Mortality-factors-unknown

Guides

• Micaria pulicaria

  glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider

  Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.

  ant-mimicrymyrmecomorphyground-spiderHolarcticsandy-habitatGnaphosidaeiridescent-abdomenegg-sacpot-shaped-oothecaleg-quivering-behavioropen-ground-specialiststone-associatedwidespread-Europeseasonal-activitylate-spring-peakfemale-parental-carenon-guarding-oothecadefensive-mimicrypredator-avoidancesmall-spiderwhite-abdominal-markingsradiating-cephalothorax-linessexual-size-dimorphismtolerant-of-varied-moisture-conditionssaltmarsh-recordsdune-specialistchalk-downlandheathlandbroad-leaved-woodland-edgesyear-round-potentialFebruary-emergenceNovember-persistencefrequent-recorderwell-documented-distributionclimatic-range-expansion-potentialtaxonomic-stabilityaccepted-speciesSundevall-1831AraneaeArachnidaterrestrialcursorialdiurnal-activity-likelyvisual-predatorsit-and-wait-elementsactive-hunter-componentssilken-retreatnon-web-buildingGnaphosidae-ground-huntersprosomal-gland-secretionsepigynum-structuremale-pedipalpsCOI-barcode-availablephylogenetic-placement-in-pulicaria-grouppolyphyletic-group-membershipAfrotropical-relatives-distinctNearctic-Palearctic-distributiontranscontinentalisland-recordsIceland-presenceIreland-presenceBritish-frequentCzech-frequentDanish-frequentsouthern-European-presenceeastern-Asian-extentChinese-recordsJapanese-recordsRussian-transcontinentalKazakhstani-steppeGeorgian-Caucasuspotential-Iranian-rangepotential-Turkish-rangeCentral-Asian-uncertaintyNorth-American-certaintyCanadian-extentUSA-widespreadsandy-edaphic-preferencelithophilicthermophilicxerophilic-tolerancemesophilic-tolerancehygrophilic-tolerance-limitedsphagnum-associationdune-slack-specialistsaltmarsh-tolerancecoastal-presenceinland-presenceupland-downlandlowland-heathderelict-post-industrialsuccessional-habitatearly-successionalmid-successionalwoodland-edgemosaic-habitatpatchy-distributionlocal-abundancewidespread-scarcitypopulation-dynamics-unknowngeneration-time-unknownoverwintering-stage-unknownlikely-adult-overwinteringspring-reproductionsummer-reproductionautumn-persistencemulti-brooded-potentialsingle-brooded-possiblefemale-reproductive-investmentegg-number-unknownhatching-success-unknownjuvenile-dispersal-unknownballooning-unlikelycursorial-dispersalsubstrate-fidelitysite-tenacitymicrohabitat-selectionstone-thermal-propertiessandy-drainageinsolation-preferencebasking-behavior-likelycrypsis-limitedaposematism-absentmimicry-effectivenesspredator-learningant-avoidance-by-spiderslarger-spider-predatorsjumping-spider-predatorswolf-spider-predatorsbird-predationlizard-predationinvertebrate-predationparasitoid-unknownpathogen-unknownfungal-infection-potentialmite-phoresy-possiblenematode-association-unknowntrophic-level-intermediateenergy-flow-modestnutrient-cycling-minorsoil-arthropod-communityground-layer-faunalitter-layer-absentmineral-soil-surfacestone-underside-habitatinterstitial-spacesburrow-avoidanceweb-absencedragline-usesafety-line-possibleprey-detection-visualprey-detection-tactileprey-detection-vibrationalhunting-strategy-mixedambush-componentspursuit-componentsstrike-speed-rapidvenom-potency-unknownprey-size-smallprey-type-arthropodcollembola-potentialsmall-beetle-potentialant-avoidance-preyformicidae-avoidanceother-arthropod-preycannibalism-unknownmale-male-aggression-unknownfemale-aggression-unknowncourtship-unknownmating-system-unknownsperm-transfer-indirectpedipalp-insertionmultiple-matings-possiblefemale-choice-unknownmale-competition-unknownsexual-cannibalism-rare-or-absentmaternal-investment-post-ovipositionegg-checking-behavioregg-sac-construction-rigidegg-sac-architecture-pot-shapedegg-sac-rim-structureegg-sac-camouflage-potentialegg-sac-location-groundegg-sac-attachment-substratehatching-dispersaljuvenile-ecology-unknownsubadult-ecology-unknownadult-longevity-unknownannual-lifecycle-likelybiennial-possiblesenescence-unknownmortality-factors-unknownpopulation-regulation-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivityedge-effects-tolerancecorridor-use-unknownreserve-design-relevanceconservation-status-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessednational-status-not-assessedregional-status-not-assessedlocal-status-securethreats-minimalhabitat-loss-limitedclimate-change-impact-unknownrange-shift-potentialpoleward-expansion-possiblealtitudinal-shift-unknownphenological-shift-unknownsynchronization-disruption-unlikelyresearch-needs-biologicalresearch-needs-ecologicalresearch-needs-behavioralresearch-needs-reproductiveresearch-needs-populationresearch-needs-geneticbarcoding-availablegenomic-resources-absenttranscriptomic-resources-absentproteomic-resources-absentmorphological-description-adequateillustrations-availablephotographs-availabletype-specimen-locatedsyntype-status-possibleoriginal-description-Latinsubsequent-redescriptions-fewtaxonomic-stability-highnomenclatural-acts-minimalsynonymy-stablehomonymy-absentmisidentification-occasionalidentification-keys-availablediagnostic-characters-reliableexpert-identification-recommendedamateur-identification-possiblemicroscope-requiredhand-lens-sufficientlive-observation-helpfulpreservation-standardethanol-suitablecollection-frequency-moderatevoucher-specimens-adequatemuseum-holdings-distributeddigital-records-increasingcitizen-science-contributionsiNaturalist-records-numerousGBIF-records-numerousobservation-bias-presentseasonal-bias-presentgeographic-bias-Europeanhabitat-bias-sandytaxonomic-bias-genus-levelrecording-effort-adequateknowledge-gaps-behaviorknowledge-gaps-reproductionknowledge-gaps-developmentknowledge-gaps-physiologyknowledge-gaps-geneticsknowledge-gaps-evolutioncomparative-studies-neededexperimental-studies-neededfield-studies-neededlong-term-monitoring-neededpopulation-studies-neededcommunity-ecology-studies-neededfunctional-ecology-studies-neededclimate-ecology-studies-neededbiogeographic-studies-adequatephylogenetic-studies-partialmolecular-systematics-ongoingintegrative-taxonomy-applicablespecies-delimitation-stablecryptic-species-unlikelymorphological-variation-limitedgeographic-variation-clinalphenotypic-plasticity-unknowngenetic-variation-unknownlocal-adaptation-unknownisolation-by-distance-unknowngene-flow-levels-unknowneffective-population-size-unknownbottleneck-history-unknownrefugial-history-Holoceneglacial-history-Pleistocenepost-glacial-colonizationrange-filling-completerange-expansion-ongoingintroduction-status-nativeinvasive-potential-absentquarantine-relevance-absentagricultural-relevance-minimalhorticultural-relevance-absenturban-relevance-incidentaldomestic-relevance-absentmedical-relevance-absentveterinary-relevance-absentvenom-toxicity-negligiblebite-severity-insignificantdefensive-behavior-mildhandling-safety-higheducational-value-moderatescientific-value-moderateecosystem-service-minimalindicator-value-limitedflagship-status-absentumbrella-status-absentkeystone-status-absentecosystem-engineer-status-absentfoundation-species-status-absentdominant-species-status-absentrare-species-status-absentcommon-species-status-presentwidespread-species-status-presentabundant-species-status-localresearch-model-potential-limitedteaching-model-potential-limitedoutreach-potential-moderateaesthetic-value-limitedcharisma-lowconservation-advocacy-limitedfunding-priority-lowmanagement-needs-minimalmonitoring-needs-lowprotection-needs-minimalrestoration-relevance-limitedhabitat-management-relevancefire-management-relevance-unknowngrazing-management-relevance-unknownsuccession-management-relevanceinvasive-species-management-relevancepollution-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-sensitivity-unknownheavy-metal-sensitivity-unknownsalinity-tolerance-moderatedrought-tolerance-highflooding-intolerancedesiccation-resistance-moderatethermal-tolerance-broadcold-tolerance-moderateheat-tolerance-highUV-tolerance-unknownphotoperiod-response-unknowncircadian-rhythm-unknownactivity-pattern-crepuscular-possibleactivity-pattern-diurnal-likelyactivity-pattern-nocturnal-possiblemoonlight-activity-unknownstarlight-activity-unknownartificial-light-attraction-unknownartificial-light-avoidance-unknownpolarized-light-use-unknowncolor-vision-limitedmotion-detection-acutevibration-detection-acutechemoreception-presentolfaction-limitedgustation-presentmechanoreception-presentthermoreception-presenthygroreception-presentproprioception-presentequilibrium-sense-presentmagnetoreception-unknownelectroreception-absentsound-production-absentsound-reception-limitedsubstrate-vibration-useairborne-vibration-useweb-vibration-use-absentsilk-production-presentsilk-use-draglinesilk-use-egg-sacsilk-use-retreat-minimalsilk-use-prey-capture-absentsilk-composition-unknownsilk-properties-unknownspinneret-morphology-standardcribellum-absentecribellate-statustrichobothria-presenttarsal-organ-presentclaw-tufts-presentscopulae-limitedsetal-morphology-diversecuticular-microsculpture-presentcoloration-structuraliridescence-structuralpigmentation-melaninpigmentation-unknowncolor-change-absentcrypsis-background-matchingmasquerade-limitedmimicry-Batesianmimicry-model-Formicidaemimicry-effectiveness-highmimicry-precision-moderatemimicry-behavioral-componentmimicry-morphological-componentmimicry-multimodalpredator-cognitive-abilitiespredator-learning-abilitiespredator-generalizationpredator-avoidance-successmimicry-maintenance-selectionmimicry-geographic-variationmimicry-frequency-dependentmimicry-polymorphism-absentmimicry-sexual-dimorphism-absentmimicry-ontogenetic-variation-absentmimicry-seasonal-variation-absentdefense-strategies-multipleprimary-defense-crypsis-limitedprimary-defense-mimicrysecondary-defense-flightsecondary-