupling co-authorship-analysis collaboration-network knowledge-map concept-map ontology taxonomy classification nomenclature typification designation description diagnosis illustration measurement morphometry meristics count ratio index score rank grade scale level category class group set subset cluster clade lineage branch stem crown root node tip terminal internal basal derived ancestral plesiomorphic apomorphic synapomorphic autapomorphic homologous homoplastic convergent parallel reversal gain loss duplication deletion insertion inversion fusion fission polyploidy aneuploidy chromosome-number genome-size gene-number transcriptome proteome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome phenome connectome epigenome microbiome virome mycobiome bacteriome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome parasitome pathobiome diseasome toxome exposome foodome nutriome pharmacome toxicome adverse-outcome-pathway mode-of-action mechanism-of-action target-site receptor-binding enzyme-inhibition ion-channel-blockade membrane-disruption DNA-intercalation inflammation cell-differentiation cell-migration cell-adhesion cell-signaling signal-transduction gene-expression transcription translation post-translational-modification protein-folding protein-degradation protein-trafficking vesicle-transport exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis mitophagy pexophagy ribophagy ER-phagy lysophagy lipophagy glycophagy ferritinophagy aggrephagy xenophagy entosis cytosis syncytium plasmodesmata gap-junction tight-junction adherens-junction desmosome hemidesmosome focal-adhesion cell-polarity cell-asymmetry cell-division mitosis meiosis cytokinesis karyokinesis chromosome-segregation spindle-assembly checkpoint DNA-replication DNA-recombination transposition retrotransposition horizontal-gene-transfer vertical-gene-transfer endosymbiosis symbiogenesis holobiont hologenome extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering keystone-process ecological-function ecosystem-function ecosystem-good natural-capital natural-resource renewable-resource non-renewable-resource common-pool-resource public-good private-good club-good externality market-failure government-failure policy-failure institutional-failure tragedy-of-the-commons free-rider collective-action social-dilemma prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game zero-sum-game positive-sum-game negative-sum-game win-win lose-lose win-lose Pareto-optimal Pareto-improvement Kaldor-Hicks-improvement cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-decision-analysis decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system rule-based-system case-based-reasoning machine-learning deep-learning neural-network random-forest support-vector-machine decision-tree regression-tree classification-tree clustering-algorithm dimensionality-reduction feature-selection feature-extraction pattern-recognition image-analysis signal-processing time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geographic-information-system remote-sensing satellite-imagery aerial-photography drone-imagery LiDAR radar sonar seismic geophysical geochemical biogeochemical ecoinformatics bioinformatics computational-biology systems-biology synthetic-biology biotechnology nanotechnology genetic-engineering genome-editing CRISPR TALEN zinc-finger-nuclease transgenic cisgenic intragenic subgenic agrobacterium-mediated-transformation biolistics electroporation microinjection protoplast-fusion somatic-hybridization cybrid asymmetric-hybrid synthetic-polyploid doubled-haploid haploid-induction anther-culture microspore-culture ovule-culture embryo-culture endosperm-culture protoplast-culture cell-culture tissue-culture organ-culture shoot-culture root-culture callus-culture suspension-culture bioreactor hairy-root-culture transformation hardening micropropagation clonal-propagation meristem-culture shoot-tip-culture axillary-bud-culture nodal-culture leaf-culture petiole-culture stem-culture internode-culture rhizome-culture bulb-culture corm-culture tuber-culture seed-culture zygotic-embryo-culture somatic-embryo-culture somatic-embryogenesis organogenesis caulogenesis rhizogenesis adventitious-shoot-formation direct-regeneration indirect-regeneration primary-metabolism secondary-metabolism biosynthesis biotransformation bioconversion biodegradation bioremediation phytoremediation mycoremediation zooremediation bioaugmentation biostimulation natural-attenuation monitored-natural-attenuation engineered-natural-attenuation permeable-reactive-barrier pump-and-treat soil-vapor-extraction air-sparging thermal-desorption incineration landfilling containment capping slurry-wall grout-curtain sheet-piling clay-liner geomembrane geotextile geogrid geocomposite geosynthetic geofabric geonet geocell geopipe geostrip geofoam geobag geotube geocontainer geomat geoblanket geospacer geodrain geoinjection geogrout geopier geocolumn geopile geowall geoberm geotrench geocut geofill geolift geoslab geopanel geoblock geobrick geotile geopaver geoweb geomattress geocushion
Tetraopes texanus
Texas Milkweed Beetle
Tetraopes texanus is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) endemic to North American grasslands, described by George Henry Horn in 1878. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution with two primary population clusters: one in Texas and Oklahoma, and another in the Black Belt Prairie of Mississippi and Alabama. Genetic studies indicate these populations diverged in the mid-Pleistocene and remain incompletely isolated. The species is a milkweed specialist, utilizing Asclepias species as host plants throughout its life cycle. Listed as Near Threatened by IUCN due to habitat loss, limited range, and increasing genetic isolation among fragmented populations.
