Aggregation-behavior
Guides
Ammophilinae
thread-waisted wasps
Ammophilinae is a subfamily of thread-waisted wasps in the family Sphecidae, containing approximately 6 genera and over 320 described species. Members are solitary wasps characterized by a narrow petiole connecting the thorax and abdomen. The group includes well-known genera such as Ammophila and Podalonia, which are notable for their specialized hunting behaviors involving caterpillar prey.
Anurida
Anurida is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Neanuridae, established in 1865 by Laboulbène. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with species occupying diverse habitats including intertidal marine zones, river floodplains, riparian areas, and forest ecosystems. Well-studied species include the intertidal specialist Anurida maritima, which exhibits complex tidal-entrained behaviors, and the terrestrial A. granaria, which has documented mycophagous associations. The genus shows notable morphological diversity in chaetotaxy and eye reduction, with some species groups exhibiting cryptic genetic divergence despite morphological similarity.
Collembolaspringtailsintertidaltidal-behaviorcryptic-speciesendosymbiontsWolbachiaSpiroplasmadiapauseunivoltinemycophagychaetotaxyNeanuridaecosmopolitan-distributioncircatidal-rhythmegg-diapausesalt-marshriver-floodplainriparian-zoneforest-habitatBeringian-faunagenetic-divergence-without-morphological-changetidal-entrainmentaggregation-behaviorsexual-dimorphism-in-foragingstarvation-mortalityholometabolous-like-developmentsetal-reductionocelli-reductionhammerae-groupAnurida-maritima-species-groupLaboulbène-1865PoduromorphaNeanurinaePseudachorutinaeterrestrialmarine-intertidalfreshwater-ripariannutrient-cyclingorganic-matter-decompositionfungal-dispersalapothecia-feedingclay-wall-nestsair-filled-cavitiestidal-refugeweather-dependent-activitytemperature-dependent-diapause-terminationmitochondrial-genome-divergenceancient-circatidal-behaviorcytoplasmic-incompatibilitymale-killingType-V-cif-genesgenome-wide-differentiationPool-seq-phylogenomicsHolarctic-distributiontemperate-zone-adaptationoverwintering-eggsautumn-mortalityphysiological-stressforaging-efficiencylow-temperature-limitationtidal-inundation-responsebehavioral-synchronizationnest-constructionsexual-reproductioncolonial-aggregationfungal-associationPeziza-arvernensisriverinagranariaoctoculatahirsutaelegansreductanarlibisetosaVladivostok-Botanical-GardenPrimorsky-KraiPolandSouthern-BrazilNorth-western-EuropeUnited-KingdomThe-NetherlandsAndeanArcticSub-arcticCapeCaribbeanCentral-Australiaconiferous-broadleaved-forestprotected-forestvertical-clay-wallscreek-wallssalt-marsh-foragingmarsh-wanderingnest-marsh-exchangemolting-refugeegg-deposition-sitessexually-mature-aggregationhibernating-eggsspring-hatchingsummer-egg-layingautumn-diapause-terminationwinter-development-suppressionadult-deathstarvation-riskglycogen-depletionlipid-depletionbody-size-declinesluggishness-at-low-temperaturelimited-low-water-periodtemperate-survival-strategycosmopolitan-species-with-local-adaptationgenetic-crosses-neededsex-ratio-studies-neededendosymbiont-effects-unknownreproductive-manipulation-potentialselfish-genetic-elementsmaternal-inheritancephylogenomic-analysissingle-copy-orthologous-genesnuclear-genome-divergencemitochondrial-lineage-associationspecies-group-conceptmorphological-stasisevolutionary-divergencesystematic-revision-neededtribe-validityNeanurinae-subdivisionPseudachorutinae-placementhigher-rank-taxonomy-matchGBIF-recordsiNaturalist-observationsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptanceNCBI-taxonomyEntognathaHexapodaEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaspringtail-biodiversitysoil-mesofaunaintertidal-invertebratemarine-terrestrial-transition-zoneestuarine-ecologytidal-flat-ecologyfloodplain-ecologyriparian-ecologyforest-floor-ecologymycophagous-collembolanfungal-feeding-springtailnutrient-cyclerdecomposerdetritivoreorganic-matter-processorecosystem-engineer-(nest-construction)microhabitat-specialisthabitat-partitionsexual-dimorphismbehavioral-plasticityenvironmental-cue-responsephototaxis-modificationthermotaxis-responsehydrotaxis-responseaggregation-pheromone-(inferred)social-behavior-(colonial)reproductive-behaviorcourtshipoviposition-site-selectionegg-guarding-(absent)diapause-evolutionlife-history-strategyunivoltinismsemelparity-(effective)annual-life-cycleseasonal-polyphenism-(absent)developmental-arrestcold-requirement-for-developmenttemperature-threshold5°C-diapause-terminationspring-warming-triggerphenologypopulation-dynamicsdemographymortality-factorstarvationenvironmental-stressclimate-sensitivityhabitat-specificityendemism-(some-species)cryptic-biodiversitymolecular-taxonomyintegrative-taxonomyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgenomic-resourcesWolbachia-genomeSpiroplasma-genomebacterial-endosymbiosishost-microbe-interactionreproductive-parasitismmutualism-(unknown)commensalism-(unknown)symbiont-phylogenyhorizontal-gene-transfer-(absent-in-data)prophage-genescif-gene-evolutionType-V-clademale-killing-gene-absenceCI-gene-presencewmk-gene-presenceSpAID-absencebacterial-genome-reduction-(inferred)host-adaptationcoevolutionsymbiont-sharing-between-host-lineagesgenetic-divergence-with-symbiont-sharingspeciation-mechanismreproductive-isolationcytoplasmic-incompatibility-as-speciation-driver-(unlikely-given-identical-cif-sequences)alternative-speciation-mechanismsecological-speciationbehavioral-isolationhabitat-isolationtemporal-isolationgeographic-isolationallopatric-divergenceparapatric-divergencesympatric-divergence-(possible)cryptic-species-identification-challengemorphological-taxonomy-limitationsmolecular-systematics-necessityDNA-barcodinggenome-skimmingPool-seqphylogenomic-inferencespecies-delimitationintegrative-species-conceptoperational-taxonomic-unitevolutionary-significant-unitconservation-unitbiodiversity-assessmentfaunisticsbiogeographydispersal-abilitypassive-dispersalactive-dispersalhabitat-fidelitysite-fidelitynest-fidelityphilopatry-(inferred)population-structuregene-flowgenetic-differentiationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-accommodationevolutionary-developmental-biologyevo-devosetal-developmentsensory-organ-developmenteye-reduction-evolutioncave-adaptation-(absent)soil-adaptationintertidal-adaptationdesiccation-resistance-(inferred)salinity-tolerancehypoxia-tolerance-(inferred)nest-air-pocket-maintenancerespiratory-adaptationcuticular-waterproofing-(inferred)osmoregulationion-regulationexcretory-systemMalpighian-tubules-(standard)labial-glandsdigestive-systemmidguthindgutfeeding-apparatusmaxillamandiblelabrumepipharynxhypopharynxmouthparts-entognathoushead-capsuleantennaesegment-numbersegment-fusionthoraxabdomenfurca-(absent-in-some-Neanuridae)tenaculumcollophoreventral-tubereticulate-patternpigmentationcolorationsize-variationbody-shapecylindrical-bodysetal-arrangementmacrosetaemicrosetaesensory-setaemechanoreceptorschemoreceptorshygroreceptorsthermoreceptorsphotoreceptorsocelli-structureeye-number-reductioneye-complete-loss-(some-species)pigment-losscuticular-granulationcuticular-tuberclescuticular-scalesbody-sclerotizationintersegmental-membranesappendage-structureleg-segmentationclaw-structureunguiculustenent-hairempodial-appendagetibiotarsusfemurtrochantercoxasubcoxaabdominal-segmentationtergite-structuresternite-structurepleurite-structuretergal-chaetotaxysternal-chaetotaxypleural-chaetotaxyaxial-setaeparaxial-setaemarginal-setaep-row-setaea-row-setaem-row-setaesetal-formulasetal-nomenclatureFjellberg-systemGisin-systemtaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actstype-speciestype-localitytype-specimenoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-redescriptionsfaunal-revisionscatalogueschecklistsdatabasesGBIFiNaturalistNCBIBOLDCOLITISEncyclopedia-of-LifeWikipediaprimary-literaturetaxonomic-literatureecological-literaturephysiological-literaturegenomic-literaturesymbiont-literaturebehavioral-literatureentomologyacarologysoil-zoologymarine-biologyintertidal-ecologyestuarine-sciencelimnologyfreshwater-biologyterrestrial-ecologyforest-ecologyfungal-ecologymicrobial-ecologysymbiosis-researchevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyconservation-biologybiodiversity-sciencesystematicsphylogeneticspaleontology-(absent)fossil-record-(absent)amber-inclusion-(possible-but-