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Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
Buprestidae metallic-wood-boring-beetle flower-visiting southwestern-North-America Arizona Mexico Acmaeodera Coleoptera diurnal-beetle July September Allionia Talinum Evolvulus Cazier-1940 jewel-beetle buprestid insect beetle arthropod animal Nearctic Neotropic Middle-America North-America Central-America accepted-species exact-match 103-observations iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia Ted-C.-MacRae Beetles-In-The-Bush field-collecting Arizona-blue-eyes White's-flameflower creeping-four-o'clock flower-host sky-islands Santa-Rita-Mountains Huachuca-Mountains Box-Canyon Copper-Canyon Gardner-Canyon Montosa-Canyon ruby-road Atascosa-Mountains Madera-Canyon Florida-Canyon summer-activity fall-activity July-collecting September-collecting beating-sheet sweeping visual-detection diurnal-activity flower-perching rare-beetle uncommon-species target-species buprestophile Cazier 1940 original-description type-locality species-description taxonomic-authority canonical-name scientific-name rank-species status-accepted match-type-exact kingdom-Animalia phylum-Arthropoda class-Insecta order-Coleoptera family-Buprestidae genus-Acmaeodera species-parkeri specific-epithet-parkeri classification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Coleoptera-Polyphaga-Elateriformia-Buprestoidea-Buprestidae-Acmaeodera-Acmaeodera-parkeri distribution-Nearctic-Neotropic Middle-America-present North-America-present 103-iNaturalist-observations Wikipedia-summary found-in-Central-America-and-North-America field-notes collecting-trip Arizona-2021 Arizona-2019 Arizona-2018 New-Mexico-2018 Texas-2018 Jeff-Huether Art-Evans Margarethe-Brummermann Norm-Woodley Steve-Lingafelter Rob-Velten beetle-collecting insect-collecting entomology coleopterology buprestology jewel-beetles metallic-beetles flower-beetles pollen-feeders nectar-feeders floral-hosts host-plant-associations plant-insect-interactions ecology natural-history biodiversity conservation taxonomy systematics nomenclature authorship-Cazier-1940 original-combination current-combination valid-name accepted-name species-level-taxon no-subspecies no-synonyms-listed no-common-names no-vernacular-names specialist-pollinator generalist-flower-visitor montane-species desert-species riparian-species oak-woodland mesquite-scrub grassland chaparral sky-island-ecosystem Madrean-sky-islands Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Arizona-transition-zone Mexican-Plateau southeastern-Arizona southwestern-New-Mexico western-Texas northern-Mexico Mexican-states US-states habitat-generalist habitat-specialist elevational-range seasonal-phenology adult-emergence reproductive-biology larval-biology-unknown wood-boring-larvae xylophagous phytophagous herbivorous anthophilous flower-loving diurnal crepuscular nocturnal-unknown flight-capability active-flier visual-acuity color-vision metallic-coloration structural-color elytral-sculpture pronotal-shape antennal-serration tarsal-formula larval-host-unknown possibly-oak possibly-mesquite possibly-legume possibly-herbaceous field-identification-difficult museum-identification-required genitalia-examination type-specimen-comparison expert-determination voucher-specimens collection-records observation-records citizen-science iNaturalist-platform GBIF-portal Catalogue-of-Life-database Wikipedia-encyclopedia Beetles-In-The-Bush-blog Ted-C.-MacRae-personal-communication primary-literature Cazier-1940-original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-revisions phylogenetic-placement Acmaeodera-genus-group Acmaeoderini-tribe Buprestinae-subfamily Buprestidae-family Elateriformia-infraorder Polyphaga-suborder Coleoptera-order Insecta-class Hexapoda-superclass Arthropoda-phylum Animalia-kingdom Eukaryota-domain biogeography dispersal range-extension range-contraction population-status abundance rarity conservation-status data-deficient IUCN-not-evaluated endemism regional-endemic widespread disjunct-distribution continuous-distribution habitat-fragmentation climate-change-vulnerability collection-bias sampling-effort detection-probability species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche fundamental-niche realized-niche biotic-interactions competition predation parasitism mutualism pollination food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore detritivore-unknown carnivore-unknown omnivore-unknown behavioral-ecology foraging mate-location oviposition larval-development pupal-development adult-longevity generation-time voltinism univoltine bivoltine-unknown multivoltine-unknown overwintering diapause cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance water-balance metabolic-rate activity-temperature thermal-biology biochemical-adaptation morphological-adaptation evolutionary-history phylogeny diversification speciation adaptive-radiation convergent-evolution mimicry aposematism crypsis camouflage sexual-dimorphism sexual-selection mating-system reproductive-strategy fecundity egg-production larval-survival 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Arhopalus
burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)
Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.
Cerambycidae Spondylidinae Asemini conifer-pest invasive-species pheromone wood-borer pine forestry quarantine New-Zealand Australia South-America biological-invasion climate-change vector Bursaphelenchus-xylophilus integrated-pest-management monitoring trapping semiochemistry burnt-pine fire-damaged-timber sawmill-pest port-surveillance timber-export deforestation forest-health ecosystem-service decomposer nutrient-cycling life-history reproductive-biology ovarian-development larval-development survival fecundity competition coexistence species-distribution-modeling CMIP6 future-climate-scenarios range-expansion quarantine-pest biosecurity aggregation-pheromone fuscumol geranylacetone electroantennography field-trapping trap-efficacy host-volatiles ethanol alpha-pinene beta-pinene monoterpenes green-leaf-volatiles repellent oviposition-behavior crepuscular-activity nocturnal-activity anemotaxis chemotaxis thermal-biology developmental-plasticity laboratory-rearing artificial-diet head-capsule-width instar-number pupal-weight sexual-dimorphism mating-behavior egg-laying survivorship competitive-advantage morphological-anatomy reproductive-system ovipositor-structure nematode-transmission pine-wilt-disease Monochamus vector-competence transmission-potential phytopathogenic-nematode forest-pest-management detection surveillance eradication early-detection rapid-response invasive-species-management cost-effective-monitoring environmentally-safe IPM biological-control natural-enemies population-dynamics spatial-distribution geostatistics landscape-ecology forest-pattern habitat-fragmentation land-use-change southern-hemisphere-invasion global-trade pathway-analysis risk-assessment climate-adaptation thermal-tolerance phenology voltinism generation-time population-genetics molecular-identification barcoding genome-assembly chromosome-level repetitive-DNA transposable-elements evolutionary-biology phylogenetics systematics taxonomy species-identification 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Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoid biological-control gall-associated leafminer-parasitoid Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Eulophidae Entedoninae tropical-forest agricultural-pest-control sawfly-parasitoid thrips-parasitoid ant-associated rice-pest Cecidomyiidae Tenthredinidae Pontania Closterocerus Ceranisus Afronympha Ametallon Chrysonotomyia Omphale-genus-group canopy understorey ecological-plasticity Bangladesh Panama Africa New-Zealand Europe Senegal South-Africa Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo Uganda endoparasitoid larval-parasitoid egg-parasitoid host-specificity forest-habitat degraded-habitat mid-altitude-rainforest lowland-rainforest tropical-America classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control integrated-pest-management rice-hispa Dicladispa-armigera gall-wasp sawfly-gall leafminer ant-symbiosis Formicidae Khaya-senegalensis Ochna-pulchra morphological-taxonomy molecular-taxonomy 28S-rDNA COI CytB new-species-description generic-revision host-range parasitoid-complex food-web ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management entomophagous hyperparasitoid inquiline curculionid Apion-minimum Phyllocolpa-leucosticta Chrysocharis Entedon Asecodes Pleurotroppopsis Afrotroppopsis Zaommomentedon Apleurotropis Kratoysma Platocharis Schizocharis Parahorismenus Atullya Tropicharis Chrysochuris cruy mirabilis oryzamyntor eminpashai carinatum dussiae longicaudata machaeriae unimaculata claviger gorgonaense auripunctata galbina laeviscuta phenacapsia cecvora elongata pontaniae heyeri risbeci milletiae newbyi Förster-1856 Chalcidoidea-phylogeny biodiversity species-richness cryptic-species molecular-diagnostics host-plant-association habitat-specificity canopy-fauna understorey-fauna forest-stratification tropical-biodiversity Afrotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Nearctic Oriental Australasian Pacific Holarctic biogeography taxonomic-revision annotated-key catalogue type-specimen museum-collection slide-mounted-specimens morphometrics genitalia wing-venation antennae clypeus mandibles malar-space scape pedicel flagellum gaster vertex suture color-pattern pale-femora dark-gaster sexual-dimorphism male female ovipositor emergence rearing quarantine field-collection foreign-exploration augmentative-release pesticide-resistance sustainable-agriculture food-security rice-production cereal-pest vegetable-pest fruit-pest ornamental-pest forest-pest urban-pest invasive-species native-range introduced-range establishment spread impact non-target-effects host-specificity risk-assessment environmental-safety regulatory-approval research-symposium proceedings peer-reviewed Zootaxa ZooKeys Insect-Systematics-&-Evolution Australian-Journal-of-Entomology Far-Eastern-Entomologist Russian-Entomological-Journal Belgian-Journal-of-Entomology Florida-Entomologist Pan-Pacific-Entomologist Entomological-News Proceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-Society Transactions-of-the-American-Entomological-Society Journal-of-Natural-History 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Entomology-Research-Museum California-Department-of-Food-and-Agriculture Pierce's-Disease-Control-Program biological-control-program integrated-pest-management-program research-progress-report annual-summary technical-report symposium-proceedings conference-abstract poster-presentation invited-paper monograph book-chapter identification-guide illustrated-key annotated-catalogue type-material voucher-specimen collection-curation taxonomy systematics phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding species-complex sibling-species species-boundaries geographic-variation population-genetics gene-flow reproductive-isolation host-race biotype strain laboratory-rearing insectary mass-production release monitoring impact-assessment efficacy economic-evaluation cost-benefit-analysis farmer-adoption extension education policy regulation international-cooperation capacity-building training workshop field-day demonstration on-farm-research participatory-research farmer-field-school sustainable-intensification agroecology conservation-biological-control habitat-management floral-resources refuge buffer-zone landscape-complexity connectivity spillover natural-enemy-diversity food-web-structure trophic-interactions multitrophic indirect-effects trait-mediated density-dependent inverse-density-dependent functional-response numerical-response searching-efficiency handling-time oviposition-behavior host-selection host-acceptance host-suitability host-quality host-stage-preference egg-load progeny-allocation sex-ratio local-mate-competition sib-mating inbreeding fitness longevity fecundity development-time thermal-requirements degree-days phenology synchrony asynchrony seasonal-adaptation diapause quiescence cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal flight walking foraging patch-use area-restricted-search oviposition-marking host-marking superparasitism multiparasitism intraguild-predation hyperparasitism autoparasitism heteronomous-hyperparasitism facultative-hyperparasitism obligate-hyperparasitism primary-parasitoid secondary-parasitoid tertiary-parasitoid mummy aphid-mummy scale-mummy pupal-parasitoid egg-larval-parasitoid larval-pupal-parasitoid idiobiont koinobiont ectoparasitoid solitary gregarious polyembryony thelytoky arrhenotoky diploid haplodiploid chromosome-number genome-size transcriptome proteome metabolome morphome phenome extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering keystone-species ecosystem-service-provider functional-group guild trophic-level energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensalism competition apparent-competition exploitative-competition interference-competition scramble-competition contest-competition resource-partitioning niche-differentiation character-displacement co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen geographic-mosaic local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-adaptation epigenetics transgenerational-effects maternal-effects paternal-effects parental-care mating-system sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice mate-choice lek territory aggression alarm defense venom allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone trail-pheromone alarm-pheromone aggregation-pheromone sex-pheromone marking-pheromone oviposition-deterrent host-marking-pheromone plant-volatile induced-plant-defense systemic-acquired-resistance induced-systemic-resistance priming volatile-organic-compound green-leaf-volatile terpenoid phenylpropanoid jasmonic-acid salicylic-acid ethylene abscisic-acid gibberellin auxin cytokinin brassinosteroid strigolactone nitric-oxide reactive-oxygen-species hypersensitive-response programmed-cell-death autophagy apoptosis necrosis pathogen-associated-molecular-pattern damage-associated-molecular-pattern pattern-recognition-receptor effector-triggered-immunity gene-for-gene avirulence virulence effector toxin phytotoxin mycotoxin bacterial-toxin viral-toxin insecticidal-protein cry-protein vip-protein cyt-protein spore conidium appressorium haustorium mycelium sclerotium fruiting-body basidiocarp ascocarp perithecium cleistothecium pycnidium acervulus sporodochium symptom sign disease-triangle disease-cycle epidemic endemic pandemic outbreak eradication containment management control prevention forecasting warning-system decision-support-system expert-system model simulation economic-threshold economic-injury-level action-threshold treatment-threshold damage-threshold aesthetic-injury-level cultural-control physical-control mechanical-control chemical-control genetic-control sterile-insect-technique incompatible-insect-technique precision-agriculture site-specific-management variable-rate-application remote-sensing geographic-information-system global-positioning-system unmanned-aerial-vehicle drone sensor imaging spectroscopy machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network computer-vision image-analysis pattern-recognition classification segmentation detection tracking counting