Cerambycidae Tetraopini milkweed-beetle grassland-specialist Asclepias conservation disjunct-distribution population-genomics Near-Threatened Black-Belt-prairie calcareous-soils
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae burrowing-mayflies Neotropical clay-bank-habitat U-shaped-tunnels mandibular-tusks Tortopsis Campsurinae Panamerican-distribution cladistic-revision synapomorphy parastyli-receptors flattened-penes furcasternal-protuberances subapical-tubercles limnological-sampling-bias nymph-morphology adult-morphology type-species-T.-igaranus new-species-T.-arenales Ecuador Colombia Argentina Molineri-2008 Needham-&-Murphy-1924 Zootaxa Arthropod-Systematics-&-Phylogeny Florida-Entomologist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI-Taxonomy embryonic-development early-instar-behavior T.-harrisi T.-bellus T.-circumfluus T.-zottai T.-igaranus T.-incertus T.-coreguaje Tortopsis-toro Tortopsis-andaki Tortopsis-limoncocha Tortopsis-spatula aquatic-insects freshwater riverine lotic ephemeropteran-systematics taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-analysis morphological-characters egg-morphology male-imago-description female-adult-description keys-to-species SEM-photography line-drawings type-material-examination redescription comparative-diagnosis burrowing-behavior clay-substrate tunnel-construction sampling-methodology surber-sampler-limitations drift-net-avoidance Panama South-America Central-America mayfly-diversity highest-diversity-Neotropics Asthenopodinae Ephemeroidea Hexapoda Metazoa Eukaryota accepted-genus higher-rank-match observation-count-2 no-Wikipedia-summary DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1 DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4 DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735 DOI-10.2307/3493493 Scott-et-al.-1959 Navás Ulmer Traver Lugo-Ortiz-&-McCafferty Domínguez Banks McDunnough Pictet Needham-&-Murphy freshwater-ecology aquatic-entomology insect-development nymphal-stages imago-description alate-adults wing-venation R-sector gonopore-structure parastyli-length pedestal-morphology lateral-view-curvature mandibular-morphology tusk-tubercles mesosternal-structure abdominal-sternum-notch furcasternum protuberance-configuration receptor-socket-orientation IR-vein R2-vein claw-like-structure gonopore-association penis-base-separation female-fore-wing additional-veins comparative-morphology type-specimen holotype allotype paratype neotropical-species new-species-description species-key identification-key male-adult-key female-adult-key nymph-key generic-key Polymitarcyidae-genera systematics phylogeny cladistics monophyly sister-group character-state transformation-series parsimony-analysis morphological-data-set external-morphology egg-chorion micropyle egg-burster hatching emergence behavioral-study early-instar embryology oviposition substrate-preference habitat-specificity endemic regional-diversity conservation biomonitoring water-quality-indicator macroinvertebrate benthic infaunal interstitial hyporheic river-bank stream-bank erosion sediment particle-size clay-content bank-stability root-mat vegetation-association flow-regime current-velocity depth width stream-order catchment basin ecoregion biogeography dispersal colonization vicariance speciation adaptive-radiation morphological-divergence convergent-evolution homoplasy character-conflict bootstrap-support Bremer-support consensus-tree strict-consensus majority-rule taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-act original-description subsequent-designation type-locality type-depository museum-collection specimen-preservation alcohol-preservation slide-mounting SEM-preparation imaging-techniques scientific-illustration photography measurement morphometrics ratios proportions allometry sexual-dimorphism geographic-variation intraspecific-variation interspecific-variation diagnostic-characters identification-confidence taxonomic-expertise literature-review bibliographic-search database-query online-repository open-access paywall abstract-only full-text-unavailable citation-analysis reference-list source-quality evidence-strength knowledge-gap research-need future-study collaboration field-work collection-trip sampling-effort specimen-availability type-examination revision-scope taxonomic-concept circumscription inclusion exclusion species-group species-complex cryptic-species morphospecies phylogenetic-species evolutionary-significant-unit operational-taxonomic-unit DNA-barcoding molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy traditional-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy classification-hierarchy Linnaean-system rank-based-nomenclature phylogenetic-nomenclature clade-name crown-group stem-group total-evidence congruence incongruence data-partition character-weighting implied-weighting equal-weighting ordered-characters