unreported)subfossil-(absent)quaternary-record-(absent)historical-ecologyanthropogenic-impactpollution-sensitivitybioindicator-potentialconservation-status-(unevaluated)IUCN-Red-List-(absent)habitat-protection-needsprotected-area-occurrenceinvasive-potential-(low)agricultural-pest-(absent)household-pest-(absent)economic-importance-(minimal)scientific-importance-(high)model-organism-potentialteaching-organismresearch-subjectbiodiversity-componentecosystem-service-providercultural-significance-(absent)traditional-knowledge-(absent)indigenous-knowledge-(absent)vernacular-names-(absent)etymologyAnurida-(etymology-unknown,-possibly-Greek-'an-'-without-+-'oura'-tail,-referring-to-reduced-furca)Laboulbène1865historical-taxonomyclassical-taxonomymodern-taxonomyfuture-research-needstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysispopulation-genomic-studyfunctional-genomic-studydevelopmental-studyphysiological-studybehavioral-studyecological-studysymbiont-studyconservation-studyAphrophora
spittlebugs, conifer spittlebugs
Aphrophora is a genus of spittlebugs (family Aphrophoridae) comprising at least 80 described species. Nymphs produce characteristic frothy spittle masses on host plants for protection and moisture regulation. The genus includes species associated with conifers and broadleaved plants, with documented host relationships including Pinus and Salix species. Adults are often attracted to lights at night.
Asterocampa clyton louisa
Asterocampa clyton louisa is a subspecies of the tawny emperor butterfly, recognized by Stallings & Turner in 1947. It belongs to the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the brush-footed butterflies. The species is known to feed on fermenting tree sap, often aggregating with other insects at sap flows on hardwood trees.
Balcanocerus
Balcanocerus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Eurymelinae. Species in this genus are ant-attended and feed on phloem sap from host plants in Rosaceae. The genus includes both North American and European species, with documented associations with specific ant partners and host trees.
Blattidae
Household Cockroaches
Blattidae is a family of cockroaches in the order Blattodea, established by Latreille in 1810. The family includes several of the most common household and peri-domestic pest species, notably in the genera *Periplaneta*, *Blatta*, and *Eurycotis*. The family is distributed worldwide, with particular diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Many species have adapted to human-altered environments, though numerous species remain restricted to natural habitats such as leaf litter and forest floors.
Bolbonota
seed-mimic treehopper
Bolbonota is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, tribe Membracini, distributed in the New World tropics and subtropics. Adults are characterized by their dark, globular body form with a corrugated pronotal surface and distinctive red eyes. The genus contains at least a dozen described species in Brazil alone, with many more likely awaiting description. Bolbonota species exhibit complex ontogenetic color changes: early instar nymphs are dark, late instars become mottled or streaked white, and adults revert to dark coloration.
Brachypterolus
short-winged flower beetles
Brachypterolus is a genus of short-winged flower beetles in the family Kateretidae, containing approximately six described species. Members of this genus are associated with toadflax plants (Linaria spp.) and have been introduced to North America as inadvertent biological control agents for invasive toadflax species. The genus is characterized by reduced wing development, consistent with its name meaning "short-winged."
Calobatina geometra
Calobatina geometra is a species of stilt-legged fly in the family Micropezidae, occurring in the eastern United States. Adults are noted for their distinctive elongated middle and hind legs, their wasp-like appearance suggesting mimicry of ichneumonid wasps, and their characteristic behavior of waving their forelegs, which bear conspicuous white bands above black feet. The species has been observed aggregating on standing dead oak trunks in dry-mesic upland deciduous forest.