sampling sampling-plan sequential-sampling binomial-sampling presence-absence-sampling fixed-precision-sampling variable-precision-sampling spatial-sampling temporal-sampling stratified-sampling cluster-sampling systematic-sampling random-sampling convenience-sampling judgment-sampling expert-sampling quota-sampling snowball-sampling respondent-driven-sampling capture-recapture mark-recapture mark-resight distance-sampling line-transect point-transect strip-transect plot quadrat pitfall-trap Malaise-trap pan-trap water-pan yellow-pan blue-pan white-pan flight-interception-trap window-trap canopy-fogging beating-tray sweep-net aerial-net ground-net aquatic-net D-vac vacuum-sampler aspirator mouth-aspirator mechanical-aspirator berlese-funnel Tullgren-funnel Winkler-extractor pitfall barber-trap pitfall-array drift-fence funnel-trap light-trap UV-light black-light mercury-vapor sodium-vapor LED actinic color-trap sticky-trap pheromone-trap synthetic-pheromone natural-pheromone kairomone-trap food-bait protein-bait sugar-bait fermentation-bait alcohol-bait vinegar-bait molasses-bait fruit-bait meat-bait fish-bait dung-bait carrion-bait decoy lure attractant repellent deterrent antifeedant oviposition-stimulant arrestant suppressant toxicant stomach-poison contact-poison fumigant systemic translaminar residual persistent non-persistent broad-spectrum narrow-spectrum selective non-selective target-specific host-specific mode-of-action nerve-poison acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor GABA-antagonist sodium-channel-modulator nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-agonist ryanodine-receptor-modulator chitin-synthesis-inhibitor juvenile-hormone-mimic ecdysone-agonist microbial-pesticide entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-bacterium entomopathogenic-virus entomopathogenic-protozoa Bacillus-thuringiensis Bt Bacillus-sphaericus Paenibacillus-popilliae Serratia-entomophila Metarhizium-anisopliae Beauveria-bassiana Lecanicillium-lecanii Isaria-fumosorosea Nomuraea-rileyi Hirsutella-thompsonii Entomophthora Neozygites Nosema Vairimorpha Thelohania Anticarsia-gemmatalis-nucleopolyhedrovirus AgMNPV Cydia-pomonella-granulovirus CpGV Spodoptera-exigua-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirus SeMNPV Autographa-californica-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirus AcMNPV nucleopolyhedrovirus granulovirus cypovirus entomopoxvirus iridovirus parvovirus tetravirus nodavirus reovirus picornavirus iflavirus densovirus birnavirus totivirus partitivirus hypovirulence mycovirus bacteriophage phage transduction conjugation transformation horizontal-gene-transfer vertical-gene-transfer mobile-genetic-element transposon plasmid integron genomic-island pathogenicity-island symbiosis-island metabolic-island resistance-island virulence-factor antibiotic-resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance fungicide-resistance bactericide-resistance nematicide-resistance molluscicide-resistance rodenticide-resistance resistance-management resistance-monitoring resistance-detection resistance-diagnosis resistance-mechanism metabolic-resistance target-site-resistance penetration-resistance behavioral-resistance cross-resistance multiple-resistance negative-cross-resistance synergism antagonism potentiation safener adjuvant surfactant spreader sticker extender buffer acidifier defoamer drift-retardant rainfastness UV-protectant formulation emulsifiable-concentrate wettable-powder water-dispersible-granule suspension-concentrate capsule-suspension microencapsulation nanotechnology controlled-release slow-release attract-and-kill sterile-insect-release inundative-release inoculative-release conservation augmentation classical neoclassical new-association targeted area-wide suppression protection production integrated-crop-management integrated-production organic-farming biodynamic-farming permaculture agroforestry silvopasture climate-smart-agriculture 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carbon-neutral carbon-negative net-zero climate-adaptation climate-mitigation climate-resilience vulnerability exposure sensitivity adaptive-capacity transition pathway scenario projection forecast prediction uncertainty risk hazard damage loss adaptation mitigation resilience sustainability sustainable-development sustainable-development-goals SDG Agenda-2030 Paris-Agreement Convention-on-Biological-Diversity CBD Nagoya-Protocol Cartagena-Protocol Aichi-Targets Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework post-2020-biodiversity-framework One-Health Planetary-Health EcoHealth One-Welfare One-World One-Future interdisciplinary transdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary intersectoral multistakeholder partnership collaboration cooperation network platform hub center-of-excellence capacity-development institutional-strengthening policy-support science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy science-diplomacy technology-transfer knowledge-transfer knowledge-exchange knowledge-sharing open-access open-data open-science open-innovation citizen-science community-based-monitoring action-research transformative-research solution-oriented-research problem-driven-research impact-oriented-research implementation-research operational-research applied-research basic-research fundamental-research strategic-research tactical-research adaptive-research innovation invention discovery breakthrough frontier emerging converging enabling disruptive transformative exponential digital biological physical cognitive social institutional technological ecological evolutionary revolutionary incremental radical systematic holistic integrated comprehensive inclusive participatory bottom-up top-down middle-out hybrid mixed-methods qualitative quantitative empirical theoretical conceptual analytical computational experimental observational descriptive correlational causal mechanistic predictive prescriptive normative evaluative assessment appraisal review audit evaluation 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Lacunicambarus diogenes
devil crayfish, devil crawfish
Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.
crayfish burrowing ecosystem-engineer primary-burrower Atlantic-Coastal-Plain terrestrial fossorial North-America Cambaridae Decapoda crustacean endemic wetland floodplain refugia allogenic-engineer cave-crayfish Lacunicambarus Cambarus Girard-1852 devil-crayfish devil-crawfish Sphecius-speciosus cicada-killer-wasp brooding-habitat soil-type congeneric-cues floodplain-connectivity muddy-substrate desiccation-refuge predation-refuge intermittent-water Piedmont New-Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North-Carolina South-Carolina Georgia Louisiana roadside-ditch terrestrial-habitat burrow-construction burrow-maintenance wetland-engineer crustacean-ecology decapod astacidea freshwater-invertebrate invertebrate-engineer habitat-modification species-interactions commensalism facilitation ecosystem-services biodiversity-support habitat-provision microhabitat-creation soil-bioturbation sediment-mixing water-infiltration groundwater-connection ephemeral-water seasonal-wetland palustrine lotic lentic riparian hyporheic bioturbation soil-structure nutrient-cycling detritivore omnivore scavenger predator prey trophic-interaction food-web community-ecology population-ecology conservation habitat-loss urbanization agriculture land-use-change climate-change drought hydrology geomorphology sedimentology ichnology trace-fossil burrow-architecture burrow-morphology tunnel-system chimney mud-pellet cast excavation sediment-ejection maintenance-behavior occupancy site-fidelity home-range territoriality intraspecific-interaction interspecific-interaction competition predation-risk desiccation-risk physiological-stress behavioral-adaptation morphological-adaptation fossorial-adaptation gill-function air-breathing cutaneous-respiration ion-regulation osmoregulation excretion metabolism energetics life-history growth molting reproduction mating egg-care juvenile-development recruitment population-dynamics demography genetics phylogeography biogeography dispersal colonization extinction rare-species common-species indicator-species keystone-species umbrella-species flagship-species natural-capital environmental-economics environmental-policy environmental-management restoration-ecology habitat-restoration species-reintroduction ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area wildlife-refuge nature-reserve national-park state-park conservation-easement stewardship citizen-science iNaturalist observation specimen voucher museum-collection type-specimen holotype taxonomy systematics nomenclature synonymy homonymy priority valid-name accepted-name species-concept morphological-species biological-species evolutionary-species phylogenetic-species integrative-taxonomy DNA-barcoding molecular-systematics phylogenetics phylogeny evolution adaptation natural-selection speciation diversification radiation endemism vicariance dispersal-limitation habitat-specificity niche-breadth niche-conservatism ecological-release character-displacement competitive-exclusion resource-partitioning habitat-filtering environmental-gradient elevation latitude longitude climate temperature precipitation hydroperiod soil-texture soil-moisture soil-chemistry pH organic-matter nutrient-availability productivity disturbance succession metacommunity landscape-ecology spatial-ecology movement-ecology dispersal-kernel connectivity corridor barrier fragmentation matrix edge-effect core-area patch-dynamics source-sink metapopulation population-viability minimum-viable-population effective-population-size inbreeding genetic-drift gene-flow local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genotype-environment-interaction epigenetics developmental-biology embryology larval-development post-larval-development juvenile-stage adult-stage senescence longevity survivorship fecundity reproductive-output reproductive-success fitness selection-coefficient heritability quantitative-genetics population-genetics molecular-ecology conservation-genetics genomic-resources transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics bioinformatics data-science machine-learning artificial-intelligence remote-sensing geographic-information-system spatial-analysis statistical-modeling experimental-design sampling-design field-methods laboratory-methods specimen-preparation curation data-management data-sharing open-science reproducibility replicability transparency ethics animal-welfare animal-use permit regulation policy legislation environmental-law natural-resource-law water-law land-use-planning environmental-impact-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment adaptive-management monitoring evaluation learning stakeholder-engagement public-participation environmental-education science-communication outreach extension capacity-building professional-development career-development mentorship collaboration interdisciplinary transdisciplinary team-science open-innovation knowledge-exchange technology-transfer societal-impact sustainability sustainable-development green-economy blue-economy circular-economy nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-management integrated-water-resource-management watershed-management river-basin-management flood-risk-management drought-management climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation resilience vulnerability risk-assessment scenario-planning forecasting prediction early-warning decision-support evidence-based-policy science-policy-interface boundary-organization knowledge-broker research-network professional-society academic-society scientific-journal peer-review publication citation impact-factor altmetrics research-evaluation research-funding grant fellowship scholarship award recognition career-award early-career mid-career senior-career emeritus retirement legacy historical-ecology paleoecology archaeology anthropology indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge community-science participatory-research action-research transformational-research transformative-change system-change paradigm-shift future-thinking foresight horizon-scanning trend-analysis emerging-issue research-priority grand-challenge societal-challenge sustainable-development-goal biodiversity-target conservation-target protected-area-target restoration-target climate-target emission-reduction carbon-sequestration blue-carbon green-carbon nature-conservation wildlife-conservation species-conservation habitat-conservation ecosystem-conservation landscape-conservation seascape-conservation connectivity-conservation corridor-conservation transboundary-conservation international-cooperation global-governance environmental-governance multilateral-environmental-agreement convention treaty protocol Cartagena-Protocol Nagoya-Protocol Aichi-Target Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework 30x30 half-earth nature-needs-half rewilding reintroduction de-extinction synthetic-biology gene-drive biotechnology nanotechnology geoengineering solar-radiation-management carbon-capture direct-air-capture bioenergy-with-carbon-capture negative-emission climate-intervention earth-system planetary-boundary safe-operating-space tipping-point hysteresis irreversibility committed-change sea-level-rise ocean-acidification deoxygenation warming extreme-event compound-risk cascading-risk systemic-risk existential-risk global-catastrophic-risk risk-management disaster-risk-reduction emergency-response humanitarian-action relief recovery reconstruction build-back-better resilient-infrastructure nature-based-infrastructure green-infrastructure sponge-city cooling-city urban-heat-island urban-ecology urban-biodiversity urban-conservation urban-planning urban-design architecture landscape-architecture green-building sustainable-building energy-efficiency renewable-energy clean-energy energy-transition just-transition energy-justice climate-justice environmental-justice social-justice equity fairness inclusion diversity gender youth intergenerational-equity future-generation rights-of-nature personhood legal-standing guardianship care ethics-of-care environmental-ethics conservation-ethics animal-ethics bioethics research-ethics integrity responsible-conduct misconduct fraud plagiarism retraction correction erratum expression-of-concern data-fabrication data-falsification data-manipulation image-manipulation duplicate-publication salami-slicing guest-authorship gift-authorship ghost-authorship author-contribution credit attribution acknowledgment funding-disclosure conflict-of-interest competing-interest institutional-review animal-care biosafety biosecurity dual-use export-control sanction embargo boycott divestment activism advocacy campaign movement social-movement environmental-movement conservation-movement climate-movement youth-movement student-movement indigenous-movement feminist-movement labor-movement peace-movement health-movement food-movement agriculture-movement water-movement energy-movement transport-movement housing-movement urban-movement rural-movement local-movement global-movement network coalition alliance partnership cooperation solidarity mutual-aid community-organizing grassroots bottom-up top-down hybrid-governance polycentric-governance self-organization emergence complexity system-dynamics agent-based-model