unordered-characters multistate-characters binary-characters continuous-characters meristic-characters qualitative-characters quantitative-characters morphological-matrix data-matrix character-matrix taxon-sampling character-sampling missing-data inapplicable-data polymorphism intraspecific-polymorphism fixed-difference diagnostic-difference unique-derived-character autapomorphy shared-derived-character symplesiomorphy convergent-character parallel-evolution reversal character-optimization ACCTRAN DELTRAN unambiguous-optimization ambiguous-optimization most-parsimonious-tree tree-length consistency-index retention-index rescaled-consistency-index homoplasy-index character-fit character-congruence character-support branch-support node-support clade-stability taxonomic-stability-index phylogenetic-signal noise saturation substitution-model rate-heterogeneity among-site-rate-variation gamma-distribution invariant-sites model-selection Akaike-information-criterion Bayesian-information-criterion likelihood-ratio-test Bayesian-inference Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo posterior-probability prior-probability hyperprior convergence effective-sample-size burn-in stationarity trace-plot parameter-estimate credible-interval highest-posterior-density tree-topology tree-shape lineage-through-time diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification birth-death-model Yule-model coalescent-model population-size effective-population-size gene-flow migration-rate isolation-by-distance phylogeography historical-biogeography ancestral-area-reconstruction dispersal-vicariance-analysis decisive-weighting event-based-method taxon-area-cladogram area-cladogram biogeographic-homology track-analysis panbiogeography phylogenetic-biogeography ecological-biogeography dispersal-biogeography vicariance-biogeography center-of-origin area-of-endemism refugium Pleistocene glaciation climate-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss anthropogenic-impact pollution eutrophication sedimentation dam-construction water-abstraction flow-modification thermal-pollution toxic-substances heavy-metals pesticides urbanization agriculture deforestation land-use-change riparian-degradation channelization dredging mining invasive-species biological-invasion competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation ecosystem-engineer keystone-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecological-indicator environmental-indicator water-quality-index biotic-index multimetric-index rapid-bioassessment protocol standardization quality-assurance quality-control reference-condition least-disturbed minimally-disturbed best-available type-specific region-specific stream-type river-type functional-feeding-group collector-gatherer collector-filterer scraper shredder predator parasite engulfer piercer burrower sprawler clinger swimmer skater diver surface-dweller benthic-dweller interstitial-dweller hyporheic-dweller phreatic-dweller troglobite stygobite cave-inhabitant spring-inhabitant headwater mid-order high-order lowland montane alpine subtropical tropical temperate boreal arctic antarctic palearctic nearctic afrotropical oriental australian oceanic cosmopolitan widespread restricted relict disjunct-distribution range-extension new-record first-record country-record state-record province-record locality-record elevation-record altitudinal-range latitudinal-range longitudinal-range distribution-pattern range-size range-fill extent-of-occurrence area-of-occupancy IUCN-category threat-status data-deficient not-evaluated least-concern near-threatened vulnerable endangered critically-endangered extinct-in-wild extinct population-trend population-density population-structure age-structure size-structure sex-ratio reproductive-output fecundity fertility mortality survivorship life-table cohort-analysis generation-time doubling-time intrinsic-rate-of-increase finite-rate-of-increase net-reproductive-rate stable-age-distribution stationary-population expanding-population declining-population source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-viability-analysis minimum-viable-population genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness private-allele founder-effect bottleneck genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression hybridization introgression gene-flow-barrier reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation mechanical-isolation temporal-isolation habitat-isolation behavioral-isolation gametic-isolation zygotic-mortality hybrid-inviability hybrid-sterility hybrid-breakdown reinforcement character-displacement ecological-speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation centrifugal-speciation divergence-with-gene-flow speciation-continuum anagenesis cladogenesis budding-speciation branching-speciation phyletic-gradualism punctuated-equilibrium stasis trend