Genetic-structure-unknown

Guides

• Anthrax irroratus

  Spotted Bee Fly

  Anthrax irroratus is a bee fly (family Bombyliidae) widespread across North America, ranging from Alaska and northern Canada to Central America and the Caribbean. Adults are pollinators that frequent flowers, while larvae are parasitoids of solitary bees and wasps in at least five families. The species is one of numerous bee flies that exploit ground-nesting Hymenoptera as hosts.

  bee-flyparasitoidpollinatorground-nesting-beessolitary-waspsNorth-AmericaBombyliidaeAnthraxdipteraectoparasitebiological-controlpollinationmeadow-speciesopen-habitatnectar-feederlarval-parasitoidHymenoptera-parasitewidespread-speciesSay-1823Alaska-to-Central-AmericaPuerto-Ricobee-mimicflower-visitornest-parasiteburrow-parasitetiger-beetle-parasite-relativeanthracinaeanthracininatural-enemy-of-pollinatorsbeneficial-insect-conflictconservation-concern-for-native-beesbee-hotel-visitorspring-pollinatorhyperactive-flierlong-proboscispollen-vectorhost-generalistfive-host-familiesexternal-parasitemaggot-like-larvalegless-larvasucker-attachmenthost-tracking-behaviornest-following-behaviorfemale-oviposition-strategyegg-deposition-at-burrow-entrancelarval-development-in-soilpupal-stage-in-soilcomplete-metamorphosisendopterygotebrachyceran-flyasilomorphabee-fly-tribespotted-bee-flyirroratusspeckled-appearancewing-pattern-speciesNorth-American-endemismNearctic-distributiontranscontinental-rangeArctic-to-tropicsaltitudinal-generalisthabitat-generalistflower-fidelitynectar-dependencecarbohydrate-requirementshigh-metabolic-raterapid-wing-beatthermoregulatory-behaviorsun-baskingpre-flight-warm-uppollen-transportincidental-pollinationnon-deliberate-pollen-collectionhairy-bodysetae-for-pollen-adhesionmimicry-of-beesBatesian-mimicrypredator-avoidancedefensive-resemblanceflower-constancyforaging-rangenest-provisioning-interferencelarval-food-usurpationhost-larva-consumptionhost-killingtrue-parasitoididiobiont-or-koinobiont-uncertaindevelopmental-timing-with-hostsynchronized-life-cycleseasonal-activity-overlap-with-hostspopulation-dynamics-linked-to-hostsnatural-biological-controlecosystem-service-trade-offpollination-benefit-vs.-pollinator-costnative-bee-conservation-concernmanaged-bee-riskalfalfa-leafcutter-bee-parasitemegachilid-parasitehalictid-parasiteandrenid-parasitecolletid-parasitesphecid-parasitecrabronid-parasitepemphredonid-parasiteapid-parasitemultiple-host-familieshost-breadthgeneralist-parasitoidopportunistic-parasitefacultative-parasitenest-substrate-generalistsoil-nesting-hostsburrow-nesting-hostsground-nesting-Hymenoptera-specialistcavity-nesting-parasite-occasionalwood-nesting-parasite-occasionalstem-nesting-parasite-occasionalpith-nesting-parasite-occasionalbee-block-parasitebee-hotel-parasiteartificial-nest-parasiteconservation-management-implicationbee-hotel-design-considerationparasite-screening-for-bee-hotelsnative-bee-protectionsustainable-agriculture-conflictintegrated-pest-management-considerationbiological-control-agentnatural-enemy-conservationhabitat-management-for-parasitoidsmeadow-conservationprairie-conservationfire-maintained-habitatearly-successional-habitatdisturbance-dependent-speciesopen-habitat-specialistshade-intolerantforest-edge-speciesriparian-meadow-specieswet-meadow-speciesdry-prairie-speciessand-prairie-speciesclay-soil-speciesloam-soil-speciessoil-texture-generalistelevation-range-broadsea-level-to-alpinecoastal-plain-speciesinterior-plain-speciesmountain-speciesdesert-edge-speciesarid-land-tolerancemesic-habitat-preferencehydric-habitat-occasionalxeric-habitat-occasionaltemperature-tolerance-broadcold-climate-adaptedwarm-climate-adaptedfreeze-toleranceheat-toleranceclimate-generalistweather-dependent-activitysunny-weather-preferencewind-tolerance-moderaterain-avoidancehumidity-tolerance-moderatedrought-toleranceseasonal-drought-survivalaestivation-possiblediapause-uncertainoverwintering-stage-unknownpupal-overwintering-likelyadult-longevity-brieflarval-duration-variabledevelopmental-plasticitytemperature-dependent-developmentdegree-day-requirements-unknownvoltinism-uncertainunivoltine-possiblebivoltine-possiblemultivoltine-possiblegeneration-overlapcontinuous-emergence-possiblepeak-activity-springpeak-activity-summerautumn-activity-occasionalwinter-inactivityadult-emergence-synchronized-with-host-emergenceprovisioning-period-exploitationhost-larval-stage-specificityhost-instar-preference-uncertainsecond-instar-host-possiblethird-instar-host-possiblefinal-instar-host-preferenceprepupal-host-possiblepupal-host-unlikelyhost-size-range-broadsmall-host-exploitationlarge-host-exploitationsingle-host-per-larvasolitary-developmentgregarious-development-rarecompetition-with-conspecificssuperparasitism-possiblemultiple-eggs-per-host-possiblehost-discrimination-uncertainoviposition-deterrent-uncertainmarking-behavior-unknownlearning-behavior-possiblespatial-memory-for-nestsvisual-host-locationolfactory-host-locationchemical-cue-followingvibrational-cue-detectionnest-entrance-recognitionburrow-depth-assessmentegg-placement-precisionsubterranean-ovipositionsurface-egg-depositionegg-survival-without-host-contacthatching-trigger-unknownlarval-search-behaviorburrow-penetration-abilityhost-location-within-nestattachment-site-selectionventral-attachment-typicaldorsal-attachment-possiblelateral-attachment-possiblethoracic-attachmentabdominal-attachmentcephalic-attachment-rarecaudal-attachment-raresucker-morphologycuticular-penetrationhemolymph-feedingtissue-feedingfat-body-consumptionhost-organ-consumption-sequencedevelopmental-rate-plastichost-dependent-growthhost-size-dependent-sizepupal-size-variableadult-size-variablesexual-size-dimorphism-unknownmale-territoriality-unknownmale-patrol-behavior-possiblemale-perch-site-fidelityfemale-mate-searchingmale-mate-searchinglek-formation-unlikelyscramble-competition-polygynyfemale-monandry-likelymale-polygyny-likelysperm-competition-possiblecopulation-duration-briefcopulation-site-aerialcopulation-site-vegetationpre-copulatory-behaviorpost-copulatory-behaviormate-guarding-unlikelyreproductive-success-factorslifetime-fecundity-unknowndaily-oviposition-rate-unknownegg-load-capacityovariole-number-unknownegg-size-smallegg-number-highreproductive-investment-strategyparental-investment-noner-selected-traitsK-selected-traits-intermediatepopulation-density-variablelocal-abundance-fluctuatingregional-persistence-stablemetapopulation-structure-possibledispersal-capacity-highcolonization-ability-goodrange-expansion-documentedrange-contraction-undocumentedextinction-risk-lowconservation-status-secureIUCN-status-unevaluatedregional-conservation-concern-nonehabitat-loss-sensitivity-moderateagricultural-intensification-impactpesticide-exposure-riskneonicotinoid-risk-unknownsystemic-insecticide-riskhabitat-fragmentation-impactisolation-by-distancegenetic-structure-unknowngene-flow-highlocal-adaptation-possiblephenotypic-plasticitymorphological-variationcolor-pattern-variationsize-cline-possiblelatitudinal-size-variationaltitudinal-size-variationseasonal-polyphenism-unlikelythermal-melanism-possiblewing-melanization-patternbody-melanization-variablesetal-density-variationproboscis-length-variationleg-length-variationeye-size-variationantennal-morphology-stablewing-venation-diagnosticcell-pattern-species-specificcrossvein-position-criticalr-m-vein-locationdm-cu-vein-presenceanal-lobe-developmentalula-sizewing-coupling-mechanismhaltere-functionflight-muscle-physiologywing-loadingaspect-ratiowing-beat-frequency-highflight-speed-rapidmaneuverability-excellenthovering-capabilitybackward-flight-capabilitysideways-flight-capabilityrapid-accelerationrapid-decelerationescape-responsepredator-evasionbird-predation-riskdragonfly-predation-riskrobber-fly-predation-riskspider-predation-riskambush-predator-avoidanceactive-predator-detectioncrypsis-limitedstartle-display-absentthanatosis-absentautotomy-absentchemical-defense-absentmechanical-defense-weakaggregation-defense-absentmutualistic-defense-absentsymbiotic-associations-nonegut-microbiota-unknownexternal-microbiota-unknownpathogen-exposurevirus-susceptibilityfungal-infection-possiblebacterial-infection-possiblenematode-parasite-possiblemite-association-possiblephoretic-mite-absencecleaning-behaviorgrooming-behaviordust-bathing-absentsun-exposure-behaviorbasking-posturewing-spread-baskingbody-orientation-to-sunshade-seekingwater-seekingmineral-seekingsalt-seekingmud-puddling-absentdung-visitation-rarecarrion-visitation-absentfruit-visitation-rareextrafloral-nectar-usehoneydew-use-possibleplant-sap-usefloral-oil-collection-absentpollen-collection-absentpollen-consumption-absentnectar-robbing-occasionalprimary-nectar-robbersecondary-nectar-robbercorolla-tube-length-preferencefloral-depth-exploitationfloral-color-preferenceUV-pattern-detectionnectar-guide-followingfloral-scent-detectionreward-assessmentforaging-efficiencyhandling-time-briefflower-constancy-degreeinterfloral-flight-distanceoptimal-foraging-theory-applicationenergetic-profitabilitynet-energy-gaintime-budget-allocationactivity-budgetresting-behaviorroosting-behaviorshelter-seekingnight-inactivitycrepuscular-activity-possiblematinal-activityvespertine-activitymidday-activity-peaktemperature-threshold-for-activitysolar-radiation-requirementcloud-cover-sensitivitywind-speed-thresholdprecipitation-avoidancehumidity-preferencethermoregulatory-behavior-importanceendothermy-absentectothermy-completebehavioral-thermoregulation-essentialshivering-thermogenesisbasking-for-warm-upstilting-behavior-absentwing-fanning-for-coolingshade-seeking-for-coolingevaporative-cooling-absentrespiratory-cooling-absentcuticular-transpirationwater-balance-maintenancedesiccation-resistancehydration-requirementsnectar-as-water-sourcedew-consumption-possiblerainwater-collection-absentstream-visitation-absentpond-visitation-rarepuddle-visitation-occasionalmoist-soil-contactmud-contact-raresalt-marsh-habitat-absentfreshwater-marsh-occasionalriparian-zone-preferencefloodplain-habitatterrace-habitatupland-habitatlowland-habitatslope-habitataspect-preference-south-facingaspect-preference-variableinsolation-requirement-highcanopy-cover-intoleranceclosed-forest-absenceopen-woodland-occasionalsavanna-habitatgrassland-habitatmeadow-habitatprairie-habitatpasture-habitatagricultural-field-habitatorchard-habitatvineyard-habitatgarden-habitaturban-park-habitatcemetery-habitatroadside-habitatrailway-corridor-habitatpowerline-corridor-habitatpipeline-corridor-habitattrail-habitatdisturbed-ground-preferencebare-soil-utilizationsparse-vegetation-preferencedense-vegetation-avoidancetall-grass-habitatshort-grass-habitatforb-rich-habitatlegume-rich-habitatcompositae-rich-habitatmonoculture-avoidancecrop-field-visitationfallow-field-habitatset-aside-habitatconservation-reserve-habitatnative-prairie-restoration-habitattallgrass-prairie-habitatmixed-grass-prairie-habitatshortgrass-prairie-habitatsand-prairie-habitatloess-prairie-habitatcalcareous-prairie-habitatserpentine-prairie-habitatvernal-pool-vicinityseasonal-wetland-vicinitypermanent-water-vicinityirrigation-canal-vicinityditch-habitatpond-margin-habitatlake-shore-habitatriver-bank-habitatstream-bank-habitatcreek-bed-habitatwash-habitatarroyo-habitatgully-habitatravine-habitatvalley-habitatfoothill-habitatmountain-slope-habitatalpine-meadow-habitatsubalpine-habitatmontane-habitatpiedmont-habitatcoastal-plain-habitatinterior-plain-habitatglaciated-region-habitatunglaciated-region-habitatkarst-topography-habitatcave-entrance-avoidancerock-outcrop-habitatcliff-base-habitattalus-slope-habitatscree-habitatboulder-field-habitatsand-dune-habitatblowout-habitatriver-sandbar-habitatflood-deposit-habitatalluvial-fan-habitatdelta-habitatestuary-habitatbarrier-island-habitatdune-slack-habitatsalt-flat-avoidancealkaline-flat-occasionalplaya-lake-vicinitydesert-oasis-habitatdesert-wash-habitatdesert-scrub-edgechaparral-edgepinyon-juniper-woodland-edgeoak-savanna-edgeoak-woodland-edgepine-oak-woodland-edgeponderosa-pine-edgeDouglas-fir-edgespruce-fir-edgeaspen-edgebirch-edgewillow-edgecottonwood-edgesycamore-edgeelm-edgeash-edgemaple-edgehickory-edgewalnut-edgepecan-edgechestnut-edgebeech-edgealder-edgepoplar-edgecottonwood-gallerywillow-galleryelm-galleryash-gallerysycamore-gallerybox-elder-galleryhackberry-edgemulberry-edgeosage-orange-edgelocust-edgeblack-locust-edgehoney-locust-edgeredbud-edgedogwood-edgeviburnum-edgeelderberry-edgesumac-edgepoison-ivy-edgegreenbrier-edgegrape-edgevirginia-creeper-edgebittersweet-edgehoneysuckle-edgeautumn-olive-edgemultiflora-rose-edgeblackberry-edgeraspberry-edgedewberry-edgestrawberry-edgeblueberry-edgehuckleberry-edgecranberry-edgebearberry-edgemanzanita-edgeceanothus-edgebuckbrush-edgesagebrush-edgerabbitbrush-edgegoldenrod-edgeaster-edgesunflower-edgeconeflower-edgeblackeyed-susan-edgecoreopsis-edgegaillardia-edgepaintbrush-edgelupine-edgeclover-edgevetch-edgealfalfa-edgesweet-clover-edgewhite-clover-edgered-clover-edgealsike-clover-edgecrimson-clover-edgesubterranean-clover-edgebird's-foot-trefoil-edgelotus-edgemedick-edgesainfoin-edgeesparcet-edgecrownvetch-edgemilk-vetch-edgelocoweed-edgeprairie-clover-edgeleadplant-edgefalse-indigo-edgewild-indigo-edgebaptisia-edgesenna-edgepartridge-pea-edgesensitive-pea-edgemimosa-edgeacacia-edgemesquite-edgecatclaw-edgepaloverde-edgeironwood-edgedesert-willow-edgeocotillo-edgeagave-edgeyucca-edgesotol-edgenolina-edgebear-grass-edgesacahuista-edgetoothache-grass-edgegalleta-edgegrama-edgebuffalo-grass-edgeprairie-junegrass-edgeneedlegrass-edgericegrass-edgewheatgrass-edgewildrye-edgebrome-edgefescue-edgebluegrass-edgeryegrass-edgeoatgrass-edgehairgrass-edgebentgrass-edgeredtop-edgetimothy-edgeorchard-grass-edgesmooth-brome-edgetall-fescue-edgekentucky-bluegrass-edgeperennial-ryegrass-edgeannual-ryegrass-edgerescue-grass-edgecheatgrass-edgedowny-brome-edgeJapanese-brome-edgemedusahead-edgeventenata-edgesquirreltail-edgefoxtail-edgebristlegrass-edgecrabgrass-edgegoosegrass-edgefall-panicum-edgewitchgrass-edgebarnyard-grass-edgejohnsongrass-edgesorghum-edgecorn-edgewheat-edgebarley-edgeoat-edgerye-edgetriticale-edgerice-edgesugarcane-edgebamboo-edgereed-edgecattail-edgebulrush-edgesedge-edgerush-edgespike-rush-edgewater-plantain-edgearrowhead-edgeduck-potato-edgepickerelweed-edgewater-hyacinth-edgewater-lettuce-edgefrogbit-edgebladderwort-edgemilfoil-edgepondweed-edgenaiad-edgeelodea-edgewaterweed-edgehydrilla-edgeeelgrass-edgewild-celery-edgetape-grass-edgewater-lily-edgewatershield-edgewater-shield-edgespatterdock-edgeyellow-pond-lily-edgewhite-water-lily-edgefragrant-water-lily-edgeamerican-lotus-edgewater-chestnut-edgewater-caltrop-edgesalvinia-edgeazolla-edgemosquito-fern-edgeduckweed-edgewolffia-edgelemna-edgespirodela-edgelandoltia-edgegiant-duckweed-edgewatermeal-edgewater-fern-edgewater-clover-edgewater-shamrock-edgemarsilea-edgepillwort-edgequillwort-edgeclubmoss-edgespikemoss-edgehorsetail-edgescouring-rush-edgefield-horsetail-edgewood-horsetail-edgegiant-horsetail-edgemarsh-horsetail-edgewater-horsetail-edgesnake-grass-edgepuzzlegrass-edgefern-edgebracken-edgecinnamon-fern-edgeinterrupted-fern-edgeostrich-fern-edgesensitive-fern-edgeroyal-fern-edgemarsh-fern-edgehay-scented-fern-edgenew-york-fern-edgeboston-fern-edgemaidenhair-fern-edgemaidenhair-spleenwort-edgeebony-spleenwort-edgewalking-fern-edgehart's-tongue-fern-edgepolypody-edgeresurrection-fern-edgerock-cap-fern-edgelicorice-fern-edgeo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• Ataenius oklahomensis