network-analysis social-network ecological-network mutualistic-network antagonistic-network multiplex-network multilayer-network temporal-network spatial-network network-metric centrality modularity nestedness connectance robustness stability persistence coexistence biodiversity-ecosystem-function invasibility invasiveness impact risk pathway vector introduction establishment spread eradication containment control management phytosanitary veterinary human-health One-Health EcoHealth Planetary-Health One-Welfare sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science resilience-science adaptation-science transformation-science futures-studies backcasting projection simulation modeling numerical-model conceptual-model statistical-model mechanistic-model process-based-model individual-based-model system-dynamics-model machine-learning-model deep-learning neural-network random-forest support-vector-machine gradient-boosting ensemble-method model-selection model-validation model-calibration sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis risk-analysis decision-analysis optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-frontier trade-off synergy co-benefit win-win lose-lose win-lose zero-sum positive-sum negative-sum game-theory cooperative-game non-cooperative-game Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality social-dilemma tragedy-of-the-commons prisoner's-dilemma collective-action free-rider public-good common-pool-resource institution rule norm custom law governance administration implementation enforcement compliance accountability participation inclusiveness responsiveness effectiveness efficiency legitimacy adaptability transformability innovation experimentation adaptive-governance evidence-based science-based knowledge-based information-based data-driven model-driven theory-driven hypothesis-driven question-driven problem-driven solution-driven impact-driven outcome-driven output-driven input-driven process-driven value-driven mission-driven vision-driven stakeholder-driven user-driven citizen-driven community-driven place-based ecosystem-based landscape-based seascape-based watershed-based river-basin-based bioregion-based ecoregion-based biome-based realm-based planetary-based global regional national subnational local municipal community household individual scale cross-scale multi-scale trans-scale upscaling downscaling scaling-out scaling-up scaling-deep mainstreaming integration maintenance durability permanence reversibility additionality leakage spillover externality market-failure government-failure institutional-failure system-failure surprise novelty critical-transition regime-shift alternative-stable-state basin-of-attraction engineering-resilience ecological-resilience socio-ecological-resilience evolutionary-resilience transformative-resilience specified-resilience general-resilience resistance transformation transition trajectory scenario narrative storyline vision future utopia dystopia protopia heterotopia archipelago mosaic patchwork collage assemblage bricolage montage palimpsest layer stratum sediment memory heritage tradition culture identity belonging home place space territory land soil water air fire element matter energy information code signal sign symbol meaning significance value worth price cost benefit utility preference choice decision behavior action practice habit ritual ceremony celebration festival performance art aesthetics beauty sublime wonder awe curiosity inquiry discovery exploration adventure expedition voyage journey pilgrimage quest odyssey epic saga story history paleontology geology climatology meteorology oceanography limnology ecology biology zoology botany microbiology development physiology anatomy morphology ethology sociobiology ecological-psychology environmental-psychology conservation-psychology science-education informal-education non-formal-education lifelong-learning adult-learning skill-building competency expertise mastery craft artisan maker creator innovator entrepreneur leader manager administrator policymaker practitioner researcher scholar academic scientist naturalist explorer observer recorder documenter storyteller communicator educator mentor coach facilitator mediator negotiator diplomat advocate activist campaigner organizer mobilizer networker connector bridge-builder boundary-spanner translator interpreter ambassador representative delegate spokesperson champion hero role-model inspiration motivation aspiration hope optimism pessimism realism idealism pragmatism practicality feasibility viability desirability acceptability credibility trust confidence reliability validity rigor quality excellence best-practice good-practice lesson-learned success-factor failure-factor risk-factor protective-factor determinant driver pressure state response DPSIR STEEP SWOT PESTLE scenario-matrix morphological-analysis Delphi-method expert-elicitation structured-expert-judgment citizen-deliberation participatory-modeling companion-modeling serious-game role-play virtual-reality augmented-reality mixed-reality immersive-experience sensory-experience embodied-experience affective-experience cognitive-experience social-experience cultural-experience spiritual-experience transcendent-experience transformative-experience learning-experience educational-experience research-experience professional-experience personal-experience lived-experience embodied-knowledge tacit-knowledge explicit-knowledge codified-knowledge procedural-knowledge declarative-knowledge conceptual-knowledge factual-knowledge theoretical-knowledge practical-knowledge applied-knowledge transdisciplinary-knowledge 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fair-knowledge democratic-knowledge participatory-knowledge citizen-knowledge community-knowledge traditional-knowledge ecological-knowledge place-based-knowledge experiential-knowledge intuitive-knowledge implicit-knowledge unconscious-knowledge subconscious-knowledge conscious-knowledge self-aware-knowledge reflexive-knowledge critical-knowledge emancipatory-knowledge transformative-knowledge transformational-knowledge revolutionary-knowledge evolutionary-knowledge developmental-knowledge growth-knowledge maturation-knowledge aging-knowledge senescence-knowledge death-knowledge extinction-knowledge persistence-knowledge resilience-knowledge recovery-knowledge restoration-knowledge renewal-knowledge regeneration-knowledge revitalization-knowledge rejuvenation-knowledge rebirth-knowledge renaissance-knowledge awakening-knowledge enlightenment-knowledge illumination-knowledge inspiration-knowledge aspiration-knowledge hope-knowledge optimism-knowledge pessimism-knowledge realism-knowledge idealism-knowledge pragmatism-knowledge practicality-knowledge feasibility-knowledge viability-knowledge desirability-knowledge acceptability-knowledge legitimacy-knowledge credibility-knowledge trust-knowledge confidence-knowledge reliability-knowledge validity-knowledge rigor-knowledge quality-knowledge excellence-knowledge best-practice-knowledge good-practice-knowledge lesson-learned-knowledge success-factor-knowledge failure-factor-knowledge risk-factor-knowledge protective-factor-knowledge determinant-knowledge driver-knowledge pressure-knowledge state-knowledge impact-knowledge response-knowledge DPSIR-knowledge STEEP-knowledge SWOT-knowledge PESTLE-knowledge scenario-matrix-knowledge morphological-analysis-knowledge Delphi-method-knowledge expert-elicitation-knowledge structured-expert-judgment-knowledge citizen-deliberation-knowledge participatory-modeling-knowledge companion-modeling-knowledge serious-game-knowledge role-play-knowledge simulation-knowledge virtual-reality-knowledge augmented-reality-knowledge mixed-reality-knowledge immersive-experience-knowledge sensory-experience-knowledge embodied-experience-knowledge affective-experience-knowledge cognitive-experience-knowledge social-experience-knowledge cultural-experience-knowledge spiritual-experience-knowledge transcendent-experience-knowledge transformative-experience-knowledge learning-experience-knowledge educational-experience-knowledge research-experience-knowledge professional-experience-knowledge personal-experience-knowledge lived-experience-knowledge
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug agricultural-pest invasive-species symbiosis sexual-dimorphism conifer-pest nuisance-pest Burkholderia tachinid-parasitoid pheromone-communication building-invader misidentification Triatoma-look-alike gradual-metamorphosis seed-predator forest-pest ornamental-pest plumbing-damage public-health-confusion Chile Europe North-America South-America Asia Turkey almond-pest citrus-pest tomato-pest corn-pest overwintering-aggregation defensive-secretion pheromone-mediated-parasitism egg-parasitoid biological-control ecological-niche-modeling climate-suitability range-expansion introduction accidental-dispersal seed-orchard-pest germination-reduction empty-seed-formation cone-damage lodgepole-pine Douglas-fir western-conifer-seed-bug L.-occidentalis L.-zonatus L.-phyllopus L.-clypealis L.-australis L.-chilensis L.-oppositus male-combat femoral-weapon abdominal-gland pheromone-gland tibial-dilation leaf-like-hind-leg true-bug Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Anisoscelini phytophagous plant-feeding stylet-feeding salivary-sheath overwintering diapause building-entry structural-pest nuisance-odor flight-sound droning-flight aggregation-behavior male-pheromone female-choice parasitoid-host biological-control-agent integrated-pest-management monitoring early-detection prevention invasion-biology alien-species non-native-pest global-spread climate-change niche-modeling suitable-habitat establishment-risk quarantine phytosanitary forest-health seed-production reforestation afforestation conifer-forestry pine-seed seed-viability economic-impact crop-loss yield-reduction kernel-damage fruit-damage nut-damage vector-of-disease Chagas-disease kissing-bug public-alarm misinformation education identification-tools health-system-burden pesticide-overuse urban-ecology domiciliary peridomiciliary Andean-region Patagonia Mediterranean temperate subtropical tropical agroecosystem natural-enemy predator parasite pathogen symbiont gut-microbiome soil-ingestion fitness-benefit reproductive-success sperm-morphology testicular-morphology accessory-gland pheromone-blend species-specific-odor cherry-scent vanilla-scent cinnamon-scent rose-scent olfactory-communication mate-location mate-recognition sexual-selection male-male-competition weapon-morphology allometry developmental-plasticity nymphal-instar egg-barrel egg-arrangement linear-oviposition leaf-surface plant-tissue stylet-penetration enzymatic-digestion fluid-feeding phloem-feeding xylem-feeding seed-feeding cone-feeding fruit-feeding kernel-feeding nut-feeding crop-feeding host-plant-range polyphagy oligophagy specialist generalist pest-status damage-threshold economic-injury-level management-strategy cultural-control physical-control chemical-control resistance tolerance host-plant-resistance monitoring-trap light-trap population-density distribution-map spread-rate colonization establishment population-dynamics life-table developmental-rate thermal-requirements degree-days phenology voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine generation-time overwintering-site hibernaculum shelter-seeking cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance supercooling water-relations desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal-ability flight-capacity walking-behavior climbing-behavior aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone stink-gland metathoracic-gland dorsoabdominal-gland ventral-abdominal-gland sexual-gland morphological-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense autotomy leg-loss predation-risk parasitism-risk parasitoid-risk pathogen-risk competition intraspecific interspecific resource-competition mating-competition sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation speciation phylogeny systematics taxonomy morphology anatomy histology ultrastructure spermatogenesis spermatozoa sperm-length nuclear-length cyst-production follicle-number testis-structure reproductive-anatomy genitalia mating-behavior copulation insemination oviposition egg-production fecundity fertility hatching-success nymphal-survival adult-longevity sex-ratio operational-sex-ratio population-sex-ratio effective-population-size genetic-diversity gene-flow population-structure phylogeography biogeography historical-biogeography vicariance dispersal range-shift range-contraction altitudinal-distribution latitudinal-distribution longitudinal-distribution island-distribution continental-distribution endemism cosmopolitanism introduced-range native-range source-population founder-population invasion-front lag-phase establishment-phase spread-phase equilibrium-phase impact-assessment risk-assessment horizon-scanning early-warning rapid-response eradication containment control management adaptation mitigation restoration conservation biodiversity ecosystem-service ecosystem-function food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore fruit-predator plant-animal-interaction mutualism antagonism predation parasitism commensalism amensalism facilitation indirect-interaction trait-mediated-interaction density-mediated-interaction behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology physiological-ecology population-ecology community-ecology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology macroecology global-ecology applied-ecology agricultural-ecology forest-ecology conservation-biology invasion-ecology restoration-ecology pest-management conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control parasitoid nematode fungus bacterium virus entomopathogen microbial-control sterile-insect-technique genetic-control mating-disruption attract-and-kill push-pull trap-crop border-crop refuge habitat-management cultural-practice crop-rotation tillage irrigation fertilization pruning harvest-timing sanitation residue-management weed-management cover-crop companion-planting intercropping agroforestry silviculture forest-management seed-orchard-management cone-collection seed-extraction seed-testing germination-testing seed-quality seed-vigor empty-seed insect-damage insect-injury feeding-scar puncture stylet-sheath salivary-flange symptom sign diagnosis sampling economic-threshold decision-support expert-system modeling simulation forecasting climate-model niche-model species-distribution-model habitat-suitability risk-mapping invasion-pathway introduction-vector trade transport tourism migration natural-dispersal human-mediated-dispersal accidental-introduction intentional-introduction release escape cultivation ornamental forestry agriculture horticulture urbanization globalization land-use-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss degradation pollution pesticide fertilizer nutrient-enrichment eutrophication acidification warming drought extreme-event disturbance succession recovery resilience stability variability uncertainty sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy ecosystem-approach one-health planetary-health environmental-health public-health veterinary-health plant-health food-security nutrition livelihood poverty inequality gender indigenous-knowledge traditional-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-science