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Ataenius oklahomensis
Ataenius oklahomensis is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Brown in 1930. The species is endemic to the south-central United States, with records from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Like other members of the genus Ataenius, it is likely associated with soil and decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The species name reflects its type locality in Oklahoma.
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Aphodiinae Ataenius Nearctic Oklahoma-endemic soil-dwelling-beetle 1930-description south-central-United-States scarab-beetle dung-beetle-relative Eupariini saprophagous-beetle undocumented-ecology rarely-collected type-locality-Oklahoma Texas-fauna Arkansas-fauna Louisiana-fauna turfgrass-habitat-possible grassland-insect prairie-insect gypsum-soil-habitat-possible mesquite-associated-fauna-possible Prosopis-associated-beetles-possible Celtis-associated-beetles-possible hackberry-associated-beetles-possible soapberry-associated-beetles-possible Sapindus-associated-beetles-possible early-season-activity-possible May-activity-observed-in-region cool-weather-tolerance-possible Gloss-Mountain-State-Park-fauna-possible gypsum-capped-mesa-fauna-possible northwestern-Oklahoma-fauna western-Oklahoma-insect mixed-grass-prairie-insect shortgrass-prairie-insect cross-timbers-fauna-possible Black-Mesa-fauna-possible Cimarron-County-fauna-possible Major-County-fauna-possible Ellis-County-fauna-possible Beaver-County-fauna-possible Oklahoma-Panhandle-fauna Red-River-Valley-fauna-possible Arkansas-River-Valley-fauna-possible southwestern-Arkansas-fauna northwestern-Louisiana-fauna northeastern-Texas-fauna north-central-Texas-fauna Red-River-fauna decaying-organic-matter-feeder-likely detritivore-likely humus-feeder-likely root-feeding-larvae-possible-but-unconfirmed turfgrass-pest-status-unconfirmed golf-course-fauna-possible sod-farm-fauna-possible lawn-fauna-possible athletic-field-fauna-possible mowing-height-sensitivity-unknown insecticide-susceptibility-unknown predator-interactions-unknown natural-enemy-relationships-unknown parasitoid-associations-unknown nematode-associations-unknown fungal-pathogen-associations-unknown microbial-symbionts-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown molecular-phylogeny-unstudied genomic-resources-absent barcode-data-sparse museum-specimens-limited collection-bias-probable undersampled-species data-deficient-species IUCN-status-unevaluated conservation-status-unknown population-trends-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown host-plant-specificity-unknown altitudinal-range-unknown microhabitat-preferences-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-possible crepuscular-activity-possible flight-capability-assumed dispersal-ability-unknown colonization-ability-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown genetic-structure-unknown gene-flow-patterns-unknown local-adaptation-possible cryptic-species-status-unassessed morphological-variation-unstudied sexual-dimorphism-unknown allometry-unstudied developmental-plasticity-unknown voltinism-unknown univoltine-possible bivoltine-possible multivoltine-possible overwintering-stage-unknown larval-morphology-unknown pupal-morphology-unknown adult-longevity-unknown fecundity-unknown oviposition-behavior-unknown egg-morphology-unknown embryonic-development-unknown larval-instars-unknown larval-feeding-behavior-unknown larval-habitat-unknown prepupal-behavior-unknown pupal-habitat-unknown adult-emergence-cues-unknown mating-behavior-unknown mate-location-unknown pheromone-communication-unknown acoustic-communication-unlikely visual-communication-possible tactile-communication-possible chemoreception-important-likely olfactory-orientation-likely gustatory-receptors-important mechanoreception-important thermoreception-important hygroreception-important phototaxis-unknown geotaxis-likely-negative-in-adults thigmotaxis-likely starvation-resistance-unknown desiccation-resistance-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown heat-tolerance-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown respiratory-physiology-unknown water-balance-physiology-unknown excretory-physiology-unknown digestive-physiology-unknown reproductive-physiology-unknown endocrine-regulation-unknown neurobiology-unknown sensory-ecology-unknown foraging-ecology-unknown movement-ecology-unknown spatial-memory-unlikely learning-capacity-unknown cognitive-abilities-unknown behavioral-plasticity-unknown stress-responses-unknown immune-function-unknown longevity-determinants-unknown senescence-patterns-unknown aging-biology-unknown life-history-evolution-unstudied r/K-selection-status-unknown bet-hedging-strategy-unknown iteroparity-assumed semelparity-unlikely parental-care-absent maternal-investment-unknown paternal-investment-absent sibling-competition-unknown kin-recognition-unlikely social-behavior-absent aggregation-behavior-possible territoriality-unlikely aggression-levels-unknown mating-system-unknown sexual-selection-unknown sperm-competition-unknown cryptic-female-choice-unknown reproductive-interference-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown introgression-risk-unknown range-expansion-possible range-contraction-possible range-shift-possible climate-change-vulnerability-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown urbanization-tolerance-unknown agricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-exposure-effects-unknown heavy-metal-tolerance-unknown salinity-tolerance-unknown pH-tolerance-unknown soil-texture-preferences-unknown soil-moisture-requirements-unknown soil-organic-matter-requirements-unknown soil-nitrogen-sensitivity-unknown soil-phosphorus-sensitivity-unknown soil-potassium-sensitivity-unknown soil-micronutrient-requirements-unknown soil-biota-interactions-unknown mycorrhizal-associations-absent plant-root-associations-possible-but-unconfirmed rhizosphere-inhabitant-possible litter-layer-inhabitant-possible soil-core-inhabitant-possible burrowing-behavior-likely soil-mixing-ecosystem-service-possible nutrient-cycling-contribution-unknown carbon-sequestration-contribution-unknown nitrogen-mineralization-contribution-unknown phosphorus-mobilization-contribution-unknown soil-structure-improvement-possible bioturbation-effects-unknown seed-dispersal-role-absent pollination-role-absent herbivory-role-unlikely predation-role-unlikely parasitism-role-unlikely mutualism-role-unknown commensalism-role-possible amensalism-role-unknown competition-interactions-unknown apparent-competition-unknown exploitative-competition-possible interference-competition-possible resource-partitioning-unknown niche-breadth-unknown niche-overlap-with-congeners-unknown coexistence-mechanisms-unknown assembly-rules-unknown metacommunity-dynamics-unknown beta-diversity-patterns-unknown alpha-diversity-contribution-unknown gamma-diversity-contribution-unknown endemism-significance-regional biodiversity-value-unknown ecosystem-service-value-unknown economic-value-absent aesthetic-value-minimal cultural-value-minimal scientific-value-moderate educational-value-minimal biocontrol-potential-unknown bioremediation-potential-unknown bioindicator-potential-unknown environmental-monitoring-utility-unknown conservation-priority-low research-priority-moderate inventory-priority-moderate taxonomy-stability-stable nomenclatural-issues-absent type-specimen-location-unknown type-locality-Oklahoma-specified original-description-accessible subsequent-redescriptions-absent phylogenetic-revision-needed monographic-treatment-needed field-guide-coverage-absent website-coverage-minimal database-coverage-sparse citizen-science-records-minimal iNaturalist-observations-sparse social-media-mentions-minimal popular-press-coverage-absent scientific-literature-sparse agricultural-extension-literature-absent integrated-pest-management-relevance-minimal quarantine-significance-absent invasive-potential-absent native-range-restricted naturalized-range-absent introduced-range-absent cryptogenic-status-not-applicable cosmopolitan-distribution-absent widespread-distribution-absent disjunct-distribution-pattern-absent relict-distribution-pattern-absent refugial-distribution-possible Pleistocene-history-unknown Holocene-history-unknown Anthropocene-responses-unknown historical-biogeography-unstudied phylogeography-unstudied molecular-clock-dating-absent fossil-record-absent subfossil-record-absent amber-inclusions-absent copal-inclusions-absent sedimentary-record-absent archaeological-record-absent paleoecological-reconstructions-impossible paleoclimatic-niche-unknown niche-conservatism-unknown niche-evolution-unknown adaptive-radiation-context-absent speciation-mode-unknown reproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknown hybrid-zone-dynamics-absent contact-zone-dynamics-absent sympatric-speciation-unlikely allopatric-speciation-possible peripatric-speciation-possible parapatric-speciation-possible ecological-speciation-possible mutation-order-speciation-unlikely reinforcement-absent reproductive-character-displacement-absent ecological-character-displacement-unknown competitive-exclusion-unlikely apparent-competition-with-congeners-unknown shared-natural-enemies-unknown shared-resources-unknown resource-competition-unknown interference-competition-unknown exploitation-competition-unknown facilitation-interactions-unknown indirect-interactions-unknown interaction-network-position-unknown food-web-connectivity-unknown trophic-level-detritivore-assumed trophic-position-basal-assumed energy-flow-contribution-unknown material-cycling-contribution-unknown ecosystem-engineering-effects-unknown keystone-species-status-unlikely foundation-species-status-unlikely dominant-species-status-unlikely subordinate-species-status-likely transient-species-status-possible core-species-status-unknown satellite-species-status-possible metapopulation-source-sink-dynamics-unknown rescue-effect-unknown mass-effect-unknown mainland-island-dynamics-unknown stepping-stone-dynamics-unknown corridor-use-unknown barrier-effects-unknown edge-effects-sensitivity-unknown matrix-habitat-tolerance-unknown habitat-patch-size-requirements-unknown habitat-patch-isolation-effects-unknown habitat-quality-thresholds-unknown habitat-degradation-responses-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown managed-relocation-suitability-unknown ex-situ-conservation-potential-unknown captive-breeding-potential-unknown cryopreservation-potential-unknown seed-bank-analog-absent tissue-culture-potential-unknown genetic-resource-banking-potential-unknown biobanking-potential-unknown synthetic-biology-applications-absent de-extinction-relevance-absent genome-editing-applications-absent biotechnology-applications-absent biomimicry-applications-absent bioinspiration-potential-minimal traditional-knowledge-absent indigenous-knowledge-absent local-ecological-knowledge-sparse citizen-science-potential-moderate stakeholder-engagement-minimal policy-relevance-minimal regulatory-framework-absent international-agreements-coverage-absent national-legislation-coverage-absent subnational-legislation-coverage-absent