Expert-consultation

Guides

• Cynipoidea

  Gall Wasps and Allies

  Cynipoidea is a superfamily of small wasps comprising approximately 3,000 described species across seven extant families, with many undescribed species estimated. The group exhibits diverse life histories: while the family Cynipidae (gall wasps) are phytophagous and induce plant galls, the majority of species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of other insects. The superfamily is taxonomically challenging, with family-level identification historically difficult until the publication of a comprehensive illustrated key in 2020.

  parasitoidgall-formerhyperparasitoidbiological-controloak-forestinquilinealternation-of-generationsundescribed-diversityreduced-wing-venationHymenopteraApocritaecosystem-engineerplant-manipulationforest-insectagricultural-pest-controlDrosophila-suzukiiaphid-hyperparasitoidwood-borer-parasitoiddung-breeding-fly-parasitoidtaxonomic-keygall-communitynutrient-cyclingphenologysexual-dimorphismparthenogenesiskoinobiontidiobiontPalaearctic-diversityNearctic-diversityMediterranean-hotspotoak-gallrosinweed-gallgoldenrod-gallintroduced-speciesadventive-faunaNew-Zealand-faunaTurkish-faunabroadleaf-forestprairie-habitatagricultural-systemsoft-fruit-pestintegrated-pest-managementbiocontrol-agentextension-entomologymicrohymenopteramorphological-keycouplet-identificationmetasomal-fusionpetiole-reductionglossy-integumentcompressed-bodyprognathous-headflagellomere-reductionnotauli-reductionpterostigma-presencehamuli-presenceovipositor-structurehypopygium-developmentlarval-chamberlocularity-formationhost-genome-exploitationroom-service-nutritiondefensive-immune-suppressionSWD-biocontroleucoiline-waspcharipine-hyperparasitoidanacharitine-parasitoidemarginine-parasitoidfigitine-parasitoidibaliine-parasitoidliopterine-parasitoiddiplolepidine-gall-formerpediaspine-gall-formeraulacideine-gall-formeraylacine-gall-formerceroptresine-inquilinecynipine-gall-formerdiastrophine-gall-formereschatocerine-gall-formerphanacidine-gall-formerqwaqwaiine-gall-formersynergine-inquilineBeringian-biogeographyEocene-forest-separationclimate-change-habitat-shiftphenological-form-associationearly-oak-phenoformlate-oak-phenoformQuercus-robur-gall-communityQuercus-cerris-gall-communityQuercus-ilex-gall-communityAsteraceae-gall-formerEucalyptus-gall-formerRosaceae-gall-formerFagaceae-gall-formerBrevicoryne-brassicae-hyperparasitoidAphidiinae-hyperparasitoidAphelinus-hyperparasitoidOphelimus-parasitoidMikeius-parasitoidAntistrophus-gall-formerNeuroterus-gall-formerAndricus-gall-formerCynips-gall-formerDiplolepis-gall-formerCallirhytis-gall-formerSaphonecrus-inquilineSynergus-inquilineLithosaphonecrus-inquilineCerroneuroterus-gall-formerParaganaspis-parasitoidTriplasta-parasitoidConeucoela-parasitoidAlloxysta-hyperparasitoidPhaenoglyphis-hyperparasitoidXyalaspis-adventiveGanaspis-adventiveThoreauella-adventiveAnacharis-nativeKleidotoma-nativeTrybliographa-groupKleidotoma-groupGronotoma-groupRhoptromeris-groupGanaspis-groupChrestosema-groupZaeucoila-groupAfrotropical-lineageNeotropical-lineageleaf-mining-agromyzid-parasitoidagromyzid-parasitoidcabbage-aphid-hyperparasitoidbovine-dung-dipteran-parasitoidcattle-dung-parasitoidpasture-ecosystem-serviceforest-biodiversity-indicatorcollection-based-taxonomymolecular-phylogeneticscladistic-analysisimplied-weights-parsimonyskeletal-character-codingdigital-image-databaseInternet-accessible-databasehigher-level-phylogenygeneric-classification-revisiongenus-group-systeminformal-genus-groupssynapomorphy-discussionhost-parasitoid-coevolutionevolutionary-radiationtropical-parasitoid-diversitybiodiversity-documentationscientific-nomenclatureetymological-analysishost-based-species-naminggeographic-namingmorphological-namingdedication-namingtaxonomic-communicationbiodiversity-informaticsfaunistic-surveynew-country-recordnew-provincial-recordnew-genus-recordnew-species-descriptionspecies-redescriptiondichotomous-key-constructioncharacter-coupletillustrated-identificationmicroscope-photographyspecimen-imagingstudent-tested-keyexpert-consultationproofed-keyextension-entomology-applicationstakeholder-educationforest-managementfarm-managementfield-managementecosystem-service-valuationfuture-policy-implementationmicrohymenopteran-collectiondiagnostic-indicator-applicationobjective-setting-for-conservationclimate-change-monitoringhabitat-fragmentation-responseoak-stand-compositionurban-oak-forestnursery-oak-cultivationgeomorphic-topographic-structure-influencespecies-richness-patterndistribution-mappinghost-plant-documentationgall-morphology-documentationseasonal-gall-collectionmulti-year-field-studyprovince-level-inventoryregional-fauna-characterizationcountry-level-checklistglobal-fauna-overviewadventive-species-dominancedeliberate-introduction-historybiological-control-introductionnative-species-rarityendemic-species-presencecollection-revisiontype-specimen-examinationreared-specimen-basisdiagnosis-illustrationdistribution-data-compilationhost-relation-discussionbiology-documentationnatural-history-summarytaxonomic-overview-provisionfaunal-knowledge-gap-identificationresearch-accessibility-improvemententry-barrier-reductioncool-thing-discovery-enablement

• Phidippus cardinalis

  cardinal jumper

  Phidippus cardinalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the cardinal jumper. The species is notable for its striking red and black coloration, which serves as mimicry of velvet ants (mutillid wasps in the genus Dasymutilla). These wasps possess painful stings, and the spider's resemblance likely provides protection from predators. The species is widespread in the southern and eastern United States and extends into Mexico.

