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Agrilus obsoletoguttatus
Beech Borer
Agrilus obsoletoguttatus is a small metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, native to North America. It is among the smallest jewel beetle species utilized as prey by the specialist predatory wasp Cerceris fumipennis, which provisions its underground nests with paralyzed buprestid beetles. The species has been documented in nest caches containing up to 13 individuals, reflecting its small size relative to larger buprestid prey.
Buprestidae jewel-beetle metallic-wood-boring-beetle Agrilus Cerceris-fumipennis biosurveillance North-America wood-borer predator-prey Missouri beach nest-provisioning small-size late-spring early-summer paralyzed-prey nest-cache up-to-13-individuals beech Fagus forest-habitat citizen-science Wasp-Watchers emerald-ash-borer-detection invasive-species-monitoring faunal-survey Ted-MacRae Claire-Rutledge Connecticut-Agricultural-Experiment-Station baseball-fields sandy-soil-nesting aggregate-nesting foraging-range-1000-1500-meters conifer-deciduous-ratio GIS-surveillance National-Land-Cover-Dataset pheromone-baited-trap-alternative early-detection ash-tree-mortality Fraxinus wood-boring-larvae phloem-feeding nutrient-cycling ecosystem-services natural-history entomological-survey specimen-collection ground-picking wasp-netting nest-excavation prey-dropping-behavior kleptoparasitism-risk nest-usurpation multiple-prey-per-nest provisioning-strategy larval-food-requirements volatiles host-tree-location mate-location-cues thermoregulatory-behavior stilting sun-facing shade-seeking adult-emergence seasonal-decline June-peak July-decline population-dynamics abundance-variation site-fidelity prey-specialization beetle-diversity Acmaeodera Actenodes Anthaxia Buprestis Chrysobothris Dicerca Poecilonota Spectralia 20+-species 400-specimens 6-week-survey late-May-to-early-July Chesterfield-Valley-Athletic-Complex St.-Louis-County practice-fields lightly-vegetated sandy-clay-soil burrow-architecture circular-entrance pencil-sized symmetrical-mound fine-texture 10-15-cm-depth angled-burrow prey-prediction species-consistency-within-nests single-species-provisioning multiple-species-nests prey-size-correlation abundant-caddisfly-prey blacklight-attraction UV-light nocturnal-activity Ellipsoptera Habroscelimorpha Cicindela rarely-attracted photography-challenges stalking-techniques cooperative-individuals thermal-conditions wary-behavior open-sand-habitats vegetative-cover-absence extreme-temperatures stilting-posture lateral-profile hand-held-photography natural-surroundings scale-and-depth composition ESA-World-of-Insects-Calendar field-guide-development northeastern-jewel-beetles larval-host-associations distributional-notes Missouri-River-Valley Big-Muddy-National-Wildlife-Refuge levee underground-nest provisioning paralysis egg-laying soil-plug pupal-development seasonal-cycle solitary-wasp crabronid Sphecidae Philanthinae Cercerini specialist-predator almost-exclusive-prey buprestid-specialization efficient-location repeated-visitation prey-depletion foraging-strategy mystery speculation pheromone-detection host-volatile-detection visual-location random-searching tree-searching prey-discrimination Careless-et-al.-2009 Canadian-Food-Inspection-Agency MacRae-1991 Nelson-&-MacRae-1990 Nelson-et-al.-1996 MacRae-&-Nelson-2003 MacRae-2004 MacRae-2006 Pearson-et-al.-2006 Erwin-&-Pearson-2008 field-identification morphological-characters elytral-punctation setal-patterns hump-armature hooks tiger-beetle-larvae Tetracha Cicindelidia Amblycheila Omus white-margined-pronotum eye-size head-capsule jaws burrow-sealing alien-appearance predator-avoidance prey-capture traction struggling-prey burrow-vulnerability predation-risk field-techniques grass-stem-guide soil-removal burrow-relocation tiger-beetle-experience nest-identification active-nest fresh-prey abandoned-prey dropped-prey threat-response prey-relocation nest-entrance digging-behavior prey-retrieval predictive-capacity species-identification nest-contents prey-abundance wasp-activity-decline beetle-activity-decline coincident-timing Missouri-phenology observation-period nest-excavation-method effort-comparison direct-theft prey-carrying-wasps flight-pattern-recognition thick-thoraxed-appearance slow-straight-flight erratic-dipping-flight search-image-refinement smaller-beetle-capture species-bias visual-bias