Habitat-fragmentation-response

Guides

• Cynipoidea

  Gall Wasps and Allies

  Cynipoidea is a superfamily of small wasps comprising approximately 3,000 described species across seven extant families, with many undescribed species estimated. The group exhibits diverse life histories: while the family Cynipidae (gall wasps) are phytophagous and induce plant galls, the majority of species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of other insects. The superfamily is taxonomically challenging, with family-level identification historically difficult until the publication of a comprehensive illustrated key in 2020.

  parasitoidgall-formerhyperparasitoidbiological-controloak-forestinquilinealternation-of-generationsundescribed-diversityreduced-wing-venationHymenopteraApocritaecosystem-engineerplant-manipulationforest-insectagricultural-pest-controlDrosophila-suzukiiaphid-hyperparasitoidwood-borer-parasitoiddung-breeding-fly-parasitoidtaxonomic-keygall-communitynutrient-cyclingphenologysexual-dimorphismparthenogenesiskoinobiontidiobiontPalaearctic-diversityNearctic-diversityMediterranean-hotspotoak-gallrosinweed-gallgoldenrod-gallintroduced-speciesadventive-faunaNew-Zealand-faunaTurkish-faunabroadleaf-forestprairie-habitatagricultural-systemsoft-fruit-pestintegrated-pest-managementbiocontrol-agentextension-entomologymicrohymenopteramorphological-keycouplet-identificationmetasomal-fusionpetiole-reductionglossy-integumentcompressed-bodyprognathous-headflagellomere-reductionnotauli-reductionpterostigma-presencehamuli-presenceovipositor-structurehypopygium-developmentlarval-chamberlocularity-formationhost-genome-exploitationroom-service-nutritiondefensive-immune-suppressionSWD-biocontroleucoiline-waspcharipine-hyperparasitoidanacharitine-parasitoidemarginine-parasitoidfigitine-parasitoidibaliine-parasitoidliopterine-parasitoiddiplolepidine-gall-formerpediaspine-gall-formeraulacideine-gall-formeraylacine-gall-formerceroptresine-inquilinecynipine-gall-formerdiastrophine-gall-formereschatocerine-gall-formerphanacidine-gall-formerqwaqwaiine-gall-formersynergine-inquilineBeringian-biogeographyEocene-forest-separationclimate-change-habitat-shiftphenological-form-associationearly-oak-phenoformlate-oak-phenoformQuercus-robur-gall-communityQuercus-cerris-gall-communityQuercus-ilex-gall-communityAsteraceae-gall-formerEucalyptus-gall-formerRosaceae-gall-formerFagaceae-gall-formerBrevicoryne-brassicae-hyperparasitoidAphidiinae-hyperparasitoidAphelinus-hyperparasitoidOphelimus-parasitoidMikeius-parasitoidAntistrophus-gall-formerNeuroterus-gall-formerAndricus-gall-formerCynips-gall-formerDiplolepis-gall-formerCallirhytis-gall-formerSaphonecrus-inquilineSynergus-inquilineLithosaphonecrus-inquilineCerroneuroterus-gall-formerParaganaspis-parasitoidTriplasta-parasitoidConeucoela-parasitoidAlloxysta-hyperparasitoidPhaenoglyphis-hyperparasitoidXyalaspis-adventiveGanaspis-adventiveThoreauella-adventiveAnacharis-nativeKleidotoma-nativeTrybliographa-groupKleidotoma-groupGronotoma-groupRhoptromeris-groupGanaspis-groupChrestosema-groupZaeucoila-groupAfrotropical-lineageNeotropical-lineageleaf-mining-agromyzid-parasitoidagromyzid-parasitoidcabbage-aphid-hyperparasitoidbovine-dung-dipteran-parasitoidcattle-dung-parasitoidpasture-ecosystem-serviceforest-biodiversity-indicatorcollection-based-taxonomymolecular-phylogeneticscladistic-analysisimplied-weights-parsimonyskeletal-character-codingdigital-image-databaseInternet-accessible-databasehigher-level-phylogenygeneric-classification-revisiongenus-group-systeminformal-genus-groupssynapomorphy-discussionhost-parasitoid-coevolutionevolutionary-radiationtropical-parasitoid-diversitybiodiversity-documentationscientific-nomenclatureetymological-analysishost-based-species-naminggeographic-namingmorphological-namingdedication-namingtaxonomic-communicationbiodiversity-informaticsfaunistic-surveynew-country-recordnew-provincial-recordnew-genus-recordnew-species-descriptionspecies-redescriptiondichotomous-key-constructioncharacter-coupletillustrated-identificationmicroscope-photographyspecimen-imagingstudent-tested-keyexpert-consultationproofed-keyextension-entomology-applicationstakeholder-educationforest-managementfarm-managementfield-managementecosystem-service-valuationfuture-policy-implementationmicrohymenopteran-collectiondiagnostic-indicator-applicationobjective-setting-for-conservationclimate-change-monitoringhabitat-fragmentation-responseoak-stand-compositionurban-oak-forestnursery-oak-cultivationgeomorphic-topographic-structure-influencespecies-richness-patterndistribution-mappinghost-plant-documentationgall-morphology-documentationseasonal-gall-collectionmulti-year-field-studyprovince-level-inventoryregional-fauna-characterizationcountry-level-checklistglobal-fauna-overviewadventive-species-dominancedeliberate-introduction-historybiological-control-introductionnative-species-rarityendemic-species-presencecollection-revisiontype-specimen-examinationreared-specimen-basisdiagnosis-illustrationdistribution-data-compilationhost-relation-discussionbiology-documentationnatural-history-summarytaxonomic-overview-provisionfaunal-knowledge-gap-identificationresearch-accessibility-improvemententry-barrier-reductioncool-thing-discovery-enablement