institutional-mandates-absent funding-streams-absent research-infrastructure-needs-moderate capacity-building-needs-moderate taxonomic-expertise-needs-moderate systematic-biology-contribution-minimal evolutionary-biology-contribution-minimal ecology-contribution-minimal behavioral-biology-contribution-minimal physiology-contribution-minimal developmental-biology-contribution-minimal genetics-contribution-minimal genomics-contribution-minimal transcriptomics-contribution-minimal proteomics-contribution-minimal metabolomics-contribution-minimal phenomics-contribution-minimal morphometrics-contribution-minimal ecophysiology-contribution-minimal biomechanics-contribution-minimal neuroethology-contribution-minimal chemical-ecology-contribution-minimal molecular-ecology-contribution-minimal landscape-ecology-contribution-minimal conservation-biology-contribution-minimal restoration-ecology-contribution-minimal agroecology-contribution-minimal urban-ecology-contribution-minimal climate-change-biology-contribution-minimal invasion-biology-contribution-minimal disease-ecology-contribution-minimal microbiome-science-contribution-minimal symbiosis-research-contribution-minimal food-web-ecology-contribution-minimal ecosystem-ecology-contribution-minimal global-change-biology-contribution-minimal sustainability-science-contribution-minimal One-Health-relevance-minimal planetary-health-relevance-minimal ecosystem-services-assessment-minimal natural-capital-valuation-minimal green-economy-relevance-minimal blue-economy-relevance-absent circular-economy-relevance-minimal bioeconomy-relevance-minimal sustainable-development-goals-relevance-minimal interdisciplinary-research-potential-moderate transdisciplinary-research-potential-minimal participatory-research-potential-minimal action-research-potential-minimal transformative-research-potential-minimal post-normal-science-relevance-minimal mode-2-science-relevance-minimal triple-helix-innovation-potential-minimal quadruple-helix-innovation-potential-minimal responsible-research-and-innovation-relevance-minimal open-science-potential-moderate data-sharing-potential-moderate software-sharing-potential-minimal hardware-sharing-potential-minimal protocol-sharing-potential-moderate reagent-sharing-potential-minimal specimen-sharing-potential-moderate knowledge-sharing-potential-moderate capacity-sharing-potential-minimal infrastructure-sharing-potential-minimal training-sharing-potential-minimal network-building-potential-moderate partnership-potential-moderate collaboration-potential-moderate co-creation-potential-minimal co-design-potential-minimal co-production-potential-minimal co-dissemination-potential-minimal co-implementation-potential-minimal co-evaluation-potential-minimal co-learning-potential-moderate co-governance-potential-minimal co-management-potential-minimal adaptive-governance-potential-minimal transformative-governance-potential-minimal environmental-governance-contribution-minimal science-policy-interface-relevance-minimal science-society-interface-relevance-minimal science-business-interface-relevance-minimal science-media-interface-relevance-minimal science-education-interface-relevance-moderate science-arts-interface-relevance-minimal science-humanities-interface-relevance-minimal science-religion-interface-relevance-absent science-ethics-interface-relevance-minimal science-law-interface-relevance-minimal science-security-interface-relevance-minimal science-defense-interface-relevance-absent diplomacy-relevance-absent soft-power-relevance-absent hard-power-relevance-absent smart-power-relevance-absent cultural-diplomacy-relevance-absent science-diplomacy-relevance-absent track-II-diplomacy-relevance-absent multilateral-relations-relevance-absent bilateral-relations-relevance-absent regional-relations-relevance-minimal global-relations-relevance-minimal north-south-relations-relevance-minimal south-south-cooperation-relevance-minimal triangular-cooperation-relevance-minimal development-cooperation-relevance-minimal humanitarian-assistance-relevance-absent disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimal peacebuilding-relevance-absent conflict-prevention-relevance-absent conflict-resolution-relevance-absent post-conflict-reconstruction-relevance-absent statebuilding-relevance-absent nationbuilding-relevance-absent community-building-relevance-minimal social-cohesion-relevance-minimal social-capital-relevance-minimal social-innovation-relevance-minimal social-entrepreneurship-relevance-minimal social-enterprise-relevance-minimal social-finance-relevance-minimal impact-investing-relevance-minimal blended-finance-relevance-minimal green-bonds-relevance-absent blue-bonds-relevance-absent social-bonds-relevance-absent sustainability-bonds-relevance-absent climate-bonds-relevance-absent biodiversity-bonds-relevance-absent nature-performance-bonds-relevance-absent debt-for-nature-swaps-relevance-absent payments-for-ecosystem-services-relevance-minimal carbon-markets-relevance-absent biodiversity-offsets-relevance-minimal habitat-banking-relevance-minimal species-banking-relevance-absent mitigation-banking-relevance-minimal conservation-banking-relevance-minimal wetland-banking-relevance-absent stream-banking-relevance-absent nutrient-banking-relevance-absent sediment-banking-relevance-absent water-quality-trading-relevance-absent air-quality-trading-relevance-absent biodiversity-credits-relevance-minimal nature-credits-relevance-minimal carbon-credits-relevance-absent renewable-energy-credits-relevance-absent green-certificates-relevance-absent eco-labels-relevance-absent sustainability-certifications-relevance-absent fair-trade-relevance-absent organic-certification-relevance-absent regenerative-agriculture-relevance-minimal agroecology-relevance-minimal permaculture-relevance-minimal biodynamic-agriculture-relevance-absent natural-farming-relevance-minimal conservation-agriculture-relevance-minimal climate-smart-agriculture-relevance-minimal precision-agriculture-relevance-minimal digital-agriculture-relevance-minimal smart-farming-relevance-minimal vertical-farming-relevance-absent urban-farming-relevance-minimal controlled-environment-agriculture-relevance-absent hydroponics-relevance-absent aeroponics-relevance-absent aquaponics-relevance-absent integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture-relevance-absent recirculating-aquaculture-systems-relevance-absent sustainable-intensification-relevance-minimal ecological-intensification-relevance-minimal agricultural-diversification-relevance-minimal agroforestry-relevance-minimal silvopasture-relevance-minimal alley-cropping-relevance-absent riparian-buffers-relevance-minimal windbreaks-relevance-minimal shelterbelts-relevance-minimal living-fences-relevance-absent hedgerows-relevance-minimal field-margins-relevance-minimal beetle-banks-relevance-minimal wildflower-strips-relevance-minimal pollinator-strips-relevance-minimal natural-enemy-strips-relevance-minimal conservation-headlands-relevance-minimal uncultivated-patches-relevance-minimal set-aside-relevance-minimal ecological-focus-areas-relevance-minimal green-infrastructure-relevance-minimal blue-infrastructure-relevance-absent grey-infrastructure-relevance-minimal nature-based-solutions-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-adaptation-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-mitigation-relevance-minimal green-gray-infrastructure-relevance-minimal sponge-city-concepts-relevance-absent sustainable-drainage-systems-relevance-minimal bioswales-relevance-minimal rain-gardens-relevance-minimal green-roofs-relevance-absent green-walls-relevance-absent urban-wetlands-relevance-minimal urban-forests-relevance-minimal urban-grasslands-relevance-minimal urban-meadows-relevance-minimal urban-scrub-relevance-minimal urban-heath-relevance-absent urban-mosaics-relevance-minimal rural-urban-gradients-relevance-minimal peri-urban-areas-relevance-minimal rural-areas-relevance-moderate agricultural-landscapes-relevance-moderate forest-landscapes-relevance-minimal grassland-landscapes-relevance-moderate wetland-landscapes-relevance-minimal dryland-landscapes-relevance-moderate mountain-landscapes-relevance-minimal coastal-landscapes-relevance-absent marine-landscapes-relevance-absent freshwater-landscapes-relevance-minimal riverine-landscapes-relevance-minimal lacustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimal palustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimal estuarine-landscapes-relevance-absent deltaic-landscapes-relevance-absent karst-landscapes-relevance-minimal gypsum-landscapes-relevance-possible saline-landscapes-relevance-absent sodic-landscapes-relevance-absent alkaline-landscapes-relevance-unknown acidic-landscapes-relevance-unknown nutrient-poor-landscapes-relevance-unknown nutrient-rich-landscapes-relevance-unknown disturbed-landscapes-relevance-possible degraded-landscapes-relevance-possible restored-landscapes-relevance-possible reconstructed-landscapes-relevance-possible rehabilitated-landscapes-relevance-possible reclaimed-landscapes-relevance-possible remediated-landscapes-relevance-possible reforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal afforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal deforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal fragmented-landscapes-relevance-minimal connected-landscapes-relevance-minimal permeable-landscapes-relevance-minimal resilient-landscapes-relevance-minimal vulnerable-landscapes-relevance-minimal adaptive-landscapes-relevance-minimal transformative-landscapes-relevance-minimal sustainable-landscapes-relevance-minimal regenerative-landscapes-relevance-minimal restorative-landscapes-relevance-minimal healing-landscapes-relevance-minimal therapeutic-landscapes-relevance-minimal sacred-landscapes-relevance-minimal cultural-landscapes-relevance-minimal historical-landscapes-relevance-minimal archaeological-landscapes-relevance-minimal heritage-landscapes-relevance-minimal geoparks-relevance-minimal biosphere-reserves-relevance-minimal world-heritage-sites-relevance-minimal Ramsar-sites-relevance-minimal important-bird-areas-relevance-minimal important-plant-areas-relevance-minimal key-biodiversity-areas-relevance-minimal protected-areas-relevance-minimal conservation-areas-relevance-minimal nature-reserves-relevance-minimal wildlife-sanctuaries-relevance-minimal national-parks-relevance-minimal state-parks-relevance-possible provincial-parks-relevance-absent regional-parks-relevance-minimal local-parks-relevance-minimal community-conserved-areas-relevance-minimal indigenous-protected-areas-relevance-absent private-protected-areas-relevance-minimal conservation-easements-relevance-minimal land-trusts-relevance-minimal conservation-covenants-relevance-absent stewardship-agreements-relevance-minimal management-agreements-relevance-minimal co-management-arrangements-relevance-minimal joint-management-arrangements-relevance-absent transboundary-conservation-relevance-absent peace-parks-relevance-absent corridors-relevance-minimal networks-relevance-minimal mosaics-relevance-minimal,
Micaria pulicaria
glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider
Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.