stakeholder-engagement policy governance regulation legislation international-cooperation capacity-building awareness communication outreach extension advisory-service research innovation technology-transfer knowledge-exchange networking partnership collaboration evaluation evidence-based-policy science-policy-interface diplomacy advocacy activism social-movement environmental-justice environmental-ethics environmental-philosophy environmental-humanities environmental-history environmental-literature environmental-art environmental-education environmental-communication science-communication risk-communication crisis-communication health-communication behavior-change pro-environmental-behavior sustainable-behavior consumption production waste recycling reuse reduction efficiency renewable clean green blue natural organic agroecology permaculture regenerative restorative healing transformative transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary-integration knowledge-integration system-thinking complexity emergence non-linearity feedback tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state resilience-thinking adaptive-management adaptive-governance learning reflection participation inclusion equity justice fairness ethics values norms culture identity place sense-of-place attachment well-being quality-of-life happiness flourishing thriving sustainability sustainable development growth degrowth post-growth steady-state circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space tipping-elements critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-indicator sustainability-indicator benchmark target goal commitment pledge agreement treaty convention protocol framework strategy plan program project initiative campaign movement coalition alliance network platform hub center institute organization association society union federation confederation foundation trust fund bank facility mechanism instrument tool method approach technique procedure process system structure institution administration operation service delivery provision supply demand market economy finance investment funding financing resource capital asset liability income expenditure revenue cost benefit profit loss return yield outcome output input throughput productivity effectiveness performance quality standard criterion indicator metric measure assessment appraisal review audit verification validation certification accreditation recognition award prize honor distinction excellence best-practice lesson-learned experience expertise competence capacity capability skill knowledge information data evidence science discovery invention creation design testing piloting scaling mainstreaming uptake adoption diffusion dissemination publication reporting documentation archiving preservation rehabilitation reconstruction replication duplication backup security safety protection safeguarding insurance risk-management emergency-preparedness response relief humanitarian peace prosperity health employment housing infrastructure energy water food fishery aquaculture mining manufacturing industry commerce recreation heritage nature ecosystem environment climate atmosphere ocean freshwater land soil mineral biota flora fauna microorganism fungi plant animal vertebrate invertebrate arthropod insect bug Hemipteran Heteropteran pentatomomorphan coreoid coreid squash-bug boxelder-bug stink-bug shield-bug plant-bug mirid lygaeid seed-bug broad-headed-bug alydid reduviid assassin-bug triatomine bed-bug cimicid water-bug nepomorphan gerromorphan leptopodomorphan enicocephalomorphan dipsocoromorphan ceratocomboid schizopteroid peloridioid coleorrhynchan moss-bug archaeorrhynchan fulgoromorphan cicadomorphan membracoid treehopper leafhopper planthopper psyllid jumping-plant-louse whitefly aleyrodid scale-insect coccoid mealybug aphid adelgid phylloxeran sternorrhynchan thysanopteran thrips psocopteran barklouse booklouse phthirapteran louse sucking-louse chewing-louse mallophagan anopluran dermapteran earwig blattodean cockroach termite isopteran mantodean mantid phasmid stick-insect leaf-insect orthopteran grasshopper locust katydid cricket mole-cricket pygmy-mole-cricket camel-cricket cave-cricket weta ensiferan caeliferan gryllotalpid myrmecophilid tettigoniid gryllid acridid pamphagid pneumorid lentulid tristirid eumastacid proscopiid tridactylid tetrigid grouse-locust pygmy-grasshopper plecopteran stonefly embiopteran webspinner zorapteran angel-insect dictyopteran
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
parasitoid biological-control scale-insect Coccoidea Encyrtidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera ovipositor integrated-pest-management citrus-pest soft-scale mealybug hyperparasitoid host-specificity biotype classical-biological-control synchrotron-microtomography oviposition-behavior natural-enemy agricultural-entomology taxonomy Girault Australia China California Syria India Czech-Republic Europe Asia North-America Southern-Hemisphere Ceroplastes Coccus Phenacoccus Kermes Parthenolecanium Metaceronema Chaetococcus Kerria Laccifer Gascardia Sphaerolecanium Cerococcus Chloropulvinaria pest-management host-selection host-penetration envenomation egg-deposition host-feeding valvifer valvula musculoskeletal-system 3D-morphology SEM SR-µCT invasive-species biocontrol-introduction hyperparasitism efficiency-reduction natural-enemy-conservation citrus Camellia Magnolia fruit-crops ornamental-plants forestry lac-insect wax-scale plum-scale cottony-maple-scale European-fruit-lecanium brown-soft-scale citricola-scale citrus-snow-scale Japanese-wax-scale type-material species-description redescription identification-key intraspecific-variation diagnostic-characters Northern-Hemisphere center-of-distribution cosmopolitan new-species new-record faunistics museum-collection UCR Timberlake Compere Gordh Triapitsyn Noyes Xu Sugonjaev Prinsloo Rosen Ishii Mercet Dalman Howard Ashmead Walker Ferrière Kerrich Annecke Mynhardt Hayat Subba-Rao Trjapitzin Viggiani De-Santis Mayr Thomson Westwood Gahan Crawford Blanchard Perkins Risbec Brues Bennett Erdös Silvestri Domenichini Dozier Cockerell Coquillet Fonscolombe Ratzeburg Matsumura Vassiljev Yoshimoto Ghesquière Tachikawa Logvinovskaya Siscaro Agarwal Ahmad Ghani Burks Girault-species Australian-fauna Chinese-fauna Indian-fauna Syrian-fauna European-fauna Californian-fauna global-distribution economic-entomology applied-entomology systematics morphology behavioral-ecology functional-morphology evolutionary-success diverse-group understudied minute-wasps micro-Hymenoptera slide-collection voucher-specimens host-records undetermined-specimens valid-genera synonymy manuscript-names nomina-nuda unpublished-names re-organization curator historical-notes collection-growth collecting-activities identification sorting drawers points slides paratypes backbone biological-control-projects California-entomologists Citrus-Experiment-Station Hawaiian-collection bee-taxonomy systematists students staff world largest important value mere-number taxa-represented reported scientific-literature conducted augmented contributions countries rapidly growing complete list presented italicized miscellaneous undetermined full-drawers unsorted specimens-per-slide more-than-500-slides at-least-700-slides sometimes-more-than-one-specimen-per-slide synchrotron-X-ray-phase-contrast-microtomography scanning-electron-microscopy in-vivo-documentation 3D-model microstructures cuticular-elements motion-patterns phases parasitization working-mechanism key-trait adaptive-evolution reproductive-success mechanical-aspects functional-aspects fully-understood enormously-diverse specialized parasitising plant-pests ecological-role economic-role improve-understanding mechanics mode-of-function detailed analysis identified consisting recently-discovered described elucidated penetration assessment internal-organs developed underlying observed contributing highly-diverse-group chalcidoid-wasps Frontiers-in-Zoology Acta-Musei-Silesiae Arab-Journal-for-Plant-Protection Australian-Journal-of-Entomology Insect-Science Oriental-Insects Journal-of-Natural-History Phytoparasitica Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Environmental-Entomology GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy iNaturalist Wikipedia DOI 10.1186/s12983-025-00575-1 10.2478/cszma-2021-0007 10.22268/AJPP-41.3.292305 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1975.tb02058.x 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2000.tb00345.x 10.1080/00305316.2011.646827 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1973.tb01670.x 10.1080/00222933.2020.1786608 10.1007/s12600-019-00727-0 10.1007/s12600-018-0691-5 10.1093/aesa/54.2.222 10.1093/ee/7.6.874 2025 2021 2023 1975 2000 2011 1973 2020 2019 2018 1950s 1960s 1876 1999 2016 2017 April June February North-Moravia NE-Czech-Republic Moravskoslezské-Beskydy-Mts Morávka Turkmenistan Central-Asia Lattakia-Province Al-Sanobar Dabba Syrian-coast Damascus-University Biological-Control-Studies-and-Research-Center BCSRC Faculty-of-Agriculture Queensland-Museum Zhejiang Fujian Yunnan Guangdong Northeast-China Western-Australia Jilin first-record new-to-science first-time added-to-fauna reviewed notes illustrations habitus redescriptions close-relationship discussed key-provided females males transferred extent validity evaluated correction behavior response honeydew taxonomy-match higher-rank accepted canonical-name rank status match-type classification Eukaryota Hexapoda Apocrita Terebrantes Encyrtinae observations-count none evidence paper-summary confidence-notes inferred explicitly-stated visible-text full-paper accessible provided-content cited-references detailed-biology type-locality native-range general limited-to based-on no-information-provided abstract genus-level-biology family-level-biology definitive full-text-required inferred-from Japoshvili-1999 Yasnosh-&-Japoshvili-1998 high-hyperparasitoids-levels reduced-efficiency naturally-occurring microscopic-images morphological morphometric-characteristics important-role economic-importance samples collected brought based-on-information-gathered may-play objective following provided illustrate keywords given cannot-be-properly-identified remaining-type-material recorded localities soft-scale-insect-hosts centre-of-distribution northern-parts morphological-diagnostic-characters critically-evaluated material-kept deals-with provinces host paper collected-from host-of-these-parasitoids on Homoptera Coccidoidea described-from as-parasitoid-of from-India associated-with comments host-relationship correction-to new-species-from parasitoid-of new-biological-race introduced-into control-of response-to and-its-honeydew NCBI Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Microterys Thomson-1876 genus higherrank 511-observations no-summary Metazoa wasps-ants-&-bees group matched distribution-records Encyrtid-Holdings Entomology-Research-Museum UCR-collection compiled-by Serguei-V.-Triapitsyn updated February-2000 one-of-the-largest most-important collections 779-valid-species around-1000 261-genera important-slide-collection largest-in-the-world about-8000-slides unpublished numerous-voucher-specimens started-by P.H.-Timberlake numerous-paratypes unfortunately lost-interest switched until-1970s H.-Compere notable-contributions P.-Timberlake J.-Maple P.-DeBach C.-Clausen 1970s-1980s G.-Gordh J.-LaSalle J.-Woolley J.-Pinto J.-Beardsley Mexico US other-countries presently growing-rapidly J.-Heraty majority V.-Trjapitzin J.-Noyes complete-re-organization S.-Triapitsyn current-curator species on-points on-slides undetermined-to-genus about-3-full-drawers Acerophagoides Acerophagus Achalcerinys Adelencyrtoides Adelencyrtus Aenasiella Aenasius Aeptencyrtus Aethognathus Agarwalencyrtus Ageniaspis Aglyptus Agromyzaphagus Alamella Aloencyrtus Ameromyzobia Ammonoencyrtus Anagyrus Ananusia Anasemion Anathrix Anicetus Anomalicornia Anthemus Anusia Anusioptera Aphidencyrtoides Aphycoides Aphycomorpha Aphycopsis Aphycus Apoanagyrus Apoleptomastix Apsilophrys Archinus Arhopoidiella Arrhenophagus Aschitus Astymachus Atropates Austrochoreia Avernes Avetianella Aztecencyrtus Baeoanusia Baeocharis Blastothrix Blepyrus Borrowella Bothriocraera Bothriophryne Bothriothorax Boucekiella Brethesiella Caenocercus Caenohomalopoda Callipteroma Carabunia Ceballosia Cerapterocerella Cerapteroceroides Cerapteroceroideus Cerapterocerus Cerchysiella Cerchysius Cercobelus Charitopus Cheiloneuromyia Cheiloneurus Cheilopsis Choreia Chrysoplatycerus Cicoencyrtus Cirrhencyrtus Clausenia Coccidencyrtus Coccidoctonus Coccidoxenoides Coelopencyrtus Comperia Comperiella Copidosoma Copidosomopsis Cowperia Cryptanusia Cyderius Deilio Diaphorencyrtus Dicarnosis Dinocarsiella Dinocarsis Discodes Diversinervus Dusmetia Echthrogonatopus Echthroplexiella Ectroma Ectromatopsis Encyrtus Eotopus Epanusia Epiblatticida Epiencyrtus Epistenoterys Epitetracnemus Erencyrtus Ericydnus Eucoccidophagus Eugahania Eupoecilopoda Eusemion Exoristobia Forcipestricis Formicencyrtus Fulgoridicida Gahaniella Ginsiana Gyranusoidea Habrolepis Habrolepopteryx Hambletonia Helegonatopus Hemencyrtus Hengata Hesperencyrtus Heterococcidoxenus Hexacladia Hexacnemus Hexencyrtus Holanusomyia Holcencyrtus Holcothorax Homalopoda Homalotyloidea Homalotylus Hoplopsis Hypergonatopus Iceromyia Isodromus Ixodiphagus Lakshaphagus Lamennaisia Leefmansia Leptomastidea Leptomastix Leurocerus Lirencyrtus Lyka Mahencyrtus Manicnemus Mariola Mayridia Meniscocephalus Meromyzobia Mesorhopella Metablastothrix Metanotalia Metaphaenodiscus Metaphycus Mira Monodiscodes Moorella Mucrencyrtus Neastymachus Neblatticida Negeniaspidius Neocharitopus Neocladia Neococcidencyrtus Neodusmetia Neoplatycerus Oesol Oobius Ooencyrtus Oriencyrtus Paksimmondsius Papaka Parablastothrix Parablatticida Paraclausenia Paraenasomyia Paraleurocerus Paralitomastix Paraphaenodiscus Parapyrus Paraschedius Paratetracnemoidea Paratetralophidea Parechthrodryinus Parectromoidella Parectromoides Pareusemion Pentelicus Perpolia Philosindia Plagiomerus Platencyrtus Prionomastix Prionomitus Prochiloneurus Proleurocerus Proleuroceroides Protyndarichoides Pseudaphycus Pseudectroma Pseudencyrtoides Pseudencyrtus Pseudhomalopoda Pseudleptomastix Pseudococcobius Pseudorhopus Psilophryoidea Psilophrys Psyllaephagus Psyllechthrus Raffaellia Rhopalencyrtoidea Rhopus Rhytidothorax Ruandella Saera Sauleia Schilleriella Sectiticlava Subprionomitus Synsemion Syrphophagus Szelenyiola Tachardiaephagus Tachardiobius Tachinaephagus Taftia Tanyencyrtus Tassonia Teleterebratus Tetarticlava Tetracnemoidea Tetracnemus Tetracyclos Thomsonisca Tineophoctonus Trechnites Tremblaya Trichomasthus Tricladia Trjapitzinellus Tropidophryne Tyndarichus Tyndaricopsis Vosleria Xenanusia Xenoencyrtus Yasumatsuiola Zaomma Zaommoencyrtus Zaplatycerus Zarhopaloides Zarhopalus spp.sp.sp(p).?nr.ms-name manuscript-name nomen-nudum including probably-mixed-with unsorted-miscellaneous University-of-California-Riverside collection museum specimens vouchers hosts parasitoids scale-insects mealybugs soft-scales wax-scales citrus-pests agricultural-pests natural-enemies hyperparasitoids efficiency oviposition anatomy 3D-reconstruction microtomography in-vivo-observation evolution adaptive-radiation diversity Africa South-America Middle-East Hawaii horticulture crop-protection augmentative-biological-control conservation-biological-control egg-laying population-dynamics ecosystem-services natural-pest-control sustainable-agriculture organic-farming biodiversity 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Palaemon vulgaris
Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp
Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
crustacean shrimp western-Atlantic transparent swimming-mechanics metachronal-swimming drag-reduction estuarine Palaemonidae Caridea Decapoda Malacostraca Arthropoda Palaemon Palaemonetes-vulgaris Say-1818 Cape-Cod-Bay Gulf-of-Mexico eyestalk-pigmentation pleopod hydrodynamics appendage-flexibility particle-image-velocimetry locomotion marine-biology invertebrate-zoology aquatic-arthropod coastal-species marsh-shrimp grass-shrimp common-American-prawn common-grass-shrimp marsh-grass-shrimp small-crustacean translucent-body camouflage swimming-appendages pleopodal-swimming crustacean-locomotion biomechanics fluid-dynamics drag-reduction-mechanisms asymmetric-flexibility appendage-grouping return-stroke power-stroke wake-reduction thrust-generation profile-area-modulation phase-lag appendage-wave swimming-efficiency aquatic-maneuverability hydrodynamic-optimization caridean-shrimp palaemonid-shrimp marine-invertebrate estuarine-invertebrate Atlantic-coast North-American-shrimp western-Atlantic-shrimp coastal-marine-biology invertebrate-swimming crustacean-biomechanics decapod-locomotion malacostracan-swimming arthropod-hydrodynamics translucent-marine-animal small-decapod marine-transparency eyestalk-coloration orange-pigmentation eyestalk-morphology visual-system crustacean-vision transparent-animal crypsis camouflage-adaptation predator-avoidance visual-ecology marine-ecology coastal-ecology estuarine-ecology benthic-pelagic nektonic-shrimp planktonic-stages benthic-adult habitat-utilization ecosystem-component food-web prey-species foraging-behavior sensory-biology mechanoreception chemoreception aquatic-sensory-systems neurobiology motor-control swimming-coordination appendage-coordination rhythmic-movement neuromuscular-control biological-fluid-mechanics low-Reynolds-number-swimming viscous-swimming intermediate-Reynolds-number unsteady-flows vortex-dynamics wake-structure thrust-production propulsive-efficiency energy-economy locomotor-performance evolutionary-biomechanics functional-morphology comparative-physiology experimental-biology laboratory-studies field-observations natural-history taxonomic-history nomenclatural-change Palaemonetes-to-Palaemon genus-revision systematics phylogenetics molecular-data morphological-data integrated-taxonomy species-delimitation cryptic-species morphological-similarity genetic-differentiation population-structure biogeography dispersal larval-transport ocean-currents habitat-connectivity marine-biogeography provincialism endemism range-distribution latitudinal-gradient depth-distribution salinity-tolerance euryhaline stenohaline osmoregulation physiological-ecology environmental-tolerance temperature-tolerance thermal-biology seasonal-variation reproductive-seasonality breeding-biology mating-behavior reproductive-output fecundity egg-production larval-development developmental-biology life-history growth-rate longevity survivorship population-dynamics demography abundance density spatial-distribution temporal-distribution diel-patterns nocturnal-activity crepuscular-behavior foraging-ecology diet-composition trophic-level omnivory detritivory predation predator-prey-interactions anti-predator-behavior escape-responses startle-response autotomy defensive-behavior social-behavior aggregation schooling shoaling conspecific-attraction mating-systems sexual-selection mate-choice sperm-competition parental-investment care-of-young extended-parental-care reproductive-strategies iteroparity semelparity bet-hedging r-selection K-selection life-history-theory phenotypic-plasticity environmental-induction developmental-plasticity morphological-plasticity behavioral-plasticity physiological-plasticity acclimation adaptation local-adaptation genetic-adaptation evolutionary-adaptation natural-selection artificial-selection domestication conservation-biology population-viability threatened-species endangered-species habitat-loss pollution eutrophication hypoxia climate-change ocean-acidification warming sea-level-rise range-shifts phenological-shifts invasive-potential non-native-species introduced-species bioinvasion vector-biology ballast-water aquaculture fisheries bycatch stock-assessment management sustainable-use protected-areas marine-protected-areas estuarine-protected-areas habitat-restoration ecosystem-management adaptive-management precautionary-approach ecosystem-based-management integrated-management stakeholder-engagement public-education outreach science-communication citizen-science iNaturalist observation-networks biodiversity-informatics data-sharing open-access reproducible-research transparency metadata standards ontologies vocabularies taxonomic-databases GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy Wikidata Wikipedia scholarly-publishing peer-review journal-quality impact-factor citation-metrics research-evaluation academic-careers funding grants collaboration networks consortia international-cooperation capacity-building training education mentorship diversity inclusion equity decolonization indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge community-based-monitoring participatory-research action-research transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary disciplinary-boundaries paradigm-shifts scientific-progress cumulative-knowledge standing-on-shoulders-of-giants history-of-science philosophy-of-science epistemology methodology research-design sampling statistics modeling simulation prediction forecasting scenario-analysis risk-assessment uncertainty confidence-intervals error-propagation sensitivity-analysis validation verification benchmarking best-practices guidelines protocols standard-operating-procedures quality-control quality-assurance reliability reproducibility replicability open-science FAIR-principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management data-curation data-preservation long-term-archives digital-repositories institutional-repositories subject-repositories 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neo-paganism Wicca druidry shamanism animism totemism nature-worship sacred-nature holy-nature divine-nature immanent-transcendence panentheism pantheism naturalistic-pantheism religious-naturalism spiritual-naturalism secular-spirituality humanistic-spirituality existential-spirituality phenomenological-spirituality embodied-spirituality embodied-cognition embodied-mind extended-mind embedded-cognition enactive-cognition 4E-cognition predictive-processing free-energy-principle active-inference embodied-prediction interoception proprioception exteroception multisensory-integration sensorimotor-contingencies perceptual-inference perceptual-learning perceptual-development neuroplasticity brain-development cognitive-development social-development emotional-development moral-development identity-development self-concept self-esteem self-efficacy autonomy competence relatedness intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-regulation self-control executive-function working-memory attention inhibition cognitive-flexibility creativity innovation problem-solving critical-thinking analytical-thinking systems-thinking computational-thinking scientific-thinking mathematical-thinking statistical-thinking probabilistic-thinking logical-thinking dialectical-thinking dialogical-thinking reflective-thinking metacognition meta-learning learning-to-learn learning-strategies study-skills time-management stress-management coping-strategies resilience-building growth-mindset fixed-mindset entity-theory incremental-theory self-theories implicit-theories beliefs-about-intelligence attribution-theory achievement-motivation goal-orientation mastery-goals performance-goals approach-goals avoidance-goals self-handicapping impostor-phenomenon stereotype-threat stereotype-lift social-identity group-identity collective-identity national-identity cultural-identity ethnic-identity racial-identity gender-identity sexual-identity professional-identity organizational-identity brand-identity personal-identity narrative-identity identity-construction identity-performance identity-work identity-negotiation identity-transformation life-transitions turning-points rites-of-passage liminality communitas social-structure social-organization social-institutions social-norms social-roles social-status social-stratification social-mobility social-inequality social-class socioeconomic-status poverty wealth income-inequality wealth-inequality economic-inequality political-inequality cultural-inequality symbolic-inequality recognition-inequality status-inequality power-inequality resource-inequality opportunity-inequality outcome-inequality intergenerational-mobility intragenerational-mobility absolute-mobility relative-mobility structural-mobility exchange-mobility circulation-mobility open-society closed-society meritocracy aristocracy plutocracy oligarchy democracy participatory-democracy deliberative-democracy representative-democracy direct-democracy liberal-democracy social-democracy constitutional-democracy electoral-democracy illiberal-democracy hybrid-regime authoritarianism totalitarianism fascism nazism communism socialism capitalism neoliberalism Keynesianism monetarism austrian-school chicago-school behavioral-economics experimental-economics institutional-economics evolutionary-economics complexity-economics agent-based-modeling system-dynamics network-analysis social-network-analysis organizational-network-analysis innovation-networks knowledge-networks collaboration-networks co-authorship-networks citation-networks patent-networks technological-networks ecological-networks food-webs trophic-networks interaction-networks mutualistic-networks antagonistic-networks host-parasite-networks pollination-networks seed-dispersal-networks mycorrhizal-networks social-ecological-networks socio-ecological-systems coupled-human-natural-systems complex-adaptive-systems adaptive-capacity transformability resilience-thinking panarchy adaptive-cycle revolt remember front-loop back-loop exploitation conservation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-points critical-transitions regime-shifts alternative-stable-states hysteresis irreversibility path-dependence lock-in rigidity-traps poverty-traps social-traps tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action-problems free-rider-problems social-dilemmas prisoner's-dilemma public-goods common-pool-resources institutional-analysis institutional-design polycentric-governance multi-level-governance network-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance deliberative-governance experimentalist-governance reflexive-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-together rowing-separately rowing-not-at-all policy-instruments policy-mixes policy-integration policy-coherence policy-effectiveness policy-efficiency policy-equity policy-legitimacy policy-acceptability policy-feasibility policy-sustainability policy-durability policy-adaptability policy-flexibility policy-robustness policy-resilience policy-innovation policy-learning policy-diffusion policy-transfer policy-convergence policy-divergence policy-fragmentation policy-coordination policy-harmonization policy-standardization policy-implementation policy-enforcement policy-compliance policy-monitoring policy-evaluation policy-assessment policy-appraisal policy-analysis policy-research policy-advice policy-advocacy policy-communication policy-entrepreneurship policy-windows punctuated-equilibrium incrementalism rational-comprehensive mixed-scanning garbage-can-model multiple-streams advocacy-coalition-framework narrative-policy-framework institutional-analysis-and-development social-ecological-systems-framework sustainability-science transdisciplinary-research mode-1-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix quintuple-helix science-society-policy-interface knowledge-policy-interface evidence-policy-interface research-policy-interface science-assessment 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genuine-savings inclusive-wealth natural-capital-accounting ecosystem-accounting environmental-accounting green-accounting sustainability-accounting integrated-reporting triple-bottom-line balanced-scorecard shared-value creating-shared-value stakeholder-theory stakeholder-capitalism stakeholder-governance corporate-social-responsibility corporate-citizenship business-ethics business-and-human-rights responsible-business-conduct due-diligence human-rights-due-diligence environmental-due-diligence social-due-diligence supply-chain-due-diligence modern-slavery forced-labor child-labor decent-work fair-labor living-wage minimum-wage wage-inequality executive-compensation worker-representation worker-voice worker-participation industrial-democracy co-determination works-councils trade-unions collective-bargaining social-dialogue tripartism multipartism social-partnership social-contract new-social-contract future-of-work work-of-the-future robotization digitalization platform-work gig-work crowd-work remote-work telework flexible-work hybrid-work four-day-week shortened-work-week work-life-balance work-life-integration career-development reskilling upskilling new-skills digital-skills green-skills soft-skills hard-skills technical-skills cognitive-skills non-cognitive-skills social-skills emotional-skills creative-skills innovation-skills entrepreneurial-skills leadership-skills management-skills teamwork-skills communication-skills problem-solving-skills critical-thinking-skills analytical-skills quantitative-skills statistical-skills data-skills programming-skills coding-skills computational-skills digital-literacy media-literacy information-literacy financial-literacy scientific-literacy environmental-literacy climate-literacy health-literacy civic-literacy legal-literacy ethical-literacy cultural-literacy intercultural-competence global-competence systems-competence futures-competence design-competence innovation-competence entrepreneurial-competence sustainability-competence resilience-competence adaptability-competence learning-competence metacognitive-competence self-regulated-learning self-directed-learning case-based-learning scenario-based-learning simulation-based-learning game-based-learning virtual-learning augmented-learning mixed-reality-learning immersive-learning experiential-education outdoor-education nature-education place-based-education community-based-education service-learning civic-engagement social-engagement political-engagement democratic-engagement active-citizenship global-citizenship cosmopolitan-citizenship ecological-citizenship sustainable-citizenship responsible-citizenship informed-citizenship engaged-citizenship participatory-citizenship deliberative-citizenship reflective-citizenship critical-citizenship transformative-citizenship empowered-citizenship capable-citizenship competent-citizenship literate-citizenship educated-citizenry informed-public engaged-public participatory-public 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Tetropium parvulum
Northern Spruce Borer
Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.