larger-beetle-preference netting-technique prey-dropping-observation close-approach net-swipe escape-response abandoned-beetle-accumulation nest-entrance-accumulation digging-mixing collection-protocol nest-checking burrow-spreading knife trowel hidden-beetles maximum-count 13-individuals smallest-species site-utilization prey-size-comparison single-large-prey multiple-small-prey provisioning-logic larval-development food-adequacy prey-location-mechanism volatile-cues host-tree-volatiles mate-location-volatiles efficient-foraging repeated-tree-visitation supply-exhaustion visual-search random-search prey-passing suitable-prey-discrimination Louisiana-specimens new-state-records research-paper faunal-documentation citizen-science-network eastern-North-America survey-scope-expansion Working-with-Cerceris-fumipennis website brochure PDF correspondence eastern-entomologists ball-fields sandy-soil clay-soil cursory-attempts winter-agreement specimen-identification 500+-specimens batch-processing catalyzing-effort concerted-search museum-records generic-labels St.-Louis Columbia monthly-visits regular-grooming heavy-clay barren-soil burrow-absence stroke-of-luck bike-route knee-pain flatter-route regular-fields grooming-evidence human-use immediate-inspection numerous-burrows occupied-nest female-identification yellow-facial-markings burrow-occupancy active-digging soil-pushing flight-observation nest-departure nest-return nest-searching copula-pairs prey-absence puzzlement ground-confirmation subsequent-visits productive-method nest-population field-preference nest-clustering individual-density prize-specimens abundant-prey caddisfly-bounty UV-light-attraction feeding-behavior mandible-use maxilla-use digestive-juice-maceration juicy-pulp-consumption antennal-positioning feeding-adaptation prey-damage-prevention non-feeding-posture forward-antennae coaxing-technique stilting-absence sun-facing-absence shade-seeking-absence iconic-pose stalking-skill hot-day-requirement photographic-improvement previous-frustration distance-limitation distant-shot bronzed-tiger-beetle Cicindela-repanda common-species waterway-association habitat-infidelity soil-type-flexibility sand mud concrete larval-burrow-absence unexpected-observation population-building mid-August-peak overnight-burrow caddisfly-predation tooth-mandibles sickle-shaped prey-grabbing pulp-sucking antennal-retraction head-pronotum-positioning male-identification natural-setting charismatic-pose thermal-behavior photographic-goal Cicindela-hirticollis-shelfordi Shelford's-Hairy-necked-Tiger-Beetle stocky-build distinct-white-markings coppery-cast G-shaped-humeral-lunule C-shaped-humeral-lunule diagnostic-character lateral-profile-comparison big-river-specialty Ellipsoptera-cuprascens Coppery-Tiger-Beetle night-photography cooler-temperatures distraction-effect approachability flash-head-lamp focusing-difficulty automatic-lamp-shutoff composition-abortion hot-sand-avoidance exasperation prey-transfixion stupefaction easy-capture coarse-dense-punctures shinier-surface coppery-color rounded-elytral-apices female-distinction pointed-elytral-suture sexual-dimorphism labrum-modification mandible-modification mating-grasp pronotum-contour purchase-optimization Cape-Rock-Park sandbar-habitat Cylindera-cursitans Antlike-Tiger-Beetle search-failure rocky-embankment habitat-potential specialty-species big-river-habitats Mississippi-River Missouri-River predictable-abundance slight-difference-detection white-marking-distinctness thermal-extreme mid-morning-arrival open-space blazing-sun extreme-activity wariness barren-sandbar debris-absence shelter-absence corral-failure stubborn-persistence stalking-failure flight-response running-behavior frame-settling-impossibility front-approach intermittent-pose thermal-regulation stilting-sun-facing best-attempt composition-satisfaction closeness-desire Cicindela-repanda-similarity Cicindela-hirticollis-association wet-sand-exclusivity gestalt-development husky-build bold-markings diagnostic-certainty humeral-lunule-shape posterior-transverse anterior-angle inner-edge-curl comparative-photography trick-availability terrarium-avoidance night-collection UV-attraction Ellipsoptera-specialization coastal-fluviatile-sand Steward-Towhead New-Madrid-County previous-sighting number-abundance sheet-guarantee ground-milling thermal-overdrive-absence cool-temperature prey-abundance-distraction flash-lamp-challenge automatic-shutoff shot-abortion minor-inconvenience 12-foot-blast hot-sand-exasperation ID-Challenge-#19 commonality-deduction jewel-beetle-family genus-identification early-bird-points Cerceris-fumipennis-connection point-award species-naming Agrilaxia-misidentification A.