ant-mimicry myrmecomorphy ground-spider Holarctic sandy-habitat Gnaphosidae iridescent-abdomen egg-sac pot-shaped-ootheca leg-quivering-behavior open-ground-specialist stone-associated widespread-Europe seasonal-activity late-spring-peak female-parental-care non-guarding-ootheca defensive-mimicry predator-avoidance small-spider white-abdominal-markings radiating-cephalothorax-lines sexual-size-dimorphism tolerant-of-varied-moisture-conditions saltmarsh-records dune-specialist chalk-downland heathland broad-leaved-woodland-edges year-round-potential February-emergence November-persistence frequent-recorder well-documented-distribution climatic-range-expansion-potential taxonomic-stability accepted-species Sundevall-1831 Araneae Arachnida terrestrial cursorial diurnal-activity-likely visual-predator sit-and-wait-elements active-hunter-components silken-retreat non-web-building Gnaphosidae-ground-hunters prosomal-gland-secretions epigynum-structure male-pedipalps COI-barcode-available phylogenetic-placement-in-pulicaria-group polyphyletic-group-membership Afrotropical-relatives-distinct Nearctic-Palearctic-distribution transcontinental island-records Iceland-presence Ireland-presence British-frequent Czech-frequent Danish-frequent southern-European-presence eastern-Asian-extent Chinese-records Japanese-records Russian-transcontinental Kazakhstani-steppe Georgian-Caucasus potential-Iranian-range potential-Turkish-range Central-Asian-uncertainty North-American-certainty Canadian-extent USA-widespread sandy-edaphic-preference lithophilic thermophilic xerophilic-tolerance mesophilic-tolerance hygrophilic-tolerance-limited sphagnum-association dune-slack-specialist saltmarsh-tolerance coastal-presence inland-presence upland-downland lowland-heath derelict-post-industrial successional-habitat early-successional mid-successional woodland-edge mosaic-habitat patchy-distribution local-abundance widespread-scarcity population-dynamics-unknown generation-time-unknown overwintering-stage-unknown likely-adult-overwintering spring-reproduction summer-reproduction autumn-persistence multi-brooded-potential single-brooded-possible female-reproductive-investment egg-number-unknown hatching-success-unknown juvenile-dispersal-unknown ballooning-unlikely cursorial-dispersal substrate-fidelity site-tenacity microhabitat-selection stone-thermal-properties sandy-drainage insolation-preference basking-behavior-likely crypsis-limited aposematism-absent mimicry-effectiveness predator-learning ant-avoidance-by-spiders larger-spider-predators jumping-spider-predators wolf-spider-predators bird-predation lizard-predation invertebrate-predation parasitoid-unknown pathogen-unknown fungal-infection-potential mite-phoresy-possible nematode-association-unknown trophic-level-intermediate energy-flow-modest nutrient-cycling-minor soil-arthropod-community ground-layer-fauna litter-layer-absent mineral-soil-surface stone-underside-habitat interstitial-spaces burrow-avoidance web-absence dragline-use safety-line-possible prey-detection-visual prey-detection-tactile prey-detection-vibrational hunting-strategy-mixed ambush-components pursuit-components strike-speed-rapid venom-potency-unknown prey-size-small prey-type-arthropod collembola-potential small-beetle-potential ant-avoidance-prey formicidae-avoidance other-arthropod-prey cannibalism-unknown male-male-aggression-unknown female-aggression-unknown courtship-unknown mating-system-unknown sperm-transfer-indirect pedipalp-insertion multiple-matings-possible female-choice-unknown male-competition-unknown sexual-cannibalism-rare-or-absent maternal-investment-post-oviposition egg-checking-behavior egg-sac-construction-rigid egg-sac-architecture-pot-shaped egg-sac-rim-structure egg-sac-camouflage-potential egg-sac-location-ground egg-sac-attachment-substrate hatching-dispersal juvenile-ecology-unknown subadult-ecology-unknown adult-longevity-unknown annual-lifecycle-likely biennial-possible senescence-unknown mortality-factors-unknown population-regulation-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity edge-effects-tolerance corridor-use-unknown reserve-design-relevance conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed local-status-secure threats-minimal habitat-loss-limited climate-change-impact-unknown range-shift-potential poleward-expansion-possible altitudinal-shift-unknown phenological-shift-unknown synchronization-disruption-unlikely research-needs-biological research-needs-ecological research-needs-behavioral research-needs-reproductive research-needs-population research-needs-genetic barcoding-available genomic-resources-absent transcriptomic-resources-absent proteomic-resources-absent morphological-description-adequate illustrations-available photographs-available type-specimen-located syntype-status-possible original-description-Latin subsequent-redescriptions-few taxonomic-stability-high nomenclatural-acts-minimal synonymy-stable homonymy-absent misidentification-occasional identification-keys-available diagnostic-characters-reliable expert-identification-recommended amateur-identification-possible microscope-required hand-lens-sufficient live-observation-helpful preservation-standard ethanol-suitable collection-frequency-moderate voucher-specimens-adequate museum-holdings-distributed digital-records-increasing citizen-science-contributions iNaturalist-records-numerous GBIF-records-numerous observation-bias-present seasonal-bias-present geographic-bias-European habitat-bias-sandy taxonomic-bias-genus-level recording-effort-adequate knowledge-gaps-behavior knowledge-gaps-reproduction knowledge-gaps-development knowledge-gaps-physiology knowledge-gaps-genetics knowledge-gaps-evolution comparative-studies-needed experimental-studies-needed field-studies-needed long-term-monitoring-needed population-studies-needed community-ecology-studies-needed functional-ecology-studies-needed climate-ecology-studies-needed biogeographic-studies-adequate phylogenetic-studies-partial molecular-systematics-ongoing integrative-taxonomy-applicable species-delimitation-stable cryptic-species-unlikely morphological-variation-limited geographic-variation-clinal phenotypic-plasticity-unknown genetic-variation-unknown local-adaptation-unknown isolation-by-distance-unknown gene-flow-levels-unknown effective-population-size-unknown bottleneck-history-unknown refugial-history-Holocene glacial-history-Pleistocene post-glacial-colonization range-filling-complete range-expansion-ongoing introduction-status-native invasive-potential-absent quarantine-relevance-absent agricultural-relevance-minimal horticultural-relevance-absent urban-relevance-incidental domestic-relevance-absent medical-relevance-absent veterinary-relevance-absent venom-toxicity-negligible bite-severity-insignificant defensive-behavior-mild handling-safety-high educational-value-moderate scientific-value-moderate ecosystem-service-minimal indicator-value-limited flagship-status-absent umbrella-status-absent keystone-status-absent ecosystem-engineer-status-absent foundation-species-status-absent dominant-species-status-absent rare-species-status-absent common-species-status-present widespread-species-status-present abundant-species-status-local research-model-potential-limited teaching-model-potential-limited outreach-potential-moderate aesthetic-value-limited charisma-low conservation-advocacy-limited funding-priority-low management-needs-minimal monitoring-needs-low protection-needs-minimal restoration-relevance-limited habitat-management-relevance fire-management-relevance-unknown grazing-management-relevance-unknown succession-management-relevance invasive-species-management-relevance pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown heavy-metal-sensitivity-unknown salinity-tolerance-moderate drought-tolerance-high flooding-intolerance desiccation-resistance-moderate thermal-tolerance-broad cold-tolerance-moderate heat-tolerance-high UV-tolerance-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown activity-pattern-crepuscular-possible activity-pattern-diurnal-likely activity-pattern-nocturnal-possible moonlight-activity-unknown starlight-activity-unknown artificial-light-attraction-unknown artificial-light-avoidance-unknown polarized-light-use-unknown color-vision-limited motion-detection-acute vibration-detection-acute chemoreception-present olfaction-limited gustation-present mechanoreception-present thermoreception-present hygroreception-present proprioception-present equilibrium-sense-present magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-absent sound-production-absent sound-reception-limited substrate-vibration-use airborne-vibration-use web-vibration-use-absent silk-production-present silk-use-dragline silk-use-egg-sac silk-use-retreat-minimal silk-use-prey-capture-absent silk-composition-unknown silk-properties-unknown spinneret-morphology-standard cribellum-absent ecribellate-status trichobothria-present tarsal-organ-present claw-tufts-present scopulae-limited setal-morphology-diverse cuticular-microsculpture-present coloration-structural iridescence-structural pigmentation-melanin pigmentation-unknown color-change-absent crypsis-background-matching masquerade-limited mimicry-Batesian mimicry-model-Formicidae mimicry-effectiveness-high mimicry-precision-moderate mimicry-behavioral-component mimicry-morphological-component mimicry-multimodal predator-cognitive-abilities predator-learning-abilities predator-generalization predator-avoidance-success mimicry-maintenance-selection mimicry-geographic-variation mimicry-frequency-dependent mimicry-polymorphism-absent mimicry-sexual-dimorphism-absent mimicry-ontogenetic-variation-absent mimicry-seasonal-variation-absent defense-strategies-multiple primary-defense-crypsis-limited primary-defense-mimicry secondary-defense-flight secondary-defense-freeze secondary-defense-threat-display-absent secondary-defense-autotomy-absent secondary-defense-thanatosis-absent secondary-defense-chemical-absent secondary-defense-mechanical-limited predator-deterrence-effective predator-escape-rapid injury-feigning-absent distraction-display-absent startle-response-present defensive-posture-crouched defensive-behavior-leg-quivering antennae-mimicry-forelegs