Crepuscular-activity-possible

Guides

• Anthrax irroratus

  Spotted Bee Fly

  Anthrax irroratus is a bee fly (family Bombyliidae) widespread across North America, ranging from Alaska and northern Canada to Central America and the Caribbean. Adults are pollinators that frequent flowers, while larvae are parasitoids of solitary bees and wasps in at least five families. The species is one of numerous bee flies that exploit ground-nesting Hymenoptera as hosts.

  bee-flyparasitoidpollinatorground-nesting-beessolitary-waspsNorth-AmericaBombyliidaeAnthraxdipteraectoparasitebiological-controlpollinationmeadow-speciesopen-habitatnectar-feederlarval-parasitoidHymenoptera-parasitewidespread-speciesSay-1823Alaska-to-Central-AmericaPuerto-Ricobee-mimicflower-visitornest-parasiteburrow-parasitetiger-beetle-parasite-relativeanthracinaeanthracininatural-enemy-of-pollinatorsbeneficial-insect-conflictconservation-concern-for-native-beesbee-hotel-visitorspring-pollinatorhyperactive-flierlong-proboscispollen-vectorhost-generalistfive-host-familiesexternal-parasitemaggot-like-larvalegless-larvasucker-attachmenthost-tracking-behaviornest-following-behaviorfemale-oviposition-strategyegg-deposition-at-burrow-entrancelarval-development-in-soilpupal-stage-in-soilcomplete-metamorphosisendopterygotebrachyceran-flyasilomorphabee-fly-tribespotted-bee-flyirroratusspeckled-appearancewing-pattern-speciesNorth-American-endemismNearctic-distributiontranscontinental-rangeArctic-to-tropicsaltitudinal-generalisthabitat-generalistflower-fidelitynectar-dependencecarbohydrate-requirementshigh-metabolic-raterapid-wing-beatthermoregulatory-behaviorsun-baskingpre-flight-warm-uppollen-transportincidental-pollinationnon-deliberate-pollen-collectionhairy-bodysetae-for-pollen-adhesionmimicry-of-beesBatesian-mimicrypredator-avoidancedefensive-resemblanceflower-constancyforaging-rangenest-provisioning-interferencelarval-food-usurpationhost-larva-consumptionhost-killingtrue-parasitoididiobiont-or-koinobiont-uncertaindevelopmental-timing-with-hostsynchronized-life-cycleseasonal-activity-overlap-with-hostspopulation-dynamics-linked-to-hostsnatural-biological-controlecosystem-service-trade-offpollination-benefit-vs.-pollinator-costnative-bee-conservation-concernmanaged-bee-riskalfalfa-leafcutter-bee-parasitemegachilid-parasitehalictid-parasiteandrenid-parasitecolletid-parasitesphecid-parasitecrabronid-parasitepemphredonid-parasiteapid-parasitemultiple-host-familieshost-breadthgeneralist-parasitoidopportunistic-parasitefacultative-parasitenest-substrate-generalistsoil-nesting-hostsburrow-nesting-hostsground-nesting-Hymenoptera-specialistcavity-nesting-parasite-occasionalwood-nesting-parasite-occasionalstem-nesting-parasite-occasionalpith-nesting-parasite-occasionalbee-block-parasitebee-hotel-parasiteartificial-nest-parasiteconservation-management-implicationbee-hotel-design-considerationparasite-screening-for-bee-hotelsnative-bee-protectionsustainable-agriculture-conflictintegrated-pest-management-considerationbiological-control-agentnatural-enemy-conservationhabitat-management-for-parasitoidsmeadow-conservationprairie-conservationfire-maintained-habitatearly-successional-habitatdisturbance-dependent-speciesopen-habitat-specialistshade-intolerantforest-edge-speciesriparian-meadow-specieswet-meadow-speciesdry-prairie-speciessand-prairie-speciesclay-soil-speciesloam-soil-speciessoil-texture-generalistelevation-range-broadsea-level-to-alpinecoastal-plain-speciesinterior-plain-speciesmountain-speciesdesert-edge-speciesarid-land-tolerancemesic-habitat-preferencehydric-habitat-occasionalxeric-habitat-occasionaltemperature-tolerance-broadcold-climate-adaptedwarm-climate-adaptedfreeze-toleranceheat-toleranceclimate-generalistweather-dependent-activitysunny-weather-preferencewind-tolerance-moderaterain-avoidancehumidity-tolerance-moderatedrought-toleranceseasonal-drought-survivalaestivation-possiblediapause-uncertainoverwintering-stage-unknownpupal-overwintering-likelyadult-longevity-brieflarval-duration-variabledevelopmental-plasticitytemperature-dependent-developmentdegree-day-requirements-unknownvoltinism-uncertainunivoltine-possiblebivoltine-possiblemultivoltine-possiblegeneration-overlapcontinuous-emergence-possiblepeak-activity-springpeak-activity-summerautumn-activity-occasionalwinter-inactivityadult-emergence-synchronized-with-host-emergenceprovisioning-period-exploitationhost-larval-stage-specificityhost-instar-preference-uncertainsecond-instar-host-possiblethird-instar-host-possiblefinal-instar-host-preferenceprepupal-host-possiblepupal-host-unlikelyhost-size-range-broadsmall-host-exploitationlarge-host-exploitationsingle-host-per-larvasolitary-developmentgregarious-development-rarecompetition-with-conspecificssuperparasitism-possiblemultiple-eggs-per-host-possiblehost-discrimination-uncertainoviposition-deterrent-uncertainmarking-behavior-unknownlearning-behavior-possiblespatial-memory-for-nestsvisual-host-locationolfactory-host-locationchemical-cue-followingvibrational-cue-detectionnest-entrance-recognitionburrow-depth-assessmentegg-placement-precisionsubterranean-ovipositionsurface-egg-depositionegg-survival-without-host-contacthatching-trigger-unknownlarval-search-behaviorburrow-penetration-abilityhost-location-within-nestattachment-site-selectionventral-attachment-typicaldorsal-attachment-possiblelateral-attachment-possiblethoracic-attachmentabdominal-attachmentcephalic-attachment-rarecaudal-attachment-raresucker-morphologycuticular-penetrationhemolymph-feedingtissue-feedingfat-body-consumptionhost-organ-consumption-sequencedevelopmental-rate-plastichost-dependent-growthhost-size-dependent-sizepupal-size-variableadult-size-variablesexual-size-dimorphism-unknownmale-territoriality-unknownmale-patrol-behavior-possiblemale-perch-site-fidelityfemale-mate-searchingmale-mate-searchinglek-formation-unlikelyscramble-competition-polygynyfemale-monandry-likelymale-polygyny-likelysperm-competition-possiblecopulation-duration-briefcopulation-site-aerialcopulation-site-vegetationpre-copulatory-behaviorpost-copulatory-behaviormate-guarding-unlikelyreproductive-success-factorslifetime-fecundity-unknowndaily-oviposition-rate-unknownegg-load-capacityovariole-number-unknownegg-size-smallegg-number-highreproductive-investment-strategyparental-investment-noner-selected-traitsK-selected-traits-intermediatepopulation-density-variablelocal-abundance-fluctuatingregional-persistence-stablemetapopulation-structure-possibledispersal-capacity-highcolonization-ability-goodrange-expansion-documentedrange-contraction-undocumentedextinction-risk-lowconservation-status-secureIUCN-status-unevaluatedregional-conservation-concern-nonehabitat-loss-sensitivity-moderateagricultural-intensification-impactpesticide-exposure-riskneonicotinoid-risk-unknownsystemic-insecticide-riskhabitat-fragmentation-impactisolation-by-distancegenetic-structure-unknowngene-flow-highlocal-adaptation-possiblephenotypic-plasticitymorphological-variationcolor-pattern-variationsize-cline-possiblelatitudinal-size-variationaltitudinal-size-variationseasonal-polyphenism-unlikelythermal-melanism-possiblewing-melanization-patternbody-melanization-variablesetal-density-variationproboscis-length-variationleg-length-variationeye-size-variationantennal-morphology-stablewing-venation-diagnosticcell-pattern-species-specificcrossvein-position-criticalr-m-vein-locationdm-cu-vein-presenceanal-lobe-developmentalula-sizewing-coupling-mechanismhaltere-functionflight-muscle-physiologywing-loadingaspect-ratiowing-beat-frequency-highflight-speed-rapidmaneuverability-excellenthovering-capabilitybackward-flight-capabilitysideways-flight-capabilityrapid-accelerationrapid-decelerationescape-responsepredator-evasionbird-predation-riskdragonfly-predation-riskrobber-fly-predation-riskspider-predation-riskambush-predator-avoidanceactive-predator-detectioncrypsis-limitedstartle-display-absentthanatosis-absentautotomy-absentchemical-defense-absentmechanical-defense