Host-range-expansion
Guides
Aconophora compressa
lantana bug, lantana treehopper, lantana stemsucking treehopper, lantana sap-sucking bug
Aconophora compressa is a treehopper (family Membracidae) native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. It was introduced to Australia in 1995 as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Lantana camara. The species is brown, up to 8 mm long, with a thorn-shaped body and produces copious honeydew. It has been documented to attack non-target plants, particularly fiddlewood (Citharexylum spinosum) in Australia, leading to its discontinuation as a biocontrol agent after 2001. It was also rejected for use in South Africa due to unacceptable risks to indigenous Lippia species.
treehopperbiological-controlinvasive-species-managementMembracidaephloem-feedermaternal-caregregarioushoneydew-producernon-target-effectsLantana-camaraMexicoAustraliaSouth-AfricaVerbenaceaeCitharexylum-spinosumLippiaAloysia-citrodorathermal-tolerancestem-suckingsap-feedingegg-guardinginstarsnymphal-developmentweed-biocontrolhost-range-expansionecological-risk-assessmentbiosecurityWalker-1851AconophoriniMembracinaeHemipteraAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaMembracoideaBruchidius villosus
broom seed beetle, Scotch broom bruchid
Bruchidius villosus is a small seed-feeding beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America and New Zealand as a biological control agent for Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius). It has been deliberately released in the United States since the 1990s to reduce seed production in this invasive weed. In New Zealand, it has exhibited problematic host range expansion to non-target leguminous plants. The species is approximately 2 mm in length with dark gray coloration.
Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
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morrisella
hog peanut moth, soybean tentiform leafminer
Macrosaccus morrisella is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae, native to North America. Historically associated with native legumes including American hogpeanut and slickseed fuzzybean, it has recently expanded its host range to include soybean, with first reports from Quebec in 2016 and Minnesota in 2021. The species is notable for its hypermetamorphic larvae that produce distinctive serpentine-to-blotch-to-tentiform leaf mines, and its emergence as a potential agricultural pest of a major commodity crop.
Megabruchidius dorsalis
honey locust seed beetle, Asian seed beetle
Megabruchidius dorsalis is an invasive seed beetle (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) native to Asia that has established populations across Europe and North America. The species is oligophagous on Caesalpinioideae seeds, primarily developing within pods of Gleditsia species. Adults exhibit freeze-avoidant cold tolerance strategy with supercooling points around -10°C. The beetle has demonstrated host range expansion in its introduced range, colonizing North American Gymnocladus dioica in addition to its native Asian Gleditsia hosts.
Narnia femorata
Leaf-footed Cactus Bug
Narnia femorata is a leaf-footed bug (Coreidae) native to the southern United States and Central America. The species was introduced to Florida in the 1960s via nursery stock and is now fully established. It feeds primarily on cactus fruit, especially Opuntia species, using a long tube-like beak. Males possess enlarged, spiny hind femora used as weapons in male-male combat for territories on cactus pads bearing fruit. The species exhibits pronounced phenotypic plasticity, with body size, weapon size, and beak length changing seasonally in response to host plant fruit availability. Populations have been documented utilizing Cirsium thistle as an alternative host, representing a recent host range expansion.
Pinnixa chaetopterana
tube pea crab
Pinnixa chaetopterana is a small, soft-bodied pea crab that lives symbiotically within the tubes of polychaete worms, primarily Chaetopterus variopedatus. It is a facultative commensal, occasionally free-living or associating with alternative hosts such as Amphitrite ornata. The species exhibits strong host fidelity and can distinguish conspecifics from heterospecifics. It ranges from Massachusetts to Uruguay along the western Atlantic, including Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico.
