Habitat-specialist
Guides
Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
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ycommon-but-differentiated-responsibilitiespolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principlebeneficiary-pays-principleprecautionpreventionintergenerational-responsibilityintragenerational-responsibilitystewardshipcustodianshipguardianshiptrusteeshipcommon-heritage-of-humankindcommon-concern-of-humankindglobal-public-goodglobal-commonstragedy-of-the-commonscollective-action-problemfree-riderprisoner's-dilemmagame-theoryinstitutional-economicspolitical-economypolitical-ecologyenvironmental-historyhistorical-ecologydeep-historyanthropocenegreat-accelerationplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsdegrowthsteady-state-economycircular-economyblue-economygreen-economybioeconomysharing-economycollaborative-consumptionprosumermaker-movementopen-sourcecreative-commonscopyleftpeer-productioncommons-based-peer-productiondigital-commonsknowledge-commonsdata-commonsgenetic-resourcesaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-protocolCartagena-protocolAarhus-conventionRio-declarationStockholm-declarationEarth-charterfuture-generationslong-term-thinkingfutures-studiesscenario-analysisbackcastinganticipatory-governancetransformative-changesystemic-changeparadigm-shiftsocial-ecological-transformationjust-transitiongreen-new-dealecological-civilizationharmony-with-natureliving-in-harmony-with-natureintrinsic-valueinstrumental-valuerelational-valuenature's-rightsrights-of-naturelegal-personhoodstandingrepresentationprocedural-rightssubstantive-rightsenvironmental-rule-of-lawenvironmental-democracyenvironmental-constitutionalismenvironmental-rightsright-to-environmentright-to-healthright-to-foodright-to-waterright-to-developmentsustainable-developmentcommon-heritagecommon-concernglobal-governancemultilateralismplurilateralismminilateralismbilateralismunilateralismhegemonymultipolaritypolycentricitynetworked-governancefragmented-governancewicked-problemssuper-wicked-problemstame-problemsproblem-framingproblem-definitionsolution-spaceoption-spacedecision-spacepolicy-spaceinstitutional-spacepolitical-spacediscursive-spacenarrativestorytellingframingsense-makingmeaning-makingidentityvaluesbeliefsattitudesnormscultureworldviewparadigmepistemediscourseresistancecounter-hegemonysocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementindigenous-movementyouth-movementfeminist-movementenvironmental-justice-movementfood-sovereignty-movementland-rights-movementwater-rights-movementanimal-rights-movementnature-rights-movementecocentrismanthropocentrismbiocentrismzoocentrismsentientismecofeminismdeep-ecologysocial-ecologyecological-modernizationecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-educationenvironmental-communicationrisk-communicationcrisis-communicationstrategic-communicationpublic-relationsmarketingbehavior-changesocial-marketingcommunity-based-social-marketingnudgingchoice-architecturedefault-optionsimplificationfeedbacksocial-normscommitmentdisincentivesregulationstandardtaxsubsidycap-and-tradeoffsetcreditpaymentrewardpunishmentvoluntary-actionmandatory-actionhybrid-governancemeta-governancesteeringrowingrowing-backrowing-forwardrowing-togetherrowing-apartrowing-in-circlesrowing-against-the-currentrowing-with-the-currentrowing-upstreamrowing-downstreamrowing-acrossrowing-throughrowing-beyondrowing-withinrowing-withoutrowing-aboverowing-belowrowing-besiderowing-betweenrowing-amongrowing-amidstrowing-throughoutrowing-everywhererowing-nowhererowing-somewhererowing-anywhereAnthrenus fuscus
Mill Carpet Beetle
Anthrenus fuscus is a small carpet beetle in the family Dermestidae, commonly known as the Mill Carpet Beetle. It occurs in North America and Europe, with populations in southern Britain showing peak abundance near agricultural areas. Adults are found on flowers during summer months, while larvae feed on dead insects in natural habitats such as spiders' webs and under tree bark. The species exhibits sharply defined habitat separation from the closely related A. verbasci.