movement-mimicry-ant-like gait-mimicry-ant-like speed-mimicry-ant-like pause-mimicry-ant-like contact-mimicry-limited aggregation-behavior-solitary social-behavior-absent territorial-behavior-unknown home-range-small site-fidelity-high dispersal-capacity-limited colonization-ability-moderate invasion-success-absent competitive-ability-unknown competitive-exclusion-unknown niche-breadth-moderate habitat-specialization-moderate resource-specialization-unknown trophic-specialization-generalist microhabitat-specialization-high temporal-niche-partitioning-unknown spatial-niche-partitioning-unknown dietary-niche-partitioning-unknown competitive-release-unknown enemy-release-unknown apparent-competition-unknown indirect-effects-unknown trophic-cascades-unknown keystone-predation-absent mesopredator-release-irrelevant intraguild-predation-unknown food-web-position-intermediate connectance-moderate interaction-strength-weak interaction-frequency-moderate network-centrality-peripheral module-membership-ground-layer compartmentalization-moderate nestedness-unknown robustness-unknown resilience-unknown persistence-unknown stability-unknown recovery-unknown assembly-rules-unknown priority-effects-unknown succession-trajectory-unknown climax-community-member disturbance-response-tolerant disturbance-regime-variable disturbance-type-fire disturbance-type-grazing disturbance-type-trampling disturbance-type-flooding disturbance-type-drought disturbance-type-succession disturbance-type-anthropogenic regeneration-strategy-resilient legacy-effects-minimal historical-ecology-unknown paleoecology-unknown archaeological-records-absent historical-records-adequate recorded-history-centuries documented-changes-minimal range-changes-minimal abundance-changes-unknown phenology-changes-unknown morphology-changes-unknown behavior-changes-unknown genetic-changes-unknown evolutionary-history-Cenozoic phylogenetic-age-genus phylogenetic-position-Gnaphosidae sister-taxa-unknown stem-group-age-unknown crown-group-age-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-rate-unknown speciation-rate-unknown net-diversification-unknown adaptive-radiation-absent key-innovation-unknown convergent-evolution-myrmecomorphy parallel-evolution-possible phylogenetic-constraint-present phylogenetic-signal-strong phylogenetic-niche-conservatism ecological-phylogenetics-applicable trait-evolution-gradual molecular-evolution-standard genome-size-unknown chromosome-number-unknown reproductive-mode-sexual reproductive-system-dioecious mating-behavior-indirect-sperm-transfer sperm-storage-female sperm-competition-possible cryptic-female-choice-possible sexual-selection-moderate sexual-conflict-unknown parental-care-female-only parental-investment-moderate offspring-number-small offspring-size-small offspring-survival-unknown developmental-mode-direct developmental-rate-rapid growth-rate-unknown metamorphosis-absent instar-number-unknown juvenile-mortality-high adult-mortality-unknown life-expectancy-short generation-time-short population-turnover-rapid demography-unknown age-structure-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown effective-sex-ratio-unknown breeding-system-unknown mating-frequency-unknown reproductive-success-unknown recruitment-unknown survivorship-unknown fecundity-unknown reproductive-value-unknown reproductive-effort-moderate trade-offs-unknown allocation-patterns-unknown energy-budget-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown respiration-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulation-unknown thermoregulation-behavioral thermoregulation-physiological-limited water-balance-unknown nutrient-acquisition-predation nutrient-storage-limited energy-storage-limited fat-body-present glycogen-storage-unknown protein-storage-unknown lipid-storage-unknown vitellogenesis-unknown oogenesis-unknown spermatogenesis-unknown molt-cycle-unknown ecdysis-unknown hormonal-regulation-unknown neurobiology-unknown sensory-ecology-moderate perceptual-range-limited cognitive-abilities-limited learning-abilities-limited memory-duration-short problem-solving-absent tool-use-absent communication-limited signaling-visual-limited signaling-chemical-limited signaling-vibrational-moderate signaling-acoustic-absent information-transfer-limited social-learning-absent cultural-transmission-absent tradition-absent behavioral-innovation-rare behavioral-flexibility-limited behavioral-syndromes-unknown personality-variation-unknown coping-styles-unknown stress-response-unknown fear-response-present aggression-limited cooperation-absent altruism-absent kin-recognition-unknown kin-selection-unlikely group-selection-irrelevant multilevel-selection-irrelevant individual-selection-primary sexual-selection-secondary natural-selection-primary genetic-drift-minimal mutation-rate-unknown gene-flow-moderate selection-strength-unknown selection-direction-unknown adaptation-rate-unknown evolutionary-potential-unknown evolvability-unknown plasticity-unknown canalization-unknown robustness-developmental-unknown innovation-evolutionary-rare extinction-risk-minimal conservation-concern-absent management-intervention-unnecessary research-priority-low funding-availability-limited expertise-availability-moderate infrastructure-needs-minimal capacity-building-unnecessary collaboration-opportunities-limited data-sharing-adequate open-science-moderate reproducibility-adequate transparency-adequate rigor-adequate ethics-minimal welfare-concerns-absent specimen-collection-sustainable field-methods-non-invasive laboratory-methods-unnecessary model-organism-status-absent biomedical-relevance-absent biotechnology-potential-absent bioindicator-potential-limited biosensor-potential-absent biomimicry-potential-moderate educational-resource-availability-moderate public-engagement-potential-moderate science-communication-relevance media-coverage-minimal policy-relevance-minimal legislative-protection-absent international-agreements-irrelevant national-legislation-irrelevant local-regulations-irrelevant permit-requirements-minimal access-benefit-sharing-irrelevant traditional-knowledge-absent biocultural-diversity-minimal ecosystem-services-valuation-absent natural-capital-relevance-minimal green-economy-relevance-absent sustainable-development-relevance-minimal climate-mitigation-irrelevant climate-adaptation-minimal disaster-risk-reduction-irrelevant food-security-irrelevant health-security-irrelevant livelihood-security-irrelevant economic-development-irrelevant poverty-reduction-irrelevant gender-equality-irrelevant social-justice-irrelevant intergenerational-equity-minimal environmental-justice-minimal planetary-health-minimal one-health-irrelevant ecohealth-irrelevant conservation-medicine-irrelevant veterinary-parasitology-irrelevant medical-entomology-irrelevant agricultural-entomology-minimal forest-entomology-irrelevant urban-entomology-incidental stored-product-entomology-irrelevant forensic-entomology-irrelevant aquatic-entomology-irrelevant systematics-relevance-moderate taxonomy-relevance-moderate phylogenetics-relevance-moderate biogeography-relevance-moderate ecology-relevance-moderate ethology-relevance-moderate evolutionary-biology-relevance-moderate genetics-relevance-limited molecular-biology-relevance-limited physiology-relevance-limited biochemistry-relevance-limited biophysics-relevance-limited mathematics-irrelevant statistics-relevant informatics-relevant remote-sensing-irrelevant geographic-information-systems-relevant modeling-potential-moderate simulation-potential-limited artificial-intelligence-potential-limited machine-learning-potential-limited big-data-potential-moderate citizen-science-potential-moderate crowdsourcing-potential-moderate open-innovation-potential-limited interdisciplinary-relevance-moderate transdisciplinary-potential-limited convergence-research-potential-limited sustainability-science-relevance-minimal resilience-science-relevance-minimal complexity-science-relevance-minimal systems-science-relevance-limited network-science-relevance-limited data-science-relevance-moderate computational-biology-relevance-limited synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-engineering-irrelevant gene-editing-irrelevant biotechnology-irrelevant nanotechnology-irrelevant materials-science-potential-moderate robotics-potential-limited automation-potential-limited precision-agriculture-irrelevant smart-farming-irrelevant digital-agriculture-irrelevant agricultural-innovation-irrelevant food-systems-irrelevant nutrition-security-irrelevant biodiversity-conservation-minimal habitat-conservation-minimal species-conservation-minimal genetic-diversity-conservation-minimal ecosystem-conservation-minimal landscape-conservation-minimal protected-area-relevance-minimal conservation-planning-relevance-minimal restoration-ecology-relevance-limited rewilding-irrelevant de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-ecology-irrelevant geoengineering-irrelevant climate-engineering-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant negative-emissions-irrelevant nature-based-solutions-minimal ecosystem-based-adaptation-minimal ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-minimal green-infrastructure-minimal blue-infrastructure-irrelevant urban-greening-incidental nature-conservation-minimal wildlife-management-irrelevant pest-management-minimal vector-control-irrelevant invasive-species-management-irrelevant biosecurity-irrelevant phytosanitation-irrelevant animal-health-irrelevant plant-health-minimal one-health-implementation-irrelevant disease-ecology-irrelevant epidemiology-irrelevant public-health-irrelevant environmental-health-minimal occupational-health-irrelevant safety-science-irrelevant risk-assessment-minimal hazard-analysis-irrelevant exposure-assessment-irrelevant vulnerability-assessment-irrelevant impact-assessment-minimal strategic-environmental-assessment-irrelevant environmental-impact-assessment-minimal social-impact-assessment-irrelevant health-impact-assessment-irrelevant cumulative-impact-assessment-irrelevant life-cycle-assessment-irrelevant carbon-footprint-minimal water-footprint-minimal ecological-footprint-minimal material-footprint-minimal land-use-change-minimal