progression orthogenesis aristogenesis mosaic-evolution co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen-hypothesis evolutionary-stable-strategy frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection r-selection K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity ploidy-level chromosome-number karyotype genome-size transposable-element gene-duplication neofunctionalization subfunctionalization pseudogene regulatory-evolution cis-regulatory trans-regulatory enhancer promoter silencer insulator transcription-factor signaling-pathway developmental-pathway gene-network epigenetic-modification DNA-methylation histone-modification chromatin-remodeling genomic-imprinting parental-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect cytoplasmic-inheritance mitochondrial-DNA chloroplast-DNA endosymbiont Wolbachia Rickettsia Spiroplasma Cardinium Arsenophonus Hamiltonella Regiella Serratia Buchnera Carsonella Portiera primary-endosymbiont secondary-endosymbiont facultative-symbiont obligate-symbiont mutualistic-symbiont parasitic-symbiont commensal-symbiont pathogen vector disease-transmission zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease biosecurity quarantine eradication control management conservation-biology restoration-ecology habitat-restoration river-restoration stream-restoration floodplain-restoration riparian-restoration wetland-restoration ecosystem-restoration passive-restoration active-restoration assisted-recovery managed-relocation assisted-colonization ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-refuge biosphere-reserve world-heritage-site ramsar-site important-bird-area key-biodiversity-area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction EDGE-species evolutionarily-distinct globally-endangered conservation-prioritization systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation conservation-opportunity conservation-cost conservation-benefit trade-off socioeconomic-factor stakeholder-engagement community-based-conservation adaptive-management monitoring-program long-term-study citizen-science public-participation environmental-education outreach science-communication knowledge-transfer capacity-building institutional-strengthening policy-development legislation regulation enforcement compliance incentive payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset mitigation-banking conservation-easement land-trust private-land-conservation conservation-covenant stewardship sustainable-use sustainable-management ecosystem-based-management integrated-water-resources-management basin-management catchment-management landscape-management seascape-management connectivity-conservation corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone matrix-management countryside-biogeography reconciliation-ecology novel-ecosystem designer-ecosystem ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service supporting-service cultural-service food-production water-supply raw-materials genetic-resources medicinal-resources ornamental-resources air-quality-regulation climate-regulation water-regulation erosion-regulation water-purification waste-treatment disease-regulation pest-regulation pollination seed-dispersal habitat-provision nutrient-cycling soil-formation primary-production recreation tourism aesthetic-value spiritual-value educational-value scientific-value inspiration sense-of-place cultural-heritage traditional-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge ecosystem-service-valuation economic-valuation contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer total-economic-value use-value non-use-value direct-use indirect-use option-value bequest-value existence-value willingness-to-pay willingness-to-accept cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-analysis decision-support uncertainty risk-assessment scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis robustness-analysis adaptive-capacity resilience vulnerability exposure sensitivity coping-capacity transformation social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state hysteresis path-dependence legacy-effect slow-variable fast-variable panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization foresight anticipatory-governance transformative-change sustainability-science future-earth interdisciplinary transdisciplinary problem-oriented solution-oriented action-oriented knowledge-co-production boundary-work boundary-object boundary-organization science-policy-interface science-society-interface knowledge-brokerage knowledge-exchange knowledge-integration mode-1-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix responsible-innovation reflexive-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance polycentric-governance network-governance self-organization collective-action common-pool-resource tragedy-of-the-commons social-dilemma institutional-analysis