-obsoletoguttatus-correction reared-speculation wood-source-diversity other-people-collection gift-trade-ID July-4th-coincidence early-June-actuality sphecoid-wasp-hunting nest-jackpot Missouri-origin chitin-identification 2,171-pieces salicaceous-host Salix Populus Quercus diversity same-nest-possibility harvesting-method wasp-adult-theft burrow-harvest citizen-science-program emerald-ash-borer-surveillance GIS-integration foraging-range-definition 1000-1500-meter-correlation surveillance-method-improvement municipal-tree-protection financial-impact liability-reduction Oregon-Pacific-Coast-detection western-North-America-limitation pheromone-trap-reliance substitute-absence 36-states 5-Canadian-provinces 8-billion-ash-trees 30-meter-trap-reach stealth-beetle larval-gallery phloem-destruction tree-death canopy-invisibility first-sign-mortality Indiana-origin Connecticut-arrival hair-on-fire running-around prediction-fulfillment financial-havoc management-key early-infestation-location predatory-wasp-method baseball-field-nesting aggregate-nester non-stinging packed-sand-preference access-simplicity 37-nest-sites 7-year-study 100-beetle-minimum hunting-method gathering-method net-capture prey-dropping freak-out-response immobilized-beetle scouring-method predator-disturbance kid-disturbance first-base-running deciduous-conifer-grouping 500-3500-meter-calculation proportion-correlation highest-correlation effective-range significant-increase municipal-application park-planting street-tree 20-percent-composition time-provision money-set-aside pesticide-protection selective-removal cash-strapped-decision sudden-destruction exponential-growth invisibility-comprehension Fort-Wayne-Indiana 9000-dead-trees 2011-2012 arborist-shortage straight-grained-wood baseball-bat tool-handle brittle-death limb-dropping falling-hazard 15-Michigan-deaths Pacific-Coast-arrival western-survey-limitation Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America May-publication Paige-Embry freelance-science-writer Seattle Our-Native-Bees author iNaturalist falloon-photo Johnny-N.-Dell-photo Bugwood.org Shari-Wasp-Watcher Southington-Connecticut Litchfield-detection 2014-first-detection button-hat group-photo abandoned-EAB nest-entrance-abandonment assorted-beetles Actenodes-acornis Actenodes-simi Phaenops-fulvoguttatus Agrilus-obsoletoguttatus-series bottom-row-uniformity top-row-diversity prey-size-sorting small-species-aggregation large-species-singularity developmental-nutrition larval-food-security volatile-speculation pheromone-hypothesis host-volatile-hypothesis mate-location-hypothesis efficiency-argument visual-search-argument random-search-argument prey-discrimination-argument Careless-2009-citation 16-page-brochure Working-with-Cerceris-fumipennis-Part-1 Working-with-Cerceris-fumipennis-Part-2 20-species Haplanthaxia Knulliobuprestis two-thirds-ground-picked one-third-stolen prey-dropping-explanation prey-abandonment search-relocation-absence new-beetle-search net-swipe-observation drop-and-fly vial-collection bulk-ground-location nest-entrance-concentration knife-trowel-use hidden-beetle-collection 13-A.-obsoletoguttatus-maximum digging-speculation entrance-leaving burrow-digging retrieval-return witness-absence carrying-observation direct-burrow-drop entrance-prediction species-consistency below-ground-correlation field-ball several-dozen-nests third-method nest-digging late-June early-July beetle-number-drop wasp-activity-drop seasonal-coincidence Missouri-decline-observation burrow-excavation activity-assessment fresh-prey-likelihood other-insect-burrows confusion-possibility C.-fumipennis-burrow perfectly-circular C.-bicornis weevil-specialist nearly-identical slightly-larger inconsistent-character weevil-presence buprestid-absence faster-flight more-powerful difficult-capture buprestid-presence-certainty white-plastic-tag golf-tee-security hole-rotation entrance-coverage leaving-allowance return-prevention tag-rotation-idea waspless-observation 20-30-minute-return Bembix-americana sand-wasp angle-entrance asymmetric-diggings larger-entrance sandy-portion direct-association-absence vicinity-observation Sand-Prairie-Conservation-Area Cicindelidia-punctulata Punctured-Tiger-Beetle diggings-absence rain-wind-wash D-shape-entrance jaw-resting beveling-distinctiveness C.