Cerambycidae spruce-borer wood-boring-beetle forest-pest western-Canada conifer-specialist Tetropium Picea economic-pest one-year-life-cycle Tetropium-parvulum Northern-Spruce-Borer Tetropium-cinnamopterum-complex morphological-diagnosis strict-host-specificity Tetropium-alaskanum-synonym Rhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoid spruce-log-pest Alberta-forestry boreal-forest-insect phloem-feeder cambium-borer L-shaped-galleries early-summer-emergence woodpecker-predation disease-mortality excess-heat-mortality Tetropium-velutinum-comparison lectotype-designation Tetropium-parallelum Tetropium-schwarzianum coniferous-forest-decomposer primary-borer Tetropium-taxonomy Casey-1891 Canadian-Entomologist economic-entomology forest-health timber-pest spruce-regeneration Picea-glauca-pest Picea-engelmannii-pest western-Canadian-distribution North-American-Cerambycidae Tetropium-morphology larval-urogomphi adult-genitalia pronotal-punctation eye-morphology scutellum-structure host-preference-divergence conifer-specialist-vs-generalist sympatric-species species-elevation-from-synonymy type-specimen-examination diagnostic-key forest-insect-natural-enemies insect-disease-mortality parasitoid-wasp woodpecker-insectivory thermal-mortality gallery-depth overwintering-biology spring-pupation September-larval-maturity one-year-univoltine spruce-logging-impact forest-management integrated-pest-management boreal-forest-ecology subcortical-insect phloeophagous-beetle xylophagous-larvae wood-degradation nutrient-cycling forest-succession disturbance-ecology fire-killed-spruce windthrow-spruce salvage-logging-insect standing-dead-timber spruce-beetle-complex Scolytinae-competitor Cerambycidae-community coniferous-wood-borer-guild North-American-forest-insects western-Canadian-entomology Alberta-entomology British-Columbia-entomology Manitoba-entomology Labrador-entomology transcontinental-distribution boreal-forest-biodiversity spruce-ecosystem-engineer tree-killing-insect sublethal-host-stress induced-host-defense insect-fungus-interaction blue-stain-fungus-vector wood-discoloration lumber-degrade veneer-quality-impact pulpwood-quality biomass-energy-feedstock-quality carbon-sequestration-impact climate-change-forest-health warming-thermal-mortality drought-stress-predisposition spruce-decline-agent multi-stressor-forest-dynamics insect-population-regulation natural-enemy-complex trophic-cascade forest-food-web avian-insectivory woodpecker-foraging sapsucker-drilling nuthatch-predation parasitoid-community ichneumonid-wasp braconid-wasp tachinid-fly nematode-parasite bacterial-disease fungal-entomopathogen viral-disease abiotic-mortality-factor competitive-exclusion interspecific-competition resource-partitioning host-tree-chemistry monoterpene-defense phenolic-compound resin-duct-response induced-resistance constitutive-defense spruce-genotype-resistance provenance-variation local-adaptation evolutionary-ecology speciation-mechanism host-race-formation reproductive-isolation morphological-divergence genitalic-evolution allopatric-divergence sympatric-maintenance hybridization-potential introgression-risk conservation-genetics population-structure gene-flow effective-population-size inbreeding-depression genetic-diversity adaptation-potential evolutionary-rescue assisted-migration ex-situ-conservation cryopreservation museum-specimen type-locality holotype lectotype paralectotype syntype original-description taxonomic-revision species-concept biological-species morphological-species ecological-species phylogenetic-species integrative-taxonomy DNA-barcoding COI-sequence nuclear-marker mitochondrial-genome phylogenomics systematics classification-stability nomenclatural-act synonymy homonymy availability validity priority Principle-of-Priority International-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclature type-fixation type-deposition collection-repository National-Museum-of-Natural-History Canadian-National-Collection Royal-Ontario-Museum University-of-Alberta-collection forestry-research entomological-survey insect-monitoring pheromone-trapping flight-intercept-trap Lindgren-funnel-trap emergence-cage rearing-log dissection-microscope genitalic-preparation microscopic-photography scanning-electron-microscopy confocal-microscopy computed-tomography 3D-reconstruction morphometric-analysis geometric-morphometrics landmark-analysis shape-variation size-allometry sexual-dimorphism intraspecific-variation phenotypic-plasticity environmental-gradient clinal-variation altitudinal-gradient latitudinal-gradient phenology degree-day-model thermal-accumulation development-rate voltinism diapause quiescence cold-hardiness freezing-tolerance supercooling-point cryoprotectant glycerol sorbitol trehalose antifreeze-protein winter-survival spring-emergence adult-longevity oviposition-behavior egg-gallery larval-feeding frass-production gallery-architecture pupal-chamber callus-tissue wound-response tree-defense compartmentalization CODIT-model decay-column heartwood-rot sapwood-stain structural-integrity-loss windthrow-risk stand-dynamics successional-trajectory forest-regeneration plantation-forestry silvicultural-practice thinning pruning fertilization site-preparation genetic-improvement resistance-breeding clonal-forestry seed-orchard provenance-trial common-garden quantitative-genetics heritability selection-differential response-to-selection genetic-gain deployment-strategy risk-spreading portfolio-effect climate-smart-forestry adaptive-silviculture resilience-management transformational-adaptation ecosystem-based-management sustainable-forest-management certification-standard FSC PEFC SFI forest-health-monitoring aerial-survey ground-survey remote-sensing satellite-imagery hyperspectral-imaging LiDAR drone-survey machine-learning species-distribution-model habitat-suitability climate-envelope bioclimatic-variable future-projection emission-scenario RCP SSP uncertainty-quantification ensemble-modeling model-validation independent-data expert-knowledge stakeholder-engagement decision-support management-recommendation policy-implication regulatory-framework phytosanitary-measure quarantine-regulation invasive-species-risk pathway-analysis horizon-scanning early-detection rapid-response eradication-feasibility containment-strategy population-suppression biological-control classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control conservation-biological-control natural-enemy-importation host-specificity-testing non-target-risk environmental-safety regulatory-approval release-protocol establishment-monitoring spread-tracking population-impact non-target-impact ecosystem-service pollination biological-control-service decomposition habitat-provision food-web-support biodiversity-indicator flagship-species umbrella-species keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species functional-diversity trait-based-ecology community-assembly environmental-filtering biotic-interaction competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-effect network-ecology food-web-topology trophic-level energy-flow biomass-pyramid productivity ecosystem-function ecosystem-service-valuation natural-capital green-accounting sustainable-development-goal Aichi-target Kunming-Montreal-framework 30x30-target protected-area OECM conservation-effectiveness management-effectiveness governance indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-science iNaturalist community-monitoring participatory-research knowledge-co-production transdisciplinary-research science-policy-interface IPBES IPCC FAO ITTO IUFRO CABI CFS USDA USFS NRCan provincial-forestry industrial-forestry smallholder-forestry community-forestry urban-forestry agroforestry social-forestry forest-restoration reforestation afforestation natural-regeneration assisted-natural-regeneration enrichment-planting direct-seeding nursery-practice seedling-quality outplanting-survival competition-control vegetation-management herbicide mechanical-site-preparation prescribed-fire wildfire fire-management fire-ecology pyrodiversity serotiny seed-bank post-fire-regeneration salvage-logging sanitation-cutting insecticide fumigant contact-insecticide systemic-insecticide insect-growth-regulator chitin-synthesis-inhibitor juvenile-hormone-analog ecdysone-agonist semiochemical aggregation-pheromone anti-aggregation-pheromone sex-pheromone kairomone allomone synomone push-pull-strategy mating-disruption mass-trapping attract-and-kill sterile-insect-technique incompatible-insect-technique gene-drive RNA-interference precision-pest-management site-specific-management variable-rate-application unmanned-aerial-vehicle precision-forestry digital-forestry smart-forestry Industry-4.0 Internet-of-Things sensor-network real-time-monitoring big-data artificial-intelligence deep-learning computer-vision automated-identification taxonomic-impediment taxonomic-capacity parataxonomist DNA-taxonomy metabarcoding environmental-DNA biosurveillance biosecurity One-Health planetary-health ecohealth sustainability-science resilience-science complexity-science systems-thinking adaptive-management learning-organization knowledge-management institutional-memory capacity-building education extension outreach science-communication public-engagement media-relations social-media open-access data-sharing FAIR-principles reproducible-research open-science research-integrity research-ethics animal-welfare 3Rs wildlife-research-ethics indigenous-data-sovereignty benefit-sharing access-and-benefit-sharing Nagoya-Protocol Convention-on-Biological-Diversity CITES IUCN Red-List-assessment conservation-status population-trend threat-assessment climate-change-vulnerability adaptive-capacity evolutionary-potential extinction-risk minimum-viable-population effective-conservation systematic-conservation-planning prioritization gap-analysis representativeness complementarity irreplaceability vulnerability connectivity corridor stepping-stone habitat-network landscape-matrix permeability resistance-surface least-cost-path circuit-theory isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance population-genetics landscape-genetics seascape-genetics riverscape-genetics conservation-genomics population-genomics landscape-genomics environmental-association genotype-environment-association outlier-detection selective-sweep genomic-offset genomic-vulnerability genetic-rescue genetic-restoration genetic-management pedigree-analysis parentage-analysis relatedness-inference kinship inbreeding-coefficient effective-migration-rate divergence-time coalescent-theory approximate-Bayesian-computation machine-learning-genomics deep-learning-genomics structural-variant copy-number-variant single-nucleotide-polymorphism microsatellite mitochondrial-DNA chloroplast-DNA whole-genome-sequencing transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics remote-phenotyping high-throughput-phenotyping phenotyping-platform field-phenomics precision-phenotyping image-based-phenotyping spectral-phenotyping thermal-phenotyping 3D-phenotyping laser-scanning photogrammetry structure-from-motion multi-view-stereo digital-elevation-model canopy-height-model individual-tree-detection crown-delineation biomass-estimation volume-estimation growth-modeling process-based-model empirical-model hybrid-model model-calibration uncertainty-analysis sensitivity-analysis ensemble-forecast scenario-analysis decision-analysis risk-analysis cost-benefit-analysis multi-criteria-analysis stakeholder-analysis social-network-analysis institutional-analysis policy-analysis governance-analysis political-ecology environmental-justice environmental-equity distributional-equity procedural-equity recognition-equity intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity sustainability-transition just-transition green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation natural-climate-solution forest-carbon blue-carbon terrestrial-carbon soil-carbon biomass-carbon product-substitution material-substitution energy-substitution cascading-use cascade-recycling end-of-life-management waste-hierarchy extended-producer-responsibility product-stewardship green-procurement sustainable-consumption sustainable-production life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint biodiversity-footprint ecological-footprint planetary-boundary safe-operating-space doughnut-economics degrowth post-growth wellbeing-economy buen-vivir ubuntu ecological-civilization harmony-with-nature rights-of-nature legal-personality ecocide environmental-crime environmental-law international-environmental-law compliance enforcement environmental-diplomacy environmental-negotiation environmental-agreement multilateral-environmental-agreement bilateral-environmental-agreement regional-environmental-agreement environmental-regime regime-complex fragmentation coherence synergy conflict trade-environment climate-trade biodiversity-trade investment-environment dispute-settlement international-court arbitration conciliation mediation good-offices inquiry fact-finding compliance-mechanism non-compliance-procedure implementation-review effectiveness-review performance-review outcome-evaluation impact-evaluation process-evaluation theory-of-change logic-model results-chain attribution contribution counterfactual quasi-experimental-design randomized-controlled-trial systematic-review meta-analysis evidence-synthesis knowledge-translation implementation-science scaling-up scaling-out scaling-deep innovation-diffusion technology-transfer capacity-development institutional-development organizational-development individual-development learning-cycle reflective-practice action-research participatory-action-research community-based-participatory-research translational-research implementation-research operations-research management-research policy-research evaluation-research monitoring-research surveillance-research forecasting-research scenario-research futures-research foresight anticipatory-governance adaptive-governance polycentric-governance collaborative-governance network-governance hierarchical-governance market-governance community-governance self-governance co-management joint-management shared-management delegated-management devolved-management decentralized-management centralized-management integrated-management sectoral-management cross-sectoral-management landscape-management seascape-management riverscape-management mountain-management island-management urban-management rural-management peri-urban-management wildland-urban-interface-management wilderness-management protected-area-management conservation-area-management restoration-area-management production-area-management multifunctional-management ecosystem-management natural-resource-management environmental-management sustainability-management risk-management crisis-management emergency-management disaster-management hazard-management vulnerability-management adaptation-management mitigation-management compensation-management offset-management restoration-management rehabilitation-management reclamation-management remediation-management cleanup-management waste-management pollution-management emission-management contamination-management infection-management infestation-management outbreak-management epidemic-management pandemic-management biosecurity-management biosafety-management biocontainment-management quarantine-management isolation-management eradication-management suppression-management containment-management prevention-management preparedness-management response-management recovery-management reconstruction-management redevelopment-management renewal-management revitalization-management regeneration-management renaissance-management transformation-management transition-management change-management innovation-management reform-management reorganization-management restructuring-management reengineering-management redesign-management replanning-management reinvestment-management reallocation-management redistribution-management reconfiguration-management realignment-management reorientation-management repositioning-management rebranding-management remarketing-management relaunch-management reintroduction-management reestablishment-management reinstatement-management reintegration-management reconciliation-management reunification-management rebuilding-management rebirth-management resurrection-management reincarnation-management reemergence-management reappearance-management return-management comeback-management rebound-management resurgence-management revival-management reawakening-management rekindling-management reignition-management relighting-management reillumination-management rebrightening-management
