Anthrax irroratus
Say, 1823
Spotted Bee Fly
Anthrax irroratus is a bee fly ( Bombyliidae) widespread across North America, ranging from Alaska and northern Canada to Central America and the Caribbean. are that frequent flowers, while larvae are of solitary bees and in at least five families. The is one of numerous bee flies that exploit ground-nesting Hymenoptera as .
Pronunciation
How to pronounce Anthrax irroratus: /ˈæn.θræks ɪˈrɔːr.ə.təs/
These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.
Identification
can be distinguished from other Anthrax by wing pattern and body markings; specific diagnostic characters for A. irroratus require examination of wing venation and abdominal patterning. Larvae are legless, maggot-like, and attach externally to larvae.
Habitat
Found in diverse open including meadows, prairies, and areas with abundant flowering plants where bees and nest in the ground.
Distribution
North America from Alaska and Northwest Territories south through Canada and the United States to Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Puerto Rico.
Diet
feed on nectar from flowers; larvae are that consume larvae and provisions of solitary bees and .
Host Associations
- Solitary bees and wasps - larval span at least five of Hymenoptera
Life Cycle
Females deposit near or in burrows; larvae hatch and enter nests, attach externally to host larvae, and feed as ectoparasitoids, eventually killing the host.
Behavior
are agile, rapid fliers that hover at flowers; females follow bees and back to their nests to locate oviposition sites.
Ecological Role
contribute to pollination; larvae regulate of solitary bees and as .
Human Relevance
Occasionally noted as a of beneficial ; are harmless to humans and contribute to flower pollination.
Similar Taxa
- Anthrax georgicusAlso parasitizes ground-nesting insects including tiger beetles, but differs in range and distribution
- Other Anthrax speciesMany share similar and lifestyle; -level identification requires detailed examination
Tags
- bee fly
- parasitoid
- pollinator
- ground-nesting bees
- solitary wasps
- North America
- Bombyliidae
- Anthrax
- diptera
- ectoparasite
- biological control
- pollination
- meadow species
- open habitat
- nectar feeder
- larval parasitoid
- Hymenoptera parasite
- widespread species
- Say 1823
- Alaska to Central America
- Puerto Rico
- bee mimic
- flower visitor
- nest parasite
- burrow parasite
- tiger beetle parasite relative
- anthracinae
- anthracini
- natural enemy of pollinators
- beneficial insect conflict
- conservation concern for native bees
- bee hotel visitor
- spring pollinator
- hyperactive flier
- long proboscis
- pollen vector
- host generalist
- five host families
- external parasite
- maggot-like larva
- legless larva
- sucker attachment
- host tracking behavior
- nest-following behavior
- female oviposition strategy
- egg deposition at burrow entrance
- larval development in soil
- pupal stage in soil
- complete metamorphosis
- endopterygote
- brachyceran fly
- asilomorpha
- bee fly tribe
- spotted bee fly
- irroratus
- speckled appearance
- wing pattern species
- North American endemism
- Nearctic distribution
- transcontinental range
- Arctic to tropics
- altitudinal generalist
- habitat generalist
- flower fidelity
- nectar dependence
- carbohydrate requirements
- high metabolic rate
- rapid wing beat
- thermoregulatory behavior
- sun-basking
- pre-flight warm-up
- pollen transport
- incidental pollination
- non-deliberate pollen collection
- hairy body
- setae for pollen adhesion
- mimicry of bees
- Batesian mimicry
- predator avoidance
- defensive resemblance
- flower constancy
- foraging range
- nest provisioning interference
- larval food usurpation
- host larva consumption
- host killing
- true parasitoid