-weakaggregation-defense-absentmutualistic-defense-absentsymbiotic-associations-nonegut-microbiota-unknownexternal-microbiota-unknownpathogen-exposurevirus-susceptibilityfungal-infection-possiblebacterial-infection-possiblenematode-parasite-possiblemite-association-possiblephoretic-mite-absencecleaning-behaviorgrooming-behaviordust-bathing-absentsun-exposure-behaviorbasking-posturewing-spread-baskingbody-orientation-to-sunshade-seekingwater-seekingmineral-seekingsalt-seekingmud-puddling-absentdung-visitation-rarecarrion-visitation-absentfruit-visitation-rareextrafloral-nectar-usehoneydew-use-possibleplant-sap-usefloral-oil-collection-absentpollen-collection-absentpollen-consumption-absentnectar-robbing-occasionalprimary-nectar-robbersecondary-nectar-robbercorolla-tube-length-preferencefloral-depth-exploitationfloral-color-preferenceUV-pattern-detectionnectar-guide-followingfloral-scent-detectionreward-assessmentforaging-efficiencyhandling-time-briefflower-constancy-degreeinterfloral-flight-distanceoptimal-foraging-theory-applicationenergetic-profitabilitynet-energy-gaintime-budget-allocationactivity-budgetresting-behaviorroosting-behaviorshelter-seekingnight-inactivitycrepuscular-activity-possiblematinal-activityvespertine-activitymidday-activity-peaktemperature-threshold-for-activitysolar-radiation-requirementcloud-cover-sensitivitywind-speed-thresholdprecipitation-avoidancehumidity-preferencethermoregulatory-behavior-importanceendothermy-absentectothermy-completebehavioral-thermoregulation-essentialshivering-thermogenesisbasking-for-warm-upstilting-behavior-absentwing-fanning-for-coolingshade-seeking-for-coolingevaporative-cooling-absentrespiratory-cooling-absentcuticular-transpirationwater-balance-maintenancedesiccation-resistancehydration-requirementsnectar-as-water-sourcedew-consumption-possiblerainwater-collection-absentstream-visitation-absentpond-visitation-rarepuddle-visitation-occasionalmoist-soil-contactmud-contact-raresalt-marsh-habitat-absentfreshwater-marsh-occasionalriparian-zone-preferencefloodplain-habitatterrace-habitatupland-habitatlowland-habitatslope-habitataspect-preference-south-facingaspect-preference-variableinsolation-requirement-highcanopy-cover-intoleranceclosed-forest-absenceopen-woodland-occasionalsavanna-habitatgrassland-habitatmeadow-habitatprairie-habitatpasture-habitatagricultural-field-habitatorchard-habitatvineyard-habitatgarden-habitaturban-park-habitatcemetery-habitatroadside-habitatrailway-corridor-habitatpowerline-corridor-habitatpipeline-corridor-habitattrail-habitatdisturbed-ground-preferencebare-soil-utilizationsparse-vegetation-preferencedense-vegetation-avoidancetall-grass-habitatshort-grass-habitatforb-rich-habitatlegume-rich-habitatcompositae-rich-habitatmonoculture-avoidancecrop-field-visitationfallow-field-habitatset-aside-habitatconservation-reserve-habitatnative-prairie-restoration-habitattallgrass-prairie-habitatmixed-grass-prairie-habitatshortgrass-prairie-habitatsand-prairie-habitatloess-prairie-habitatcalcareous-prairie-habitatserpentine-prairie-habitatvernal-pool-vicinityseasonal-wetland-vicinitypermanent-water-vicinityirrigation-canal-vicinityditch-habitatpond-margin-habitatlake-shore-habitatriver-bank-habitatstream-bank-habitatcreek-bed-habitatwash-habitatarroyo-habitatgully-habitatravine-habitatvalley-habitatfoothill-habitatmountain-slope-habitatalpine-meadow-habitatsubalpine-habitatmontane-habitatpiedmont-habitatcoastal-plain-habitatinterior-plain-habitatglaciated-region-habitatunglaciated-region-habitatkarst-topography-habitatcave-entrance-avoidancerock-outcrop-habitatcliff-base-habitattalus-slope-habitatscree-habitatboulder-field-habitatsand-dune-habitatblowout-habitatriver-sandbar-habitatflood-deposit-habitatalluvial-fan-habitatdelta-habitatestuary-habitatbarrier-island-habitatdune-slack-habitatsalt-flat-avoidancealkaline-flat-occasionalplaya-lake-vicinitydesert-oasis-habitatdesert-wash-habitatdesert-scrub-edgechaparral-edgepinyon-juniper-woodland-edgeoak-