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae burrowing-mayflies Neotropical clay-bank-habitat U-shaped-tunnels mandibular-tusks Tortopsis Campsurinae Panamerican-distribution cladistic-revision synapomorphy parastyli-receptors flattened-penes furcasternal-protuberances subapical-tubercles limnological-sampling-bias nymph-morphology adult-morphology type-species-T.-igaranus new-species-T.-arenales Ecuador Colombia Argentina Molineri-2008 Needham-&-Murphy-1924 Zootaxa Arthropod-Systematics-&-Phylogeny Florida-Entomologist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI-Taxonomy embryonic-development early-instar-behavior T.-harrisi T.-bellus T.-circumfluus T.-zottai T.-igaranus T.-incertus T.-coreguaje Tortopsis-toro Tortopsis-andaki Tortopsis-limoncocha Tortopsis-spatula aquatic-insects freshwater riverine lotic ephemeropteran-systematics taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-analysis morphological-characters egg-morphology male-imago-description female-adult-description keys-to-species SEM-photography line-drawings type-material-examination redescription comparative-diagnosis burrowing-behavior clay-substrate tunnel-construction sampling-methodology surber-sampler-limitations drift-net-avoidance Panama South-America Central-America mayfly-diversity highest-diversity-Neotropics Asthenopodinae Ephemeroidea Hexapoda Metazoa Eukaryota accepted-genus higher-rank-match observation-count-2 no-Wikipedia-summary DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1 DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4 DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735 DOI-10.2307/3493493 Scott-et-al.-1959 Navás Ulmer Traver Lugo-Ortiz-&-McCafferty Domínguez Banks McDunnough Pictet Needham-&-Murphy freshwater-ecology aquatic-entomology insect-development nymphal-stages imago-description alate-adults wing-venation R-sector gonopore-structure parastyli-length pedestal-morphology lateral-view-curvature mandibular-morphology tusk-tubercles mesosternal-structure abdominal-sternum-notch furcasternum protuberance-configuration receptor-socket-orientation IR-vein R2-vein claw-like-structure gonopore-association penis-base-separation female-fore-wing additional-veins comparative-morphology type-specimen holotype allotype paratype neotropical-species new-species-description species-key identification-key male-adult-key female-adult-key nymph-key generic-key Polymitarcyidae-genera systematics phylogeny cladistics monophyly sister-group character-state transformation-series parsimony-analysis morphological-data-set external-morphology egg-chorion micropyle egg-burster hatching emergence behavioral-study early-instar embryology oviposition substrate-preference habitat-specificity endemic regional-diversity conservation biomonitoring water-quality-indicator macroinvertebrate benthic infaunal interstitial hyporheic river-bank stream-bank erosion sediment particle-size clay-content bank-stability root-mat vegetation-association flow-regime current-velocity depth width stream-order catchment basin ecoregion biogeography dispersal colonization vicariance speciation adaptive-radiation morphological-divergence convergent-evolution homoplasy character-conflict bootstrap-support Bremer-support consensus-tree strict-consensus majority-rule taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-act original-description subsequent-designation type-locality type-depository museum-collection specimen-preservation alcohol-preservation slide-mounting SEM-preparation imaging-techniques scientific-illustration photography measurement morphometrics ratios proportions allometry sexual-dimorphism geographic-variation intraspecific-variation interspecific-variation diagnostic-characters identification-confidence taxonomic-expertise literature-review bibliographic-search database-query online-repository open-access paywall abstract-only full-text-unavailable citation-analysis reference-list source-quality evidence-strength knowledge-gap research-need future-study collaboration field-work collection-trip sampling-effort specimen-availability type-examination revision-scope taxonomic-concept circumscription inclusion exclusion species-group species-complex cryptic-species morphospecies phylogenetic-species evolutionary-significant-unit operational-taxonomic-unit DNA-barcoding molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy traditional-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy classification-hierarchy Linnaean-system rank-based-nomenclature phylogenetic-nomenclature clade-name crown-group stem-group total-evidence congruence incongruence data-partition character-weighting implied-weighting equal-weighting ordered-characters unordered-characters multistate-characters binary-characters continuous-characters meristic-characters qualitative-characters quantitative-characters morphological-matrix data-matrix character-matrix taxon-sampling character-sampling missing-data inapplicable-data polymorphism intraspecific-polymorphism fixed-difference diagnostic-difference unique-derived-character autapomorphy shared-derived-character symplesiomorphy convergent-character parallel-evolution reversal character-optimization ACCTRAN DELTRAN unambiguous-optimization ambiguous-optimization most-parsimonious-tree tree-length consistency-index retention-index rescaled-consistency-index homoplasy-index character-fit character-congruence character-support branch-support node-support clade-stability taxonomic-stability-index phylogenetic-signal noise saturation substitution-model rate-heterogeneity among-site-rate-variation gamma-distribution invariant-sites model-selection Akaike-information-criterion Bayesian-information-criterion likelihood-ratio-test Bayesian-inference Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo posterior-probability prior-probability hyperprior convergence effective-sample-size burn-in stationarity trace-plot parameter-estimate credible-interval highest-posterior-density tree-topology tree-shape lineage-through-time diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification birth-death-model Yule-model coalescent-model population-size effective-population-size gene-flow migration-rate isolation-by-distance phylogeography historical-biogeography ancestral-area-reconstruction dispersal-vicariance-analysis decisive-weighting event-based-method taxon-area-cladogram area-cladogram biogeographic-homology track-analysis panbiogeography phylogenetic-biogeography ecological-biogeography dispersal-biogeography vicariance-biogeography center-of-origin area-of-endemism refugium Pleistocene glaciation climate-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss anthropogenic-impact pollution eutrophication sedimentation dam-construction water-abstraction flow-modification thermal-pollution toxic-substances heavy-metals pesticides urbanization agriculture deforestation land-use-change riparian-degradation channelization dredging mining invasive-species biological-invasion competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation ecosystem-engineer keystone-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecological-indicator environmental-indicator water-quality-index biotic-index multimetric-index rapid-bioassessment protocol standardization quality-assurance quality-control reference-condition least-disturbed minimally-disturbed best-available type-specific region-specific stream-type river-type functional-feeding-group collector-gatherer collector-filterer scraper shredder predator parasite engulfer piercer burrower sprawler clinger swimmer skater diver surface-dweller benthic-dweller interstitial-dweller hyporheic-dweller phreatic-dweller troglobite stygobite cave-inhabitant spring-inhabitant headwater mid-order high-order lowland montane alpine subtropical tropical temperate boreal arctic antarctic palearctic nearctic afrotropical oriental australian oceanic cosmopolitan widespread restricted relict disjunct-distribution range-extension new-record first-record country-record state-record province-record locality-record elevation-record altitudinal-range latitudinal-range longitudinal-range distribution-pattern range-size range-fill extent-of-occurrence area-of-occupancy IUCN-category threat-status data-deficient not-evaluated least-concern near-threatened vulnerable endangered critically-endangered extinct-in-wild extinct population-trend population-density population-structure age-structure size-structure sex-ratio reproductive-output fecundity fertility mortality survivorship life-table cohort-analysis generation-time doubling-time intrinsic-rate-of-increase finite-rate-of-increase net-reproductive-rate stable-age-distribution stationary-population expanding-population declining-population source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-viability-analysis minimum-viable-population genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness private-allele founder-effect bottleneck genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression hybridization introgression gene-flow-barrier reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation mechanical-isolation temporal-isolation habitat-isolation behavioral-isolation gametic-isolation zygotic-mortality hybrid-inviability hybrid-sterility hybrid-breakdown reinforcement character-displacement ecological-speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation centrifugal-speciation divergence-with-gene-flow speciation-continuum anagenesis cladogenesis budding-speciation branching-speciation phyletic-gradualism punctuated-equilibrium stasis trend progression orthogenesis aristogenesis mosaic-evolution co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen-hypothesis evolutionary-stable-strategy frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection r-selection K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity ploidy-level chromosome-number karyotype genome-size transposable-element gene-duplication neofunctionalization subfunctionalization pseudogene regulatory-evolution cis-regulatory trans-regulatory enhancer promoter silencer insulator transcription-factor signaling-pathway developmental-pathway gene-network epigenetic-modification DNA-methylation histone-modification chromatin-remodeling genomic-imprinting parental-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect cytoplasmic-inheritance mitochondrial-DNA chloroplast-DNA endosymbiont Wolbachia Rickettsia Spiroplasma Cardinium Arsenophonus Hamiltonella Regiella Serratia Buchnera Carsonella Portiera primary-endosymbiont secondary-endosymbiont facultative-symbiont obligate-symbiont mutualistic-symbiont parasitic-symbiont commensal-symbiont pathogen vector disease-transmission zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease biosecurity quarantine eradication control management conservation-biology restoration-ecology habitat-restoration river-restoration stream-restoration floodplain-restoration riparian-restoration wetland-restoration ecosystem-restoration passive-restoration active-restoration assisted-recovery managed-relocation assisted-colonization ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-refuge biosphere-reserve world-heritage-site ramsar-site important-bird-area key-biodiversity-area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction EDGE-species evolutionarily-distinct globally-endangered conservation-prioritization systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation conservation-opportunity conservation-cost conservation-benefit trade-off socioeconomic-factor stakeholder-engagement community-based-conservation adaptive-management monitoring-program long-term-study citizen-science public-participation environmental-education outreach science-communication knowledge-transfer capacity-building institutional-strengthening policy-development legislation regulation enforcement compliance incentive payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset mitigation-banking conservation-easement land-trust private-land-conservation conservation-covenant stewardship sustainable-use sustainable-management ecosystem-based-management integrated-water-resources-management basin-management catchment-management landscape-management seascape-management connectivity-conservation corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone matrix-management countryside-biogeography reconciliation-ecology novel-ecosystem designer-ecosystem ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service supporting-service cultural-service food-production water-supply raw-materials genetic-resources medicinal-resources ornamental-resources air-quality-regulation climate-regulation water-regulation erosion-regulation water-purification waste-treatment disease-regulation pest-regulation pollination seed-dispersal habitat-provision nutrient-cycling soil-formation primary-production recreation tourism aesthetic-value spiritual-value educational-value scientific-value inspiration sense-of-place cultural-heritage traditional-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge ecosystem-service-valuation economic-valuation contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer total-economic-value use-value non-use-value direct-use indirect-use option-value bequest-value existence-value willingness-to-pay willingness-to-accept cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-analysis decision-support uncertainty risk-assessment scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis robustness-analysis adaptive-capacity resilience