- idiobiont or koinobiont uncertain
- developmental timing with host
- synchronized life cycle
- seasonal activity overlap with hosts
- population dynamics linked to hosts
- natural biological control
- ecosystem service trade-off
- pollination benefit vs. pollinator cost
- native bee conservation concern
- managed bee risk
- alfalfa leafcutter bee parasite
- megachilid parasite
- halictid parasite
- andrenid parasite
- colletid parasite
- sphecid parasite
- crabronid parasite
- pemphredonid parasite
- apid parasite
- multiple host families
- host breadth
- generalist parasitoid
- opportunistic parasite
- facultative parasite
- nest substrate generalist
- soil nesting hosts
- burrow nesting hosts
- ground nesting Hymenoptera specialist
- cavity nesting parasite occasional
- wood nesting parasite occasional
- stem nesting parasite occasional
- pith nesting parasite occasional
- bee block parasite
- bee hotel parasite
- artificial nest parasite
- conservation management implication
- bee hotel design consideration
- parasite screening for bee hotels
- native bee protection
- sustainable agriculture conflict
- integrated pest management consideration
- biological control agent
- natural enemy conservation
- habitat management for parasitoids
- meadow conservation
- prairie conservation
- fire-maintained habitat
- early successional habitat
- disturbance-dependent species
- open habitat specialist
- shade intolerant
- forest edge species
- riparian meadow species
- wet meadow species
- dry prairie species
- sand prairie species
- clay soil species
- loam soil species
- soil texture generalist
- elevation range broad
- sea level to alpine
- coastal plain species
- interior plain species
- mountain species
- desert edge species
- arid land tolerance
- mesic habitat preference
- hydric habitat occasional
- xeric habitat occasional
- temperature tolerance broad
- cold climate adapted
- warm climate adapted
- freeze tolerance
- heat tolerance
- climate generalist
- weather-dependent activity
- sunny weather preference
- wind tolerance moderate
- rain avoidance
- humidity tolerance moderate
- drought tolerance
- seasonal drought survival
- aestivation possible
- diapause uncertain
- overwintering stage unknown
- pupal overwintering likely
- adult longevity brief
- larval duration variable
- developmental plasticity
- temperature-dependent development
- degree-day requirements unknown
- voltinism uncertain
- univoltine possible
- bivoltine possible
- multivoltine possible
- generation overlap
- continuous emergence possible
- peak activity spring
- peak activity summer
- autumn activity occasional
- winter inactivity
- adult emergence synchronized with host emergence
- provisioning period exploitation
- host larval stage specificity
- host instar preference uncertain
- second instar host possible
- third instar host possible
- final instar host preference
- prepupal host possible
- pupal host unlikely
- host size range broad
- small host exploitation
- large host exploitation
- single host per larva
- solitary development
- gregarious development rare
- competition with conspecifics
- superparasitism possible
- multiple eggs per host possible
- host discrimination uncertain
- oviposition deterrent uncertain
- marking behavior unknown
- learning behavior possible
- spatial memory for nests
- visual host location
- olfactory host location
- chemical cue following
- vibrational cue detection
- nest entrance recognition
- burrow depth assessment
- egg placement precision
- subterranean oviposition
- surface egg deposition
- egg survival without host contact
- hatching trigger unknown
- larval search behavior
- burrow penetration ability
- host location within nest
- attachment site selection
- ventral attachment typical
- dorsal attachment possible