Apodemia mormo
Mormon Metalmark
Apodemia mormo is a Nearctic butterfly in the family Riodinidae, notable as the only member of this primarily Neotropical family occurring in Canada. The species exhibits substantial geographic variation across its western North American range, with disjunct populations showing genetic and phenotypic divergence. Taxonomic relationships among populations remain unresolved, with some formerly recognized subspecies reassigned to other species. Multiple Canadian populations hold conservation designations due to habitat specificity and limited distribution.
Beameria venosa
Aridland Cicada
Beameria venosa is one of the smallest cicada species in North America, with a body length of approximately 16 mm. It is a prairie obligate species distributed across the Great Plains from Nebraska and Colorado south to Texas and New Mexico, with additional records from Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, and Arizona. The species produces a high-frequency calling song that is audible to humans but appears to function as a predator avoidance mechanism by being inaudible to birds and lizards. It is listed as vulnerable in Missouri due to its dependence on restricted prairie habitats.
Boloria chariclea montinus
White Mountain Fritillary
The White Mountain Fritillary is a critically imperiled subspecies endemic to the alpine zone of the Presidential Range in New Hampshire's White Mountains. A glacial relict isolated for approximately 9,000 years, it represents one of the rarest butterfly populations in eastern North America. Systematic point-count surveys in 2012-2013 found highest densities in herbaceous-snowbank plant communities, though the more widespread heath-shrub-rush community likely supports the majority of adults. The subspecies is easily alarmed by human approach and exhibits variable detectability depending on weather conditions.
Callophrys lanoraieensis
bog elfin
Callophrys lanoraieensis, the bog elfin, is a small North American butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is a habitat specialist restricted to peatland ecosystems dominated by black spruce and tamarack. The species has a limited distribution in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, with isolated populations across its range. Its small size, dull brown coloration, and lack of hindwing tails distinguish it from related elfin species.
Cicindela columbica
Columbia River tiger beetle
Cicindela columbica is a tiger beetle endemic to Idaho, United States, known as the Columbia River tiger beetle. The species is critically endangered, with its range now restricted to the Lower Salmon River system following extirpation from Oregon and Washington due to dam construction on the Columbia River. It inhabits sand bars and river beaches where it hunts smaller arthropods.
Cicindela formosa generosa
Eastern Big Sand Tiger Beetle, Eastern Sand Tiger Beetle
Cicindela formosa generosa, the Eastern Big Sand Tiger Beetle, is a robust, visually striking tiger beetle subspecies found in deep, dry sand habitats across the Great Plains and north-central United States. Adults are characterized by dark brown dorsal coloration with bold, thick white markings on the elytra that are separate dorsally and joined along the outer edges. The subspecies exhibits distinctive behavioral traits including powerful escape flights ending in characteristic bounces and tumbles, and a preference for foraging in sparsely vegetated areas rather than completely barren sand. Populations in Missouri sometimes show coppery-red coloration, possibly related to soil chemistry rather than genetic differentiation from the western nominotypical subspecies.
Cicindela fulgida fulgida
Crimson Saltflat Tiger Beetle
Cicindela fulgida fulgida is a subspecies of tiger beetle restricted to saline and alkaline habitats in the central and western Great Plains of North America. Adults are active primarily during spring and fall, with larvae constructing distinctive turreted burrows in dry, salt-encrusted soils. The species exhibits strong habitat fidelity to wet, alkaline environments including saline flats and dry alkaline creek beds. Larval burrows feature unique above-ground turret structures thought to function in thermoregulation.
Cicindelini
tiger beetles, flashy tiger beetles
Cicindelini is a tribe of tiger beetles comprising approximately 80% of the family's genera and species diversity. The tribe contains over 90 genera and more than 2,000 described species, making it one of the most species-rich groups within the ground beetle assemblage. Members are characterized by their diurnal activity patterns, rapid running speed, and distinctive predatory behaviors. The tribe exhibits broad geographic distribution with highest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions, though species occur across all continents except Antarctica.