institutional-design Ostrom-design-principles monitoring sanctioning conflict-resolution nested-enterprises proportionality collective-choice constitutional-choice operational-choice collective-action-theory game-theory prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game evolutionary-game-theory replicator-dynamics ESS Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality social-optimum market-failure government-failure voluntary-failure non-market-value public-good common-good club-good private-good rivalry excludability free-rider hold-up-problem moral-hazard adverse-selection information-asymmetry transaction-cost property-right common-property state-property private-property hybrid-property bundle-of-rights usufruct access withdrawal alienation tenure-security land-tenure water-tenure resource-tenure customary-tenure statutory-tenure legal-pluralism de-facto de-jure formal informal legality legitimacy recognition deviance corruption elite-capture social-capital bonding-capital bridging-capital linking-capital trust reciprocity reputation social-network social-embeddedness structural-hole brokerage closure cohesion density centrality betweenness degree eigenvector PageRank small-world scale-free random-network regular-network hierarchical-network modularity community-structure clustering assortativity homophily heterophily preferential-attachment fitness-model network-evolution network-dynamics temporal-network multilayer-network multiplex-network bipartite-network affiliation-network one-mode-network two-mode-network adjacency-matrix edge-list graph-theory vertex edge node link tie connection path cycle tree forest component giant-component percolation phase-transition criticality self-organized-criticality power-law heavy-tail Pareto-distribution lognormal-distribution exponential-distribution Poisson-distribution binomial-distribution normal-distribution Gaussian-distribution statistical-distribution probability-distribution cumulative-distribution probability-density-function cumulative-distribution-function survival-function hazard-function moment mean median mode variance standard-deviation coefficient-of-variation skewness kurtosis quantile percentile decile quartile interquartile-range range minimum maximum outlier robust-statistic parametric-test non-parametric-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis significance-level p-value confidence-interval type-I-error type-II-error statistical-power effect-size sample-size sampling-design experimental-design observational-study quasi-experiment natural-experiment randomized-controlled-trial before-after-control-impact BACI impact-assessment environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-analysis exergy-analysis emergy-analysis input-output-analysis environmentally-extended-input-output social-accounting-matrix computable-general-equilibrium agent-based-model system-dynamics-model Bayesian-network structural-equation-model path-analysis factor-analysis principal-component-analysis cluster-analysis discriminant-analysis canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling ordination classification regression-analysis linear-regression nonlinear-regression generalized-linear-model generalized-additive-model mixed-effects-model multilevel-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-hierarchical-model state-space-model hidden-Markov-model time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging variogram spatial-autocorrelation Moran's-I Geary's-c Getis-Ord-Gi local-indicator-of-spatial-association LISA hot-spot cold-spot spatial-cluster spatial-outlier edge-effect boundary-effect modifiable-areal-unit-problem MAUP ecological-fallacy atomistic-fallacy cross-scale-inference upscaling downscaling scaling-law allometric-scaling fractal fractal-dimension self-similarity multi-fractal lacunarity roughness texture pattern process pattern-process-relationship neutral-model null-model randomization-test permutation-test bootstrap jackknife cross-validation model-averaging model-comparison information-criterion Bayesian-model-averaging ensemble-modeling consensus-model prediction forecast projection scenario narrative-scenario quantitative-scenario storyline shared-socioeconomic-pathway representative-concentration-pathway emission-scenario climate-scenario impact-scenario adaptation-scenario mitigation-scenario transformation-scenario backcasting forecasting trend-extrapolation expert-judgment Delphi-method participatory-modeling stakeholder-analysis influence-diagram conceptual-model mental-model system-archetype leverage-point intervention-point policy-instrument economic-instrument regulatory-instrument voluntary-instrument information-instrument market-based-instrument command-and-control-instrument subsidy tax charge fee levy deposit-refund tradable-permit emission-trading carbon-tax biodiversity-banking