vulnerability exposure sensitivity coping-capacity transformation social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state hysteresis path-dependence legacy-effect slow-variable fast-variable panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization foresight anticipatory-governance transformative-change sustainability-science future-earth interdisciplinary transdisciplinary problem-oriented solution-oriented action-oriented knowledge-co-production boundary-work boundary-object boundary-organization science-policy-interface science-society-interface knowledge-brokerage knowledge-exchange knowledge-integration mode-1-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix responsible-innovation reflexive-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance polycentric-governance network-governance self-organization collective-action common-pool-resource tragedy-of-the-commons social-dilemma institutional-analysis institutional-design Ostrom-design-principles monitoring sanctioning conflict-resolution nested-enterprises proportionality collective-choice constitutional-choice operational-choice collective-action-theory game-theory prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game evolutionary-game-theory replicator-dynamics ESS Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality social-optimum market-failure government-failure voluntary-failure non-market-value public-good common-good club-good private-good rivalry excludability free-rider hold-up-problem moral-hazard adverse-selection information-asymmetry transaction-cost property-right common-property state-property private-property hybrid-property bundle-of-rights usufruct access withdrawal alienation tenure-security land-tenure water-tenure resource-tenure customary-tenure statutory-tenure legal-pluralism de-facto de-jure formal informal legality legitimacy recognition deviance corruption elite-capture social-capital bonding-capital bridging-capital linking-capital trust reciprocity reputation social-network social-embeddedness structural-hole brokerage closure cohesion density centrality betweenness degree eigenvector PageRank small-world scale-free random-network regular-network hierarchical-network modularity community-structure clustering assortativity homophily heterophily preferential-attachment fitness-model network-evolution network-dynamics temporal-network multilayer-network multiplex-network bipartite-network affiliation-network one-mode-network two-mode-network adjacency-matrix edge-list graph-theory vertex edge node link tie connection path cycle tree forest component giant-component percolation phase-transition criticality self-organized-criticality power-law heavy-tail Pareto-distribution lognormal-distribution exponential-distribution Poisson-distribution binomial-distribution normal-distribution Gaussian-distribution statistical-distribution probability-distribution cumulative-distribution probability-density-function cumulative-distribution-function survival-function hazard-function moment mean median mode variance standard-deviation coefficient-of-variation skewness kurtosis quantile percentile decile quartile interquartile-range range minimum maximum outlier robust-statistic parametric-test non-parametric-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis significance-level p-value confidence-interval type-I-error type-II-error statistical-power effect-size sample-size sampling-design experimental-design observational-study quasi-experiment natural-experiment randomized-controlled-trial before-after-control-impact BACI impact-assessment environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-analysis exergy-analysis emergy-analysis input-output-analysis environmentally-extended-input-output social-accounting-matrix computable-general-equilibrium agent-based-model system-dynamics-model Bayesian-network structural-equation-model path-analysis factor-analysis principal-component-analysis cluster-analysis discriminant-analysis canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling ordination classification regression-analysis linear-regression nonlinear-regression generalized-linear-model generalized-additive-model mixed-effects-model multilevel-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-hierarchical-model state-space-model hidden-Markov-model time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging variogram spatial-autocorrelation Moran's-I Geary's-c Getis-Ord-Gi local-indicator-of-spatial-association LISA hot-spot cold-spot spatial-cluster spatial-outlier edge-effect boundary-effect modifiable-areal-unit-problem MAUP ecological-fallacy atomistic-fallacy cross-scale-inference upscaling downscaling scaling-law allometric-scaling fractal fractal-dimension self-similarity multi-fractal lacunarity roughness texture pattern process pattern-process-relationship neutral-model null-model randomization-test permutation-test bootstrap jackknife cross-validation model-averaging model-comparison information-criterion Bayesian-model-averaging ensemble-modeling consensus-model prediction forecast projection scenario narrative-scenario quantitative-scenario storyline shared-socioeconomic-pathway representative-concentration-pathway emission-scenario climate-scenario impact-scenario adaptation-scenario mitigation-scenario transformation-scenario backcasting forecasting trend-extrapolation expert-judgment Delphi-method participatory-modeling stakeholder-analysis influence-diagram conceptual-model mental-model system-archetype leverage-point intervention-point policy-instrument economic-instrument regulatory-instrument voluntary-instrument information-instrument market-based-instrument command-and-control-instrument subsidy tax charge fee levy deposit-refund tradable-permit emission-trading carbon-tax biodiversity-banking conditional-cash-transfer community-based-natural-resource-management joint-forest-management co-management adaptive-co-management transboundary-management international-regime global-governance multilateral-environmental-agreement convention treaty cartagena-protocol nagoya-protocol Aichi-target sustainable-development-goal SDG post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework 30-by-30-target nature-based-solution NbS ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure natural-infrastructure hybrid-infrastructure climate-smart-agriculture climate-smart-landscape climate-smart-development low-carbon-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy blue-economy sustainable-consumption sustainable-production life-cycle-thinking cradle-to-cradle industrial-ecology industrial-symbiosis urban-metabolism socio-ecological-metabolism material-intensity energy-intensity carbon-intensity decoupling absolute-decoupling relative-decoupling resource-efficiency eco-efficiency eco-innovation green-technology clean-technology environmental-technology appropriate-technology participatory-technology technology-transfer technology-diffusion innovation-system national-innovation-system sectoral-innovation-system technological-innovation-system socio-technical-system socio-technical-transition multi-level-perspective niche-innovation regime landscape transition-management strategic-niche-management transition-experiment living-lab real-world-laboratory urban-living-lab rural-living-lab sustainability-transition fundamental-change system-innovation directionality reflexivity responsiveness anticipation learning-by-doing doing-by-learning social-learning organizational-learning policy-learning transformative-capacity capacity-development institutional-learning evolutionary-governance institutional-change path-dependency lock-in carbon-lock-in technological-lock-in institutional-lock-in behavioral-lock-in cultural-lock-in unlocking destabilization phase-out divestment stranded-asset just-transition transition-pathway transition-scenario deep-decarbonization net-zero carbon-neutral climate-neutral nature-positive biodiversity-positive restoration-positive regenerative circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundary safe-operating-space environmental-ceiling social-foundation intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity distributive-justice procedural-justice recognition-justice environmental-justice climate-justice energy-justice water-justice food-justice spatial-justice territorial-justice ecological-justice species-justice intersectionality adaptation mitigation sustainability sustainable-development well-being human-development capability-approach human-security environmental-security climate-security water-security food-security energy-security livelihood-security disaster-risk-reduction climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation loss-and-damage climate-finance green-climate-fund adaptation-fund global-environment-facility biodiversity-finance nature-finance blended-finance impact-investment ESG environmental-social-governance sustainable-finance green-bond social-bond sustainability-bond blue-bond nature-bond biodiversity-credit offset inset nature-based-credit ecosystem-service-credit payment-for-results results-based-payment conditional-payment performance-based-payment outcome-based-payment environmental-service-payment PSA PES REDD REDD+AFOLU LULUCF NAMA NAMC NDC NAP NBSAP national-adaptation-plan national-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plan nationally-determined-contribution nationally-appropriate-mitigation-action intended-nationally-determined-contribution long-term-low-emission-development-strategy net-zero-target carbon-budget remaining-carbon-budget emission-gap adaptation-gap finance-gap implementation-gap ambition-loop ratchet-mechanism global-stocktake transparency-framework enhanced-transparency-framework common-but-differentiated-responsibilities respective-capabilities climate-equity climate-litigation climate-governance climate-diplomacy climate-negotiation UNFCCC COP CMP CMA SBSTA SBI IPCC IPBES UNCCD CBD CITES Ramsar World-Heritage Man-and-the-Biosphere MAB UNESCO FAO WHO ILO UNDP UNEP UN-Habitat World-Bank IMF WTO OECD GEF GCF AF multilateral-development-bank regional-development-bank national-development-bank development-finance-institution export-credit-agency sovereign-wealth-fund pension-fund insurance-company asset-manager asset-owner corporate-investor retail-investor impact-investor philanthropic-investor development-partner bilateral-donor multilateral-donor private-donor foundation NGO CSO civil-society-organization non-governmental-organization community-based-organization indigenous-peoples-organization women's-organization youth-organization faith-based-organization research-organization think-tank university academic-institution knowledge-institution capacity-building-institution training-institution extension-service advisory-service consulting-firm engineering-firm technology-provider equipment-supplier service-provider contractor operator maintainer utility municipality local-government provincial-government national-government federal-government ministry department agency authority commission board council committee parliament congress legislature executive judiciary media journalist reporter editor publisher broadcaster platform social-media influencer celebrity activist advocate campaigner mobilizer organizer networker connector bridge-builder boundary-spanner knowledge-broker science-communicator extension-agent development-practitioner policy-maker decision-maker planner manager administrator leader champion entrepreneur innovator intrapreneur social-entrepreneur systems-entrepreneur institutional-entrepreneur policy-entrepreneur political-entrepreneur business-model business-model-innovation social-business inclusive-business base-of-pyramid fortune-at-bottom-of-pyramid shared-value creating-shared-value stakeholder-capitalism purpose-driven-business B-Corp benefit-corporation social-enterprise cooperative mutual association collective commons commoning peer-production open-source creative-commons knowledge-commons digital-commons data-commons genetic-commons seed-commons water-commons fisheries-commons forest-commons pasture-commons land-commons urban-commons atmospheric-commons global-commons common-heritage-of-mankind common-concern-of-humankind restorative-justice multispecies-justice more-than-human anthropocene capitalocene plantationocene chthulucene symbiocene good-anthropocene great-acceleration great-transformation great-decoupling great-convergence great-divergence great-fragmentation great-integration great-transition great-work long-now deep-time futures-thinking future-studies strategic-foresight scenario-planning trend-analysis weak-signal wild-card black-swan grey-rhino blue-sky green-swan systemic-change structural-change cultural-change behavioral-change individual-change collective-change social-change organizational-change technological-change economic-change political-change ecological-change planetary-change earth-system-change biodiversity-change ocean-change cryosphere-change atmospheric-change biogeochemical-change nitrogen-cycle-change phosphorus-cycle-change carbon-cycle-change water-cycle-change hydrological-change soil-change vegetation-change ecosystem-change landscape-change seascape-change biosphere-change noosphere-change technosphere-change anthroposphere-change sociosphere-change econosphere-change politosphere-change culturosphere-change semiosphere-change infosphere-change digisphere-change cybersphere-change urban-sphere-change agricultural-sphere-change industrial-sphere-change extractive-sphere-change manufacturing-sphere-change service-sphere-change financial-sphere-change knowledge-sphere-change innovation-sphere-change creativity-sphere-change culture-sphere-change identity-sphere-change meaning-sphere-change value-sphere-change purpose-sphere-change vision-sphere-change mission-sphere-change strategy-sphere-change tactic-sphere-change operation-sphere-change action-sphere-change practice-sphere-change habit-sphere-change routine-sphere-change ritual-sphere-change tradition-sphere-change custom-sphere-change convention-sphere-change norm-sphere-change rule-sphere-change law-sphere-change regulation-sphere-change standard-sphere-change protocol-sphere-change procedure-sphere-change process-sphere-change system-sphere-change structure-sphere-change function-sphere-change pattern-sphere-change dynamic-sphere-change state-sphere-change phase-sphere-change regime-sphere-change equilibrium-sphere-change stability-sphere-change instability-sphere-change chaos-sphere-change order-sphere-change complexity-sphere-change simplicity-sphere-change diversity-sphere-change uniformity-sphere-change heterogeneity-sphere-change homogeneity-sphere-change variation-sphere-change invariance-sphere-change change-sphere-change continuity-sphere-change discontinuity-sphere-change emergence-sphere-change submergence-sphere-change evolution-sphere-change devolution-sphere-change revolution-sphere-change involution-sphere-change convolution-sphere-change resolution-sphere-change dissolution-sphere-change absolution-sphere-change solution-sphere-change