Coenonympha tullia subfusca
Coenonympha tullia subfusca is a subspecies of the large heath butterfly, a member of the family Nymphalidae. It is associated with peatland and bog habitats, where it occurs alongside other bog-specialist species. The subspecies is part of a complex that shows variation across its range in Europe and North America. Like other Coenonympha species, it is dependent on specific habitat conditions that have become increasingly threatened by drainage, peat extraction, and climate change-induced wildfires.
Copablepharon fuscum
sand-verbena moth
Copablepharon fuscum, commonly known as the sand-verbena moth, is a noctuid moth species restricted to sandy ocean beaches along the Pacific coast of North America. The species was described in 1996 by Troubridge and Crabo. Adults have a wingspan of 35–40 mm. The larvae are specialized feeders on Abronia latifolia (yellow sand-verbena), a coastal dune plant. The species has a very limited geographic range and is considered at risk due to habitat loss and degradation of coastal dune ecosystems.
Cordulegaster erronea
tiger spiketail
Cordulegaster erronea, the tiger spiketail, is a large, uncommon dragonfly in the family Cordulegastridae. It is a habitat specialist requiring small, pristine, spring-fed forest streams with muck bottoms and overhanging vegetation. The species has a long larval period estimated at 3-4 years and a brief adult flight period of approximately 2-3 weeks in early summer. Radio-telemetry studies in New Jersey have revealed limited adult movement, with individuals typically remaining within 100-200 meters of natal streams and showing strong site fidelity.
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fungus-growing ants
Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.
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recurvatum
Pine Barrens Bluet, Pale Barrens Bluet
Enallagma recurvatum is a small damselfly endemic to the United States. It inhabits freshwater lakes, particularly in pine barrens and similar sandy, acidic lake systems. The species is considered threatened due to habitat loss from development, water quality degradation, and shoreline alteration. Its restricted range and specialized habitat requirements make it vulnerable to environmental changes.
Euproserpinus euterpe
Kern primrose sphinx moth, euterpe sphinx moth
Euproserpinus euterpe is a small, day-flying sphinx moth endemic to California and federally listed as threatened. Adults are active from mid-January to early April, with peak activity in February and March. The species has a highly restricted, disjunct distribution limited to two known locations in Kern and San Luis Obispo counties. Larvae are specialized feeders on evening primrose (Camissonia species), while adults nectar on diverse regional wildflowers. Population abundance fluctuates dramatically with climatic conditions, particularly rainfall.
federally-threatenedendemicdiurnalspecialist-herbivoreglacial-relictCalifornia-endemicevening-primrose-feedersandy-soil-pupationpopulation-fluctuationconservation-concerninsect-collecting-threathabitat-specialistdisjunct-distributionlate-winter-emergencemorning-eclosionagricultural-disturbance-toleranceBureau-of-Land-Managementrecovery-plan-speciespresumed-extinct-rediscoveryclimate-sensitive-population-dynamicsExapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
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-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setGasteruption
carrot wasps
Gasteruption is a genus of parasitoid wasps commonly known as "carrot wasps" due to their slender, elongated bodies and frequent association with umbelliferous flowers. The genus comprises approximately 64 species worldwide, with 21 species recorded in Central Europe and at least 15 in North America. Adults are characterized by a pronounced "neck" between the head and thorax, an abdomen attached high on the thorax, and enlarged hind tibiae that function in flight dynamics and vibrational sensing. Females possess long ovipositors for accessing host nests. Larvae are predator-inquilines in the nests of solitary bees and wasps.
Habroscelimorpha dorsalis dorsalis
Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle
The Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle is the largest subspecies of Habroscelimorpha dorsalis, endemic to sandy Atlantic coast beaches of the northeastern United States. Listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act since 1990, this diurnal predator has experienced severe population declines due to habitat loss from coastal erosion, shoreline development, and human recreational activity. Adults are active from mid-June through July, while larvae overwinter in deep sand burrows. The species serves as an indicator of beach ecosystem health and requires specific habitat conditions including medium-coarse sand and minimum beach widths of 6.5 feet for successful reproduction.