Cephenemyia apicata
nose bot fly
Cephenemyia apicata is a nose bot fly (family Oestridae) that parasitizes Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). First instar larvae develop in the deer's bronchi for 6–8 months before migrating to retropharyngeal pouches. Adult males aggregate at elevated stands of Castanopsis and Quercus in California, with activity occurring from April through July when air temperatures reach 20°C. Females exhibit a distinctive visible attack behavior, landing on or near deer and eliciting curiosity before larvipositing into nostrils.
Chlosyne janais
crimson patch, janais patch
Chlosyne janais is a common New World butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, known as the crimson patch or janais patch. It ranges from Colombia north through Central America and Mexico to southern Texas, with occasional sightings extending into northern Texas and southeastern Mexico. The species inhabits lowland tropical to subtropical forest edges, fields, and riparian areas. Adults feed on flower nectar, while larvae feed gregariously on acanthus shrubs, particularly Anisacanthus wrightii and Odontonema callistachyus. Reproduction is continuous in the tropics; in temperate areas, multiple broods occur from July to November.
Colopterus
Colopterus is a genus of sap-feeding beetles in the family Nitidulidae, containing approximately 10 described species. Species in this genus are associated with fermenting substrates and plant material. At least one species, C. truncatus, has been documented as a seed predator of Inga marginata and produces male-specific aggregation pheromones.
Cuterebra fontinella fontinella
mouse bot fly, white-footed mouse bot fly
Cuterebra fontinella fontinella is a subspecies of New World bot fly (family Oestridae) that parasitizes small mammals, primarily white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). The adult flies are large, bumble bee-sized, and lack functional mouthparts, living only briefly to reproduce. Females lay eggs near host burrow entrances; larvae hatch in response to host body heat, enter through orifices or wounds, and develop subcutaneously for approximately one month before exiting to pupate in soil. Despite forming conspicuous warbles that can reach 5% of host body weight, infections appear to have minimal negative impact on host survival and may even correlate with increased longevity in some populations.
Cuterebra tenebrosa
rodent bot fly, pack rat botfly
Cuterebra tenebrosa, commonly known as the rodent bot fly or pack rat botfly, is a New World skin bot fly in the family Oestridae. The species is a specialized parasite of bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea). Adult males exhibit distinctive territorial aggregation behavior near host habitats, establishing territories over heat-reflecting surfaces and engaging in aerial defense against intruders. The species demonstrates complex life history traits including temperature-dependent pupal diapause that can extend development up to two years.
Dineutus discolor
large whirligig beetle
Dineutus discolor is a species of whirligig beetle in the family Gyrinidae, commonly known as the large whirligig beetle. Adults are active on the water surface, where they form conspicuous aggregations called 'rafts.' These social groups provide antipredator benefits through cooperative vigilance and collective detection of threats. The species is among the larger members of its genus, reaching approximately 12 mm in length.
Diplotaxis brachyptera
A small scarab beetle in the genus Diplotaxis, family Scarabaeidae, described by Patricia Vaurie in 1960. The species name 'brachyptera' (short-winged) suggests reduced flight capability. Records indicate presence in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other Diplotaxis species, adults are likely nocturnal and may aggregate on vegetation.
Dysdercus andreae
St. Andrew's Cotton Stainer
Dysdercus andreae, commonly known as St. Andrew's Cotton Stainer, is a brightly colored true bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae. The species is named for the distinctive diagonal white cross on its body, resembling Saint Andrew's Cross. It is found in the Caribbean and parts of North America, where it forms aggregations of hundreds of individuals. The insect feeds primarily on seeds and fruits of Thespesia populnea (Pacific rosewood) and has been documented as a pest of cotton in the West Indies and U.S. Virgin Islands.
Eleodes pimelioides
desert stink beetle, stout darkling beetle
Eleodes pimelioides is a small species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. It has been observed in alpine coniferous forest habitats, where it is active at night. The species is part of the diverse Eleodes genus, commonly known as desert stink beetles or clown beetles, though this particular species appears to favor cooler, higher-elevation environments rather than true desert conditions.