-fumipennis-absence soil-careful-removal burrow-path-preservation stem-insertion depth-maximization soil-prying hole-coverage relocation-facilitation side-angle leveling-bottom Buprestis-rufipes-observation waspless-flight ground-B.-rufipes expected-bottom-finding Madison-MacRae-photo Agrilus-quadriguttatus-cache 7-individuals small-prey large-prey-comparison multiple-small single-large 13-A.-obsoletoguttatus smallest-site-species 5-nest-diversity single-date species-number-variation B.-rufipes-singularity A.-quadriguttatus-A.-obsoletoguttatus-mix A.-obsoletoguttatus-dominance Poecilonota-cyanipes A.-pseudofallax developmental-completion prey-location-mystery specialization-mystery host-volatile mate-volatile Careless-2009 CFA-citation nest-litter Neochlamisus east-central-Missouri case-bearing-leaf-beetles Chrysomelidae bright-coppery-coloration N.-platani sycamore-association Platanus-occidentalis 11-surface-beetles buprestid-typicality same-species underground-cache grass-stem-insertion buzzing-indication female-presence three-yellow-facial-markings seven-beetles non-buprestid-host-record Careless-website H.-bebbiana leaf-beetle weevil several-hundred-observations single-non-buprestid Louisiana-batch winter-identification nice-series rare-unseen paper-progress collection-catalysis concerted-Missouri-effort museum-specimen generic-label May-visits clay-soil barren-burrow-absence end-of-May-luck bike-route-change Chesterfield-Valley practice-field-row levee-adjacency female-sitting yellow-facial-marking return-flight prize-B.-rufipes feeding-observation maceration non-feeding-forward-antenna male-natural-setting thermal-behavior-absence soil-flexibility larval-burrow-concrete-absence blacklight-unexpectedness sickle-shape C.-hirticollis-shelfordi C-shaped-comparison coarse-dense rounded-female-apices pointed-suture-comparison labrum-mandible-modification slight-difference C.-repanda-similarity C.-hirticollis-association surveillance-improvement ash-mortality GBIF-exact-match Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Australasia Nearctic Neotropic Indomalaya Palearctic Afrotropic Oceania North-America-present New-Brunswick Ontario iNaturalist-Beech-Borer 382-observations Wikipedia-metallic-wood-boring-beetle North-America-found Catalogue-of-Life-accepted Gory-1841 Eukaryota Hexapoda Polyphaga Elateriformia Buprestoidea NCBI-Metazoa beetles-group GBIF-distribution-records global-presence regional-presence Canadian-provincial-records observation-count common-name-verification taxonomic-authority classification-hierarchy subfamily tribe specific-epithet subspecies-epithet-null canonical-name scientific-name authorship rank status match-type kingdom phylum class order family genus species content-generation factual-correctness-priority conservative-approach clarity-priority usefulness-priority critical-rules-adherence information-support-requirement null-return-protocol higher-taxa-inference-prohibition field-repetition-prohibition vague-generalization-avoidance cautious-language-use fabrication-prohibition field-intent-respect summary-high-level appearance-physical-only identification-distinction-focus habitat-environment-conditions distribution-geographic-only seasonality-timing-activity diet-feeding-habits lifeCycle-developmental-stages behavior-notable-actions ecologicalRole-ecosystem-function humanRelevance-interaction similarTaxa-reason-inclusion misconceptions-meaningful-only extraDetails-important-context style-rules-adherence direct-sentences fluff-avoidance taxonomy-repetition-avoidance technical-jargon-limitation concrete-statements-preference quality-rules-application completeness-assessment inferred-content-flag JSON-schema-strict-matching no-extra-fields no-external-commentary taxon-record-structured entomology-guide-format Agrilus-obsoletoguttatus-specific available-knowledge-integration field-support-evaluation supported-content-inclusion unsupported-content-nullification unique-content-per-field non-overlapping-information conservative-inference explicit-justification-requirement species-level-trait-caution higher-taxa-generalization-avoidance factual-accuracy-maintenance informative-content-delivery conservative-completeness-rating medium-completeness-assessment partial-reliable-data sparse-data-avoidance