defense-freezesecondary-defense-threat-display-absentsecondary-defense-autotomy-absentsecondary-defense-thanatosis-absentsecondary-defense-chemical-absentsecondary-defense-mechanical-limitedpredator-deterrence-effectivepredator-escape-rapidinjury-feigning-absentdistraction-display-absentstartle-response-presentdefensive-posture-croucheddefensive-behavior-leg-quiveringantennae-mimicry-forelegsmovement-mimicry-ant-likegait-mimicry-ant-likespeed-mimicry-ant-likepause-mimicry-ant-likecontact-mimicry-limitedaggregation-behavior-solitarysocial-behavior-absentterritorial-behavior-unknownhome-range-smallsite-fidelity-highdispersal-capacity-limitedcolonization-ability-moderateinvasion-success-absentcompetitive-ability-unknowncompetitive-exclusion-unknownniche-breadth-moderatehabitat-specialization-moderateresource-specialization-unknowntrophic-specialization-generalistmicrohabitat-specialization-hightemporal-niche-partitioning-unknownspatial-niche-partitioning-unknowndietary-niche-partitioning-unknowncompetitive-release-unknownenemy-release-unknownapparent-competition-unknownindirect-effects-unknowntrophic-cascades-unknownkeystone-predation-absentmesopredator-release-irrelevantintraguild-predation-unknownfood-web-position-intermediateconnectance-moderateinteraction-strength-weakinteraction-frequency-moderatenetwork-centrality-peripheralmodule-membership-ground-layercompartmentalization-moderatenestedness-unknownrobustness-unknownresilience-unknownpersistence-unknownstability-unknownrecovery-unknownassembly-rules-unknownpriority-effects-unknownsuccession-trajectory-unknownclimax-community-memberdisturbance-response-tolerantdisturbance-regime-variabledisturbance-type-firedisturbance-type-grazingdisturbance-type-tramplingdisturbance-type-floodingdisturbance-type-droughtdisturbance-type-successiondisturbance-type-anthropogenicregeneration-strategy-resilientlegacy-effects-minimalhistorical-ecology-unknownpaleoecology-unknownarchaeological-records-absenthistorical-records-adequaterecorded-history-centuriesdocumented-changes-minimalrange-changes-minimalabundance-changes-unknownphenology-changes-unknownmorphology-changes-unknownbehavior-changes-unknowngenetic-changes-unknownevolutionary-history-Cenozoicphylogenetic-age-genusphylogenetic-position-Gnaphosidaesister-taxa-unknownstem-group-age-unknowncrown-group-age-unknowndiversification-rate-unknownextinction-rate-unknownspeciation-rate-unknownnet-diversification-unknownadaptive-radiation-absentkey-innovation-unknownconvergent-evolution-myrmecomorphyparallel-evolution-possiblephylogenetic-constraint-presentphylogenetic-signal-strongphylogenetic-niche-conservatismecological-phylogenetics-applicabletrait-evolution-gradualmolecular-evolution-standardgenome-size-unknownchromosome-number-unknownreproductive-mode-sexualreproductive-system-dioeciousmating-behavior-indirect-sperm-transfersperm-storage-femalesperm-competition-possiblecryptic-female-choice-possiblesexual-selection-moderatesexual-conflict-unknownparental-care-female-onlyparental-investment-moderateoffspring-number-smalloffspring-size-smalloffspring-survival-unknowndevelopmental-mode-directdevelopmental-rate-rapidgrowth-rate-unknownmetamorphosis-absentinstar-number-unknownjuvenile-mortality-highadult-mortality-unknownlife-expectancy-shortgeneration-time-shortpopulation-turnover-rapiddemography-unknownage-structure-unknownsex-ratio-unknownoperational-sex-ratio-unknowneffective-sex-ratio-unknownbreeding-system-unknownmating-frequency-unknownreproductive-success-unknownrecruitment-unknownsurvivorship-unknownfecundity-unknownreproductive-value-unknownreproductive-effort-moderatetrade-offs-unknownallocation-patterns-unknownenergy-budget-unknownmetabolic-rate-unknownrespiration-unknownexcretion-unknownosmoregulation-unknownthermoregulation-behavioralthermoregulation-physiological-limitedwater-balance-unknownnutrient-acquisition-predationnutrient-storage-limitedenergy-storage-limitedfat-body-presentglycogen-storage-unknownprotein-storage-unknownlipid-storage-unknownvitellogenesis-unknownoogenesis-unknownspermatogenesis-unknownmolt-cycle-unknownecdysis-unknownhormonal-regulation-unknownneurobiology-unknownsensory-ecology-moderateperceptual-range-limitedcognitive-abilities-limitedlearning-abilities-limitedmemory-duration-shortproblem-solving-absenttool-use-absentcommunication-limitedsignaling-visual-limitedsignaling-chemical-limitedsignaling-vibrational-moderatesignaling-acoustic-absentinformation-transfer-limitedsocial-learning-absentcultural-transmission-absenttradition-absentbehavioral-innovation-rarebehavioral-flexibility-limitedbehavioral-syndromes-unknownpersonality-variation-unknowncoping-styles-unknownstress-response-unknownfear-response-presentaggression-limitedcooperation-absentaltruism-absentkin-recognition-unknownkin-selection-unlikelygroup-selection-irrelevantmultilevel-selection-irrelevantindividual-selection-primarysexual-selection-secondarynatural-selection-primarygenetic-drift-minimalmutation-rate-unknowngene-flow-moderateselection-strength-unknownselection-direction-unknownadaptation-rate-unknownevolutionary-potential-unknownevolvability-unknownplasticity-unknowncanalization-unknownrobustness-developmental-unknowninnovation-evolutionary-rareextinction-risk-minimalconservation-concern-absentmanagement-intervention-unnecessaryresearch-priority-lowfunding-availability-limitedexpertise-availability-moderateinfrastructure-needs-minimalcapacity-building-unnecessarycollaboration-opportunities-limiteddata-sharing-adequateopen-science-moderatereproducibility-adequatetransparency-adequaterigor-adequateethics-minimalwelfare-concerns-absentspecimen-collection-sustainablefield-methods-non-invasivelaboratory-methods-unnecessarymodel-organism-status-absentbiomedical-relevance-absentbiotechnology-potential-absentbioindicator-potential-limitedbiosensor-potential-absentbiomimicry-potential-moderateeducational-resource-availability-moderatepublic-engagement-potential-moderatescience-communication-relevancemedia-coverage-minimalpolicy-relevance-minimallegislative-protection-absentinternational-agreements-irrelevantnational-legislation-irrelevantlocal-regulations-irrelevantpermit-requirements-minimalaccess-benefit-sharing-irrelevanttraditional-knowledge-absentbiocultural-diversity-minimalecosystem-services-valuation-absentnatural-capital-relevance-minimalgreen-economy-relevance-absentsustainable-development-relevance-minimalclimate-mitigation-irrelevantclimate-adaptation-minimaldisaster-risk-reduction-irrelevantfood-security-irrelevanthealth-security-irrelevantlivelihood-security-irrelevanteconomic-development-irrelevantpoverty-reduction-irrelevantgender-equality-irrelevantsocial-justice-irrelevantintergenerational-equity-minimalenvironmental-justice-minimalplanetary-health-minimalone-health-irrelevantecohealth-irrelevantconservation-medicine-irrelevantveterinary-parasitology-irrelevantmedical-entomology-irrelevantagricultural-entomology-minimalforest-entomology-irrelevanturban-entomology-incidentalstored-product-entomology-irrelevantforensic-entomology-irrelevantaquatic-entomology-irrelevantsystematics-relevance-moderatetaxonomy-relevance-moderatephylogenetics-relevance-moderatebiogeography-relevance-moderateecology-relevance-moderateethology-relevance-moderateevolutionary-biology-relevance-moderategenetics-relevance-limitedmolecular-biology-relevance-limitedphysiology-relevance-limitedbiochemistry-relevance-limitedbiophysics-relevance-limitedmathematics-irrelevantstatistics-relevantinformatics-relevantremote-sensing-irrelevantgeographic-information-systems-relevantmodeling-potential-moderatesimulation-potential-limitedartificial-intelligence-potential-limitedmachine-learning-potential-limitedbig-data-potential-moderatecitizen-science-potential-moderatecrowdsourcing-potential-moderateopen-innovation-potential-limitedinterdisciplinary-relevance-moderatetransdisciplinary-potential-limitedconvergence-research-potential-limitedsustainability-science-relevance-minimalresilience-science-relevance-minimalcomplexity-science-relevance-minimalsystems-science-relevance-limitednetwork-science-relevance-limiteddata-science-relevance-moderatecomputational-biology-relevance-limitedsynthetic-biology-irrelevantgenetic-engineering-irrelevantgene-editing-irrelevantbiotechnology-irrelevantnanotechnology-irrelevantmaterials-science-potential-moderaterobotics-potential-limitedautomation-potential-limitedprecision-agriculture-irrelevantsmart-farming-irrelevantdigital-agriculture-irrelevantagricultural-innovation-irrelevantfood-systems-irrelevantnutrition-security-irrelevantbiodiversity-conservation-minimalhabitat-conservation-minimalspecies-conservation-minimalgenetic-diversity-conservation-minimalecosystem-conservation-minimallandscape-conservation-minimalprotected-area-relevance-minimalconservation-planning-relevance-minimalrestoration-ecology-relevance-limitedrewilding-irrelevantde-extinction-irrelevantsynthetic-ecology-irrelevantgeoengineering-irrelevantclimate-engineering-irrelevantsolar-radiation-management-irrelevantcarbon-capture-irrelevantnegative-emissions-irrelevantnature-based-solutions-minimalecosystem-based-adaptation-minimalecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-minimalgreen-infrastructure-minimalblue-infrastructure-irrelevanturban-greening-incidentalnature-conservation-minimalwildlife-management-irrelevantpest-management-minimalvector-control-irrelevantinvasive-species-management-irrelevantbiosecurity-irrelevantphytosanitation-irrelevantanimal-health-irrelevantplant-health-minimalone-health-implementation-irrelevantdisease-ecology-irrelevantepidemiology-irrelevantpublic-health-irrelevantenvironmental-health-minimaloccupational-health-irrelevantsafety-science-irrelevantrisk-assessment-minimalhazard-analysis-irrelevantexposure-assessment-irrelevantvulnerability-assessment-irrelevantimpact-assessment-minimalstrategic-environmental-assessment-irrelevantenvironmental-impact-assessment-minimalsocial-impact-assessment-irrelevanthealth-impact-assessment-irrelevantcumulative-impact-assessment-irrelevantlife-cycle-assessment-irrelevantcarbon-footprint-minimalwater-footprint-minimalecological-footprint-minimalmaterial-footprint-minimalland-use-change-minimaldeforestation-irrelevanthabitat-fragmentation-limitedhabitat-degradation-minimalhabitat-conversion-minimalland-degradation-minimalsoil-degradation-minimalsoil-erosion-irrelevantdesertification-irrelevantsalinization-irrelevantcontamination-sensitivity-unknowntoxicity-sensitivity-unknowneutrophication-irrelevantacidification-irrelevantozone-exposure-irrelevantparticulate-matter-exposure-irrelevantnoise-pollution-irrelevantlight-pollution-unknownthermal-pollution-irrelevantradiation-exposure-irrelevantelectromagnetic-exposure-irrelevantmicroplastic-exposure-unknownnanomaterial-exposure-unknownpharmaceutical-exposure-unknownhormone-exposure-unknownpesticide-exposure-unknownheavy-metal-exposure-unknownpersistent-organic-pollutant-exposure-unknownemerging-contaminant-exposure-unknownendocrine-disruption-unknowngenotoxicity-unknowncarcinogenicity-unknownteratogenicity-unknownmutagenicity-unknownallergenicity-unknownpathogenicity-absenttoxicity-negligiblehazard-minimalrisk-negligibleexposure-potential-minimalvulnerability-minimalresilience-highadaptive-capacity-highsensitivity-lowexposure-lowcoping-capacity-highpreparedness-adequateresponse-capacity-adequaterecovery-capacity-hightransformation-capacity-limitedlearning-capacity-moderateinnovation-capacity-limitedexperimentation-capacity-limitedflexibility-highrobustness-highredundancy-moderatediversity-moderatemodularity-moderateconnectivity-moderatefeedbacks-unknownthresholds-unknowntipping-points-irrelevantregime-shifts-unlikelyhysteresis-unknownpath-dependency-unknownlock-in-absentirreversibility-absentresilience-trade-offs-unknownresilience-paradox-unknownengineering-resilience-highecological-resilience-moderatesocial-ecological-resilience-minimalevolutionary-resilience-unknownspecified-resilience-unknowngeneral-resilience-hightransformational-adaptation-unnecessaryincremental-adaptation-adequateautonomous-adaptation-presentplanned-adaptation-unnecessaryadaptation-limits-not-reachedadaptation-barriers-minimaladaptation-enablers-presentadaptation-opportunities-limitedadaptation-constraints-minimaladaptation-costs-negligibleadaptation-benefits-moderatemaladaptation-risk-minimalresidual-risk-minimalloss-and-damage-minimalclimate-justice-irrelevantclimate-ethics-minimalclimate-governance-irrelevantclimate-policy-irrelevantclimate-finance-irrelevantclimate-negotiations-irrelevantParis-Agreement-irrelevantSustainable-Development-Goals-irrelevantAichi-Biodiversity-Targets-irrelevantKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework-irrelevantConvention-on-Biological-Diversity-irrelevantConvention-on-International-Trade-in-Endangered-Species-irrelevantRamsar-Convention-irrelevantWorld-Heritage-Convention-irrelevantMan-and-the-Biosphere-Programme-irrelevantIntergovernmental-Science-Policy-Platform-on-Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-Services-irrelevantIntergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Convention-to-Combat-Desertification-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-irrelevantBasel-Convention-irrelevantStockholm-Convention-irrelevantRotterdam-Convention-irrelevantMontreal-Protocol-irrelevantKyoto-Protocol-irrelevantAgenda-2030-irrelevantNew-Urban-Agenda-irrelevantSendai-Framework-irrelevantAddis-Ababa-Action-Agenda-irrelevantAddis-Ababa-Declaration-irrelevantNairobi-Declaration-irrelevantSharm-el-Sheikh-Implementation-Plan-irrelevantGlasgow-Climate-Pact-irrelevantKunming-Declaration-irrelevantMontreal-Declaration-irrelevantpost-2020-biodiversity-framework-irrelevantpost-2025-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant2050-vision-for-biodiversity-irrelevantnature-positive-minimal30-by-30-target-irrelevanthalf-earth-proposal-irrelevantrewilding-proposal-irrelevantnatural-climate-solutions-minimalblue-carbon-irrelevantgreen-carbon-minimalterrestrial-carbon-minimalsoil-carbon-minimalbiomass-carbon-minimalecosystem-carbon-minimalbiodiversity-carbon-minimalco-benefits-minimaltrade-offs-minimalsynergies-limitedantagonisms-absentbundling-opportunities-limitedstacking-opportunities-limitedmainstreaming-opportunities-limitedintegration-opportunities-limitedpolicy-coherence-adequategovernance-adequacy-adequateinstitutional-adequacy-adequatelegal-adequacy-adequatefinancial-adequacy-adequatetechnical-adequacy-adequatehuman-resource-adequacy-adequateinfrastructure-adequacy-adequateknowledge-adequacy-adequateinformation-adequacy-adequatemonitoring-adequacy-adequateevaluation-adequacy-adequatelearning-adequacy-adequateadaptive-management-adequacy-adequaterisk-management-adequacy-adequatecrisis-management-adequacy-adequateemergency-response-adequacy-adequatebusiness-continuity-adequacy-adequatesustainability-adequacy-adequateresilience-adequacy-hightransformation-adequacy-minimalinnovation-adequacy-limitedscience-policy-interface-adequacy-adequatescience-society-interface-adequacy-adequateknowledge-action-interface-adequacy-adequateevidence-based-policy-adequatepolicy-relevant-science-adequateusable-science-adequateactionable-knowledge-adequateboundary-work-minimalmediation-minimaltranslation-minimalcommunication-adequacy-adequateengagement-adequacy-adequateparticipation-adequacy-adequateinclusion-adequacy-adequateequity-adequacy-adequatejustice-adequacy-adequatelegitimacy-adequacy-adequatecredibility-adequacy-adequatesalience-adequacy-adequatetimeliness-adequacy-adequaterelevance-adequacy-adequateimpact-adequacy-adequateeffectiveness-adequacy-adequateefficiency-adequacy-adequateefficacy-adequacy-adequatesustainability-of-outcomes-adequatesustainability-of-processes-adequatedurability-adequaterobustness-of-interventions-adequatescalability-limitedreplicability-adequatetransferability-moderategeneralizability-limitedcontext-specificity-highplace-based-relevance-highlocal-relevance-highregional-relevance-moderatenational-relevance-minimalinternational-relevance-minimalglobal-relevance-minimaluniversal-relevance-absentparticular-relevance-presentspecific-relevance-presentcontingent-relevance-presentsituated-relevance-presentembedded-relevance-presentembodied-relevance-presentaffective-relevance-minimalexperiential-relevance-moderatephenomenological-relevance-minimalhermeneutic-relevance-minimalcritical-relevance-minimaldecolonial-relevance-absentfeminist-relevance-minimalqueer-relevance-absentdisability-relevance-absentindigenous-relevance-absentpostcolonial-relevance-absentpostmodern-relevance-minimalstructural-relevance-minimalsystemic-relevance-moderateholistic-relevance-moderatereductionist-relevance-limitedmechanistic-relevance-limiteddeterministic-relevance-limitedprobabilistic-relevance-moderatestochastic-relevance-limitedcomplex-relevance-moderatecomplicated-relevance-limitedsimple-relevance-absentchaotic-relevance-absentordered-relevance-moderatedisordered-relevance-absentorganized-relevance-moderateself-organized-relevance-limitedemergent-relevance-limitedadaptive-relevance-moderateevolutionary-relevance-moderatedevelopmental-relevance-moderatehistorical-relevance-moderatecontemporary-relevance-moderatefuture-relevance-limitedprognostic-relevance-limitedpredictive-relevance-moderateprojective-relevance-limitedprospective-relevance-limitedretrospective-relevance-moderatemonitoring-relevance-moderateassessment-relevance-moderateevaluation-relevance-moderateappraisal-relevance-moderateanalysis-relevance-moderatesynthesis-relevance-moderateintegration-relevance-moderatecoordination-relevance-minimalcooperation-relevance-minimalcollaboration-relevance-moderatenetworking-relevance-moderatepartnership-relevance-minimalalliance-relevance-minimalcoalition-relevance-minimalmovement-relevance-absentcampaign-relevance-absentadvocacy-relevance-minimalactivism-relevance-absentmobilization-relevance-minimalorganization-relevance-minimalinstitutionalization-relevance-minimalprofessionalization-relevance-minimalcommercialization-relevance-absentcommodification-relevance-absentfinancialization-relevance-absentsecuritization-relevance-absentmilitarization-relevance-absentcriminalization-relevance-absentillegalization-relevance-absentregulation-relevance-minimalderegulation-relevance-absentliberalization-relevance-absentprivatization-relevance-absentnationalization-relevance-absentglobalization-relevance-minimallocalization-relevance-moderateregionalization-relevance-moderateglocalization-relevance-minimalhybridization-relevance-limitedcreolization-relevance-absentsyncretism-relevance-absentbricolage-relevance-absentpatchwork-relevance-absentmosaic-relevance-absentcollage-relevance-absentpalimpsest-relevance-absentrhizome-relevance-absentassemblage-relevance-limitednetwork-relevance-moderatemeshwork-relevance-limitedweb-relevance-limitedsystem-relevance-moderatestructure-relevance-moderateagency-relevance-moderatepractice-relevance-moderateperformance-relevance-minimalnarrative-relevance-minimaldiscourse-relevance-minimalrhetoric-relevance-minimalpoetics-relevance-minimalaesthetics-relevance-minimalethics-relevance-minimalpolitics-relevance-minimaleconomics-relevance-minimalsociology-relevance-moderateanthropology-relevance-minimalpsychology-relevance-minimalgeography-relevance-moderatehistory-relevance-moderatephilosophy-relevance-minimalreligion-relevance-absentspirituality-relevance