Eupnoi
Eupnoan Harvestmen
Eupnoi is a suborder of harvestmen (order Opiliones) comprising approximately 1,700 described species across more than 200 genera. The group is divided into two superfamilies: Phalangioidea, which includes the familiar long-legged "daddy long-legs" common in northern temperate regions, and the smaller Caddoidea, characterized by prominent eyes and spiny pedipalps. Eupnoi harvestmen possess a unique secretory gland opening via an ozopore on the dorsum, which produces defensive and communicative chemicals. They exhibit complex social behaviors including multi-specific roosting aggregations and chemical-based alarm signaling.
Gargaphia tiliae
Basswood Lace Bug, Linden Lace Bug
Gargaphia tiliae is a univoltine lace bug in the family Tingidae, commonly known as the basswood lace bug or linden lace bug. It is a host-specific specialist feeding on Tilia species, with a well-documented life cycle involving overwintering as adults in leaf litter. The species exhibits parental care of eggs and nymphs—a notable behavioral trait among lace bugs—and aggregates on the undersides of host leaves during the active season.
Gyretes iricolor
Gyretes iricolor is a species of whirligig beetle described by Young in 1947. It is one of three genera of Gyrinidae occurring in Missouri and the central United States, alongside Dineutus and Gyrinus. The genus Gyretes has been documented from 64 of 75 Arkansas counties and is considered common throughout the Ozark region. Like other whirligig beetles, members of this genus inhabit the surface film of freshwater bodies.
Gyretes sinuatus
Gyretes sinuatus is a whirligig beetle (family Gyrinidae) inhabiting freshwater systems of North America. Like other gyrinids, it lives on the water surface where it feeds and forms aggregations. The genus Gyretes represents the third North American gyrinid genus alongside Dineutus and Gyrinus, and has been documented across the Ozark region and Arkansas. This species was described by LeConte in 1852.
Gyrinidae
Whirligig Beetles
Whirligig beetles (family Gyrinidae) are aquatic beetles that inhabit the surface film of freshwater habitats worldwide. The family comprises approximately 700 extant species in 15 genera. These beetles are instantly recognizable by their habit of swimming rapidly in circles on the water surface when alarmed, a behavior that gives them their common name. They possess divided compound eyes—upper portions adapted for vision above water and lower portions for underwater viewing—a unique adaptation among insects. Members of this family are active predators and scavengers that form conspicuous aggregations or "rafts" on the water surface, which serve defensive functions through enhanced predator detection and possible aposematic signaling.
Gyrinus
whirligig beetle
Gyrinus is a genus of small aquatic beetles in the family Gyrinidae, commonly known as whirligig beetles. Members are strictly aquatic and live almost exclusively on the water surface, where they form conspicuous aggregations called rafts. They are native to multiple biogeographic regions including the Palearctic, Nearctic, North Africa, Asia, and Australia. The genus is distinguished from the larger Dineutus by its smaller size, exposed scutellum, and more pointed elytral apices.
Gyrinus aeratus
Brass Whirligig Beetle
Gyrinus aeratus is a species of whirligig beetle in the family Gyrinidae, commonly known as the Brass Whirligig Beetle. It is found in both North America and Europe, representing a trans-Atlantic distribution pattern. Like other whirligig beetles, it is adapted to life on the water surface where it forms aggregations and exhibits characteristic erratic swimming behavior.
Gyrinus parcus
Gyrinus parcus is a species of whirligig beetle in the family Gyrinidae. It has a broad geographic distribution spanning Central America, North America, and South America. The species was described by Thomas Say in 1834 and includes six recognized subspecies. Whirligig beetles in the genus Gyrinus are small, surface-dwelling aquatic beetles known for their rapid, erratic swimming behavior and tendency to form aggregations on still or slow-moving water.
Gyrinus wallisi
whirligig beetle
Gyrinus wallisi is a species of whirligig beetle described by Fall in 1922. Members of the genus Gyrinus are small, surface-dwelling aquatic beetles known for their rapid, circular swimming patterns. This species occurs in North America, with records from Canada including Alberta, British Columbia, and Labrador.