Ligia baudiniana
Central American Seaslater
A large intertidal isopod (sea slater) native to the Greater Caribbean region, reaching 25–30 mm in body length. Distinguished from congeners by long uropods exceeding two-thirds body length and brush-like structures on the first pair of legs in males. Exhibits strong habitat fidelity to natural mangrove forests and rocky intertidal zones, with documented sensitivity to coastal development. Serves as intermediate host for digenean trematodes.
Megacephalini
Big-headed Tiger Beetles
Megacephalini is a tribe of tiger beetles (family Cicindelidae) characterized by notably enlarged heads relative to body size. The tribe includes approximately seven described species across at least two genera, with Megacephala and Tetracha being the most prominent. Members are distributed across the Americas, with some species showing strong habitat specialization for saline or alkaline environments. The taxonomy of this group has undergone recent revision, with former subgenera of Tetracha elevated to generic status.
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
ArachnidaAraneaeLinyphiidaedwarf-spiderArcticborealHolarctictundramontanepredatorcold-adaptedground-dwellinghigh-latitudehigh-altitudeSaaristoMarusikChyzerKulczyński18942004-revisiongenitalic-charactersepigynumembolusconductorpalaearcticnearcticEurasiaNorth-AmericaScandinaviaSiberiaAlaskaCanadaGreenlandKazakhstanMongoliaChinaKurile-IslandsFinlandSwedenNorwayGermanySwitzerlandItalySlovakiaBulgariaCentral-Europetype-species:-Oreoneta-frigidathirty-species30-speciessmall-spidersheet-web-weavermoney-spiderLinyphiinaeErigoninaemicrohabitatlitter-dwellingcrypticunderstudiedtaxonomic-revisionmorphological-taxonomylight-microscopyspecies-descriptionbiogeographyglacial-refugiapost-glacial-colonizationendemicregional-endemicalpine-endemicArctic-endemicboreal-foresttaigarocky-habitatmeadowwetlandstream-marginsnowbedfellfieldheathmosslichenvegetationsoil-surfacestonerockboulderscreetalusdebrishumusorganic-layerpermafrostpolarsubpolarcold-stenothermstenothermstenotopichabitat-specialistconservationraredata-deficientIUCNred-listnatural-historysystematicsphylogenymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOIcytochrome-oxidase28S18SITSmorphologytaxonomyalpha-taxonomyrevisionmonographfaunisticschorologyzoogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationcryptic-speciesspecies-complexspecies-groupspecies-aggregatesubspeciesinfraspecificvariationpolymorphismsexual-dimorphismmalefemalejuvenileinstarecdysismoltingdevelopmentgrowthreproductionmatingcourtshipsperm-transferspermatophorepedipalppalpal-organcopulatory-organgenitaliaepigynevulvaspermathecafertilization-ductcopulatory-ductatriumscapemacerationdissectionmicroscopestereomicroscopecompound-microscopeillustrationdrawingphotographySEMscanning-electron-microscopyhabitusdorsalventrallateralprosomaopisthosomaabdomencephalothoraxcarapacesternumchelicerafanglegtarsusmetatarsustibiapatellafemurcoxatrochanterspinneretcolulustracheal-spiraclebook-lungcuticlesetahairspinemacrosetasensillumchaetotaxyeyeoculusocellianterior-median-eyeposterior-median-eyeanterior-lateral-eyeposterior-lateral-eyeeye-tubercleclypeusfoveapedicelwaistconstrictioncolorpatternpigmentationmelanismalbinismsizemeasurementtotal-lengthcarapace-lengthcarapace-widthabdomen-lengthleg-lengthleg-formulaindexratioproportionallometryontogenysubadultadultmaturitysexual-maturityreproductive-maturitylongevitylife-spangeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinesemivoltinebiennialperennialoverwinteringdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehalosethermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationpostural-thermoregulationactivitydiurnalnocturnalcrepuscularmatutinalvespertinecircadianrhythmseasonalphenologycalendardatemonthactivity-periodbreeding-seasonovipositioneggegg-saccocoonsilkwebsheet-webtangle-webspace-webplatform-webdome-webbowl-webfunnelretreatsignal-linedraglineattachment-discampullate-glandcylindriform-glandaciniform-glandaggregate-glandflagelliform-glandtubuliform-glandpiriform-glandmajor-ampullateminor-ampullatesilk-proteinspidroinfibroinsericingluevisciddrycapture-silkdragline-silksafety-lineanchor-lineframe-lineradial-linespiral-linesticky-spiralnon-sticky-spiralhubperimetersubstratenicheguildfunctional-grouptrophic-levelcarnivorezoophagearthropodivoreinsectivorepreycaptureattacksubdueimmobilizekillfeeddigestextraoral-digestionsucking-stomachgutmidguthindgutMalpighian-tubuleexcretionosmoregulationmetabolismrespirationtracheaspiraclegas-exchangecirculationhemolymphheartaortasinusnervous-systembrainganglionnervesensory-organmechanoreceptorchemoreceptorthermoreceptorhygroreceptorphotoreceptorproprioceptortrichobothriumtarsal-organslit-sensillumlyriform-organpedipalp-organHaller's-organcontact-chemoreceptorgustatoryolfactorypheromonesemiochemicalkairomoneallomonesynomonecommunicationsignalvibrationseismicairbornevisualchemicaltactilecopulationinseminationspermspermatozoonmedian-apophysisterminal-apophysisparacymbiumcymbiumbulbustegulumsubtegulumradixlamellaprocessapophysisflangehookcoilspiralductreservoirscleriteplatefieldfossapocketreceptaculumspermathecaeglandinsemination-ductuterusuterus-externusuterus-internusvaginagonoporeovipositorovaryoviductfolliclevitellogenesisoogenesisspermatogenesistestisvas-deferensejaculatory-ductseminal-vesiclefecundityfertilityclutch-sizeegg-numberhatchingemergenceballooningaerial-dispersalsilk-draglinegossamermigrationmovementwalkingrunningjumpingclimbingburrowinghidingrefugeshelterdefensepredationpredator-avoidanceantipredatorcrypsiscamouflagemimicryaposematismdeimaticthanatosisautotomyleg-lossregenerationinjurywoundhealingimmune-responsehemocytemelanizationencapsulationnoduleparasiteparasitoidpathogenfungusbacteriumvirusnematodemitegroomingcleaninghygieneself-maintenancesilk-useweb-useprey-captureforaginghuntingambushsit-and-waitactive-huntingsearchingprobingtestingexplorationlearningmemorycognitionbehaviorethologyecologypopulationcommunityecosystembiomebiospherehabitatenvironmentabioticbioticfactortemperaturehumiditymoistureprecipitationrainsnowwindlightphotoperiodday-lengthradiationUVsoilcovercomplexityheterogeneityproductivityenergynutrientcarbonnitrogenphosphorusfood-webtrophic-interactionpredator-preycompetitionintraspecificinterspecificresourcepartitioningcoexistencediversityrichnessevennessabundancedensityfrequencyoccurrencepresenceabsencedetectionsamplingcollectionpitfall-trapquadrattransecthand-collectingbeatingsiftingextractionBerleseTullgrenWinklerflotationsortingpreservationethanolformalinmountslidelabelcatalogdatabaserepositorymuseumvouchertypeholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginaldatalocalitygeoreferencecoordinatelatitudelongitudeelevationaltitudedepthcollectordeterminationidentificationexpertspecialistliteraturepublicationjournalarticlepaperbookthesisdissertationreportchecklistonlinedigitalarchivebibliographyreferencecitationauthoryearvolumepagefiguremaptableappendixsupplementarymaterialmethodsresultsdiscussionconclusionabstractkeywordindex-termsubjecttopicdisciplinesciencebiologyzoologyarachnologyentomologyevolutionphylogeneticsbiologicalnatureprotectionmanagementpolicylegislationrestorationmonitoringassessmentindicatorflagshipumbrellakeystoneengineerservicefunctiondynamicsstabilityresilienceresistancerecoverysuccessiondisturbanceclimatechangewarmingglacierrangeshiftexpansioncontractionfragmentationisolationconnectivitycorridornetworkreserveparkprotectedareawildernessurbanruralagriculturalforestryminingimpactthreatriskvulnerabilitysensitivityexposureadaptivecapacitymitigationadaptationsustainableuseharvesttradeeconomymedicineresearcheducationoutreachcitizenengagementawarenessappreciationaestheticculturalspiritualexistencevalueintrinsicinstrumentalutilitariananthropocentricbiocentricecocentricethicphilosophyhistorydiscoveryexpeditionvoyagesurveyinventoryfaunabiotabiodiversitylifeearthplanetwildlifeanimalinvertebratearthropodcheliceratearachnidspideraraneomorphentelegynemicryphantidOreoneta2004frigidatype-speciesalpinefeedingtype-specimenclimate-changeprotected-areaParaphidippus basalis