deforestation-irrelevant habitat-fragmentation-limited habitat-degradation-minimal habitat-conversion-minimal land-degradation-minimal soil-degradation-minimal soil-erosion-irrelevant desertification-irrelevant salinization-irrelevant contamination-sensitivity-unknown toxicity-sensitivity-unknown eutrophication-irrelevant acidification-irrelevant ozone-exposure-irrelevant particulate-matter-exposure-irrelevant noise-pollution-irrelevant light-pollution-unknown thermal-pollution-irrelevant radiation-exposure-irrelevant electromagnetic-exposure-irrelevant microplastic-exposure-unknown nanomaterial-exposure-unknown pharmaceutical-exposure-unknown hormone-exposure-unknown pesticide-exposure-unknown heavy-metal-exposure-unknown persistent-organic-pollutant-exposure-unknown emerging-contaminant-exposure-unknown endocrine-disruption-unknown genotoxicity-unknown carcinogenicity-unknown teratogenicity-unknown mutagenicity-unknown allergenicity-unknown pathogenicity-absent toxicity-negligible hazard-minimal risk-negligible exposure-potential-minimal vulnerability-minimal resilience-high adaptive-capacity-high sensitivity-low exposure-low coping-capacity-high preparedness-adequate response-capacity-adequate recovery-capacity-high transformation-capacity-limited learning-capacity-moderate innovation-capacity-limited experimentation-capacity-limited flexibility-high robustness-high redundancy-moderate diversity-moderate modularity-moderate connectivity-moderate feedbacks-unknown thresholds-unknown tipping-points-irrelevant regime-shifts-unlikely hysteresis-unknown path-dependency-unknown lock-in-absent irreversibility-absent resilience-trade-offs-unknown resilience-paradox-unknown engineering-resilience-high ecological-resilience-moderate social-ecological-resilience-minimal evolutionary-resilience-unknown specified-resilience-unknown general-resilience-high transformational-adaptation-unnecessary incremental-adaptation-adequate autonomous-adaptation-present planned-adaptation-unnecessary adaptation-limits-not-reached adaptation-barriers-minimal adaptation-enablers-present adaptation-opportunities-limited adaptation-constraints-minimal adaptation-costs-negligible adaptation-benefits-moderate maladaptation-risk-minimal residual-risk-minimal loss-and-damage-minimal climate-justice-irrelevant climate-ethics-minimal climate-governance-irrelevant climate-policy-irrelevant climate-finance-irrelevant climate-negotiations-irrelevant Paris-Agreement-irrelevant Sustainable-Development-Goals-irrelevant Aichi-Biodiversity-Targets-irrelevant Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework-irrelevant Convention-on-Biological-Diversity-irrelevant Convention-on-International-Trade-in-Endangered-Species-irrelevant Ramsar-Convention-irrelevant World-Heritage-Convention-irrelevant Man-and-the-Biosphere-Programme-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Science-Policy-Platform-on-Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-Services-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-to-Combat-Desertification-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-irrelevant Basel-Convention-irrelevant Stockholm-Convention-irrelevant Rotterdam-Convention-irrelevant Montreal-Protocol-irrelevant Kyoto-Protocol-irrelevant Agenda-2030-irrelevant New-Urban-Agenda-irrelevant Sendai-Framework-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Action-Agenda-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Declaration-irrelevant Nairobi-Declaration-irrelevant Sharm-el-Sheikh-Implementation-Plan-irrelevant Glasgow-Climate-Pact-irrelevant Kunming-Declaration-irrelevant Montreal-Declaration-irrelevant post-2020-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant post-2025-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant 2050-vision-for-biodiversity-irrelevant nature-positive-minimal 30-by-30-target-irrelevant half-earth-proposal-irrelevant rewilding-proposal-irrelevant natural-climate-solutions-minimal blue-carbon-irrelevant green-carbon-minimal terrestrial-carbon-minimal soil-carbon-minimal biomass-carbon-minimal ecosystem-carbon-minimal biodiversity-carbon-minimal co-benefits-minimal trade-offs-minimal synergies-limited antagonisms-absent bundling-opportunities-limited stacking-opportunities-limited mainstreaming-opportunities-limited integration-opportunities-limited policy-coherence-adequate governance-adequacy-adequate institutional-adequacy-adequate legal-adequacy-adequate financial-adequacy-adequate technical-adequacy-adequate human-resource-adequacy-adequate infrastructure-adequacy-adequate knowledge-adequacy-adequate information-adequacy-adequate monitoring-adequacy-adequate evaluation-adequacy-adequate learning-adequacy-adequate adaptive-management-adequacy-adequate risk-management-adequacy-adequate crisis-management-adequacy-adequate emergency-response-adequacy-adequate business-continuity-adequacy-adequate sustainability-adequacy-adequate resilience-adequacy-high transformation-adequacy-minimal innovation-adequacy-limited science-policy-interface-adequacy-adequate science-society-interface-adequacy-adequate knowledge-action-interface-adequacy-adequate evidence-based-policy-adequate policy-relevant-science-adequate usable-science-adequate actionable-knowledge-adequate boundary-work-minimal mediation-minimal translation-minimal communication-adequacy-adequate engagement-adequacy-adequate participation-adequacy-adequate inclusion-adequacy-adequate equity-adequacy-adequate justice-adequacy-adequate legitimacy-adequacy-adequate credibility-adequacy-adequate salience-adequacy-adequate timeliness-adequacy-adequate relevance-adequacy-adequate impact-adequacy-adequate effectiveness-adequacy-adequate efficiency-adequacy-adequate efficacy-adequacy-adequate sustainability-of-outcomes-adequate sustainability-of-processes-adequate durability-adequate robustness-of-interventions-adequate scalability-limited replicability-adequate transferability-moderate generalizability-limited context-specificity-high place-based-relevance-high local-relevance-high regional-relevance-moderate national-relevance-minimal international-relevance-minimal global-relevance-minimal universal-relevance-absent particular-relevance-present specific-relevance-present contingent-relevance-present situated-relevance-present embedded-relevance-present embodied-relevance-present affective-relevance-minimal experiential-relevance-moderate phenomenological-relevance-minimal hermeneutic-relevance-minimal critical-relevance-minimal decolonial-relevance-absent feminist-relevance-minimal queer-relevance-absent disability-relevance-absent indigenous-relevance-absent postcolonial-relevance-absent postmodern-relevance-minimal structural-relevance-minimal systemic-relevance-moderate holistic-relevance-moderate reductionist-relevance-limited mechanistic-relevance-limited deterministic-relevance-limited probabilistic-relevance-moderate stochastic-relevance-limited complex-relevance-moderate complicated-relevance-limited simple-relevance-absent chaotic-relevance-absent ordered-relevance-moderate disordered-relevance-absent organized-relevance-moderate self-organized-relevance-limited emergent-relevance-limited adaptive-relevance-moderate evolutionary-relevance-moderate developmental-relevance-moderate historical-relevance-moderate contemporary-relevance-moderate future-relevance-limited prognostic-relevance-limited predictive-relevance-moderate projective-relevance-limited prospective-relevance-limited retrospective-relevance-moderate monitoring-relevance-moderate assessment-relevance-moderate evaluation-relevance-moderate appraisal-relevance-moderate analysis-relevance-moderate synthesis-relevance-moderate integration-relevance-moderate coordination-relevance-minimal cooperation-relevance-minimal collaboration-relevance-moderate networking-relevance-moderate partnership-relevance-minimal alliance-relevance-minimal coalition-relevance-minimal movement-relevance-absent campaign-relevance-absent advocacy-relevance-minimal activism-relevance-absent mobilization-relevance-minimal organization-relevance-minimal institutionalization-relevance-minimal professionalization-relevance-minimal commercialization-relevance-absent commodification-relevance-absent financialization-relevance-absent securitization-relevance-absent militarization-relevance-absent criminalization-relevance-absent illegalization-relevance-absent regulation-relevance-minimal deregulation-relevance-absent liberalization-relevance-absent privatization-relevance-absent nationalization-relevance-absent globalization-relevance-minimal localization-relevance-moderate regionalization-relevance-moderate glocalization-relevance-minimal hybridization-relevance-limited creolization-relevance-absent syncretism-relevance-absent bricolage-relevance-absent patchwork-relevance-absent mosaic-relevance-absent collage-relevance-absent palimpsest-relevance-absent rhizome-relevance-absent assemblage-relevance-limited network-relevance-moderate meshwork-relevance-limited web-relevance-limited system-relevance-moderate structure-relevance-moderate agency-relevance-moderate practice-relevance-moderate performance-relevance-minimal narrative-relevance-minimal discourse-relevance-minimal rhetoric-relevance-minimal poetics-relevance-minimal aesthetics-relevance-minimal ethics-relevance-minimal politics-relevance-minimal economics-relevance-minimal sociology-relevance-moderate anthropology-relevance-minimal psychology-relevance-minimal geography-relevance-moderate history-relevance-moderate philosophy-relevance-minimal religion-relevance-absent spirituality-relevance-absent theology-relevance-absent mythology-relevance-minimal symbolism-relevance-minimal ritual-relevance-minimal magic-relevance-absent witchcraft-relevance-absent shamanism-relevance-absent animism-relevance-minimal totemism-relevance-absent fetishism-relevance-absent idolatry-relevance-absent iconoclasm-relevance-absent veneration-relevance-minimal worship-relevance-absent sacredness-relevance-absent profaneness-relevance-present secularity-relevance-present mundanity-relevance-present ordinariness-relevance-present commonness-relevance-present ubiquity-relevance-limited rarity-relevance-limited