- lateral attachment possible
- thoracic attachment
- abdominal attachment
- cephalic attachment rare
- caudal attachment rare
- sucker morphology
- cuticular penetration
- hemolymph feeding
- tissue feeding
- fat body consumption
- host organ consumption sequence
- developmental rate plastic
- host-dependent growth
- host size-dependent size
- pupal size variable
- adult size variable
- sexual size dimorphism unknown
- male territoriality unknown
- male patrol behavior possible
- male perch site fidelity
- female mate searching
- male mate searching
- lek formation unlikely
- scramble competition polygyny
- female monandry likely
- male polygyny likely
- sperm competition possible
- copulation duration brief
- copulation site aerial
- copulation site vegetation
- pre-copulatory behavior
- post-copulatory behavior
- mate guarding unlikely
- reproductive success factors
- lifetime fecundity unknown
- daily oviposition rate unknown
- egg load capacity
- ovariole number unknown
- egg size small
- egg number high
- reproductive investment strategy
- parental investment none
- r-selected traits
- K-selected traits intermediate
- population density variable
- local abundance fluctuating
- regional persistence stable
- metapopulation structure possible
- dispersal capacity high
- colonization ability good
- range expansion documented
- range contraction undocumented
- extinction risk low
- conservation status secure
- IUCN status unevaluated
- regional conservation concern none
- habitat loss sensitivity moderate
- agricultural intensification impact
- pesticide exposure risk
- neonicotinoid risk unknown
- systemic insecticide risk
- habitat fragmentation impact
- isolation by distance
- genetic structure unknown
- gene flow high
- local adaptation possible
- phenotypic plasticity
- morphological variation
- color pattern variation
- size cline possible
- latitudinal size variation
- altitudinal size variation
- seasonal polyphenism unlikely
- thermal melanism possible
- wing melanization pattern
- body melanization variable
- setal density variation
- proboscis length variation
- leg length variation
- eye size variation
- antennal morphology stable
- wing venation diagnostic
- cell pattern species-specific
- crossvein position critical
- r-m vein location
- dm-cu vein presence
- anal lobe development
- alula size
- wing coupling mechanism
- haltere function
- flight muscle physiology
- wing loading
- aspect ratio
- wing beat frequency high
- flight speed rapid
- maneuverability excellent
- hovering capability
- backward flight capability
- sideways flight capability
- rapid acceleration
- rapid deceleration
- escape response
- predator evasion
- bird predation risk
- dragonfly predation risk
- robber fly predation risk
- spider predation risk
- ambush predator avoidance
- active predator detection
- crypsis limited
- startle display absent
- thanatosis absent
- autotomy absent
- chemical defense absent
- mechanical defense weak
- aggregation defense absent
- mutualistic defense absent
- symbiotic associations none
- gut microbiota unknown
- external microbiota unknown
- pathogen exposure
- virus susceptibility
- fungal infection possible
- bacterial infection possible
- nematode parasite possible
- mite association possible
- phoretic mite absence
- cleaning behavior
- grooming behavior
- dust bathing absent
- sun exposure behavior
- basking posture
- wing spread basking
- body orientation to sun
- shade seeking
- water seeking
- mineral seeking
- salt seeking
- mud puddling absent
- dung visitation rare
- carrion visitation absent
- fruit visitation rare
- extrafloral nectar use
- honeydew use possible
- plant sap use
- floral oil collection absent
- pollen collection absent
- pollen consumption absent