Halobates sericeus
Pacific pelagic water strider, Silvery Sea Skater
Halobates sericeus is an oceanic sea skater in the family Gerridae, one of the few insects adapted to life on the open sea. It inhabits pelagic marine environments across the Pacific Ocean and adjacent regions. The species exhibits photoperiod-dependent aggregation behavior, with adults and late-instar larvae forming more frequent and longer-lasting groups under short-day conditions compared to long-day conditions.
Hylastes
Hylastes is a genus of crenulate bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, comprising over 90 species. Members are primarily associated with coniferous hosts, particularly pines and spruces, where they breed in stumps, roots, and stressed or dying trees. Several species are economically significant as vectors of fungal pathogens causing tree mortality. The genus has a fossil record extending to the Eocene, with Hylastes perkovskyi described from Rovno amber.
Largus californicus
California bordered plant bug
Largus californicus, commonly known as the California bordered plant bug, is a true bug in the family Largidae. Adults are black with orange marginal markings on the thorax and abdomen, measuring approximately 25 mm in length. Nymphs are metallic blue with a distinctive red spot at the base of the abdomen, often forming large aggregations of 100 or more individuals. The species occurs in western North America and parts of Central America, with two generations annually in coastal southern California.
Largus convivus
bordered plant bug
Largus convivus is a bordered plant bug in the family Largidae, native to western North America and Middle America. Adults are characterized by black bodies with orange or red marginal markings on the pronotum and abdomen. Nymphs display striking aposematic coloration: metallic blue-black bodies with a bright red central dorsal spot. The species undergoes incomplete metamorphosis with five nymphal instars and typically produces two generations annually in suitable climates.
Largus maculiventris
bordered plant bug
Largus maculiventris is a species of bordered plant bug in the family Largidae. Like other members of the genus Largus, adults are typically black with orange or red marginal markings and variable orange speckling. The nymphs are metallic blue with a central red spot on the dorsum. The species was described by Schmidt in 1931. As with congeners, it is a generalist feeder on plant material and has been observed in aggregations.
Largus succinctus
Largus bug, bordered plant bug, red bug, Eastern Bordered Plant Bug
Largus succinctus is a true bug in the family Largidae, commonly called the Eastern Bordered Plant Bug. Adults measure 13–17 mm and display black bodies with orange marginal markings. Nymphs are strikingly different: metallic blue-black with a central bright red spot. The species is the sole eastern North American representative of its genus, ranging from New York to Florida and west to Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Colorado. It is a generalist plant feeder with two generations annually.
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteranLytta cyanipennis
Lytta cyanipennis is a blister beetle in the family Meloidae, native to the Canadian prairies and western North America. Adults form mixed aggregations with Lytta nuttalli near bodies of water during their mid-June to early July flight period. Like other Lytta species, it possesses chemical defenses including cantharidins that can cause skin blistering. The species develops in moist soil conditions, with females depositing large egg batches averaging approximately 390 eggs.
Lytta magister
desert blister beetle, master blister beetle
Lytta magister is a large, conspicuous blister beetle native to southwestern North America. Adults are readily identified by their striking aposematic coloration: bright red head, legs, and prothorax contrasting sharply with black elytra. The species is strongly associated with desert environments, where adults emerge in spring and are frequently observed in aggregations on flowers. Larvae are predatory or parasitic on ground-nesting bees, a common life history pattern in the family Meloidae. The species possesses chemical defenses typical of the family, including cantharidins that can cause blistering upon contact with skin.
Megachile pugnata
Pugnacious Leafcutter Bee, Sunflower Leafcutting Bee
Megachile pugnata is a solitary, cavity-nesting leafcutter bee native to North America. Females construct nests in preexisting hollow cavities using cut leaves to line brood cells, which are partitioned by plugs of mud, sand, or vegetation. Adults feed exclusively on flowers in the Asteraceae family, making them particularly effective pollinators of sunflowers. The species exhibits strong instinctive aggregation behavior, with females preferentially nesting near conspecifics even when cavities are abundant. Males emerge before females in spring, mate quickly, and die, while females live approximately two months and produce 35-40 eggs across multiple nests.