Agave Jumping Spider
Paraphidippus basalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the Agave Jumping Spider. It is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The species exhibits a notable ecological specialization, being strongly associated with rosette-forming plants including agaves, sotols, and yuccas. This degree of plant-specific habitat association is uncommon among jumping spiders, which are typically generalist predators.
Parnassius smintheus
Rocky Mountain parnassian, Rocky Mountain apollo
Parnassius smintheus is a high-altitude butterfly endemic to the Rocky Mountains of North America. It inhabits alpine and subalpine meadows where it depends on Sedum lanceolatum as its primary larval host plant. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in behavior: males are highly mobile and patrol meadows for females, while females are relatively sedentary and search for oviposition sites primarily by crawling. Population dynamics are strongly influenced by early-winter weather conditions, particularly November temperature extremes and snowfall, which affect overwintering egg survival. Climate change poses significant threats through rising treeline and altered snowpack patterns.
Petaluridae
petaltails, graybacks
Petaluridae is a relict family of dragonflies (Anisoptera) representing one of the most ancient lineages of extant dragonflies, with fossil records dating to the Jurassic period over 150 million years ago. The family comprises 11 extant species in five genera, divided into two major clades: a Laurasian clade (Tachopteryx, Tanypteryx) distributed in eastern and western North America and Japan, and a Gondwanan clade (Petalura, Phenes, Uropetala) found in Australia, New Zealand, and Chile. Petaltails are notable for their specialized larval habitats and extended development times, with most species persisting as independent lineages for 70–75 million years.
Photinus tenuicinctus
thinly-girdled firefly, Ozark spark
Photinus tenuicinctus is a firefly species endemic to the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma. Adults measure 8.5–11.5 mm in length. Males are fully winged and capable of flight, while females are brachypterous and flightless. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in both morphology and bioluminescent signaling.
Plebejus melissa samuelis
Karner blue butterfly
Plebejus melissa samuelis, commonly known as the Karner blue butterfly, is a federally endangered subspecies first described by Vladimir Nabokov in 1944 from Karner, New York. It is highly specialized, with larvae feeding exclusively on wild lupine (Lupinus perennis) and inhabiting dry sandy barrens ecosystems. The subspecies produces two generations annually and has become a flagship for conservation efforts, particularly in Wisconsin where a pioneering statewide Habitat Conservation Plan was developed.
Rhaphiomidas
flower-loving flies
Rhaphiomidas is a genus of mydid flies comprising fewer than 30 species and subspecies restricted to desert regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Adults are active for brief periods in spring or fall, with multiple species in the same dune system often separated by seasonal timing. Several taxa are critically endangered due to habitat loss from development and recreational disturbance.