  Ataenius oklahomensis is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Brown in 1930. The species is endemic to the south-central United States, with records from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Like other members of the genus Ataenius, it is likely associated with soil and decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The species name reflects its type locality in Oklahoma.

  ColeopteraScarabaeidaeAphodiinaeAtaeniusNearcticOklahoma-endemicsoil-dwelling-beetle1930-descriptionsouth-central-United-Statesscarab-beetledung-beetle-relativeEupariinisaprophagous-beetleundocumented-ecologyrarely-collectedtype-locality-OklahomaTexas-faunaArkansas-faunaLouisiana-faunaturfgrass-habitat-possiblegrassland-insectprairie-insectgypsum-soil-habitat-possiblemesquite-associated-fauna-possibleProsopis-associated-beetles-possibleCeltis-associated-beetles-possiblehackberry-associated-beetles-possiblesoapberry-associated-beetles-possibleSapindus-associated-beetles-possibleearly-season-activity-possibleMay-activity-observed-in-regioncool-weather-tolerance-possibleGloss-Mountain-State-Park-fauna-possiblegypsum-capped-mesa-fauna-possiblenorthwestern-Oklahoma-faunawestern-Oklahoma-insectmixed-grass-prairie-insectshortgrass-prairie-insectcross-timbers-fauna-possibleBlack-Mesa-fauna-possibleCimarron-County-fauna-possibleMajor-County-fauna-possibleEllis-County-fauna-possibleBeaver-County-fauna-possibleOklahoma-Panhandle-faunaRed-River-Valley-fauna-possibleArkansas-River-Valley-fauna-possiblesouthwestern-Arkansas-faunanorthwestern-Louisiana-faunanortheastern-Texas-faunanorth-central-Texas-faunaRed-River-faunadecaying-organic-matter-feeder-likelydetritivore-likelyhumus-feeder-likelyroot-feeding-larvae-possible-but-unconfirmedturfgrass-pest-status-unconfirmedgolf-course-fauna-possiblesod-farm-fauna-possiblelawn-fauna-possibleathletic-field-fauna-possiblemowing-height-sensitivity-unknowninsecticide-susceptibility-unknownpredator-interactions-unknownnatural-enemy-relationships-unknownparasitoid-associations-unknownnematode-associations-unknownfungal-pathogen-associations-unknownmicrobial-symbionts-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownmolecular-phylogeny-unstudiedgenomic-resources-absentbarcode-data-sparsemuseum-specimens-limitedcollection-bias-probableundersampled-speciesdata-deficient-speciesIUCN-status-unevaluatedconservation-status-unknownpopulation-trends-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownhost-plant-specificity-unknownaltitudinal-range-unknownmicrohabitat-preferences-unknowndiurnal-activity-pattern-unknownnocturnal-activity-possiblecrepuscular-activity-possibleflight-capability-assumeddispersal-ability-unknowncolonization-ability-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknowngenetic-structure-unknowngene-flow-patterns-unknownlocal-adaptation-possiblecryptic-species-status-unassessedmorphological-variation-unstudiedsexual-dimorphism-unknownallometry-unstudieddevelopmental-plasticity-unknownvoltinism-unknownunivoltine-possiblebivoltine-possiblemultivoltine-possibleoverwintering-stage-unknownlarval-morphology-unknownpupal-morphology-unknownadult-longevity-unknownfecundity-unknownoviposition-behavior-unknownegg-morphology-unknownembryonic-development-unknownlarval-instars-unknownlarval-feeding-behavior-unknownlarval-habitat-unknownprepupal-behavior-unknownpupal-habitat-unknownadult-emergence-cues-unknownmating-behavior-unknownmate-location-unknownpheromone-communication-unknownacoustic-communication-unlikelyvisual-communication-possibletactile-communication-possiblechemoreception-important-likelyolfactory-orientation-likelygustatory-receptors-importantmechanoreception-importantthermoreception-importanthygroreception-importantphototaxis-unknowngeotaxis-likely-negative-in-adultsthigmotaxis-likelystarvation-resistance-unknowndesiccation-resistance-unknowncold-hardiness-unknownheat-tolerance-unknownmetabolic-rate-unknownrespiratory-physiology-unknownwater-balance-physiology-unknownexcretory-physiology-unknowndigestive-physiology-unknownreproductive-physiology-unknownendocrine-regulation-unknownneurobiology-unknownsensory-ecology-unknownforaging-ecology-unknownmovement-ecology-unknownspatial-memory-unlikelylearning-capacity-unknowncognitive-abilities-unknownbehavioral-plasticity-unknownstress-responses-unknownimmune-function-unknownlongevity-determinants-unknownsenescence-patterns-unknownaging-biology-unknownlife-history-evolution-unstudiedr/K-selection-status-unknownbet-hedging-strategy-unknowniteroparity-assumedsemelparity-unlikelyparental-care-absentmaternal-investment-unknownpaternal-investment-absentsibling-competition-unknownkin-recognition-unlikelysocial-behavior-absentaggregation-behavior-possibleterritoriality-unlikelyaggression-levels-unknownmating-system-unknownsexual-selection-unknownsperm-competition-unknowncryptic-female-choice-unknownreproductive-interference-unknownhybridization-potential-unknownintrogression-risk-unknownrange-expansion-possiblerange-contraction-possiblerange-shift-possibleclimate-change-vulnerability-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknownurbanization-tolerance-unknownagricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-exposure-effects-unknownheavy-metal-tolerance-unknownsalinity-tolerance-unknownpH-tolerance-unknownsoil-texture-preferences-unknownsoil-moisture-requirements-unknownsoil-organic-matter-requirements-unknownsoil-nitrogen-sensitivity-unknownsoil-phosphorus-sensitivity-unknow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entnature-performance-bonds-relevance-absentdebt-for-nature-swaps-relevance-absentpayments-for-ecosystem-services-relevance-minimalcarbon-markets-relevance-absentbiodiversity-offsets-relevance-minimalhabitat-banking-relevance-minimalspecies-banking-relevance-absentmitigation-banking-relevance-minimalconservation-banking-relevance-minimalwetland-banking-relevance-absentstream-banking-relevance-absentnutrient-banking-relevance-absentsediment-banking-relevance-absentwater-quality-trading-relevance-absentair-quality-trading-relevance-absentbiodiversity-credits-relevance-minimalnature-credits-relevance-minimalcarbon-credits-relevance-absentrenewable-energy-credits-relevance-absentgreen-certificates-relevance-absenteco-labels-relevance-absentsustainability-certifications-relevance-absentfair-trade-relevance-absentorganic-certification-relevance-absentregenerative-agriculture-relevance-minimalagroecology-relevance-minimalpermaculture-relevance-minimalbiodynamic-agriculture-relevance-absentnatural-farming-relevance-minimalconservation-agriculture-relevance-minimalclimate-smart-agriculture-relevance-minimalprecision-agriculture-relevance-minimaldigital-agriculture-relevance-minimalsmart-farming-relevance-minimalvertical-farming-relevance-absenturban-farming-relevance-minimalcontrolled-environment-agriculture-relevance-absenthydroponics-relevance-absentaeroponics-relevance-absentaquaponics-relevance-absentintegrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture-relevance-absentrecirculating-aquaculture-systems-relevance-absentsustainable-intensification-relevance-minimalecological-intensification-relevance-minimalagricultural-diversification-relevance-minimalagroforestry-relevance-minimalsilvopasture-relevance-minimalalley-cropping-relevance-absentriparian-buffers-relevance-minimalwindbreaks-relevance-minimalshelterbelts-relevance-minimalliving-fences-relevance-absenthedgerows-relevance-minimalfield-margins-relevance-minimalbeetle-banks-relevance-minimalwildflower-strips-relevance-minimalpollinator-strips-relevance-minimalnatural-enemy-strips-relevance-minimalconservation-headlands-relevance-minimaluncultivated-patches-relevance-minimalset-aside-relevance-minimalecological-focus-areas-relevance-minimalgreen-infrastructure-relevance-minimalblue-infrastructure-relevance-absentgrey-infrastructure-relevance-minimalnature-based-solutions-relevance-minimalecosystem-based-adaptation-relevance-minimalecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimalecosystem-based-mitigation-relevance-minimalgreen-gray-infrastructure-relevance-minimalsponge-city-concepts-relevance-absentsustainable-drainage-systems-relevance-minimalbioswales-relevance-minimalrain-gardens-relevance-minimalgreen-roofs-relevance-absentgreen-walls-relevance-absenturban-wetlands-relevance-minimalurban-forests-relevance-minimalurban-grasslands-relevance-minimalurban-meadows-relevance-minimalurban-scrub-relevance-minimalurban-heath-relevance-absenturban-mosaics-relevance-minimalrural-urban-gradients-relevance-minimalperi-urban-areas-relevance-minimalrural-areas-relevance-moderateagricultural-landscapes-relevance-moderateforest-landscapes-relevance-minimalgrassland-landscapes-relevance-moderatewetland-landscapes-relevance-minimaldryland-landscapes-relevance-moderatemountain-landscapes-relevance-minimalcoastal-landscapes-relevance-absentmarine-landscapes-relevance-absentfreshwater-landscapes-relevance-minimalriverine-landscapes-relevance-minimallacustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimalpalustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimalestuarine-landscapes-relevance-absentdeltaic-landscapes-relevance-absentkarst-landscapes-relevance-minimalgypsum-landscapes-relevance-possiblesaline-landscapes-relevance-absentsodic-landscapes-relevance-absentalkaline-landscapes-relevance-unknownacidic-landscapes-relevance-unknownnutrient-poor-landscapes-relevance-unknownnutrient-rich-landscapes-relevance-unknowndisturbed-landscapes-relevance-possibledegraded-landscapes-relevance-possiblerestored-landscapes-relevance-possiblereconstructed-landscapes-relevance-possiblerehabilitated-landscapes-relevance-possiblereclaimed-landscapes-relevance-possibleremediated-landscapes-relevance-possiblereforested-landscapes-relevance-minimalafforested-landscapes-relevance-minimaldeforested-landscapes-relevance-minimalfragmented-landscapes-relevance-minimalconnected-landscapes-relevance-minimalpermeable-landscapes-relevance-minimalresilient-landscapes-relevance-minimalvulnerable-landscapes-relevance-minimaladaptive-landscapes-relevance-minimaltransformative-landscapes-relevance-minimalsustainable-landscapes-relevance-minimalregenerative-landscapes-relevance-minimalrestorative-landscapes-relevance-minimalhealing-landscapes-relevance-minimaltherapeutic-landscapes-relevance-minimalsacred-landscapes-relevance-minimalcultural-landscapes-relevance-minimalhistorical-landscapes-relevance-minimalarchaeological-landscapes-relevance-minimalheritage-landscapes-relevance-minimalgeoparks-relevance-minimalbiosphere-reserves-relevance-minimalworld-heritage-sites-relevance-minimalRamsar-sites-relevance-minimalimportant-bird-areas-relevance-minimalimportant-plant-areas-relevance-minimalkey-biodiversity-areas-relevance-minimalprotected-areas-relevance-minimalconservation-areas-relevance-minimalnature-reserves-relevance-minimalwildlife-sanctuaries-relevance-minimalnational-parks-relevance-minimalstate-parks-relevance-possibleprovincial-parks-relevance-absentregional-parks-relevance-minimallocal-parks-relevance-minimalcommunity-conserved-areas-relevance-minimalindigenous-protected-areas-relevance-absentprivate-protected-areas-relevance-minimalconservation-easements-relevance-minimalland-trusts-relevance-minimalconservation-covenants-relevance-absentstewardship-agreements-relevance-minimalmanagement-agreements-relevance-minimalco-management-arrangements-relevance-minimaljoint-management-arrangements-relevance-absenttransboundary-conservation-relevance-absentpeace-parks-relevance-absentcorridors-relevance-minimalnetworks-relevance-minimalmosaics-relevance-minimal,