Megachile pugnata pugnata
sunflower leafcutting bee
Megachile pugnata pugnata is a solitary leafcutting bee native to North America, notable for its specialized association with sunflowers (Helianthus). Females construct nests in pre-existing cavities using circular leaf pieces cut from host plants to form thimble-shaped brood cells. The subspecies exhibits strong instinctive aggregation behavior, preferentially clustering nests even when suitable cavities are abundant. It develops through complete metamorphosis with overwintering as a prepupa, and has been managed commercially for sunflower pollination.
Megacopta cribraria
kudzu bug, bean plataspid, globular stink bug, lablab bug
Megacopta cribraria is a plataspid shield bug native to South and East Asia that has become a significant invasive pest in the southeastern United States since its discovery in Georgia in 2009. The species exhibits a specialized symbiotic relationship with gut bacteria, particularly Candidatus Ishikawella capsulata, which enables it to feed on leguminous plants. North American populations descend from Japanese lineages and possess microbiomes that facilitate soybean infestation, distinguishing them from some Asian populations. The bug is notable for its strong aggregation behavior, attraction to white surfaces, and defensive secretion that causes odor, skin irritation, and staining.
Netrosoma fusiformis
Fusiform camel cricket
Netrosoma fusiformis is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae, subfamily Melanoplinae. The species was described by Scudder in 1897. It is associated with aridland scrub habitats in the southwestern United States and Mexico, particularly in the Big Bend region of Texas. The species has been observed sheltering beneath leaves of sotol (Dasylirion) during extreme midday heat alongside other flightless desert grasshoppers.
Periplaneta fuliginosa
smokybrown cockroach, smoky brown cockroach
Periplaneta fuliginosa is a large, dark brown cockroach species native to Asia that has become a widespread invasive pest. Females produce oothecae (egg cases) that they carry externally and attach to substrates before hatching. The species shows strong aggregation behavior based on chemical cues and exhibits density-dependent oviposition site selection, preferring sheltered locations when populations are crowded. It is primarily nocturnal with peak activity between 2200-0200 hours and shows limited dispersal capability in mark-recapture studies. The species has been found to harbor the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia (F clade) and is commonly parasitized by the thelastomatid nematode Leidynema appendiculata.
Phaulotettix eurycercus
Sotol Grasshopper
Phaulotettix eurycercus, commonly known as the sotol grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. The species is found in arid regions of North America, particularly in Texas and northeastern Mexico. It is associated with desert scrub habitats and has been observed using sotol plants (Dasylirion) for shelter and possibly feeding. The species is flightless and belongs to a group of desert grasshoppers adapted to extreme heat conditions.
Podalonia argentifrons
cutworm wasp
Podalonia argentifrons is a species of thread-waisted wasp in the family Sphecidae, subfamily Ammophilinae. Like other members of its genus, it is a solitary hunting wasp that preys on soil-dwelling caterpillars ('cutworms'), paralyzing them to provision underground burrows for its larvae. The species occurs across North America, the Caribbean, and Middle America. Females are active in early spring and may overwinter as adults, emerging on warm winter days to hunt.
Podalonia pubescens
cutworm wasp
Podalonia pubescens is a solitary thread-waisted wasp in the family Sphecidae, subfamily Ammophilinae. Like other members of the genus, females hunt soil-dwelling caterpillars (cutworms), paralyze them, and provision underground burrows as food for their larvae. This species occurs in North America and Central America. Species-level identification requires examination of minute morphological characters such as the presence or absence of arolia (small pads between the claws), making field identification to species difficult.
Publilia
Publilia is a genus of treehoppers (Membracidae) native to North America, with species occurring primarily in the eastern and central United States. The genus is notable for forming dense aggregations on host plants, particularly goldenrods (Solidago spp.), where nymphs and adults are tended by ants in exchange for honeydew. This mutualistic relationship has made Publilia a model system for studying ant-hemipteran interactions and their ecological consequences for host plants. The genus is distinguished from related treehoppers by its relatively unadorned pronotum compared to the elaborate projections seen in many Neotropical membracids.