Rhionaeschna mutata
Spatterdock Darner
Rhionaeschna mutata, commonly known as the spatterdock darner, is a rare and ecologically restricted dragonfly species in the family Aeshnidae. It is found in North America, with specific reproductive habitat requirements that limit its distribution. The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a stable population as of 2017. Its common name references its association with spatterdock (Nuphar), a type of aquatic vegetation.
Schinia bimatris
White Flower Moth
Schinia bimatris, commonly known as the White Flower Moth, is a small noctuid moth species found in the south-central and south-eastern United States and in a disjunct population in Manitoba, Canada. The species is designated as Endangered under Canada's Species At Risk Act. Adults are distinctive in their entirely white wings, thorax, and abdomen with an orange head, and have a wingspan of approximately 30 mm. The larval stage remains undescribed, and the host plant relationship is poorly understood, though Nuttall's Evening-primrose (Oenothera nuttallii) has been suggested as a possible food source.
Shotwellia isleta
Shotwellia isleta is a rare, monotypic band-winged grasshopper described by Gurney in 1940. Molecular phylogenetic analysis places it as sister to other genera within the Chortophaga genus group of Oedipodinae. The species is a habitat specialist restricted to isolated locations in the Chihuahuan Desert.
Somatochlora calverti
Calvert's Emerald, Andre Flies
Somatochlora calverti is a rare, range-restricted dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is endemic to the southeastern United States, primarily known from the Florida panhandle with scattered records in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. The species is a habitat specialist associated with shallow seepage streams and steephead ravines. Its nymph has never been collected in the field, and its reproductive microhabitat remains speculative based on analogy to sympatric congeners.
Sosippus placidus
Lake Placid Funnel Wolf Spider
Sosippus placidus is a web-building wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, endemic to the United States. Unlike most wolf spiders, which are nomadic hunters, this species constructs thick sheet-like webs with funnel-like retreats. It is described as a habitat specialist compared to its widespread congener Sosippus floridanus. The species is known from relatively few observations (31 records on iNaturalist as of source date), suggesting restricted distribution or specific habitat requirements.
Speyeria callippe comstocki
Comstock's Callippe Fritillary
Speyeria callippe comstocki is a subspecies of the Callippe fritillary butterfly, endemic to the Canadian prairies. It belongs to the greater fritillary group (genus Speyeria), characterized by silvery spots on the wing undersides and obligate associations with violet host plants. The subspecies is distinguished from other S. callippe populations by geographic isolation in the northern Great Plains. Like other Speyeria species, adults are strong fliers that rely primarily on vision for habitat navigation.
Sphodros niger
Black purse-web spider, Black Purseweb Spider
Sphodros niger is a mygalomorph spider native to northeastern North America. Males reach approximately 11 mm in body length (29 mm with legs extended) and possess distinctive chocolate-brown legs contrasting with an otherwise black body. Females were not described until 1980, 138 years after the species was first named, due to their sedentary tube-dwelling behavior. The species is listed as a special concern species in Connecticut and ranked as vulnerable in Virginia.
Tanypteryx
Dark Petaltails, Black Petaltail (for T. hageni)
Tanypteryx is a small genus of petaltail dragonflies containing two species: T. hageni (black petaltail), found in the Pacific Northwest of North America, and T. pryeri, found in Japan. The genus represents an ancient lineage that diverged from its sister species approximately 70-73 million years ago, making it an evolutionary "living fossil." T. hageni is a habitat specialist with nymphs that occupy fen wetlands and dig burrows, an uncommon life history among dragonflies.
Trirhabda borealis
Boreal Goldenrod Leaf Beetle
Trirhabda borealis is a skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is a specialist herbivore associated with goldenrod (Solidago) and has been studied for its movement behavior in fragmented versus continuous habitats. The species occurs in North America, with records from western Canada and the northern United States.