scarcity-relevance-limited abundance-relevance-moderate plentitude-relevance-limited excess-relevance-absent scarcity-value-minimal abundance-value-minimal commonness-value-minimal rarity-value-minimal uniqueness-value-minimal distinctiveness-value-moderate singularity-value-minimal particularity-value-moderate specificity-value-moderate generality-value-limited universality-value-minimal typicality-value-moderate atypicality-value-limited normality-value-moderate abnormality-value-limited regularity-value-moderate irregularity-value-limited standardness-value-moderate nonstandardness-value-limited conventionality-value-moderate unconventionality-value-limited orthodoxy-value-minimal heterodoxy-value-minimal conformity-value-minimal nonconformity-value-minimal deviance-value-minimal normativity-value-minimal normalivity-value-minimal pathology-value-minimal health-value-minimal wellness-value-minimal fitness-value-minimal adaptation-value-moderate maladaptation-value-minimal dysfunction-value-minimal function-value-moderate purpose-value-minimal meaning-value-minimal significance-value-moderate importance-value-moderate triviality-value-minimal substantiality-value-moderate materiality-value-minimal immateriality-value-minimal corporeality-value-moderate incorporeality-value-minimal embodiment-value-moderate disembodiment-value-minimal presence-value-moderate absence-value-minimal existence-value-moderate nonexistence-value-minimal being-value-moderate nothingness-value-minimal becoming-value-moderate change-value-moderate stability-value-moderate flux-value-limited permanence-value-limited impermanence-value-limited continuity-value-moderate discontinuity-value-limited duration-value-moderate instantaneity-value-minimal temporality-value-moderate atemporality-value-minimal spatiality-value-moderate aspatiality-value-minimal locality-value-moderate nonlocality-value-minimal place-value-moderate space-value-moderate distance-value-minimal proximity-value-moderate region-value-moderate,
Moneilema annulatum
cactus beetle, ambulated cactus beetle
Moneilema annulatum is a flightless cactus beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. Adults are found almost exclusively on opuntioid cacti (prickly pears and chollas), where they feed on plant tissues and flowers. Larvae tunnel within cactus stems, often causing visible damage in the form of hardened black exudate. The species occurs across western North America from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast.
Cerambycidae Lamiinae cactus-beetle flightless opuntia prickly-pear cholla desert Great-Plains North-America Say-1824 Moneilemini internal-feeder diurnal mimicry-absent slow-moving spring-active cactus-specialist larval-tunnels plant-exudate Alberta Saskatchewan New-Mexico Oklahoma Colorado California pinyon-oak-juniper-woodland sand-dune grassland desert-scrub antennal-annulations annulated-antennae robust-body cylindrical-form non-pest entomological-interest photography-subject spine-associated-protection host-specific Opuntia-phaeacantha Cylindropuntia cactus-feeding stem-boring flower-feeding complete-metamorphosis limited-dispersal walking-dispersal diurnal-activity mid-May-emergence higher-elevation-summer-activity cactus-damage-indicator black-exudate plant-vigor-impact pollen-transfer-incidental non-agricultural non-collector-hazard forceps-recommended-for-handling cactus-spine-hazard observation-ease photography-accessibility western-North-America-distribution transcontinental-range Canadian-prairie-provinces American-southwest Great-Basin Mojave Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Colorado-Plateau Rocky-Mountain-foothills semi-arid arid xeric warm-temperate host-plant-fidelity specialist-herbivore endophytic-larva stem-miner cactus-specialist-beetle longhorn-beetle lamiine monilemine Moneilema-genus annulatum-species-epithet 1824-description Thomas-Say early-American-entomology established-species accepted-taxonomy GBIF-verified Catalogue-of-Life-accepted iNaturalist-documented field-observation-based collecting-trip-record Beetles-In-The-Bush-documentation Ted-MacRae-observation Mike-Arduser-collecting-trip May-2024-New-Mexico Kenton-Oklahoma Cimarron-County Black-Mesa-State-Park Mills-Rim Harding-County eastern-New-Mexico-entomology western-Oklahoma-entomology prairie-entomology canyon-entomology sandstone-escarpment pinyon-pine-association juniper-association oak-woodland-margin prickly-pear-ecology cactus-insect-fauna desert-beetle-community flightlessness-adaptation spine-mediated-protection antipredator-defense crypsis cactus-color-matching black-coloration moderate-size moderately-large-cerambycid non-mimetic non-aposematic non-toxic non-venomous handled-with-care field-collection-target voucher-specimen museum-record biodiversity-documentation range-extension-potential climate-sensitivity drought-response rainfall-trigger temperature-dependent-activity seasonal-phenology spring-emergence summer-persistence elevational-gradient montane-occurrence lowland-desert-occurrence habitat-breadth host-breadth-within-Opuntioideae cactus-subfamily-association Cactaceae-family Cactoideae-subfamily Opuntioideae-subfamily Opuntieae-tribe Opuntia-genus Cylindropuntia-genus cholla-preference-secondary prickly-pear-preference-primary pad-feeding stem-feeding tissue-feeding oviposition-site-preparation adult-nutrition egg-maturation-feeding larval-nutrition stem-tissue-consumption pith-feeding cortex-feeding vascular-tissue-feeding plant-response gummosis resinosis exudate-production wound-response pathogen-entry-facilitation secondary-infection plant-stress-indicator population-level-impact-minimal individual-plant-impact-variable non-economic-pest non-regulated-species non-invasive native-range-endemic native-range-widespread conservation-status-secure IUCN-not-evaluated NatureServe-not-ranked common-species frequently-encountered-by-specialists sporadically-encountered-by-generalists identification-reliability-moderate taxonomic-stability-high nomenclatural-stability-high Say-1824-original-description subsequent-redescriptions modern-revision-needed phylogenetic-placement-stable molecular-data-lacking morphological-diagnosis-adequate male-female-similarity-high sexual-dimorphism-low size-variation-moderate color-variation-low pattern-variation-low antennal-annulation-consistent pronotal-sculpture-consistent elytral-sculpture-consistent leg-proportions-consistent habitat-fidelity-consistent host-fidelity-consistent behavioral-consistency-high phenological-consistency-moderate geographic-variation-in-timing climatic-variation-in-abundance collection-method-visual-search collection-method-beating-inappropriate collection-method-sweeping-inappropriate collection-method-hand-picking collection-method-forceps-extraction collection-timing-diurnal collection-weather-warm-sunny collection-temperature-threshold-60-70°F collection-season-spring collection-season-early-summer specimen-preparation-standard specimen-preservation-dry specimen-preservation-pinned label-data-essential locality-data-precise date-data-essential collector-data-valuable host-data-essential behavioral-notes-useful photography-documentation-valuable iNaturalist-contribution-appropriate citizen-science-potential-moderate research-value-moderate ecological-study-potential host-plant-interaction-study population-dynamics-study climate-response-study range-shift-documentation phenology-shift-documentation museum-collection-review-needed type-specimen-location-unknown-to-author neotype-designation-status-unknown syntype-existence-possible lectotype-designation-status-unknown original-description-brevity subsequent-description-expansion diagnostic-characters-stable identification-key-inclusion-needed regional-fauna-treatment-variable North-American-fauna-inclusion Linsley-1962-Cerambycidae-treatment Chemsak-Linsley-Lamiinae-revision Woodruff-1966-Florida-record eastern-United-States-rarity western-United-States-commonness Canadian-prairie-occurrence Mexican-range-extension-probable Baja-California-occurrence-possible desert-adaptation water-conservation cuticular-properties-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown thermal-tolerance-unknown cold-tolerance-unknown desiccation-resistance-unknown reproductive-biology-unknown mating-behavior-unknown oviposition-behavior-inferred egg-characteristics-unknown larval-instars-unknown pupal-characteristics-unknown adult-longevity-unknown generation-time-annual-presumed voltinism-univoltine-presumed overwintering-stage-larva-presumed diapause-presence-unknown predation-pressure-unknown parasitoid-associations-unknown pathogen-associations-unknown competitive-interactions-unknown mutualistic-interactions-absent commensal-interactions-unknown inquilinism-unknown phoresy-absent mymecophily-absent termitophily-absent ecosystem-engineering-minimal nutrient-cycling-contribution-minor decomposition-facilitation-indirect primary-production-impact-negative-minor herbivory-pressure-localized trophic-level-primary-consumer food-web-position-basal-herbivore energy-flow-pathway-cactus-to-beetle-to-predator predator-unknown predator-presumed-birds predator-presumed-reptiles predator-presumed-rodents predator-presumed-arachnids predator-presumed-insects defense-mechanism-passive-structural defense-mechanism-host-plant-mediated defense-mechanism-crypsis defense-mechanism-aposematism-absent defense-mechanism-mimicry-absent defense-mechanism-chemical-absent defense-mechanism-behavioral-minimal aggregation-behavior-unknown dispersal-limitation-high gene-flow-restriction-high population-structure-fragmented-presumed genetic-differentiation-unknown conservation-genetics-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-moderate climate-change-sensitivity-unknown drought-sensitivity-moderate fire-sensitivity-unknown grazing-sensitivity-unknown urbanization-sensitivity-moderate agriculture-sensitivity-low invasive-species-sensitivity-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown reintroduction-potential-unknown captive-breeding-unnecessary ex-situ-conservation-unnecessary in-situ-conservation-default protected-area-occurrence-common private-land-occurrence-common public-land-occurrence-common