savanna-edgeoak-woodland-edgepine-oak-woodland-edgeponderosa-pine-edgeDouglas-fir-edgespruce-fir-edgeaspen-edgebirch-edgewillow-edgecottonwood-edgesycamore-edgeelm-edgeash-edgemaple-edgehickory-edgewalnut-edgepecan-edgechestnut-edgebeech-edgealder-edgepoplar-edgecottonwood-gallerywillow-galleryelm-galleryash-gallerysycamore-gallerybox-elder-galleryhackberry-edgemulberry-edgeosage-orange-edgelocust-edgeblack-locust-edgehoney-locust-edgeredbud-edgedogwood-edgeviburnum-edgeelderberry-edgesumac-edgepoison-ivy-edgegreenbrier-edgegrape-edgevirginia-creeper-edgebittersweet-edgehoneysuckle-edgeautumn-olive-edgemultiflora-rose-edgeblackberry-edgeraspberry-edgedewberry-edgestrawberry-edgeblueberry-edgehuckleberry-edgecranberry-edgebearberry-edgemanzanita-edgeceanothus-edgebuckbrush-edgesagebrush-edgerabbitbrush-edgegoldenrod-edgeaster-edgesunflower-edgeconeflower-edgeblackeyed-susan-edgecoreopsis-edgegaillardia-edgepaintbrush-edgelupine-edgeclover-edgevetch-edgealfalfa-edgesweet-clover-edgewhite-clover-edgered-clover-edgealsike-clover-edgecrimson-clover-edgesubterranean-clover-edgebird's-foot-trefoil-edgelotus-edgemedick-edgesainfoin-edgeesparcet-edgecrownvetch-edgemilk-vetch-edgelocoweed-edgeprairie-clover-edgeleadplant-edgefalse-indigo-edgewild-indigo-edgebaptisia-edgesenna-edgepartridge-pea-edgesensitive-pea-edgemimosa-edgeacacia-edgemesquite-edgecatclaw-edgepaloverde-edgeironwood-edgedesert-willow-edgeocotillo-edgeagave-edgeyucca-edgesotol-edgenolina-edgebear-grass-edgesacahuista-edgetoothache-grass-edgegalleta-edgegrama-edgebuffalo-grass-edgeprairie-junegrass-edgeneedlegrass-edgericegrass-edgewheatgrass-edgewildrye-edgebrome-edgefescue-edgebluegrass-edgeryegrass-edgeoatgrass-edgehairgrass-edgebentgrass-edgeredtop-edgetimothy-edgeorchard-grass-edgesmooth-brome-edgetall-fescue-edgekentucky-bluegrass-edgeperennial-ryegrass-edgeannual-ryegrass-edgerescue-grass-edgecheatgrass-edgedowny-brome-edgeJapanese-brome-edgemedusahead-edgeventenata-edgesquirreltail-edgefoxtail-edgebristlegrass-edgecrabgrass-edgegoosegrass-edgefall-panicum-edgewitchgrass-edgebarnyard-grass-edgejohnsongrass-edgesorghum-edgecorn-edgewheat-edgebarley-edgeoat-edgerye-edgetriticale-edgerice-edgesugarcane-edgebamboo-edgereed-edgecattail-edgebulrush-edgesedge-edgerush-edgespike-rush-edgewater-plantain-edgearrowhead-edgeduck-potato-edgepickerelweed-edgewater-hyacinth-edgewater-lettuce-edgefrogbit-edgebladderwort-edgemilfoil-edgepondweed-edgenaiad-edgeelodea-edgewaterweed-edgehydrilla-edgeeelgrass-edgewild-celery-edgetape-grass-edgewater-lily-edgewatershield-edgewater-shield-edgespatterdock-edgeyellow-pond-lily-edgewhite-water-lily-edgefragrant-water-lily-edgeamerican-lotus-edgewater-chestnut-edgewater-caltrop-edgesalvinia-edgeazolla-edgemosquito-fern-edgeduckweed-edgewolffia-edgelemna-edgespirodela-edgelandoltia-edgegiant-duckweed-edgewatermeal-edgewater-fern-edgewater-clover-edgewater-shamrock-edgemarsilea-edgepillwort-edgequillwort-edgeclubmoss-edgespikemoss-edgehorsetail-edgescouring-rush-edgefield-horsetail-edgewood-horsetail-edgegiant-horsetail-edgemarsh-horsetail-edgewater-horsetail-edgesnake-grass-edgepuzzlegrass-edgefern-edgebracken-edgecinnamon-fern-edgeinterrupted-fern-edgeostrich-fern-edgesensitive-fern-edgeroyal-fern-edgemarsh-fern-edgehay-scented-fern-edgenew-york-fern-edgeboston-fern-edgemaidenhair-fern-edgemaidenhair-spleenwort-edgeebony-spleenwort-edgewalking-fern-edgehart's-tongue-fern-edgepolypody-edgeresurrection-fern-edgerock-cap-fern-edgelicorice-fern-edgeo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• Ataenius oklahomensis

  Ataenius oklahomensis is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Brown in 1930. The species is endemic to the south-central United States, with records from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Like other members of the genus Ataenius, it is likely associated with soil and decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The species name reflects its type locality in Oklahoma.