Publilia concava
Aster Treehopper
Publilia concava is an eastern North American treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) commonly occurring in large aggregations on goldenrod (Solidago spp.). Adults oviposit in early June; nymphs hatch by late June and aggregations peak in mid-July. The species forms dense aggregations of up to 500+ individuals on single plant ramets. It is obligately associated with tending ants, primarily Formica subsericea, Camponotus noveboracensis, and Lasius species, which defend treehoppers from natural enemies in exchange for honeydew. Feeding causes leaf damage including drooping and premature browning. The species is a model system for studying ant-hemipteran mutualisms and spatial ecology.
Pyrrhocoridae
Red Bugs, Cotton Stainers
Pyrrhocoridae is a family of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) comprising over 300 species worldwide. Members are commonly known as 'red bugs' due to their frequent bright red coloration, with some species called 'cotton stainers' for their economic impact on cotton crops. The family includes the well-known firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus) in Europe. Pyrrhocorids are distinguished from similar families by the absence of ocelli on the head. They occupy diverse ecological roles: many feed on seeds and fruits, particularly of Malvales, some are predatory, and a few are significant agricultural pests.
Rhopalidae
Scentless Plant Bugs
Rhopalidae, commonly known as scentless plant bugs, is a family of true bugs in the order Hemiptera. The family comprises approximately 30 genera and over 240 species worldwide. Members are distinguished from related coreids by the absence of well-developed scent glands, and from similar lygaeids by the numerous veins in the hemelytral membrane. Most species feed on plants, with some exhibiting host specificity on particular plant families. The family includes several species that aggregate in large numbers and occasionally enter buildings, such as boxelder bugs (Boisea spp.) and red-shouldered bugs (Jadera haematoloma).
Tachypompilus ferrugineus nigrescens
Tachypompilus ferrugineus nigrescens is a subspecies of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae. It is a large, solitary wasp that preys on moderately large wolf spiders (Lycosa species), which it paralyzes and provisions in underground nest cells for its larval offspring. The subspecies has been documented forming aggregations at specific nesting sites, where males perch on elevated surfaces and compete for access to females.
Tegrodera
iron cross blister beetles, iron cross soldier beetles, soldier blister beetles
Tegrodera is a North American genus of large, colorful blister beetles in the family Meloidae, comprising three allopatric species. The genus is confined to arid and semi-arid regions of southwestern North America, with each species occupying distinct geographic ranges separated by major desert barriers. Adults are conspicuous and often form immense feeding and mating aggregations. All species contain cantharidin, a defensive compound toxic to mammals. The genus is notable for unique male courtship behavior involving antennal grasping and stimulation.
Tegrodera erosa erosa
Iron Cross Beetle
Tegrodera erosa erosa is a blister beetle (family Meloidae) endemic to southwestern North America. This large, colorful beetle occurs in dry valleys and hills of cismontane southern California and south into Baja California. Adults are active primarily in late spring and early summer, often forming immense feeding and mating aggregations. The subspecies is distinguished from the nominate form T. erosa inornata by its patterned elytra. Like other meloids, it contains cantharidin in its hemolymph, a compound toxic to mammals. The species is undergoing habitat retrenchment in southern California due to urban development.
Tegrodera latecincta
Soldier Blister Beetle, Iron Cross Blister Beetle
Tegrodera latecincta is a large, colorful blister beetle endemic to the Owens and Antelope valleys of eastern California. As the northernmost species in the genus Tegrodera, it is geographically isolated from its closest relative T. erosa by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains, and from T. aloga by the Mojave Desert. Adults are active in late spring and early summer, often forming conspicuous feeding and mating aggregations. Like other meloid beetles, it possesses cantharidin in its hemolymph for chemical defense.
Trichoton sordidum
Trichoton sordidum is a small, flightless darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to the Sonoran Desert borderlands of southern Arizona and northern Mexico. The species exhibits sophisticated behavioral thermoregulation, including photonegativity and temperature-dependent activity patterns. Under resource limitation or environmental stress, individuals form adhesive aggregations or physical clumps of 2–10 beetles as a threat evasion mechanism. Dispersal follows cohesive patterns consistent with Minimum Risk Distribution models.
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