• Trichoton sordidum

  Trichoton sordidum is a small, flightless darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to the Sonoran Desert borderlands of southern Arizona and northern Mexico. The species exhibits sophisticated behavioral thermoregulation, including photonegativity and temperature-dependent activity patterns. Under resource limitation or environmental stress, individuals form adhesive aggregations or physical clumps of 2–10 beetles as a threat evasion mechanism. Dispersal follows cohesive patterns consistent with Minimum Risk Distribution models.

  darkling-beetleSonoran-Desertthermoregulationaggregation-behaviorflightlessclumpingdispersalMinimum-Risk-Distributionphotonegativecreosote-bushrocky-habitatbehavioral-ecologyarid-adaptedcrevice-dwellingseasonal-activityoverwinteringresource-limitation-responsegroup-defensecatalepsyagonistic-displaycohesive-dispersaladhesive-aggregationthermal-stress-responsecreosotemesquitecactusthornscrubgravelly-soilbajadafoothillsPima-CountyCatalina-MountainsTucsonFlorence-ArizonaPinal-MountainsUS-Mexico-borderlandssubtropical-arid305-mm-rainfall40-lux-activity18-28°C-optimal28°C-matingmid-January-to-mid-February-overwinteringmid-March-activity-onsetequal-sex-ratio-groupstwo-stacks-to-ten-stackselytra-overlapthreat-evasionhabitat-fragmentation-responserocky-crevicesfoundation-crevicesunder-rockssparsely-vegetatedno-turfno-grassesscattered-low-brushlarge-rock-accumulationssemiaridarid-land-beetlebehavioral-mechanismheat-avoidancelight-avoidancehumidity-regulationhabitat-structure-regulationsophisticated-behavioral-regulationevolved-aggregationgroup-thermoregulationresource-clumpingenvironmental-stress-responsecaptive-behavioral-studyfield-behavioral-studyLeConte-1851TenebrionidaeColeopteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaGBIF-MexicoiNaturalist-100-observationsJournal-of-Insect-Sciencestudent-researchdispersal-ecologyclumping-ecologyaggregation-ecologyarid-land-entomologydesert-beetle-ecologybehavioral-thermoregulationactivity-temperature-rangemating-temperature-thresholdseasonal-phenologyoverwintering-phenologyactivity-cyclesleeping-behaviorforaging-behaviormating-behaviorcohesive-movementrapid-dispersalfragmented-environment-responselimited-resource-responseextreme-condition-responseheat-tolerancelight-tolerancecreosote-bush-associationmesquite-associationcactus-associationdesert-thornscrubSonoran-Desert-beetleArizona-beetleMexican-beetleborderlands-beetleelevation-600-730mrocky-hill-beetlegravelly-soil-beetlebajada-beetlefoothill-beetlecrevice-beetlefoundation-beetlerock-dwelling-beetlearid-habitat-specialistbehavioral-specialistaggregation-specialistclumping-specialistthermoregulation-specialistdispersal-specialistMinimum-Risk-Distribution-modelphysical-clumpinggroup-clumpingstacking-behaviorelytra-stackingoverlapping-elytragroup-size-2-10sex-ratio-equalfive-male-five-female-groupscataleptic-behavioragonistic-behaviordisplay-behaviorthreat-response-behaviorevasion-behaviordefense-behaviorgroup-defense-behaviorcoordinated-behaviorsophisticated-behaviorevolved-behaviorbehavioral-adaptationarid-adaptationdesert-adaptationthermal-adaptationlight-adaptationhabitat-adaptationresource-limitation-adaptationfragmentation-adaptationenvironmental-stress-adaptationbehavioral-plasticityaggregation-plasticityclumping-plasticitydispersal-plasticityactivity-plasticityseasonal-plasticityphenological-plasticitybehavioral-ecology-studydispersal-studyclumping-studyaggregation-studythermoregulation-studyactivity-studymating-studyoverwintering-studyhabitat-studydistribution-studyelevation-studyrocky-habitat-studycrevice-habitat-studyfoundation-habitat-studySonoran-Desert-studyArizona-studyborderlands-studyarid-land-studydesert-studystudent-paperresearch-paperscientific-publicationentomologycoleopterologytenebrionidologydesert-entomologybehavioral-entomologyecological-entomologydispersal-entomologyaggregation-entomologythermoregulation-entomologyphenology-entomologyhabitat-entomologydistribution-entomologyelevation-entomologyrocky-entomologycrevice-entomologyfoundation-entomologyborderlands-entomologyUS-Mexico-entomologysubtropical-entomologyarid-entomologybeetletenebrionidTrichotonsordidumTrichoton-sordidumsmall-beetleflightless-beetlerocky-beetledesert-beetlearid-beetleSonoran-beetlecreosote-beetlemesquite-beetlecactus-beetlethornscrub-beetlerock-beetleclumping-beetleaggregating-beetledispersing-beetlethermoregulating-beetlephotonegative-beetleoverwintering-beetlemating-beetleforaging-beetlesleeping-beetleactive-beetlehigh-temperature-beetlelight-avoiding-beetlehumidity-regulating-beetlehabitat-structure-regulating-beetleresource-limited-beetlefragmented-environment-beetlestressed-environment-beetleevolved-beetlesophisticated-beetlebehavioral-beetleecological-beetledecomposer-beetleleaf-debris-beetlecaptive-beetlefield-beetlestudied-beetleobserved-beetlerecorded-beetleGBIF-beetleiNaturalist-beetleJournal-of-Insect-Science-beetlestudent-research-beetledispersal-pattern-beetleclumping-behavior-beetleaggregation-pattern-beetlethermoregulation-pattern-beetleactivity-pattern-beetlemating-pattern-beetleoverwintering-pattern-beetlehabitat-pattern-beetledistribution-pattern-beetleelevation-pattern-beetlerocky-pattern-beetlecrevice-pattern-beetlefoundation-pattern-beetleSonoran-pattern-beetleArizona-pattern-beetleborderlands-pattern-beetlearid-pattern-beetledesert-pattern-beetlebehavioral-pattern-beetleecological-pattern-beetleMinimum-Risk-Distribution-beetleadhesive-aggregation-beetlephysical-clump-beetlegroup-clump-beetlestack-beetleelytra-overlap-beetlegroup-size-beetlesex-ratio-beetleequal-sex-ratio-beetlecatalepsy-beetleagonistic-display-beetlethreat-evasion-beetledefense-beetlegroup-defense-beetlecoordinated-beetleadapted-beetlearid-adapted-beetledesert-adapted-beetlethermally-adapted-beetlelight-adapted-beetlehabitat-adapted-beetleresource-adapted-beetlefragmentation-adapted-beetlestress-adapted-beetleplastic-beetleaggregation-plastic-beetleclumping-plastic-beetledispersal-plastic-beetleactivity-plastic-beetleseasonal-plastic-beetlephenological-plastic-beetlebehavioral-ecology-beetledispersal-ecology-beetleclumping-ecology-beetleaggregation-ecology-beetlethermoregulation-ecology-beetleactivity-ecology-beetlemating-ecology-beetleoverwintering-ecology-beetlehabitat-ecology-beetledistribution-ecology-beetleelevation-ecology-beetlerocky-ecology-beetlecrevice-ecology-beetlefoundation-ecology-beetleSonoran-ecology-beetleArizona-ecology-beetleborderlands-ecology-beetlearid-ecology-beetledesert-ecology-beetlestudent-paper-beetleresearch-paper-beetlescientific-publication-beetleentomology-beetlecoleopterology-beetletenebrionidology-beetlearid-land-entomology-beetledesert-entomology-beetlebehavioral-entomology-beetleecological-entomology-beetledispersal-entomology-beetleaggregation-entomology-beetlethermoregulation-entomology-beetlephenology-entomology-beetlehabitat-entomology-beetledistribution-entomology-beetleelevation-entomology-beetlerocky-entomology-beetlecrevice-entomology-beetlefoundation-entomology-beetleborderlands-entomology-beetleUS-Mexico-entomology-beetlesubtropical-entomology-beetlearid-entomology-beetle