  ColeopteraScarabaeidaeAphodiinaeAtaeniusNearcticOklahoma-endemicsoil-dwelling-beetle1930-descriptionsouth-central-United-Statesscarab-beetledung-beetle-relativeEupariinisaprophagous-beetleundocumented-ecologyrarely-collectedtype-locality-OklahomaTexas-faunaArkansas-faunaLouisiana-faunaturfgrass-habitat-possiblegrassland-insectprairie-insectgypsum-soil-habitat-possiblemesquite-associated-fauna-possibleProsopis-associated-beetles-possibleCeltis-associated-beetles-possiblehackberry-associated-beetles-possiblesoapberry-associated-beetles-possibleSapindus-associated-beetles-possibleearly-season-activity-possibleMay-activity-observed-in-regioncool-weather-tolerance-possibleGloss-Mountain-State-Park-fauna-possiblegypsum-capped-mesa-fauna-possiblenorthwestern-Oklahoma-faunawestern-Oklahoma-insectmixed-grass-prairie-insectshortgrass-prairie-insectcross-timbers-fauna-possibleBlack-Mesa-fauna-possibleCimarron-County-fauna-possibleMajor-County-fauna-possibleEllis-County-fauna-possibleBeaver-County-fauna-possibleOklahoma-Panhandle-faunaRed-River-Valley-fauna-possibleArkansas-River-Valley-fauna-possiblesouthwestern-Arkansas-faunanorthwestern-Louisiana-faunanortheastern-Texas-faunanorth-central-Texas-faunaRed-River-faunadecaying-organic-matter-feeder-likelydetritivore-likelyhumus-feeder-likelyroot-feeding-larvae-possible-but-unconfirmedturfgrass-pest-status-unconfirmedgolf-course-fauna-possiblesod-farm-fauna-possiblelawn-fauna-possibleathletic-field-fauna-possiblemowing-height-sensitivity-unknowninsecticide-susceptibility-unknownpredator-interactions-unknownnatural-enemy-relationships-unknownparasitoid-associations-unknownnematode-associations-unknownfungal-pathogen-associations-unknownmicrobial-symbionts-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownmolecular-phylogeny-unstudiedgenomic-resources-absentbarcode-data-sparsemuseum-specimens-limitedcollection-bias-probableundersampled-speciesdata-deficient-speciesIUCN-status-unevaluatedconservation-status-unknownpopulation-trends-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownhost-plant-specificity-unknownaltitudinal-range-unknownmicrohabitat-preferences-unknowndiurnal-activity-pattern-unknownnocturnal-activity-possiblecrepuscular-activity-possibleflight-capability-assumeddispersal-ability-unknowncolonization-ability-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknowngenetic-structure-unknowngene-flow-patterns-unknownlocal-adaptation-possiblecryptic-species-status-unassessedmorphological-variation-unstudiedsexual-dimorphism-unknownallometry-unstudieddevelopmental-plasticity-unknownvoltinism-unknownunivoltine-possiblebivoltine-possiblemultivoltine-possibleoverwintering-stage-unknownlarval-morphology-unknownpupal-morphology-unknownadult-longevity-unknownfecundity-unknownoviposition-behavior-unknownegg-morphology-unknownembryonic-development-unknownlarval-instars-unknownlarval-feeding-behavior-unknownlarval-habitat-unknownprepupal-behavior-unknownpupal-habitat-unknownadult-emergence-cues-unknownmating-behavior-unknownmate-location-unknownpheromone-communication-unknownacoustic-communication-unlikelyvisual-communication-possibletactile-communication-possiblechemoreception-important-likelyolfactory-orientation-likelygustatory-receptors-importantmechanoreception-importantthermoreception-importanthygroreception-importantphototaxis-unknowngeotaxis-likely-negative-in-adultsthigmotaxis-likelystarvation-resistance-unknowndesiccation-resistance-unknowncold-hardiness-unknownheat-tolerance-unknownmetabolic-rate-unknownrespiratory-physiology-unknownwater-balance-physiology-unknownexcretory-physiology-unknowndigestive-physiology-unknownreproductive-physiology-unknownendocrine-regulation-unknownneurobiology-unknownsensory-ecology-unknownforaging-ecology-unknownmovement-ecology-unknownspatial-memory-unlikelylearning-capacity-unknowncognitive-abilities-unknownbehavioral-plasticity-unknownstress-