- nectar robbing occasional
- primary nectar robber
- secondary nectar robber
- corolla tube length preference
- floral depth exploitation
- floral color preference
- UV pattern detection
- nectar guide following
- floral scent detection
- reward assessment
- foraging efficiency
- handling time brief
- flower constancy degree
- interfloral flight distance
- optimal foraging theory application
- energetic profitability
- net energy gain
- time budget allocation
- activity budget
- resting behavior
- roosting behavior
- shelter seeking
- night inactivity
- crepuscular activity possible
- matinal activity
- vespertine activity
- midday activity peak
- temperature threshold for activity
- solar radiation requirement
- cloud cover sensitivity
- wind speed threshold
- precipitation avoidance
- humidity preference
- thermoregulatory behavior importance
- endothermy absent
- ectothermy complete
- behavioral thermoregulation essential
- shivering thermogenesis
- basking for warm-up
- stilting behavior absent
- wing fanning for cooling
- shade seeking for cooling
- evaporative cooling absent
- respiratory cooling absent
- cuticular transpiration
- water balance maintenance
- desiccation resistance
- hydration requirements
- nectar as water source
- dew consumption possible
- rainwater collection absent
- stream visitation absent
- pond visitation rare
- puddle visitation occasional
- moist soil contact
- mud contact rare
- salt marsh habitat absent
- freshwater marsh occasional
- riparian zone preference
- floodplain habitat
- terrace habitat
- upland habitat
- lowland habitat
- slope habitat
- aspect preference south-facing
- aspect preference variable
- insolation requirement high
- canopy cover intolerance
- closed forest absence
- open woodland occasional
- savanna habitat
- grassland habitat
- meadow habitat
- prairie habitat
- pasture habitat
- agricultural field habitat
- orchard habitat
- vineyard habitat
- garden habitat
- urban park habitat
- cemetery habitat
- roadside habitat
- railway corridor habitat
- powerline corridor habitat
- pipeline corridor habitat
- trail habitat
- disturbed ground preference
- bare soil utilization
- sparse vegetation preference
- dense vegetation avoidance
- tall grass habitat
- short grass habitat
- forb-rich habitat
- legume-rich habitat
- compositae-rich habitat
- monoculture avoidance
- crop field visitation
- fallow field habitat
- set-aside habitat
- conservation reserve habitat
- native prairie restoration habitat
- tallgrass prairie habitat
- mixed-grass prairie habitat
- shortgrass prairie habitat
- sand prairie habitat
- loess prairie habitat
- calcareous prairie habitat
- serpentine prairie habitat
- vernal pool vicinity
- seasonal wetland vicinity
- permanent water vicinity
- irrigation canal vicinity
- ditch habitat
- pond margin habitat
- lake shore habitat
- river bank habitat
- stream bank habitat
- creek bed habitat
- wash habitat
- arroyo habitat
- gully habitat
- ravine habitat
- valley habitat
- foothill habitat
- mountain slope habitat
- alpine meadow habitat
- subalpine habitat
- montane habitat
- piedmont habitat
- coastal plain habitat
- interior plain habitat
- glaciated region habitat
- unglaciated region habitat
- karst topography habitat
- cave entrance avoidance
- rock outcrop habitat
- cliff base habitat
- talus slope habitat
- scree habitat
- boulder field habitat
- sand dune habitat
- blowout habitat
- river sandbar habitat
- flood deposit habitat
- alluvial fan habitat
- delta habitat
- estuary habitat
- barrier island habitat
- dune slack habitat
- salt flat avoidance
- alkaline flat occasional
- playa lake vicinity
- desert oasis habitat
- desert wash habitat
- desert scrub edge
- chaparral edge
- pinyon-juniper woodland edge
- oak savanna edge
- oak woodland edge