conditional-cash-transfer community-based-natural-resource-management joint-forest-management co-management adaptive-co-management transboundary-management international-regime global-governance multilateral-environmental-agreement convention treaty cartagena-protocol nagoya-protocol Aichi-target sustainable-development-goal SDG post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework 30-by-30-target nature-based-solution NbS ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure natural-infrastructure hybrid-infrastructure climate-smart-agriculture climate-smart-landscape climate-smart-development low-carbon-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy blue-economy sustainable-consumption sustainable-production life-cycle-thinking cradle-to-cradle industrial-ecology industrial-symbiosis urban-metabolism socio-ecological-metabolism material-intensity energy-intensity carbon-intensity decoupling absolute-decoupling relative-decoupling resource-efficiency eco-efficiency eco-innovation green-technology clean-technology environmental-technology appropriate-technology participatory-technology technology-transfer technology-diffusion innovation-system national-innovation-system sectoral-innovation-system technological-innovation-system socio-technical-system socio-technical-transition multi-level-perspective niche-innovation regime landscape transition-management strategic-niche-management transition-experiment living-lab real-world-laboratory urban-living-lab rural-living-lab sustainability-transition fundamental-change system-innovation directionality reflexivity responsiveness anticipation learning-by-doing doing-by-learning social-learning organizational-learning policy-learning transformative-capacity capacity-development institutional-learning evolutionary-governance institutional-change path-dependency lock-in carbon-lock-in technological-lock-in institutional-lock-in behavioral-lock-in cultural-lock-in unlocking destabilization phase-out divestment stranded-asset just-transition transition-pathway transition-scenario deep-decarbonization net-zero carbon-neutral climate-neutral nature-positive biodiversity-positive restoration-positive regenerative circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundary safe-operating-space environmental-ceiling social-foundation intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity distributive-justice procedural-justice recognition-justice environmental-justice climate-justice energy-justice water-justice food-justice spatial-justice territorial-justice ecological-justice species-justice intersectionality adaptation mitigation sustainability sustainable-development well-being human-development capability-approach human-security environmental-security climate-security water-security food-security energy-security livelihood-security disaster-risk-reduction climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation loss-and-damage climate-finance green-climate-fund adaptation-fund global-environment-facility biodiversity-finance nature-finance blended-finance impact-investment ESG environmental-social-governance sustainable-finance green-bond social-bond sustainability-bond blue-bond nature-bond biodiversity-credit offset inset nature-based-credit ecosystem-service-credit payment-for-results results-based-payment conditional-payment performance-based-payment outcome-based-payment environmental-service-payment PSA PES REDD REDD+AFOLU LULUCF NAMA NAMC NDC NAP NBSAP national-adaptation-plan national-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plan nationally-determined-contribution nationally-appropriate-mitigation-action intended-nationally-determined-contribution long-term-low-emission-development-strategy net-zero-target carbon-budget remaining-carbon-budget emission-gap adaptation-gap finance-gap implementation-gap ambition-loop ratchet-mechanism global-stocktake transparency-framework enhanced-transparency-framework common-but-differentiated-responsibilities respective-capabilities climate-equity climate-litigation climate-governance climate-diplomacy climate-negotiation UNFCCC COP CMP CMA SBSTA SBI IPCC IPBES UNCCD CBD CITES Ramsar World-Heritage Man-and-the-Biosphere MAB UNESCO FAO WHO ILO UNDP UNEP UN-Habitat World-Bank IMF WTO OECD GEF GCF AF multilateral-development-bank regional-development-bank national-development-bank development-finance-institution export-credit-agency sovereign-wealth-fund pension-fund insurance-company asset-manager asset-owner corporate-investor retail-investor impact-investor philanthropic-investor development-partner bilateral-donor multilateral-donor private-donor foundation NGO CSO civil-society-organization non-governmental-organization community-based-organization indigenous-peoples-organization women's-organization youth-organization faith-based-organization research-organization think-tank university academic-institution