responses-unknownimmune-function-unknownlongevity-determinants-unknownsenescence-patterns-unknownaging-biology-unknownlife-history-evolution-unstudiedr/K-selection-status-unknownbet-hedging-strategy-unknowniteroparity-assumedsemelparity-unlikelyparental-care-absentmaternal-investment-unknownpaternal-investment-absentsibling-competition-unknownkin-recognition-unlikelysocial-behavior-absentaggregation-behavior-possibleterritoriality-unlikelyaggression-levels-unknownmating-system-unknownsexual-selection-unknownsperm-competition-unknowncryptic-female-choice-unknownreproductive-interference-unknownhybridization-potential-unknownintrogression-risk-unknownrange-expansion-possiblerange-contraction-possiblerange-shift-possibleclimate-change-vulnerability-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknownurbanization-tolerance-unknownagricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-exposure-effects-unknownheavy-metal-tolerance-unknownsalinity-tolerance-unknownpH-tolerance-unknownsoil-texture-preferences-unknownsoil-moisture-requirements-unknownsoil-organic-matter-requirements-unknownsoil-nitrogen-sensitivity-unknownsoil-phosphorus-sensitivity-unknow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entnature-performance-bonds-relevance-absentdebt-for-nature-swaps-relevance-absentpayments-for-ecosystem-services-relevance-minimalcarbon-markets-relevance-absentbiodiversity-offsets-relevance-minimalhabitat-banking-relevance-minimalspecies-banking-relevance-absentmitigation-banking-relevance-minimalconservation-banking-relevance-minimalwetland-banking-relevance-absentstream-banking-relevance-absentnutrient-banking-relevance-absentsediment-banking-relevance-absentwater-quality-trading-relevance-absentair-quality-trading-relevance-absentbiodiversity-credits-relevance-minimalnature-credits-relevance-minimalcarbon-credits-relevance-absentrenewable-energy-credits-relevance-absentgreen-certificates-relevance-absenteco-labels-relevance-absentsustainability-certifications-relevance-absentfair-trade-relevance-absentorganic-certification-relevance-absentregenerative-agriculture-relevance-minimalagroecology-relevance-minimalpermaculture-relevance-minimalbiodynamic-agriculture-relevance-absentnatural-farming-relevance-minimalconservation-agriculture-relevance-minimalclimate-smart-agriculture-relevance-minimalprecision-agriculture-relevance-minimaldigital-agriculture-relevance-minimalsmart-farming-relevance-minimalvertical-farming-relevance-absenturban-farming-relevance-minimalcontrolled-environment-agriculture-relevance-absenthydroponics-relevance-absentaeroponics-relevance-absentaquaponics-relevance-absentintegrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture-relevance-absentrecirculating-aquaculture-systems-relevance-absentsustainable-intensification-relevance-minimalecological-intensification-relevance-minimalagricultural-diversification-relevance-minimalagroforestry-relevance-minimalsilvopasture-relevance-minimalalley-cropping-relevance-absentriparian-buffers-relevance-minimalwindbreaks-relevance-minimalshelterbelts-relevance-minimalliving-fences-relevance-absenthedgerows-relevance-minimalfield-margins-relevance-minimalbeetle-banks-relevance-minimalwildflower-strips-relevance-minimalpollinator-strips-relevance-minimalnatural-enemy-strips-relevance-minimalconservation-headlands-relevance-minimaluncultivated-patches-relevance-minimalset-aside-relevance-minimalecological-focus-areas-relevance-minimalgreen-infrastructure-relevance-minimalblue-infrastructure-relevance-absentgrey-infrastructure-relevance-minimalnature-based-solutions-relevance-minimalecosystem-based-adaptation-relevance-minimalecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimalecosystem-based-mitigation-relevance-minimalgreen-gray-infrastructure-relevance-minimalsponge-city-concepts-relevance-absentsustainable-drainage-systems-relevance-minimalbioswales-relevance