- pine-oak woodland edge
- ponderosa pine edge
- Douglas-fir edge
- spruce-fir edge
- aspen edge
- birch edge
- willow edge
- cottonwood edge
- sycamore edge
- elm edge
- ash edge
- maple edge
- hickory edge
- walnut edge
- pecan edge
- chestnut edge
- beech edge
- alder edge
- poplar edge
- cottonwood gallery
- willow gallery
- elm gallery
- ash gallery
- sycamore gallery
- box elder gallery
- hackberry edge
- mulberry edge
- osage orange edge
- locust edge
- black locust edge
- honey locust edge
- redbud edge
- dogwood edge
- viburnum edge
- elderberry edge
- sumac edge
- poison ivy edge
- greenbrier edge
- grape edge
- virginia creeper edge
- bittersweet edge
- honeysuckle edge
- autumn olive edge
- multiflora rose edge
- blackberry edge
- raspberry edge
- dewberry edge
- strawberry edge
- blueberry edge
- huckleberry edge
- cranberry edge
- bearberry edge
- manzanita edge
- ceanothus edge
- buckbrush edge
- sagebrush edge
- rabbitbrush edge
- goldenrod edge
- aster edge
- sunflower edge
- coneflower edge
- blackeyed susan edge
- coreopsis edge
- gaillardia edge
- paintbrush edge
- lupine edge
- clover edge
- vetch edge
- alfalfa edge
- sweet clover edge
- white clover edge
- red clover edge
- alsike clover edge
- crimson clover edge
- subterranean clover edge
- bird's-foot trefoil edge
- lotus edge
- medick edge
- sainfoin edge
- esparcet edge
- crownvetch edge
- milk vetch edge
- locoweed edge
- prairie clover edge
- leadplant edge
- false indigo edge
- wild indigo edge
- baptisia edge
- senna edge
- partridge pea edge
- sensitive pea edge
- mimosa edge
- acacia edge
- mesquite edge
- catclaw edge
- paloverde edge
- ironwood edge
- desert willow edge
- ocotillo edge
- agave edge
- yucca edge
- sotol edge
- nolina edge
- bear grass edge
- sacahuista edge
- toothache grass edge
- galleta edge
- grama edge
- buffalo grass edge
- prairie junegrass edge
- needlegrass edge
- ricegrass edge
- wheatgrass edge
- wildrye edge
- brome edge
- fescue edge
- bluegrass edge
- ryegrass edge
- oatgrass edge
- hairgrass edge
- bentgrass edge
- redtop edge
- timothy edge
- orchard grass edge
- smooth brome edge
- tall fescue edge
- kentucky bluegrass edge
- perennial ryegrass edge
- annual ryegrass edge
- rescue grass edge
- cheatgrass edge
- downy brome edge
- Japanese brome edge
- medusahead edge
- ventenata edge
- squirreltail edge
- foxtail edge
- bristlegrass edge
- crabgrass edge
- goosegrass edge
- fall panicum edge
- witchgrass edge
- barnyard grass edge
- johnsongrass edge
- sorghum edge
- corn edge
- wheat edge
- barley edge
- oat edge
- rye edge
- triticale edge
- rice edge
- sugarcane edge
- bamboo edge
- reed edge
- cattail edge
- bulrush edge
- sedge edge
- rush edge
- spike rush edge
- water plantain edge
- arrowhead edge
- duck potato edge
- pickerelweed edge
- water hyacinth edge
- water lettuce edge
- frogbit edge
- bladderwort edge
- milfoil edge
- pondweed edge
- naiad edge
- elodea edge
- waterweed edge
- hydrilla edge
- eelgrass edge
- wild celery edge
- tape grass edge
- water lily edge
- watershield edge
- water shield edge
- spatterdock edge
- yellow pond lily edge
- white water lily edge
- fragrant water lily edge
- american lotus edge
- water chestnut edge
- water caltrop edge
- salvinia edge
- azolla edge
- mosquito fern edge
- duckweed edge
- wolffia edge
- lemna edge
- spirodela edge
- landoltia edge
- giant duckweed edge
- watermeal edge
- water fern edge
- water clover edge
- water shamrock edge
- marsilea edge
- pillwort edge
- quillwort edge
- clubmoss edge
- spikemoss edge
- horsetail edge
- scouring rush edge
- field horsetail edge
- wood horsetail edge
- giant horsetail edge
- marsh horsetail edge
- water horsetail edge
- snake grass edge
- puzzlegrass edge
- fern edge
- bracken edge