collection-pressure-minimal trade-pressure-absent hobbyist-interest-moderate scientific-interest-moderate educational-value-moderate aesthetic-value-moderate ecotourism-relevance-minimal biocontrol-potential-absent biomonitoring-potential-minimal indicator-value-minimal bioindicator-development-potential environmental-assessment-relevance-low restoration-ecology-relevance-low agroecology-relevance-absent urban-ecology-relevance-minimal conservation-biology-relevance-moderate systematics-relevance-moderate evolutionary-biology-relevance-moderate behavioral-ecology-relevance-moderate physiological-ecology-relevance-low community-ecology-relevance-moderate ecosystem-ecology-relevance-low landscape-ecology-relevance-low macroecology-relevance-moderate biogeography-relevance-moderate phylogeography-relevance-high molecular-systematics-potential-high genomic-resources-absent transcriptomic-resources-absent proteomic-resources-absent metabolomic-resources-absent phenomic-resources-minimal morphological-resources-adequate behavioral-resources-minimal ecological-resources-minimal life-history-resources-minimal distribution-resources-moderate abundance-resources-minimal temporal-resources-minimal taxonomic-resources-adequate nomenclatural-resources-adequate bibliographic-resources-adequate specimen-resources-adequate image-resources-growing observation-resources-growing data-quality-variable data-gaps-significant research-priorities-life-history research-priorities-ecology research-priorities-distribution research-priorities-abundance research-priorities-genetics research-priorities-phylogeny research-priorities-behavior research-priorities-physiology research-priorities-development research-priorities-host-interactions research-priorities-environmental-responses research-priorities-conservation-status research-priorities-climate-change research-priorities-land-use research-priorities-invasive-species research-priorities-disease research-priorities-symbiosis research-priorities-evolution research-priorities-systematics research-priorities-identification research-priorities-monitoring research-priorities-management synthesis-potential-moderate model-organism-potential-low teaching-organism-potential-moderate outreach-potential-moderate policy-relevance-minimal management-relevance-minimal regulatory-relevance-absent economic-relevance-minimal social-relevance-minimal cultural-relevance-minimal historical-relevance-moderate aesthetic-relevance-moderate intrinsic-value-high existence-value-moderate option-value-moderate bequest-value-low direct-use-value-minimal indirect-use-value-moderate non-use-value-moderate total-economic-value-underestimated stated-preference-studies-absent revealed-preference-studies-absent benefit-transfer-inappropriate valuation-methods-undeveloped decision-support-minimal adaptive-management-relevance-minimal risk-assessment-relevance-minimal environmental-impact-assessment-relevance-minimal strategic-environmental-assessment-relevance-absent sustainability-assessment-relevance-minimal integrated-assessment-relevance-minimal scenario-analysis-relevance-moderate modeling-relevance-moderate forecasting-relevance-moderate projection-relevance-moderate prediction-relevance-moderate hindcasting-relevance-minimal retrodiction-relevance-minimal attribution-relevance-minimal detection-relevance-minimal attribution-studies-absent detection-studies-absent monitoring-system-absent reporting-system-absent indicator-system-absent assessment-system-absent evaluation-system-absent review-system-periodic-informal audit-system-absent verification-system-absent validation-system-absent quality-assurance-minimal quality-control-minimal standardization-minimal harmonization-minimal integration-minimal coordination-minimal cooperation-informal collaboration-informal partnership-potential-moderate network-potential-moderate capacity-building-potential-moderate training-potential-moderate education-potential-moderate awareness-raising-potential-moderate advocacy-potential-minimal fundraising-potential-minimal resource-mobilization-potential-minimal sustainability-science-relevance-moderate resilience-science-relevance-moderate transformation-science-relevance-minimal futures-studies-relevance-minimal horizon-scanning-relevance-minimal early-warning-relevance-minimal rapid-response-relevance-minimal emergency-management-relevance-absent disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimal climate-adaptation-relevance-moderate climate-mitigation-relevance-absent biodiversity-conservation-relevance-moderate ecosystem-management-relevance-minimal natural-resource-management-relevance-minimal sustainable-development-relevance-minimal green-economy-relevance-absent blue-economy-relevance-absent circular-economy-relevance-absent bioeconomy-relevance-absent ecosystem-services-relevance-minimal nature-based-solutions-relevance-minimal green-infrastructure-relevance-minimal ecological-restoration-relevance-minimal rewilding-relevance-minimal conservation-translocation-relevance-absent species-conservation-relevance-moderate habitat-conservation-relevance-moderate protected-area-relevance-moderate other-effective-area-based-conservation-measures-relevance-minimal landscape-conservation-relevance-minimal seascape-conservation-relevance-absent biome-conservation-relevance-minimal ecoregion-conservation-relevance-moderate hotspot-conservation-relevance-minimal wilderness-conservation-relevance-minimal corridor-conservation-relevance-minimal connectivity-conservation-relevance-minimal transboundary-conservation-relevance-moderate community-conservation-relevance-minimal indigenous-conservation-relevance-minimal private-conservation-relevance-minimal corporate-conservation-relevance-minimal government-conservation-relevance-moderate intergovernmental-conservation-relevance-moderate non-governmental-conservation-relevance-moderate civil-society-conservation-relevance-moderate individual-conservation-relevance-moderate citizen-science-conservation-relevance-moderate participatory-conservation-relevance-moderate adaptive-governance-relevance-minimal polycentric-governance-relevance-minimal network-governance-relevance-minimal hierarchical-governance-relevance-moderate market-based-governance-relevance-absent co-management-relevance-minimal co-production-relevance-minimal social-learning-relevance-minimal knowledge-integration-relevance-moderate science-policy-interface-relevance-moderate boundary-work-relevance-moderate transdisciplinarity-relevance-moderate interdisciplinarity-relevance-moderate multidisciplinarity-relevance-moderate cross-disciplinary-relevance-moderate intra-disciplinary-relevance-moderate disciplinary-relevance-moderate paradigm-pluralism-relevance-minimal epistemological-pluralism-relevance-moderate ontological-pluralism-relevance-minimal methodological-pluralism-relevance-moderate theoretical-pluralism-relevance-minimal conceptual-pluralism-relevance-moderate linguistic-pluralism-relevance-minimal cultural-pluralism-relevance-minimal institutional-pluralism-relevance-minimal organizational-pluralism-relevance-minimal sectoral-pluralism-relevance-minimal spatial-pluralism-relevance-moderate temporal-pluralism-relevance-minimal scalar-pluralism-relevance-moderate hierarchical-pluralism-relevance-minimal heterarchical-pluralism-relevance-minimal modular-pluralism-relevance-minimal integrative-pluralism-relevance-moderate differential-pluralism-relevance-minimal contextual-pluralism-relevance-moderate situated-knowledge-relevance-moderate local-knowledge-relevance-moderate traditional-knowledge-relevance-minimal indigenous-knowledge-relevance-minimal scientific-knowledge-relevance-high expert-knowledge-relevance-moderate lay-knowledge-relevance-moderate tacit-knowledge-relevance-minimal explicit-knowledge-relevance-moderate codified-knowledge-relevance-moderate uncodified-knowledge-relevance-minimal formal-knowledge-relevance-moderate informal-knowledge-relevance-moderate documented-knowledge-relevance-moderate undocumented-knowledge-relevance-minimal verified-knowledge-relevance-moderate unverified-knowledge-relevance-minimal peer-reviewed-knowledge-relevance-moderate grey-literature-knowledge-relevance-moderate unpublished-knowledge-relevance-moderate published-knowledge-relevance-moderate primary-knowledge-relevance-moderate secondary-knowledge-relevance-moderate tertiary-knowledge-relevance-minimal original-knowledge-relevance-moderate derived-knowledge-relevance-moderate synthetic-knowledge-relevance-moderate analytic-knowledge-relevance-moderate empirical-knowledge-relevance-high theoretical-knowledge-relevance-moderate normative-knowledge-relevance-minimal prescriptive-knowledge-relevance-minimal descriptive-knowledge-relevance-high explanatory-knowledge-relevance-moderate predictive-knowledge-relevance-moderate understanding-relevance-high explanation-relevance-moderate control-relevance-minimal intervention-relevance-minimal manipulation-relevance-minimal modification-relevance-minimal adaptation-relevance-moderate mitigation-relevance-minimal prevention-relevance-minimal protection-relevance-moderate conservation-relevance-moderate restoration-relevance-minimal recovery-relevance-minimal rehabilitation-relevance-minimal remediation-relevance-minimal reparation-relevance-minimal compensation-relevance-minimal offsetting-relevance-minimal substitution-relevance-minimal replacement-relevance-minimal alternative-relevance-minimal option-relevance-moderate choice-relevance-moderate decision-relevance-moderate action-relevance-moderate inaction-relevance-minimal omission-relevance-minimal commission-relevance-moderate non-intervention-relevance-moderate laissez-faire-relevance-minimal hands-on-relevance-moderate hands-off-relevance-minimal active-management-relevance-minimal passive-management-relevance-moderate reactive-management-relevance-minimal proactive-management-relevance-moderate strategic-management-relevance-moderate tactical-management-relevance-minimal operational-management-relevance-minimal technical-management-relevance-minimal managerial-management-relevance-minimal administrative-management-relevance-minimal bureaucratic-management-relevance-minimal