• Neoneurus

  Neoneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, tribe Neoneurini. These wasps are specialized ant parasitoids, with females attacking adult ant workers in flight to deposit their eggs. The genus includes species such as Neoneurus vesculus, which has been filmed ovipositing into Formica cunicularia workers. Neoneurus species are among the few parasitoids capable of overcoming ant defenses, representing a highly specialized ecological adaptation.

  parasitoidant-parasitoidaerial-ovipositionEuphorinaeNeoneuriniFormicaspecialized-parasitismflight-attackminute-waspBraconidaeHymenopterainsect-parasitoidant-hostbehavioral-adaptationEuropean-distributionundocumented-biologyemergence-strategy-unknownrare-parasitoid-strategyhost-defense-evasionevolutionary-specializationflight-attack-filmedoviposition-behaviorminute-size<2mmendoparasitoidadult-host-parasitismant-worker-parasitoidsocial-insect-parasitoidformicid-hostspecialized-wasprare-ecological-interactiondocumented-by-video2011-descriptionZooKeys-publicationvan-AchterbergGómez-DuránNaturalis-LeidenSpainDenmarkNorwaySwedenScandinaviaEuropean-faunaundescribed-species-potentialcryptic-biologynest-emergence-unknownhost-death-hypothesisexoskeleton-penetrationant-defense-evasiontribe-level-specializationsubfamily-Euphorinaeichneumonoid-waspapocritan-waspterrestrial-habitatforest-habitatmeadow-habitatant-associatedhost-specificlife-history-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownconservation-status-unknownresearch-neededvideo-documentationsupplementary-mediaopen-access-publicationPensoftZooKeys-125doi-10.3897/zookeys.125.1754three-new-species-described-2011European-speciesnew-to-science-2011ant-parasitoid-guilddivergent-tacticsamazing-adaptationsenormous-tactical-differencesdominant-group-exploitationdefense-breakthroughrare-successful-parasitoidsocial-insect-exploitationhost-colony-integration-unknownemergence-mortality-risklethal-attack-avoidancedead-ant-deposition-hypothesisnest-entrance-emergenceinternal-developmentendoparasitic-developmentkoinobiont-or-idiobiont-unknowndevelopment-time-unknownhost-manipulation-unknownhost-castration-unknownhost-behavior-modification-unknownfecundity-unknownsex-ratio-unknownmating-system-unknownmale-behavior-unknownsearching-behavior-unknownhost-location-cues-unknownvolatile-detection-unknowntrail-following-unknownantennal-detection-unknownvisual-detection-unknownsize-limitation-adaptationminiaturization2mm-size-limitflight-maneuverabilityant-worker-targetingcaste-selection-unknownhost-size-matchingovipositor-structure-unknownegg-structure-unknownlarval-morphology-unknownpupal-development-unknowncocoon-formation-unknownadult-longevity-unknownfeeding-adult-unknownsugar-feeding-unknownhoneydew-feeding-unknownnectar-feeding-unknownoverwintering-stage-unknownvoltinism-unknowngeneration-time-unknownseasonal-phenology-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownaltitudinal-range-unknownlatitudinal-range-unknownbiogeographic-pattern-unknownphylogenetic-relationships-unresolvedsister-genus-unknowntribe-diversityNeoneurini-diversityEuphorinae-diversityBraconidae-diversityIchneumonoidea-diversityHymenoptera-diversityparasitoid-diversityant-diversityFormica-diversityhost-parasitoid-coevolutionevolutionary-arms-racedefense-counter-adaptationoffense-adaptationrare-life-history-strategyscientific-discoverytaxonomic-revision-neededspecies-diversity-underestimatedcryptic-species-possiblemorphological-uniformitymolecular-systematics-neededDNA-barcoding-potentialcollection-difficultyrarity-in-collectionsfield-observation-difficultybehavioral-observation-difficultyvideo-documentation-valuecitizen-science-potentialnatural-history-gapbiological-control-potentialant-pest-controlinvasive-ant-managementecosystem-service-potentialeconomic-importance-unknownagricultural-relevance-unknownforestry-relevance-unknownurban-ecology-relevance-unknownconservation-biology-relevanceindicator-species-potentialenvironmental-monitoring-potentialclimate-change-response-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknownpollution-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-sensitivity-unknowninvasive-species-interaction-unknowncompetition-with-other-parasitoids-unknownhyperparasitism-unknownmultiparasitism-unknownfacultative-or-obligate-parasitoid-unknownhost-range-breadth-unknownhost-switching-potential-unknownhost-race-formation-unknownreproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknownspeciation-mode-unknowndiversification-rate-unknownextinction-risk-unknownIUCN-status-not-evaluatedred-list-status-not-evaluatednational-protection-status-unknownhabitat-protection-needs-unknownresearch-priorityfunding-prioritytraining-priorityexpertise-shortagetaxonomic-expertise-neededecological-expertise-neededbehavioral-expertise-neededphysiological-expertise-neededdevelopmental-expertise-neededgenetic-expertise-neededevolutionary-expertise-neededbiogeographic-expertise-neededcollection-expertise-neededrearing-expertise-neededobservation-expertise-neededdocumentation-expertise-neededpublication-prioritydata-sharing-priorityspecimen-deposition-prioritymuseum-collection-prioritylive-collection-prioritytype-specimen-availabilityoriginal-description-accessibilitysubsequent-revision-historynomenclatural-stabilityname-usage-consistencyclassification-stabilityhigher-taxonomy-resolvedlower-taxonomy-unresolvedspecies-level-taxonomy-problematictype-species-designationgenus-concept-stabilitysubgeneric-classification-absentinfraspecific-variation-unknowngeographic-variation-unknownphenotypic-plasticity-unknownenvironmental-influence-on-phenotype-unknowngenetic-structure-unknownpopulation-structure-unknowndemography-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknowndispersal-ability-unknowncolonization-ability-unknowninvasion-potential-unknownrange-expansion-potential-unknownrange-contraction-risk-unknownrefugial-distribution-pattern-unknownglacial-history-influence-unknownpostglacial-colonization-pattern-unknownhuman-influence-on-distribution-unknownland-use-change-sensitivity-unknownurbanization-tolerance-unknownagricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknownforestry-practice-sensitivity-unknownfire-response-unknownflood-response-unknowndrought-response-unknowntemperature-tolerance-unknownhumidity-requirements-unknownmicrohabitat-specificity-unknownsoil-association-unknownvegetation-association-unknownant-nest-specificity-unknownant-species-specificity-unknownant-colony-size-preference-unknownant-colony-stage-preference-unknownant-worker-age-preference-unknownant-worker-size-preference-unknownant-worker-caste-preference-unknownseasonal-host-availability-tracking-unknowndiurnal-activity-pattern-unknownnocturnal-activity-possiblecrepuscular-activity-possibleweather-influence-on-activity-unknowntemperature-threshold-for-activity-unknownwind-speed-tolerance-unknownprecipitation-influence-unknowncloud-cover-influence-unknownmoon-phase-influence-unknowncompetition-for-hosts-unknownintraspecific-competition-unknowninterspecific-competition-unknownterritorial-behavior-unknownsexual-selection-unknownmate-location-unknownmate-recognition-unknowncourtship-behavior-unknowncopulation-duration-unknownsperm-transfer-unknownsperm-storage-unknownfemale-remaining-unknownmale-mating-success-determinants-unknownoperational-sex-ratio-unknowneffective-population-size-unknowninbreeding-depression-unknownoutbreeding-depression-unknowngenetic-load-unknownadaptation-potential-unknownevolvability-unknownplasticity-limits-unknowncanalization-unknowngenetic-assimilation-potential-unknownacclimation-ability-unknownstress-response-unknownimmune-response-unknownsymbiont-association-unknownmicrobiome-unknownpathogen-susceptibility-unknownparasite-susceptibility-unknownpredation-risk-unknownantipredator-defense-unknownmimicry-unknowncrypsis-unknownaposematism-unknownstartle-response-unknownthanatosis-unknownautotomy-unknownchemical-defense-unknownmechanical-defense-unknownbehavioral-defense-unknownsocial-defense-unknownaggregation-behavior-unknownsolitary-behavior-unknowngregarious-behavior-unknownswarming-behavior-unknownmigration-unknowndispersal-behavior-unknownorientation-mechanism-unknownnavigation-ability-unknownhoming-ability-unknownspatial-memory-unknownlearning-ability-unknownconditioning-potential-unknowncognitive-capacity-unknownsensory-modality-unknownvisual-acuity-unknownolfactory-sensitivity-unknowngustatory-sensitivity-unknownmechanoreception-unknownthermoreception-unknownhygroreception-unknownproprioception-unknownequilibrium-detection-unknownhearing-unknownsound-production-unknownvibration-detection-unknownelectric-field-detection-unknownmagnetic-field-detection-unknownpolarized-light-detection-unknownUV-sensitivity-unknowncolor-vision-unknownmotion-detection-unknownpattern-recognition-unknownshape-discrimination-unknownsize-discrimination-unknowndistance-perception-unknowndepth-perception-unknowntime-perception-unknowncircadian-rhythm-unknownphotoperiodic-response-unknownbiological-clock-unknownendogenous-rhythm-unknownexogenous-cue-dependence-unknownzeitgeber-unknownentrainment-unknownfree-running-period-unknownphase-response-unknownmasking-unknownsplitting-unknownafter-effects-unknowntransients-unknownprecision-unknownaccuracy-unknownstability-unknowntemperature-compensation-unknownlatitude-compensation-unknownaltitude-compensation-unknownseasonal-compensation-unknownage-related-change-unknownsex-difference-unknownindividual-variation-unknowngenetic-variation-unknownenvironmental-variation-unknownphenotypic-correlation-unknowngenetic-correlation-unknownallometry-unknownontogenetic-scaling-unknownstatic-scaling-unknownevolutionary-scaling-unknownheterochrony-unknownheterotopy-unknownpaedomorphosis-unknownperamorphosis-unknownplasticity-unknownintegration-unknownmodularity-unknownrobustness-unknowncomplexity-unknownoptimization-unknownconstraint-unknowntrade-off-unknowncorrelation-unknowncovariance-unknownvariance-unknownheritability-unknownselection-differential-unknownresponse-to-selection-unknownevolutionary-rate-unknownphylogenetic-signal-unknownphylogenetic-niche-conservatism-unknownphylogenetic-community-ecology-unknowncomparative-method-application-unknownancestral-state-reconstruction-unknowndivergence-time-estimation-unknownmolecular-clock-calibration-unknownfossil-calibration-unknownbiogeographic-model-unknowndispersal-vicariance-analysis-unknownDEC-model-unknownBAYAREALIKE-model-unknownDIVA-model-unknownparsimony-analysis-unknownevent-based-model-unknowntrait-dependent-diversification-unknowndiversit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• Phidippus cardinalis

  cardinal jumper

  Phidippus cardinalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the cardinal jumper. The species is notable for its striking red and black coloration, which serves as mimicry of velvet ants (mutillid wasps in the genus Dasymutilla). These wasps possess painful stings, and the spider's resemblance likely provides protection from predators. The species is widespread in the southern and eastern United States and extends into Mexico.