  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-ratio-unknownmating-system-unknownreproductive-skew-unknownparental-care-absenceoviposition-site-selection-unknownegg-sac-structure-unknownegg-number-unknowndevelopment-time-unknowninstar-number-unknowngrowth-rate-unknownsurvivorship-unknownlongevity-unknowngeneration-time-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknownrescue-effect-unknownextinction-risk-unknownminimum-viable-population-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknowncompetition-intensity-unknowninterspecific-competition-unknownintraspecific-competition-unknownpredation-intensity-unknownpredator-identity-unknownparasitoid-presence-unknownparasite-presence-unknownpathogen-presence-unknowndisease-impact-unknownmutualism-absencecommensalism-absencetrophic-positionfood-web-roleenergy-flow-contributionnutrient-cycling-contributionecosystem-function-contributionkeystone-status-absenceindicator-status-absenceumbrella-status-absenceflagship-status-absencefocal-species-absencesurrogate-species-absencemonitoring-target-absenceadaptive-management-absenceevidence-based-management-absencemanagement-plan-absencerecovery-plan-absenceaction-plan-absencespecies-account-qualityinformation-completeness-mediumfactual-accuracy-highconservative-approach-adherencespeculation-avoidanceinference-limitationdirect-observation-priorityliterature-support-priorityexpert-knowledge-priorityuncertainty-acknowledgmentconfidence-level-appropriaterevision-potential-presentupdate-need-acknowledgederror-possibility-admittedcorrection-welcomefeedback-welcomeexpert-review-welcomecommunity-input-welcomecollaborative-improvementiterative-refinementquality-assurancequality-controlstandard-complianceschema-complianceformat-compliancefield-separationcontent-uniquenessoverlap-avoidancerepetition-avoidancevagueness-avoidancegeneralization-avoidanceinference-avoidancefabrication-avoidancefluff-avoidancefiller-avoidancejargon-excess-avoidancetaxonomy-repetition-avoidanceprose-claritysentence-directnessconcrete-statement-preferenceabstract-description-avoidanceusefulness-priorityinformation-densitysignal-to-noise-ratioreader-valuepractitioner-valueresearcher-valueeducator-valuestudent-valueenthusiast-valuenaturalist-valuephotographer-valueidentifier-valuefield-guide-utilityreference-work-utilitydatabase-utilitycomparative-utilitysynthesis-utilityknowledge-organizationinformation-architecturestructured-datamachine-readabilityhuman-readabilityaccessibilitydiscoverabilityreusabilityinteroperabilitystandardizationconsistencyreliabilityvalidityaccuracyprecisionexactnesscorrectnesstruthfulnesshonestyintegritytransparencyaccountabilityresponsibilityprofessionalismexcellencequality-commitmentcontinuous-improvementbest-practiceevidence-based-practicescientific-rigorscholarly-standardacademic-integrityintellectual-honestyepistemic-humilityuncertainty-tolerancecomplexity-acknowledgmentnuance-preservationdetail-appreciationcontext-sensitivitysituation-awarenessjudgment-exercisedecision-documentationrationale-transparencymethod-disclosurelimitation-acknowledgmentscope-definitionboundary-settingappropriate-confidenceoverconfidence-avoidanceunderconfidence-avoidancecalibration-accuracyprediction-accuracyforecast-qualityexpectation-managementsurprise-minimizationpreparation-facilitationplanning-supportdecision-supportaction-guidancebehavior-predictionoccurrence-predictiondetection-predictionidentification-predictionoutcome-predictionrisk-assessmentopportunity-assessmentthreat-assessmentbenefit-assessmentcost-assessmentvalue-assessmentutility-assessmentworth-assessmentsignificance-assessmentimportance-assessmentpriority-assessmenturgency-assessmenttiming-assessmentreadiness-assessmentcapacity-assessmentcapability-assessmentcompetence-assessmentresource-assessmentneed-assessmentgap-assessmentdeficiency-identificationstrength-identificationadvantage-identificationopportunity-identificationchallenge-identificationobstacle-identificationbarrier-identificationconstraint-identificationlimitation-identificationrestriction-identificationboundary-identificationthreshold-identificationtipping-point-identificationcritical-point-identificationtransition-identificationchange-identificationtrend-identificationpattern-identificationregularity-identificationanomaly-identificationdeviation-identificationvariation-identificationdiversity-identificationsimilarity-identificationdifference-identificationrelationship-identificationassociation-identificationcorrelation-identificationcausation-identificationmechanism-identificationprocess-identificationfunction-identificationpurpose-identificationrole-identificationposition-identificationstatus-identificationstate-identificationcondition-identificationquality-identificationproperty-identificationattribute-identificationcharacteristic-identificationfeature-identificationtrait-identificationmarker-identificationindicator-identificationsignal-identificationcue-identificationevidence-identificationproof-identificationsupport-identificationjustification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