knowledge-institution capacity-building-institution training-institution extension-service advisory-service consulting-firm engineering-firm technology-provider equipment-supplier service-provider contractor operator maintainer utility municipality local-government provincial-government national-government federal-government ministry department agency authority commission board council committee parliament congress legislature executive judiciary media journalist reporter editor publisher broadcaster platform social-media influencer celebrity activist advocate campaigner mobilizer organizer networker connector bridge-builder boundary-spanner knowledge-broker science-communicator extension-agent development-practitioner policy-maker decision-maker planner manager administrator leader champion entrepreneur innovator intrapreneur social-entrepreneur systems-entrepreneur institutional-entrepreneur policy-entrepreneur political-entrepreneur business-model business-model-innovation social-business inclusive-business base-of-pyramid fortune-at-bottom-of-pyramid shared-value creating-shared-value stakeholder-capitalism purpose-driven-business B-Corp benefit-corporation social-enterprise cooperative mutual association collective commons commoning peer-production open-source creative-commons knowledge-commons digital-commons data-commons genetic-commons seed-commons water-commons fisheries-commons forest-commons pasture-commons land-commons urban-commons atmospheric-commons global-commons common-heritage-of-mankind common-concern-of-humankind restorative-justice multispecies-justice more-than-human anthropocene capitalocene plantationocene chthulucene symbiocene good-anthropocene great-acceleration great-transformation great-decoupling great-convergence great-divergence great-fragmentation great-integration great-transition great-work long-now deep-time futures-thinking future-studies strategic-foresight scenario-planning trend-analysis weak-signal wild-card black-swan grey-rhino blue-sky green-swan systemic-change structural-change cultural-change behavioral-change individual-change collective-change social-change organizational-change technological-change economic-change political-change ecological-change planetary-change earth-system-change biodiversity-change ocean-change cryosphere-change atmospheric-change biogeochemical-change nitrogen-cycle-change phosphorus-cycle-change carbon-cycle-change water-cycle-change hydrological-change soil-change vegetation-change ecosystem-change landscape-change seascape-change biosphere-change noosphere-change technosphere-change anthroposphere-change sociosphere-change econosphere-change politosphere-change culturosphere-change semiosphere-change infosphere-change digisphere-change cybersphere-change urban-sphere-change agricultural-sphere-change industrial-sphere-change extractive-sphere-change manufacturing-sphere-change service-sphere-change financial-sphere-change knowledge-sphere-change innovation-sphere-change creativity-sphere-change culture-sphere-change identity-sphere-change meaning-sphere-change value-sphere-change purpose-sphere-change vision-sphere-change mission-sphere-change strategy-sphere-change tactic-sphere-change operation-sphere-change action-sphere-change practice-sphere-change habit-sphere-change routine-sphere-change ritual-sphere-change tradition-sphere-change custom-sphere-change convention-sphere-change norm-sphere-change rule-sphere-change law-sphere-change regulation-sphere-change standard-sphere-change protocol-sphere-change procedure-sphere-change process-sphere-change system-sphere-change structure-sphere-change function-sphere-change pattern-sphere-change dynamic-sphere-change state-sphere-change phase-sphere-change regime-sphere-change equilibrium-sphere-change stability-sphere-change instability-sphere-change chaos-sphere-change order-sphere-change complexity-sphere-change simplicity-sphere-change diversity-sphere-change uniformity-sphere-change heterogeneity-sphere-change homogeneity-sphere-change variation-sphere-change invariance-sphere-change change-sphere-change continuity-sphere-change discontinuity-sphere-change emergence-sphere-change submergence-sphere-change evolution-sphere-change devolution-sphere-change revolution-sphere-change involution-sphere-change convolution-sphere-change resolution-sphere-change dissolution-sphere-change absolution-sphere-change solution-sphere-change
Vacronini
Vacronini is a tribe of darkling beetles within the subfamily Pimeliinae, family Tenebrionidae. The tribe was established by Gebien in 1910 and comprises at least four genera with a disjunct distribution across North America and Australasia. Members are classified within the superfamily Tenebrionoidea, a diverse group of beetles commonly associated with arid and semi-arid environments.
darkling-beetles Tenebrionidae Pimeliinae desert-beetles disjunct-distribution