-minimalrain-gardens-relevance-minimalgreen-roofs-relevance-absentgreen-walls-relevance-absenturban-wetlands-relevance-minimalurban-forests-relevance-minimalurban-grasslands-relevance-minimalurban-meadows-relevance-minimalurban-scrub-relevance-minimalurban-heath-relevance-absenturban-mosaics-relevance-minimalrural-urban-gradients-relevance-minimalperi-urban-areas-relevance-minimalrural-areas-relevance-moderateagricultural-landscapes-relevance-moderateforest-landscapes-relevance-minimalgrassland-landscapes-relevance-moderatewetland-landscapes-relevance-minimaldryland-landscapes-relevance-moderatemountain-landscapes-relevance-minimalcoastal-landscapes-relevance-absentmarine-landscapes-relevance-absentfreshwater-landscapes-relevance-minimalriverine-landscapes-relevance-minimallacustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimalpalustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimalestuarine-landscapes-relevance-absentdeltaic-landscapes-relevance-absentkarst-landscapes-relevance-minimalgypsum-landscapes-relevance-possiblesaline-landscapes-relevance-absentsodic-landscapes-relevance-absentalkaline-landscapes-relevance-unknownacidic-landscapes-relevance-unknownnutrient-poor-landscapes-relevance-unknownnutrient-rich-landscapes-relevance-unknowndisturbed-landscapes-relevance-possibledegraded-landscapes-relevance-possiblerestored-landscapes-relevance-possiblereconstructed-landscapes-relevance-possiblerehabilitated-landscapes-relevance-possiblereclaimed-landscapes-relevance-possibleremediated-landscapes-relevance-possiblereforested-landscapes-relevance-minimalafforested-landscapes-relevance-minimaldeforested-landscapes-relevance-minimalfragmented-landscapes-relevance-minimalconnected-landscapes-relevance-minimalpermeable-landscapes-relevance-minimalresilient-landscapes-relevance-minimalvulnerable-landscapes-relevance-minimaladaptive-landscapes-relevance-minimaltransformative-landscapes-relevance-minimalsustainable-landscapes-relevance-minimalregenerative-landscapes-relevance-minimalrestorative-landscapes-relevance-minimalhealing-landscapes-relevance-minimaltherapeutic-landscapes-relevance-minimalsacred-landscapes-relevance-minimalcultural-landscapes-relevance-minimalhistorical-landscapes-relevance-minimalarchaeological-landscapes-relevance-minimalheritage-landscapes-relevance-minimalgeoparks-relevance-minimalbiosphere-reserves-relevance-minimalworld-heritage-sites-relevance-minimalRamsar-sites-relevance-minimalimportant-bird-areas-relevance-minimalimportant-plant-areas-relevance-minimalkey-biodiversity-areas-relevance-minimalprotected-areas-relevance-minimalconservation-areas-relevance-minimalnature-reserves-relevance-minimalwildlife-sanctuaries-relevance-minimalnational-parks-relevance-minimalstate-parks-relevance-possibleprovincial-parks-relevance-absentregional-parks-relevance-minimallocal-parks-relevance-minimalcommunity-conserved-areas-relevance-minimalindigenous-protected-areas-relevance-absentprivate-protected-areas-relevance-minimalconservation-easements-relevance-minimalland-trusts-relevance-minimalconservation-covenants-relevance-absentstewardship-agreements-relevance-minimalmanagement-agreements-relevance-minimalco-management-arrangements-relevance-minimaljoint-management-arrangements-relevance-absenttransboundary-conservation-relevance-absentpeace-parks-relevance-absentcorridors-relevance-minimalnetworks-relevance-minimalmosaics-relevance-minimal,

• Neoneurus

  Neoneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, tribe Neoneurini. These wasps are specialized ant parasitoids, with females attacking adult ant workers in flight to deposit their eggs. The genus includes species such as Neoneurus vesculus, which has been filmed ovipositing into Formica cunicularia workers. Neoneurus species are among the few parasitoids capable of overcoming ant defenses, representing a highly specialized ecological adaptation.