commensalsymbiosispolychaete-associationpea-crabwestern-Atlanticfacultative-symbiontcarcinonemertid-parasitehost-fidelityconspecific-recognitionzoeal-larvaetube-dwellingmarine-invertebratebrachyuran-crabpinnotheridChaetopteruszooplankton-larvamutual-intolerancepolychaete-crabnemertean-parasitesynchronous-reproduction-with-parasitecaltrop-shaped-carapacebranchial-chamber-parasitepleopod-egg-attachmenthost-tube-modificationestuarinecoastal-marinedepth-to-60mMassachusetts-to-BrazilGulf-of-MexicoFloridaNorth-CarolinaNew-JerseyUruguayStimpson-1860Tubicolixa-synonymsoft-bodied-crabwider-than-long-carapacefive-zoeal-stagesdorsal-rostral-lateral-spinesabdominal-somite-knobswing-like-knobsmedian-notch-telsonAmphitrite-ornata-alternative-hostposterior-positioning-behaviortube-aperture-bitingplankton-feedingpredator-refugeCarcinonemertes-pinnotheridophilaribbon-worm-parasitesynchronous-egg-developmenthost-parasite-egg-competitionbranchial-exoskeleton-attachmentexcurrent-canal-openingfemale-1-2-nemerteansmale-nemerteans-associatedmedial-sheath-attachmentsternum-openingnemertean-egg-sacscrab-egg-hairsfacultative-free-livingobligate-vs-facultate-commensalismhost-specificitysymbiont-recognitionheterospecific-avoidancelimb-tearing-aggressionco-occurrence-exclusionmorphological-crypsisadult-identification-difficultylarval-dispersalsettlement-behaviortube-worm-crabparchment-tube-inhabitantventilated-tube-dwellingwater-pumping-utilizationhost-turning-responsesymbiont-positioningentry-exit-hole-creationbehavioral-plasticityecological-flexibilityhost-range-expansionalternative-host-usegeographic-rangedepth-rangeAtlantic-coast-distributionwestern-hemisphere-endemicAmerican-Atlantic-faunabenthic-crustaceaninfaunal-associatesediment-tube-dwellermarine-symbiosisdecapod-brachyuraneubrachyuranthoracotremepinnotheroidpinnixinetubicolixinespecies-complex-membercryptic-species-candidatemorphological-similaritytaxonomic-revision-neededtype-locality-unknown1860-descriptionStimpson's-pea-crabhistorical-taxonomymodern-synonymyCatalogue-of-Life-synonymGBIF-Tubicolixa-matchgenus-transfer-candidatesubgeneric-classificationinfraspecific-variationsexual-dimorphism-unknownmale-gonopod-diagnosticfemale-pleopod-broodingovigerous-female-parasite-loadnemertean-prevalence-unknownincidence-data-limitedbiological-relationship-documentationsymbiont-life-history-synchronizationreproductive-timing-overlapegg-development-coordinationhatching-synchronylarval-release-coordinationpopulation-dynamics-unknowndemography-unstudiedgrowth-rate-unknownlongevity-unknownmortality-factors-unknownpredation-pressurepredator-avoidancetube-refuge-valuestructural-habitat-modificationengineering-behaviorniche-constructionhost-damagetube-wall-perforationhost-fitness-effects-unknowncommensalism-cost-benefitmutualism-possibilityparasitism-gradientsymbiosis-continuuminteraction-outcome-variabilityenvironmental-context-dependencyhost-quality-variationhost-size-correlationcrab-size-host-size-relationshipsettlement-cue-unknownlarval-settlement-behaviormetamorphosis-triggercompetency-periodpre-settlement-swimmingpost-settlement-adaptationhost-recognition-mechanismchemical-cue-usetactile-cue-usehost-tube-chemistry-detectionconspecific-chemical-detectionheterospecific-chemical-detectionaggression-triggerterritorial-behaviorresource-defensehost-monopolizationpair-formationmating-system-unknownsex-ratio-unknownoperational-sex-ratiomate-guarding-unknownsperm-competition-unknownfertilization-modeinternal-fertilizationegg-brooding-durationembryonic-development-timelarval-development-modeplanktotrophic-larvaelecithotrophy-unknownzoeal-feedingzoeal-durationmegalopa-stage-unknownsettlement-competencejuvenile-adaptationhost-tube-colonizationsubadult-behaviorsize-at-maturity-unknownmolting-frequency-unknownecdysis-in-host-tubeexuvia-disposalgrooming-behavior-unknownfeeding-mechanismsuspension-feedingfilter-feedingplankton-capturehost-current-userespiratory-current-exploitationoxygen-availabilityhypoxia-tolerancesalinity-tolerancetemperature-range-unknownphysiological-ecology-studiedoxygen-consumption-unknownmetabolic-rate-unknownenergetics-unknowngrowth-efficiency-unknownreproductive-effort-unknownfecundity-unknownegg-size-unknownoffspring-size-number-tradeoffparental-investmentmaternal-carebrooding-costparasite-load-costnemertean-reproduction-facilitationhost-egg-lossparasite-egg-competitionhatching-success-reductionfitness-consequence-unknownpopulation-level-impact-unknowncommunity-role-unknowntrophic-position-unknownenergy-flow-contributionnutrient-cycling-rolesediment-interactionbioturbation-unknownecosystem-engineering-secondaryhabitat-complexity-contributionbiodiversity-associationspecies-interaction-networkfood-web-positionpredator-unknownprey-unknowndiet-breadthtrophic-levelomnivory-unknowncarnivory-unknowndetritivory-unknownsuspension-feeding-confirmedhost-food-waste-usepseudofeces-consumption-unknownhost-mucus-usehost-tissue-consumption-unknownparasitism-unknownkleptoparasitism-unknownthievery-unknownaggression-contextintraspecific-aggressioninterspecific-aggressionlimb-autotomyregeneration-unknownwound-healingstress-responsehandling-responselaboratory-maintenancecollection-methodpreservation-effectmuseum-specimen-qualitytype-specimen-locationoriginal-description-qualitysubsequent-redescriptionstaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actspriority-ruleshomonymy-checksynonymy-list-completenessdistribution-record-verificationoccurrence-data-qualityrange-boundary-uncertaintydepth-record-accuracyhabitat-description-specificityhost-record-verificationassociation-record-qualitysymbiosis-documentation-standardnatural-history-completenessresearch-priority-areasconservation-status-unknownIUCN-evaluation-neededpopulation-trend-unknownthreat-assessmenthabitat-vulnerabilityclimate-sensitivityrange-shift-potentialphenology-changehost-phenology-dependencyphenological-mismatch-riskevolutionary-history-unknownphylogenetic-positionsister-species-unknownspecies-group-membershipgenetic-differentiationcryptic-diversity-potentialbarcode-library-coveragegenome-resourcestranscriptome-unknownproteome-unknownmetabolome-unknowndevelopmental-genetics-unknownsymbiosis-genetics-unknownhost-recognition-gene-unknownimmune-response-unknownparasite-resistance-unknowncoevolution-historyphylogeography-unknownpopulation-structure-unknowngene-flow-unknowndispersal-limitationisolation-by-distancelocal-adaptation-unknownphenotypic-plasticitymorphological-variationenvironmental-gradient-responsephenotypic-clinegenotype-environment-interactionevolutionary-potentialadaptive-capacityresilience-unknownextinction-risk-assessment-neededUroleucon nigrotuberculatum
red goldenrod aphid
Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum, commonly known as the red goldenrod aphid, is a North American aphid species introduced to Japan. In its native range, it is a specialist feeder on Solidago (goldenrod) species. Following introduction to Japan, this aphid has demonstrated remarkable dietary flexibility, expanding its host range to include multiple exotic plant species beyond its native specialization. The species exhibits complex ecological interactions, including semiochemical-mediated relationships with gall-forming flies and serves as prey for various native parasitoids and predators in its introduced range.