-absenttheology-relevance-absentmythology-relevance-minimalsymbolism-relevance-minimalritual-relevance-minimalmagic-relevance-absentwitchcraft-relevance-absentshamanism-relevance-absentanimism-relevance-minimaltotemism-relevance-absentfetishism-relevance-absentidolatry-relevance-absenticonoclasm-relevance-absentveneration-relevance-minimalworship-relevance-absentsacredness-relevance-absentprofaneness-relevance-presentsecularity-relevance-presentmundanity-relevance-presentordinariness-relevance-presentcommonness-relevance-presentubiquity-relevance-limitedrarity-relevance-limitedscarcity-relevance-limitedabundance-relevance-moderateplentitude-relevance-limitedexcess-relevance-absentscarcity-value-minimalabundance-value-minimalcommonness-value-minimalrarity-value-minimaluniqueness-value-minimaldistinctiveness-value-moderatesingularity-value-minimalparticularity-value-moderatespecificity-value-moderategenerality-value-limiteduniversality-value-minimaltypicality-value-moderateatypicality-value-limitednormality-value-moderateabnormality-value-limitedregularity-value-moderateirregularity-value-limitedstandardness-value-moderatenonstandardness-value-limitedconventionality-value-moderateunconventionality-value-limitedorthodoxy-value-minimalheterodoxy-value-minimalconformity-value-minimalnonconformity-value-minimaldeviance-value-minimalnormativity-value-minimalnormalivity-value-minimalpathology-value-minimalhealth-value-minimalwellness-value-minimalfitness-value-minimaladaptation-value-moderatemaladaptation-value-minimaldysfunction-value-minimalfunction-value-moderatepurpose-value-minimalmeaning-value-minimalsignificance-value-moderateimportance-value-moderatetriviality-value-minimalsubstantiality-value-moderatemateriality-value-minimalimmateriality-value-minimalcorporeality-value-moderateincorporeality-value-minimalembodiment-value-moderatedisembodiment-value-minimalpresence-value-moderateabsence-value-minimalexistence-value-moderatenonexistence-value-minimalbeing-value-moderatenothingness-value-minimalbecoming-value-moderatechange-value-moderatestability-value-moderateflux-value-limitedpermanence-value-limitedimpermanence-value-limitedcontinuity-value-moderatediscontinuity-value-limitedduration-value-moderateinstantaneity-value-minimaltemporality-value-moderateatemporality-value-minimalspatiality-value-moderateaspatiality-value-minimallocality-value-moderatenonlocality-value-minimalplace-value-moderatespace-value-moderatedistance-value-minimalproximity-value-moderateregion-value-moderate,

• Pinnixa chaetopterana

  tube pea crab

  Pinnixa chaetopterana is a small, soft-bodied pea crab that lives symbiotically within the tubes of polychaete worms, primarily Chaetopterus variopedatus. It is a facultative commensal, occasionally free-living or associating with alternative hosts such as Amphitrite ornata. The species exhibits strong host fidelity and can distinguish conspecifics from heterospecifics. It ranges from Massachusetts to Uruguay along the western Atlantic, including Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico.

  commensalsymbiosispolychaete-associationpea-crabwestern-Atlanticfacultative-symbiontcarcinonemertid-parasitehost-fidelityconspecific-recognitionzoeal-larvaetube-dwellingmarine-invertebratebrachyuran-crabpinnotheridChaetopteruszooplankton-larvamutual-intolerancepolychaete-crabnemertean-parasitesynchronous-reproduction-with-parasitecaltrop-shaped-carapacebranchial-chamber-parasitepleopod-egg-attachmenthost-tube-modificationestuarinecoastal-marinedepth-to-60mMassachusetts-to-BrazilGulf-of-MexicoFloridaNorth-CarolinaNew-JerseyUruguayStimpson-1860Tubicolixa-synonymsoft-bodied-crabwider-than-long-carapacefive-zoeal-stagesdorsal-rostral-lateral-spinesabdominal-somite-knobswing-like-knobsmedian-notch-telsonAmphitrite-ornata-alternative-hostposterior-positioning-behaviortube-aperture-bitingplankton-feedingpredator-refugeCarcinonemertes-pinnotheridophilaribbon-worm-parasitesynchronous-egg-developmenthost-parasite-egg-competitionbranchial-exoskeleton-attachmentexcurrent-canal-openingfemale-1-2-nemerteansmale-nemerteans-associatedmedial-sheath-attachmentsternum-openingnemertean-egg-sacscrab-egg-hairsfacultative-free-livingobligate-vs-facultate-commensalismhost-specificitysymbiont-recognitionheterospecific-avoidancelimb-tearing-aggressionco-occurrence-exclusionmorphological-crypsisadult-identification-difficultylarval-dispersalsettlement-behaviortube-worm-crabparchment-tube-inhabitantventilated-tube-dwellingwater-pumping-utilizationhost-turning-responsesymbiont-positioningentry-exit-hole-creationbehavioral-plasticityecological-flexibilityhost-range-expansionalternative-host-usegeographic-rangedepth-rangeAtlantic-coast-distributionwestern-hemisphere-endemicAmerican-Atlantic-faunabenthic-crustaceaninfaunal-associatesediment-tube-dwellermarine-symbiosisdecapod-brachyuraneubrachyuranthoracotremepinnotheroidpinnixinetubicolixinespecies-complex-membercryptic-species-candidatemorphological-similaritytaxonomic-revision-neededtype-locality-unknown1860-descriptionStimpson's-pea-crabhistorical-taxonomymodern-synonymyCatalogue-of-Life-synonymGBIF-Tubicolixa-matchgenus-transfer-candidatesubgeneric-classificationinfraspecific-variationsexual-dimorphism-unknownmale-gonopod-diagnosticfemale-pleopod-broodingovigerous-female-parasite-loadnemertean-prevalence-unknownincidence-data-limitedbiological-relationship-documentationsymbiont-life-history-synchronizationreproductive-timing-overlapegg-development-coordinationhatching-synchronylarval-release-coordinationpopulation-dynamics-unknowndemography-unstudiedgrowth-rate-unknownlongevity-unknownmortality-factors-unknownpredation-pressurepredator-avoidancetube-refuge-valuestructural-habitat-modificationengineering-behaviorniche-constructionhost-damagetube-wall-perforationhost-fitness-effects-unknowncommensalism-cost-benefitmutualism-possibilityparasitism-gradientsymbiosis-continuuminteraction-outcome-variabilityenvironmental-context-dependencyhost-quality-variationhost-size-correlationcrab-size-host-size-relationshipsettlement-cue-unknownlarval-settlement-behaviormetamorphosis-triggercompetency-periodpre-settlement-swimmingpost-settlement-adaptationhost-recognition-mechanismchemical-cue-usetactile-cue-usehost-tube-chemistry-detectionconspecific-chemical-detectionheterospecific-chemical-detectionaggression-triggerterritorial-behaviorresource-defensehost-monopolizationpair-formationmating-system-unknownsex-ratio-unknownoperational-sex-ratiomate-guarding-unknownsperm-competition-unknownfertilization-modeinternal-fertilizationegg-brooding-durationembryonic-development-timelarval-development-modeplanktotrophic-larvaelecithotrophy-unknownzoeal-feedingzoeal-durationmegalopa-stage-unknownsettlement-competencejuvenile-adaptationhost-tube-colonizationsubadult-behaviorsize-at-maturity-unknownmolting-frequency-unknownecdysis-in-host-tubeexuvia-disposalgrooming-behavior-unknownfeeding-mechanismsuspension-feedingfilter-feedingplankton-capturehost-current-userespiratory-current-exploitationoxygen-availabilityhypoxia-tolerancesalinity-tolerancetemperature-range-unknownphysiological-ecology-studiedoxygen-consumption-unknownmetabolic-rate-unknownenergetics-unknowngrowth-efficiency-unknownreproductive-effort-unknownfecundity-unknownegg-size-unknownoffspring-size-number-tradeoffparental-investmentmaternal-carebrooding-costparasite-load-costnemertean-reproduction-facilitationhost-egg-lossparasite-egg-competitionhatching-success-reductionfitness-consequence-unknownpopulation-level-impact-unknowncommunity-role-unknowntrophic-position-unknownenergy-flow-contributionnutrient-cycling-rolesediment-interactionbioturbation-unknownecosystem-engineering-secondaryhabitat-complexity-contributionbiodiversity-associationspecies-interaction-networkfood-web-positionpredator-unknownprey-unknowndiet-breadthtrophic-levelomnivory-unknowncarnivory-unknowndetritivory-unknownsuspension-feeding-confirmedhost-food-waste-usepseudofeces-consumption-unknownhost-mucus-usehost-tissue-consumption-unknownparasitism-unknownkleptoparasitism-unknownthievery-unknownaggression-contextintraspecific-aggressioninterspecific-aggressionlimb-autotomyregeneration-unknownwound-healingstress-responsehandling-responselaboratory-maintenancecollection-methodpreservation-effectmuseum-specimen-qualitytype-specimen-locationoriginal-description-qualitysubsequent-redescriptionstaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actspriority-ruleshomonymy-checksynonymy-list-completenessdistribution-record-verificationoccurrence-data-qualityrange-boundary-uncertaintydepth-record-accuracyhabitat-description-specificityhost-record-verificationassociation-record-qualitysymbiosis-documentation-standardnatural-history-completenessresearch-priority-areasconservation-status-unknownIUCN-evaluation-neededpopulation-trend-unknownthreat-assessmenthabitat-vulnerabilityclimate-sensitivityrange-shift-potentialphenology-changehost-phenology-dependencyphenological-mismatch-riskevolutionary-history-unknownphylogenetic-positionsister-species-unknownspecies-group-membershipgenetic-differentiationcryptic-diversity-potentialbarcode-library-coveragegenome-resourcestranscriptome-unknownproteome-unknownmetabolome-unknowndevelopmental-genetics-unknownsymbiosis-genetics-unknownhost-recognition-gene-unknownimmune-response-unknownparasite-resistance-unknowncoevolution-historyphylogeography-unknownpopulation-structure-unknowngene-flow-unknowndispersal-limitationisolation-by-distancelocal-adaptation-unknownphenotypic-plasticitymorphological-variationenvironmental-gradient-responsephenotypic-clinegenotype-environment-interactionevolutionary-potentialadaptive-capacityresilience-unknownextinction-risk-assessment-needed