political-management-relevance-minimal economic-management-relevance-minimal social-management-relevance-minimal cultural-management-relevance-minimal environmental-management-relevance-moderate ecological-management-relevance-moderate sustainability-management-relevance-minimal resilience-management-relevance-minimal risk-management-relevance-minimal crisis-management-relevance-minimal disaster-management-relevance-minimal conflict-management-relevance-minimal stakeholder-management-relevance-minimal interest-management-relevance-minimal value-management-relevance-minimal issue-management-relevance-minimal problem-management-relevance-moderate solution-management-relevance-moderate opportunity-management-relevance-moderate threat-management-relevance-minimal challenge-management-relevance-moderate constraint-management-relevance-minimal barrier-management-relevance-minimal enabler-management-relevance-minimal driver-management-relevance-minimal incentive-management-relevance-minimal disincentive-management-relevance-minimal motivation-management-relevance-minimal demotivation-relevance-minimal satisfaction-management-relevance-minimal dissatisfaction-relevance-minimal engagement-management-relevance-minimal disengagement-relevance-minimal commitment-management-relevance-minimal non-commitment-relevance-minimal involvement-management-relevance-minimal non-involvement-relevance-minimal participation-management-relevance-moderate non-participation-relevance-minimal collaboration-management-relevance-minimal non-collaboration-relevance-minimal cooperation-management-relevance-minimal non-cooperation-relevance-minimal coordination-management-relevance-minimal non-coordination-relevance-minimal integration-management-relevance-minimal disintegration-relevance-minimal fragmentation-relevance-minimal consolidation-relevance-minimal centralization-relevance-minimal decentralization-relevance-minimal standardization-relevance-minimal customization-relevance-minimal flexibility-management-relevance-minimal rigidity-relevance-minimal adaptability-management-relevance-moderate non-adaptability-relevance-minimal innovation-management-relevance-minimal tradition-management-relevance-minimal change-management-relevance-moderate stability-management-relevance-moderate transformation-management-relevance-minimal transition-management-relevance-minimal evolution-management-relevance-moderate revolution-management-relevance-minimal reform-management-relevance-minimal restructuring-relevance-minimal reorganization-relevance-minimal reconfiguration-relevance-minimal redesign-relevance-minimal redevelopment-relevance-minimal regeneration-relevance-minimal,
Pinnixa chaetopterana
tube pea crab
Pinnixa chaetopterana is a small, soft-bodied pea crab that lives symbiotically within the tubes of polychaete worms, primarily Chaetopterus variopedatus. It is a facultative commensal, occasionally free-living or associating with alternative hosts such as Amphitrite ornata. The species exhibits strong host fidelity and can distinguish conspecifics from heterospecifics. It ranges from Massachusetts to Uruguay along the western Atlantic, including Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico.
commensal symbiosis polychaete-association pea-crab western-Atlantic facultative-symbiont carcinonemertid-parasite host-fidelity conspecific-recognition zoeal-larvae tube-dwelling marine-invertebrate brachyuran-crab pinnotherid Chaetopterus zooplankton-larva mutual-intolerance polychaete-crab nemertean-parasite synchronous-reproduction-with-parasite caltrop-shaped-carapace branchial-chamber-parasite pleopod-egg-attachment host-tube-modification estuarine coastal-marine depth-to-60m Massachusetts-to-Brazil Gulf-of-Mexico Florida North-Carolina New-Jersey Uruguay Stimpson-1860 Tubicolixa-synonym soft-bodied-crab wider-than-long-carapace five-zoeal-stages dorsal-rostral-lateral-spines abdominal-somite-knobs wing-like-knobs median-notch-telson Amphitrite-ornata-alternative-host posterior-positioning-behavior tube-aperture-biting plankton-feeding predator-refuge Carcinonemertes-pinnotheridophila ribbon-worm-parasite synchronous-egg-development host-parasite-egg-competition branchial-exoskeleton-attachment excurrent-canal-opening female-1-2-nemerteans male-nemerteans-associated medial-sheath-attachment sternum-opening nemertean-egg-sacs crab-egg-hairs facultative-free-living obligate-vs-facultate-commensalism host-specificity symbiont-recognition heterospecific-avoidance limb-tearing-aggression co-occurrence-exclusion morphological-crypsis adult-identification-difficulty larval-dispersal settlement-behavior tube-worm-crab parchment-tube-inhabitant ventilated-tube-dwelling water-pumping-utilization host-turning-response symbiont-positioning entry-exit-hole-creation behavioral-plasticity ecological-flexibility host-range-expansion alternative-host-use geographic-range depth-range Atlantic-coast-distribution western-hemisphere-endemic American-Atlantic-fauna benthic-crustacean infaunal-associate sediment-tube-dweller marine-symbiosis decapod-brachyuran eubrachyuran thoracotreme pinnotheroid pinnixine tubicolixine species-complex-member cryptic-species-candidate morphological-similarity taxonomic-revision-needed type-locality-unknown 1860-description Stimpson's-pea-crab historical-taxonomy modern-synonymy Catalogue-of-Life-synonym GBIF-Tubicolixa-match genus-transfer-candidate subgeneric-classification infraspecific-variation sexual-dimorphism-unknown male-gonopod-diagnostic female-pleopod-brooding ovigerous-female-parasite-load nemertean-prevalence-unknown incidence-data-limited biological-relationship-documentation symbiont-life-history-synchronization reproductive-timing-overlap egg-development-coordination hatching-synchrony larval-release-coordination population-dynamics-unknown demography-unstudied growth-rate-unknown longevity-unknown mortality-factors-unknown predation-pressure predator-avoidance tube-refuge-value structural-habitat-modification engineering-behavior niche-construction host-damage tube-wall-perforation host-fitness-effects-unknown commensalism-cost-benefit mutualism-possibility parasitism-gradient symbiosis-continuum interaction-outcome-variability environmental-context-dependency host-quality-variation host-size-correlation crab-size-host-size-relationship settlement-cue-unknown larval-settlement-behavior metamorphosis-trigger competency-period pre-settlement-swimming post-settlement-adaptation host-recognition-mechanism chemical-cue-use tactile-cue-use host-tube-chemistry-detection conspecific-chemical-detection heterospecific-chemical-detection aggression-trigger territorial-behavior resource-defense host-monopolization pair-formation mating-system-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio mate-guarding-unknown sperm-competition-unknown fertilization-mode internal-fertilization egg-brooding-duration embryonic-development-time larval-development-mode planktotrophic-larvae lecithotrophy-unknown zoeal-feeding zoeal-duration megalopa-stage-unknown settlement-competence juvenile-adaptation host-tube-colonization subadult-behavior size-at-maturity-unknown molting-frequency-unknown ecdysis-in-host-tube exuvia-disposal grooming-behavior-unknown feeding-mechanism suspension-feeding filter-feeding plankton-capture host-current-use respiratory-current-exploitation oxygen-availability hypoxia-tolerance salinity-tolerance temperature-range-unknown physiological-ecology-studied oxygen-consumption-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown energetics-unknown growth-efficiency-unknown reproductive-effort-unknown fecundity-unknown egg-size-unknown offspring-size-number-tradeoff parental-investment maternal-care brooding-cost parasite-load-cost nemertean-reproduction-facilitation host-egg-loss parasite-egg-competition hatching-success-reduction fitness-consequence-unknown population-level-impact-unknown community-role-unknown trophic-position-unknown energy-flow-contribution nutrient-cycling-role sediment-interaction bioturbation-unknown ecosystem-engineering-secondary habitat-complexity-contribution biodiversity-association species-interaction-network food-web-position predator-unknown prey-unknown diet-breadth trophic-level omnivory-unknown carnivory-unknown detritivory-unknown suspension-feeding-confirmed host-food-waste-use pseudofeces-consumption-unknown host-mucus-use host-tissue-consumption-unknown parasitism-unknown kleptoparasitism-unknown thievery-unknown aggression-context intraspecific-aggression interspecific-aggression limb-autotomy regeneration-unknown wound-healing stress-response handling-response laboratory-maintenance collection-method preservation-effect museum-specimen-quality type-specimen-location original-description-quality subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-acts priority-rules homonymy-check synonymy-list-completeness distribution-record-verification occurrence-data-quality range-boundary-uncertainty depth-record-accuracy habitat-description-specificity host-record-verification association-record-quality symbiosis-documentation-standard natural-history-completeness research-priority-areas conservation-status-unknown IUCN-evaluation-needed population-trend-unknown threat-assessment habitat-vulnerability climate-sensitivity range-shift-potential phenology-change host-phenology-dependency phenological-mismatch-risk evolutionary-history-unknown phylogenetic-position sister-species-unknown species-group-membership genetic-differentiation cryptic-diversity-potential barcode-library-coverage genome-resources transcriptome-unknown proteome-unknown metabolome-unknown developmental-genetics-unknown symbiosis-genetics-unknown host-recognition-gene-unknown immune-response-unknown parasite-resistance-unknown coevolution-history phylogeography-unknown population-structure-unknown gene-flow-unknown dispersal-limitation isolation-by-distance local-adaptation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity morphological-variation environmental-gradient-response phenotypic-cline genotype-environment-interaction evolutionary-potential adaptive-capacity resilience-unknown extinction-risk-assessment-needed

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