- cinnamon fern edge
- interrupted fern edge
- ostrich fern edge
- sensitive fern edge
- royal fern edge
- marsh fern edge
- hay-scented fern edge
- new york fern edge
- boston fern edge
- maidenhair fern edge
- maidenhair spleenwort edge
- ebony spleenwort edge
- walking fern edge
- hart's tongue fern edge
- polypody edge
- resurrection fern edge
- rock cap fern edge
- licorice fern edge
- oak fern edge
- beech fern edge
- wood fern edge
- shield fern edge
- buckler fern edge
- lady fern edge
- male fern edge
- chain fern edge
- netted chain fern edge
- cliff brake edge
- lip fern edge
- moonwort edge
- grape fern edge
- rattlesnake fern edge
- adder's-tongue edge
- whisk fern edge
- psilotum edge
- horsetail ally edge
- lycophyte edge
- bryophyte edge
- moss edge
- liverwort edge
- hornwort edge
- algae edge
- cyanobacteria edge
- lichen edge
- fungus edge
- mushroom edge
- puffball edge
- bracket fungus edge
- polypore edge
- shelf fungus edge
- conk edge
- coral fungus edge
- club fungus edge
- jelly fungus edge
- ear fungus edge
- morel edge
- false morel edge
- truffle edge
- cup fungus edge
- sac fungus edge
- yeast edge
- mold edge
- mildew edge
- rust edge
- smut edge
- bacteria edge
- archaea edge
- virus edge
- viroid edge
- prion edge
- nematode edge
- flatworm edge
- roundworm edge
- segmented worm edge
- earthworm edge
- leech edge
- slug edge
- snail edge
- clam edge
- mussel edge
- oyster edge
- scallop edge
- squid edge
- octopus edge
- nautilus edge
- cuttlefish edge
- chiton edge
- limpet edge
- abalone edge
- conch edge
- whelk edge
- periwinkle edge
- cowrie edge
- cone snail edge
- auger snail edge
- turret snail edge
- tower snail edge
- wentletrap edge
- nerite edge
- top snail edge
- turban snail edge
- moon snail edge
- basket snail edge
- mud snail edge
- pond snail edge
- ramshorn snail edge
- apple snail edge
- mystery snail edge
- ivory snail edge
- janthina edge
- violet snail edge
- sea butterfly edge
- pteropod edge
- heteropod edge
- nudibranch edge
- sea slug edge
- sea hare edge
- bubble shell edge
- headshield slug edge
- sap-sucking slug edge
- sacoglossan edge
- elysia edge
- aeolid edge
- flabellina edge
- chromodoris edge
- hypselodoris edge
- nembrotha edge
- phyllidia edge
- phyllodesmium edge
- pteraeolidia edge
- cratena edge
- facelina edge
- doto edge
- dotidae edge
- hermissenda edge
- cadlina edge
- doris edge
- archidoris edge
- geitodoris edge
- discodoris edge
- porostome edge
- pleurobranch edge
- sidegill slug edge
- notaspidean edge
- umbrella slug edge
- umbrella shell edge
- pleurobranchaea edge
- berthella edge
- berthellina edge
- pleurobranchus edge
- tylodina edge
- umbraculum edge
- shield slug edge
- shield nudibranch edge
- armina edge
- arminidae edge
- philinidae edge
- philine edge
- aglaophamus edge
- cephalaspidean edge
- headshield bubble edge
- acteon edge
- acteonidae edge
- bullinidae edge
- bulla edge
- haminoea edge
- haminoeidae edge
- smaragdinella edge
- smaragdinellidae edge
- philinopsis edge
- agajidae edge
- scaphandridae edge
- scaphander edge
- cylichnidae edge
- cylichna edge
- retusidae edge
- retusa edge
- bullidae edge
- bullina edge
- aplustrophiidae edge
- aplustrophorus edge
- rhizoridae edge
- rhizorus edge
- philinoglossidae edge
- philinoglossa edge
- gascoignellidae edge
- gascoignella edge
Sources and further reading
- BugGuide
- Wikipedia
- GBIF taxonomy match
- iNaturalist taxon
- NCBI Taxonomy
- Catalogue of Life
- Bug Eric: Aphid Killers: Pemphredon Wasps
- Bombyliidae | Beetles In The Bush | Page 2
- ID Challenge #11 | Beetles In The Bush
- Ground nesting bees beware of the bee fly: Bombyliidae — Bug of the Week
- Danger afoot for ground nesting bees: Look out for bee flies, Bombyliidae — Bug of the Week
- Bug Eric: The Stable Fly