  parasitoidant-parasitoidaerial-ovipositionEuphorinaeNeoneuriniFormicaspecialized-parasitismflight-attackminute-waspBraconidaeHymenopterainsect-parasitoidant-hostbehavioral-adaptationEuropean-distributionundocumented-biologyemergence-strategy-unknownrare-parasitoid-strategyhost-defense-evasionevolutionary-specializationflight-attack-filmedoviposition-behaviorminute-size<2mmendoparasitoidadult-host-parasitismant-worker-parasitoidsocial-insect-parasitoidformicid-hostspecialized-wasprare-ecological-interactiondocumented-by-video2011-descriptionZooKeys-publicationvan-AchterbergGómez-DuránNaturalis-LeidenSpainDenmarkNorwaySwedenScandinaviaEuropean-faunaundescribed-species-potentialcryptic-biologynest-emergence-unknownhost-death-hypothesisexoskeleton-penetrationant-defense-evasiontribe-level-specializationsubfamily-Euphorinaeichneumonoid-waspapocritan-waspterrestrial-habitatforest-habitatmeadow-habitatant-associatedhost-specificlife-history-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownconservation-status-unknownresearch-neededvideo-documentationsupplementary-mediaopen-access-publicationPensoftZooKeys-125doi-10.3897/zookeys.125.1754three-new-species-described-2011European-speciesnew-to-science-2011ant-parasitoid-guilddivergent-tacticsamazing-adaptationsenormous-tactical-differencesdominant-group-exploitationdefense-breakthroughrare-successful-parasitoidsocial-insect-exploitationhost-colony-integration-unknownemergence-mortality-risklethal-attack-avoidancedead-ant-deposition-hypothesisnest-entrance-emergenceinternal-developmentendoparasitic-developmentkoinobiont-or-idiobiont-unknowndevelopment-time-unknownhost-manipulation-unknownhost-castration-unknownhost-behavior-modification-unknownfecundity-unknownsex-ratio-unknownmating-system-unknownmale-behavior-unknownsearching-behavior-unknownhost-location-cues-unknownvolatile-detection-unknowntrail-following-unknownantennal-detection-unknownvisual-detection-unknownsize-limitation-adaptationminiaturization2mm-size-limitflight-maneuverabilityant-worker-targetingcaste-selection-unknownhost-size-matchingovipositor-structure-unknownegg-structure-unknownlarval-morphology-unknownpupal-development-unknowncocoon-formation-unknownadult-longevity-unknownfeeding-adult-unknownsugar-feeding-unknownhoneydew-feeding-unknownnectar-feeding-unknownoverwintering-stage-unknownvoltinism-unknowngeneration-time-unknownseasonal-phenology-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownaltitudinal-range-unknownlatitudinal-range-unknownbiogeographic-pattern-unknownphylogenetic-relationships-unresolvedsister-genus-unknowntribe-diversityNeoneurini-diversityEuphorinae-diversityBraconidae-diversityIchneumonoidea-diversityHymenoptera-diversityparasitoid-diversityant-diversityFormica-diversityhost-parasitoid-coevolutionevolutionary-arms-racedefense-counter-adaptationoffense-adaptationrare-life-history-strategyscientific-discoverytaxonomic-revision-neededspecies-diversity-underestimatedcryptic-species-possiblemorphological-uniformitymolecular-systematics-neededDNA-barcoding-potentialcollection-difficultyrarity-in-collectionsfield-observation-difficultybehavioral-observation-difficultyvideo-documentation-valuecitizen-science-potentialnatural-history-gapbiological-control-potentialant-pest-controlinvasive-ant-managementecosystem-service-potentialeconomic-importance-unknownagricultural-relevance-unknownforestry-relevance-unknownurban-ecology-relevance-unknownconservation-biology-relevanceindicator-species-potentialenvironmental-monitoring-potentialclimate-change-response-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknownpollution-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-sensitivity-unknowninvasive-species-interaction-unknowncompetition-with-other-parasitoids-unknownhyperparasitism-unknownmultiparasitism-unknownfacultative-or-obligate-parasitoid-unknownhost-range-breadth-unknownhost-switching-potential-unknownhost-race-formation-unknownreproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknownspeciation-mode-unknowndiversification-rate-unknownextinction-risk-unknownIUCN-status-not-evaluatedred-list-status-not-evaluatednational-protection-status-unknownhabitat-protection-needs-unknownresearch-priorityfunding-prioritytraining-priorityexpertise-shortagetaxonomic-expertise-neededecological-expertise-neededbehavioral-expertise-neededphysiological-expertise-neededdevelopmental-expertise-neededgenetic-expertise-neededevolutionary-expertise-neededbiogeographic-expertise-neededcollection-expertise-neededrearing-expertise-neededobservation-expertise-neededdocumentation-expertise-neededpublication-prioritydata-sharing-priorityspecimen-deposition-prioritymuseum-collection-prioritylive-collection-prioritytype-specimen-availabilityoriginal-description-accessibilitysubsequent-revision-historynomenclatural-stabilityname-usage-consistencyclassification-stabilityhigher-taxonomy-resolvedlower-taxonomy-unresolvedspecies-level-taxonomy-problematictype-species-designationgenus-concept-stabilitysubgeneric-classification-absentinfraspecific-variation-unknowngeographic-variation-unknownph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