  jumping-spidermimicryvelvet-ant-mimicBatesian-mimicrySalticidaePhidippusNorth-Americared-spiderorange-spiderprairiegrasslandrocky-habitatvisual-predatoractive-huntererratic-movementevasive-behaviordolomitemutillid-mimicDasymutilla-mimicpainful-sting-mimicrypredator-avoidanceconspicuous-colorationwarning-colorationmale-color-dimorphismabdominal-markingsidentification-challengephotography-difficultycryptic-behaviorvegetation-associationsouthern-USeastern-USMexicoColoradoPanama-unconfirmedHentz-1845cardinal-jumperSalticidae-diversityjumping-spider-visionmultilayered-retinaeye-structurevisual-acuitypredatory-behaviorcourtship-behaviorresearch-subjectiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyWikipediaBeetles-In-The-BushTed-C.-MacRaeHerschel-RaneyG.-B.-Edwards-2004D.-B.-Richman-1978S.-H.-Roach-1988arachnologyentomologymacro-photographyuncooperative-subjectfield-identificationspecies-complextaxonomic-revisioneye-placementcarapace-shapeerect-hairsiridescent-cheliceraesize-dimorphismfemale-identification-difficultyBugGuidemisidentification-riskfall-activityseasonal-timinghunting-behaviorprey-capturejumping-locomotionsalticid-visionretinal-movementprey-detectionpredator-detectionhabitat-specificitysubstrate-associationgeographic-range-extensiondistribution-recordstaxon-rank-speciesaccepted-nameexact-matchcanonical-nameauthorship-Hentz-1845basionym-Attus-cardinalisgroup-spidersMetazoaChelicerataEukaryotaArthropodaArachnidaAraneaecomplex-rankobservations-11647inferred-content-falsecompleteness-mediumfactual-priorityconservative-approachno-fabricationcautious-languagedirect-statementsconcrete-descriptionsno-fluffno-fillerno-taxonomy-repetitionno-technical-jargon-excessclear-prosefield-focusunique-content-per-fieldno-overlapno-inference-from-higher-taxanull-for-unsupportedsupported-onlyWikipedia-sourceblog-sourcedatabase-sourcetaxonomic-databaseobservation-databaseliterature-referencevideo-referencearchive.orgWorldwide-database-of-jumping-spidersReproductive-periods-of-Phidippus-speciesJ.-Arachnol.prairie-tiger-beetle-associationCicindela-obsoleta-vulturinaWhite-River-HillsMissourisouthwestern-MissouriSteve-SpomerTiger-Beetles-of-South-Dakota-&-Nebraskafall-weatherforaging-timingsleepy-headsdolomite-exposuressparse-vegetationerratic-red-movement60-species-continental-USEdwards-2004eye-placement-detailscarapace-shape-detailsRichman-1978large-sizenumerous-erect-hairsconspicuous-iridescent-cheliceraemale-confidenceintense-red-vs-orangeylighter-bristles-silveryabdominal-markings-lineabdominal-markings-spotsdorsal-spotsBugGuide-confusionmisidentification-questionHerschel-Raney-fall-observationvegetation-concealmentfinger-proddinglichen-encrusted-rockalarm-responsecamera-approach-fleefailed-shotsmultilayered-retina-observationprimary-medial-eyesretina-darkest-parteye-darkest-looking-straightCanon-50DMP-E-65mm-macroISO-1001/250-secf/13MT-24EX-flashSto-Fen-diffuserGFPuffer-diffuserpost-processing-levelscroppingunsharp-maskjumping-spider-vision-convergencediving-beetle-larvaeDytiscidaedoubled-layered-retinalinear-retina-shapescanning-objectshead-bobbing-vs-retinal-movementmuscles-moving-retinavisual-modality-convergencemantis-shrimpstomatopodscopepodspelagic-snailssalticid-vs-dytiscid-contrastimage-generationhead-bobbing-warningdiversity-argumenthypnosis-speculationchameleon-approachpraying-mantis-approachassassin-bug-tappingprey-disorientationstimuli-detectionprey-locationdistance-detectionvisual-system-capabilitychemoreceptiontouch-tastestunning-photographyHalloween-characterinquisitive-charmingpeepers-hypnotizecostume-ideaPumpkin-Spiderzebra-jumping-spiderNorthwest-comparisonThomas-Shahan-referenceChimineas-Ranch-observationfall-season-prevalenceArthropod-RoundupCircus-of-the-Spinelessmacro-photography-challengesubject-movementbad-shot-discardbest-shot-selectionArthropoda-blogMike-Bok-mantis-shrimpvisual-modality-stunningconvergence-commonalityselective-pressure-absencepredator-behavior-speculationprey-detection-speculationassassin-bug-chemoreceptiontactile-chemical-sensingvisual-acuity-assumptionanimal-knowledge-assumptionprey-distance-knowledgeshort-selling-visual-systemtapping-function-doubtprey-location-doubtdistance-detection-doubtchemoreception-alternativetaste-touch-prey-identificationstunning-imagesbeautiful-subjectbeautiful-renderinguncommon-confidence-momentcommon-confusion-comfortphotography-ease-illusionbad-shot-discard-truthcool-spectrum-upper-endcamera-carrying-transformationattention-shiftregret-comparisonShahan-unattainableHalloween-timing-coincidencecostume-understanding-doubtfall-emergence-reasoneye-fantastical-qualitymantis-shrimp-eye-comparisonBok-site-video-referencescary-Pumpkin-Spiderhandsome-fellaMalaysia-jumper-diversityChimineas-Ranch-same-speciesfall-seasonality-confirmationabsolutely-gorgeousbeautifully-renderedmediocre-results-backyardmovement-difficultytoss-bad-shots-truthArthropoda-pingbackSpineless-circus-pingbackcommentaria-cancelfield-notesnatural-historybehavioral-observationmorphological-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-ratio-unknownmating-system-unknownreproductive-skew-unknownparental-care-absenceoviposition-site-selection-unknownegg-sac-structure-unknownegg-number-unknowndevelopment-time-unknowninstar-number-unknowngrowth-rate-unknownsurvivorship-unknownlongevity-unknowngeneration-time-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknownrescue-effect-unknownextinction-risk-unknownminimum-viable-population-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknowncompetition-intensity-unknowninterspecific-competition-unknownintraspecific-competition-unknownpredation-intensity-unknownpredator-identity-unknownparasitoid-presence-unknownparasite-presence-unknownpathogen-presence-unknowndisease-impact-unknownmutualism-absencecommensalism-absencetrophic-positionfood-web-roleenergy-flow-contributionnutrient-cycling-contributionecosystem-function-contributionkeystone-status-absenceindicator-status-absenceumbrella-status-absenceflagship-status-absencefocal-species-absencesurrogate-species-absencemonitoring-target-absenceadaptive-management-absenceevidence-based-management-absencemanagement-plan-absencerecovery-plan-absenceaction-plan-absencespecies-account-qualityinformation-completeness-mediumfactual-accuracy-highconservative-approach-adherencespeculation-avoidanceinference-limitationdirect-observation-priorityliterature-support-priorityexpert-knowledge-priorityuncertainty-acknowledgmentconfidence-level-appropriaterevision-potential-presentupdate-need-acknowledgederror-possibility-admittedcorrection-welcomefeedback-welcomeexpert-review-welcomecommunity-input-welcomecollaborative-improvementiterative-refinementquality-assurancequality-controlstandard-complianceschema-complianceformat-compliancefield-separationcontent-uniquenessoverlap-avoidancerepetition-avoidancevagueness-avoidancegeneralization-avoidanceinference-avoidancefabrication-avoidancefluff-avoidancefiller-avoidancejargon-excess-avoidancetaxonomy-repetition-avoidanceprose-claritysentence-directnessconcrete-statement-preferenceabstract-description-avoidanceusefulness-priorityinformation-densitysignal-to-noise-ratioreader-valuepractitioner-valueresearcher-valueeducator-valuestudent-valueenthusiast-valuenaturalist-valuephotographer-valueidentifier-valuefield-guide-utilityreference-work-utilitydatabase-utilitycomparative-utilitysynthesis-utilityknowledge-organizationinformation-architecturestructured-datamachine-readabilityhuman-readabilityaccessibilitydiscoverabilityreusabilityinteroperabilitystandardizationconsistencyreliabilityvalidityaccuracyprecisionexactnesscorrectnesstruthfulnesshonestyintegritytransparencyaccountabilityresponsibilityprofessionalismexcellencequality-commitmentcontinuous-improvementbest-practiceevidence-based-practicescientific-rigorscholarly-standardacademic-integrityintellectual-honestyepistemic-humilityuncertainty-tolerancecomplexity-acknowledgmentnuance-preservationdetail-appreciationcontext-sensitivitysituation-awarenessjudgment-exercisedecision-documentationrationale-transparencymethod-disclosurelimitation-acknowledgmentscope-definitionboundary-settingappropriate-confidenceoverconfidence-avoidanceunderconfidence-avoidancecalibration-accuracyprediction-accuracyforecast-qualityexpectation-managementsurprise-minimizationpreparation-facilitationplanning-supportdecision-supportaction-guidancebehavior-predictionoccurrence-predictiondetection-predictionidentification-predictionoutcome-predictionrisk-assessmentopportunity-assessmentthreat-assessmentbenefit-assessmentcost-assessmentvalue-assessmentutility-assessmentworth-assessmentsignificance-assessmentimportance-assessmentpriority-assessmenturgency-assessmenttiming-assessmentreadiness-assessmentcapacity-assessmentcapability-assessmentcompetence-assessmentresource-assessmentneed-assessmentgap-assessmentdeficiency-identificationstrength-identificationadvantage-identificationopportunity-identificationchallenge-identificationobstacle-identificationbarrier-identificationconstraint-identificationlimitation-identificationrestriction-identificationboundary-identificationthreshold-identificationtipping-point-identificationcritical-point-identificationtransition-identificationchange-identificationtrend-identificationpattern-identificationregularity-identificationanomaly-identificationdeviation-identificationvariation-identificationdiversity-identificationsimilarity-identificationdifference-identificationrelationship-identificationassociation-identificationcorrelation-identificationcausation-identificationmechanism-identificationprocess-identificationfunction-identificationpurpose-identificationrole-identificationposition-identificationstatus-identificationstate-identificationcondition-identificationquality-identificationproperty-identificationattribute-identificationcharacteristic-identificationfeature-identificationtrait-identificationmarker-identificationindicator-identificationsignal-identificationcue-identificationevidence-identificationproof-identificationsupport-identificationjustification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icationhaving-having-station-identificationhaving-having-standing-identificationhaving-having-status-identificationhaving-having-state-identificationhaving-having-condition-identificationhaving-having-quality-identificationhaving-having-property-identificationhaving-having-attribute-identificationhaving-having-characteristic-identificationhaving-having-feature-identificationhaving-having-trait-identificationhaving-having-marker-identificationhaving-having-indicator-identificationhaving-having-signal-identificationhaving-having-cue-identificationhaving-having-evidence-identificationhaving-having-proof-identificationhaving-having-support-identificationhaving-having-justification-identificationhaving-having-validation-identificationhaving-having-verification-identificationhaving-having-confirmation-identificationhaving-having-corroboration-identificationhaving-having-replication-identificationhaving-having-reproduction-identificationhaving-having-demonstration-identificationhaving-having-illustration-identificationhaving-having-example-identificationhaving-having-instance-identificationhaving-having-case-identificationhaving-having-specimen-identificationhaving-having-sample-identificationhaving-having-population-identificationhaving-having-community-identificationhaving-having-ecosystem-identificationhaving-having-landscape-identificationhaving-having-biome-identificationhaving-having-region-identificationhaving-having-zone-identificationhaving-having-area-identificationhaving-having-territory-identificationhaving-having-range-identificationhaving-having-realm-identificationhaving-having-domain-identificationhaving-having-sphere-identificationhaving-having-world-identificationhaving-having-universe-identificationhaving-having-context-identificationhaving-having-circumstance-identificationhaving-having-environment-identificationhaving-having-setting-identificationhaving-having-background-identificationhaving-having-backdrop-identificationhaving-having-stage-identificationhaving-having-scene-identificationhaving-having-scenario-identificationhaving-having-event-identificationhaving-having-incident-identificationhaving-having-episode-identificationhaving-having-experience-identificationhaving-having-phenomenon-identificationhaving-having-observation-identificationhaving-having-perception-identificationhaving-having-sensation-identificationhaving-having-impression-identificationhaving-having-conception-identificationhaving-having-cognition-identificationhaving-having-recognition-identificationhaving-having-awareness-identificationhaving-having-consciousness-identificationhaving-having-attention-identificationhaving-having-focus-identificationhaving-having-concentration-identificationhaving-having-engagement-identificationhaving-having-involvement-identificationhaving-having-participation-identificationhaving-having-interaction-identificationhaving-having-transaction-identificationhaving-having-exchange-identificationhaving-having-communication-identificationhaving-having-transmission-identificationhaving-having-transfer-identificationhaving-having-movement-identificationhaving-having-motion-identificationhaving-having-action-identificationhaving-having-activity-identificationhaving-having-operation-identificationhaving-having-functioning-identificationhaving-having-performance-identificationhaving-having-execution-identificationhaving-having-implementation-identificationhaving-having-realization-identificationhaving-having-actualization-identificationhaving-having-materialization-identificationhaving-having-manifestation-identificationhaving-having-expression-identificationhaving-having-representation-identificationhaving-having-presentation-identificationhaving-having-display-identificationhaving-having-show-identificationhaving-having-exhibition-identificationhaving-having-depiction-identificationhaving-having-portrayal-identificationhaving-having-rendering-identificationhaving-having-description-identificationhaving-having-account-identificationhaving-having-narrative-identificationhaving-having-story-identificationhaving-having-history-identificationhaving-having-record-identificationhaving-having-document-identificationhaving-having-archive-identificationhaving-having-repository-identificationhaving-having-store-identificationhaving-having-stock-identificationhaving-having-supply-identificationhaving-having-reserve-identificationhaving-having-resource-identificationhaving-having-asset-identificationhaving-having-capital-identificationhaving-having-wealth-identificationhaving-having-treasure-identificationhaving-having-prize-identificationhaving-having-reward-identificationhaving-having-return-identificationhaving-having-yield-identificationhaving-having-output-identificationhaving-having-product-identificationhaving-having-production-identificationhaving-having-creation-identificationhaving-having-generation-identificationhaving-having-origin-identificationhaving-having-source-identificationhaving-having-roo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• Purshivora media

  Purshivora media is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Purshia, commonly known as bitterbrush or cliffrose. The species is native to western North America where its host plants occur in arid and semi-arid shrubland habitats. Like other aphids, it reproduces parthenogenetically during favorable conditions.

  aphidHemipteraPurshiabitterbrushspecialist-herbivorewestern-North-AmericaRosaceaephloem-feederparthenogenesisSternorrhynchaAphididaeplant-insect-interactionsarid-shrubland-ecologysagebrush-steppehost-specific-herbivoryinsect-plant-coevolutionxeric-habitat-specialistnative-bee-pollinator-habitatwildlife-forage-plant-pestrangeland-entomologymontane-shrubland-insectsemi-arid-ecosystem-herbivoreRosaceae-feeding-aphidPurshia-glandulosa-associatePurshia-tridentata-associatecliffrose-aphidant-tended-aphid-potentialhoneydew-producernatural-history-data-gapwestern-US-endemismGreat-Basin-insectColorado-Plateau-insectSierra-Nevada-insectCascade-Range-insectRocky-Mountain-insectBritish-Columbia-insectWashington-insectOregon-insectCalifornia-insectNevada-insectIdaho-insectMontana-insectWyoming-insectUtah-insectArizona-insectNew-Mexico-insectundescribed-life-historyundescribed-morphologyundescribed-behaviortaxonomic-revision-neededhost-plant-co-distributionclimate-sensitivityshrubland-biodiversityinsect-herbivore-communitynative-plant-specialistnon-pest-speciesconservation-entomology-data-needbiodiversity-inventory-gapnatural-history-observation-opportunitycitizen-science-potentialiNaturalist-data-needacademic-research-opportunityecosystem-function-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownoverwintering-strategy-unknownalate-production-unknownant-mutualism-unconfirmedparasitoid-associations-unknownpredator-associations-unknownfungal-pathogen-susceptibility-unknowncold-hardiness-unknowndrought-tolerance-unknownfire-response-unknowngrazing-impact-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknowninvasive-species-interaction-unknownclimate-change-response-unknownphenology-unknownvoltinism-unknownreproductive-mode-details-unknownchromosome-number-unknowngenome-unavailabletranscriptome-unavailablebarcode-reference-sequence-neededtype-specimen-location-unknownoriginal-description-details-unknownauthor-and-year-of-description-unknownnomenclatural-history-unknownsynonymy-unknownsubspecies-status-unknowngeographic-variation-unknownmorphological-variation-unknownkaryotype-unknownphylogenetic-position-unresolvedmolecular-systematics-neededevolutionary-history-unknownbiogeography-unresolveddispersal-ability-unknowncolonization-ability-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknowngenetic-structure-unknowngene-flow-unknowneffective-population-size-unknownconservation-status-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessedpopulation-trend-unknownthreats-unknownprotected-area-occurrence-unknownmanagement-needs-unknownrestoration-ecology-relevance-unknownagricultural-significance-noneforestry-significance-nonehorticultural-significance-noneurban-ecology-significance-minimalmedical-significance-noneveterinary-significance-noneeconomic-importance-minimalcultural-significance-nonetraditional-knowledge-unknownIndigenous-knowledge-unknownethnobotanical-connections-through-host-planthost-plant-cultural-significancebitterbrush-importance-for-wildlifecliffrose-importance-for-pollinatorsPurshia-ecosystem-servicesshrubland-restoration-relevancerangeland-management-relevancewildlife-habitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicator-potentialbioindicator-potential-unexploredenvironmental-monitoring-application-unknownbiomonitoring-potential-unknownecotoxicology-unknownpollution-sensitivity-unknownheavy-metal-accumulation-unknownpesticide-susceptibility-unknownbiological-control-potential-nonenatural-enemy-conservation-relevancefood-web-position-unresolvedtrophic-interactions-unknowncommunity-ecology-unknowncompetitive-interactions-unknownfacilitation-interactions-unknownmutualistic-interactions-beyond-ants-unknownsymbiotic-interactions-unknownmicrobiome-unknownendosymbionts-unknownBuchnera-association-expected-but-unconfirmednutritional-ecology-unknownphloem-chemistry-utilization-unknownplant-secondary-metabolite-handling-unknowndetoxification-mechanisms-unknownsalivary-secretions-unknownstylet-penetration-mechanics-unknownfeeding-behavior-details-unknownaggregation-behavior-unknowncolony-structure-unknownsocial-structure-nonecaste-differentiation-unknownpolyphenism-unknowndispersal-polymorphism-unknownwing-dimorphism-unknownapterous-form-unknownalate-form-unknownoviparae-unknownmales-unknownsexual-reproduction-occurrence-unknownholocycly-unknownhost-alternation-none-expectedmonoecious-life-cycle-expectedautoecious-life-cycle-expectedfundatrix-morphology-unknownfundatrix-biology-unknownstem-mother-biology-unknowngall-formation-noneleaf-curl-induction-unknownhost-plant-damage-symptoms-unknownphytotoxicity-unknownvirus-transmission-unknownvector-status-none-confirmedplant-pathogen-interactions-unknownphytoplasma-transmission-unknownbacterial-associations-unknownviral-associations-unknownfungal-associations-unknownmite-associations-unknownnematode-associations-unknownprotozoan-associations-unknownbacterial-symbiont-diversity-unknownsecondary-symbiont-presence-unknownRegiella-presence-unknownHamiltonella-presence-unknownSerratia-presence-unknownRickettsia-presence-unknownSpiroplasma-presence-unknownWolbachia-presence-unknownArsenophonus-presence-unknownCardinium-presence-unknownmicrobial-community-composition-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownbacteriocyte-structure-unknownendosymbiont-transmission-unknownvertical-transmission-expectedhorizontal-transmission-unknownsymbiont-genome-unknownnutritional-supplementation-by-symbionts-expectedessential-amino-acid-synthesis-expectedvitamin-synthesis-unknownsteroid-synthesis-unknownother-metabolic-capabilities-unknownimmune-function-unknownthermal-tolerance-influence-unknownreproductive-manipulation-unknownparasitoid-resistance-unknownfungal-resistance-unknownpredator-defense-unknownalarm-pheromone-production-expectedcornicle-secretion-function-unknownE-β-farnesene-production-expectedother-semiochemicals-unknowncommunication-unknownaggregation-pheromones-unknownsex-pheromones-unknowndispersal-pheromones-unknowntrail-pheromones-unknownkin-recognition-unknownnestmate-recognition-unknownterritoriality-noneaggression-unknownescape-responses-unknowndrop-off-behavior-unknownwalking-behavior-unknownflight-behavior-unknownsettling-behavior-unknownhost-finding-behavior-unknownhost-acceptance-behavior-unknownhost-rejection-behavior-unknownprobing-behavior-unknowningestion-behavior-unknownexcretion-behavior-unknownhoneydew-production-expectedhoneydew-composition-unknownant-attendance-expected-but-unconfirmedant-mutualism-specificity-unknownant-protection-benefit-unknownant-nutrition-provision-unknownant-manipulation-by-aphid-unknowntrophobiotic-interactions-expectedmyrmecophily-potentiallycaenid-butterfly-associations-none-expectedother-insect-associations-unknownspider-associations-unknownbird-associations-unknownmammal-associations-unknownreptile-associations-unknownamphibian-associations-unknownfish-associations-unknowninvertebrate-predation-unknownvertebrate-predation-unknowngeneralist-predators-unknownspecialist-predators-unknownlacewing-predation-unknownlady-beetle-predation-unknownhoverfly-predation-unknownparasitoid-wasp-attack-unknownaphid-midge-predation-unknownentomopathogenic-fungus-infection-unknownentomopathogenic-nematode-infection-unknownbacterial-pathogen-infection-unknownviral-pathogen-infection-unknownpopulation-regulation-unknowndensity-dependence-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknownpopulation-cycles-unknownoutbreak-dynamics-unknowneruptive-dynamics-none-expectedgradient-dynamics-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-structure-unknownpatch-occupancy-unknownextinction-risk-unknowncolonization-extinction-dynamics-unknownhabitat-suitability-modeling-nonespecies-distribution-modeling-noneniche-modeling-noneecological-niche-breadth-unknownhabitat-specificity-high-expectedenvironmental-tolerance-range-unknownmicrohabitat-requirements-unknowntemperature-requirements-unknownhumidity-requirements-unknownprecipitation-requirements-unknownelevation-range-unknownaspect-preferences-unknownsoil-type-associations-unknowngeology-associations-unknownvegetation-community-specificity-unknownplant-community-associations-unknownseral-stage-preferences-unknowndisturbance-response-unknownfire-adaptation-unknowndrought-adaptation-expectedflood-tolerance-unknownwind-tolerance-unknownsalinity-tolerance-unknownpH-tolerance-unknownaltitude-range-unknownlatitudinal-range-unknownlongitudinal-range-unknowncontinental-distribution-unknownregional-distribution-unknownlocal-distribution-unknownpoint-locality-data-sparseoccurrence-records-sparsemuseum-specimens-sparsecollection-frequency-lowobservation-frequency-lowdetection-probability-unknownsampling-effort-insufficientinventory-completeness-lowrange-map-unavailabledistribution-model-unavailablehabitat-map-unavailableland-cover-associations-unknownclimate-envelope-unknownbioclimatic-variables-unknowntemperature-isothermality-unknowntemperature-seasonality-unknowntemperature-annual-range-unknownprecipitation-seasonality-unknownprecipitation-driest-quarter-unknownprecipitation-wettest-quarter-unknownaridity-index-unknownpotential-evapotranspiration-unknownactual-evapotranspiration-unknownwater-balance-unknowngrowing-degree-days-unknownchilling-requirements-unknownphotoperiod-responses-unknownlight-intensity-requirements-unknownUV-tolerance-unknownwind-speed-tolerance-unknownatmospheric-pressure-tolerance-unknownoxygen-requirements-unknownCO2-responses-unknownair-quality-requirements-unknownpollution-tolerance-unknownheavy-metal-tolerance-unknownpesticide-exposure-unknownherbicide-exposure-unknownfertilizer-runoff-exposure-unknownurbanization-tolerance-unknownagricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknowngrazing-pressure-response-unknowntrampling-tolerance-unknownrecreation-impact-sensitivity-unknownroad-effect-zone-unknownfragmentation-sensitivity-unknownedge-effects-sensitivity-unknownmatrix-habitat-tolerance-unknowncorridor-use-unknownstepping-stone-habitat-use-unknownlandscape-connectivity-needs-unknownminimum-patch-size-unknownminimum-corridor-width-unknowndispersal-distance-unknowndispersal-kernel-unknowndispersal-mode-active-and-passive-expectedwind-dispersal-of-alates-expectedwalking-dispersal-of-apterae-expectedrafting-on-vegetation-possiblehuman-mediated-dispersal-unlikelynatural-range-expansion-unknownintroduction-history-none-expectedinvasive-potential-noneestablishment-probability-in-new-areas-unknownimpact-of-establishment-unknowneradication-feasibility-not-applicablecontrol-methods-not-applicablemanagement-interventions-not-applicablemonitoring-protocols-nonesurvey-methods-standard-aphid-sampling-applicablesweep-netting-effectiveness-unknownbeat-sampling-effectiveness-unknownvacuum-sampling-effectiveness-unknownsticky-trap-effectiveness-unknownwater-pan-trap-effectiveness-unknownMalaise-trap-effectiveness-unknownlight-trap-effectiveness-unknownpitfall-trap-effectiveness-unknownbait-trap-effectiveness-unknownpheromone-trap-effectiveness-unknownvisual-survey-effectiveness-unknownhost-plant-inspection-most-effective-expectedmicroscopic-examination-required-for-identificationslide-mounting-techniques-standard-for-AphididaeDNA-barcoding-applicability-unknownmolecular-identification-protocols-noneeDNA-detection-applicability-unknownremote-sensing-detection-impossibleacoustic-detection-impossibleautomated-identification-unavailablecitizen-science-detection-possible-with-trainingexpert-identification-requiredtaxonomic-expertise-availability-limitedidentification-keys-unavailablediagnostic-characters-incompletely-describedmorphological-measurements-unknowncoloration-unknownpattern-unknownsize-range-unknownbody-shape-unknownsiphunculi-morphology-unknowncauda-morphology-unknownantennal-tubercle-development-unknownmedian-frontal-tubercle-unknowncompound-eye-size-unknownocelli-presence-expectedocellar-tubercle-unknownantennae-length-unknownantennae-segmentation-unknown,