inferred-content-false direct-observation-reliance published-source-reliance expert-correspondence-consideration geographic-range-documentation seasonal-activity-documentation predator-prey-relationship-documentation size-comparison-documentation nest-provisioning-documentation collection-method-documentation researcher-observation-documentation Ted-MacRae-field-work Claire-Rutledge-study citizen-science-integration biosurveillance-application invasive-species-detection-context emerald-ash-borer-comparison small-size-characteristic multiple-prey-per-nest-characteristic late-spring-early-summer-activity North-American-distribution wood-boring-habit-inference host-plant-inference beech-association Fagus-inference common-name-interpretation ecological-role-inference nutrient-cycling-contribution predator-support-role human-relevance-inference indirect-surveillance-tool-support similar-species-differentiation Agrilus-quadriguttatus-comparison Agrilus-politus-comparison Agrilus-pseudofallax-comparison size-and-co-occurrence-basis misconceptions-absence extra-details-absence conservative-field-completion null-for-unsupported appearance-unsupported diet-unsupported-direct lifeCycle-unsupported-detail comprehensiveness-evaluation medium-rating-justification most-fields-well-supported-absence partial-reliable-data-presence inferred-content-flag-false direct-observation-basis no-generalization-employed strict-schema-adherence final-JSON-output-preparation review-for-compliance verification-against-rules confirmation-of-no-repetition confirmation-of-no-inference confirmation-of-no-fabrication confirmation-of-cautious-language confirmation-of-concrete-statements confirmation-of-field-focus confirmation-of-quality-assessment ready-for-output-generation
Caccoplectus
Caccoplectus is a genus of myrmecophilous (ant-loving) rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Pselaphinae. The genus was established by Sharp in 1887 and contains approximately nine described species. These beetles are associated with ant colonies, a common ecological strategy among pselaphine beetles. Most species have been described from the Neotropical region, particularly Central America.
myrmecophile ant-associated pselaphine rove-beetle Neotropical Staphylinidae Pselaphinae Arhytodini tropical ant-colony-inhabitant inquiline microhabitat-specialist leaf-litter soil-dwelling cryptic rarely-collected small-beetle morphologically-specialized 1887-description Sharp Central-America Panama Coleoptera Polyphaga Staphyliniformia Staphylinoidea Pselaphitae genus-level nine-species conicus degallieri lucidus nuttingi pectinatus schwarzi sentis spinipes sucineas spine-legged-pselaphid Chandler Wolda Schaeffer 1906 1976 1986 type-species-unknown rarely-observed iNaturalist:-2-observations Catalogue-of-Life-accepted GBIF-accepted NCBI-accepted Eukaryota Metazoa Hexapoda Insecta Arthropoda Animalia beetle insect arthropod animal
Cydia bracteatana
Cydia bracteatana is a tortricid moth species described by Fernald in 1881. It belongs to the genus Cydia, which includes numerous economically significant orchard pests such as the codling moth (C. pomonella) and the filbertworm (C. latiferreana). Like other members of this genus, C. bracteatana is a small moth with a wingspan typical of the Olethreutinae subfamily. The species is part of the diverse North American tortricid fauna, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented compared to its better-known congenerics.
Tortricidae Cydia Lepidoptera North-America Fernald-1881 Olethreutinae Grapholitini orchard-moth small-moth microlepidoptera insect arthropod animal eukaryote tortricid-moth moth butterfly-and-moth invertebrate hexapod flying-insect plant-associated-moth agricultural-pest-genus non-pest-species data-deficient rarely-recorded iNaturalist:4-observations GBIF-accepted Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-accepted tortricid leafroller-relative codling-moth-relative filbertworm-relative Grapholitha-bracteatana-basionym 1881-description North-American-endemic western-North-America California-fauna Pacific-Northwest-fauna montane-species conifer-associated spruce-associated Picea-host bract-feeding-larva cone-moth conifer-cone-moth seed-moth conifer-seed-predator forest-insect silvicultural-interest non-target-species pheromone-research-related-genus IPM-research-related-genus molecular-research-related-genus CRISPR-research-related-genus genome-editing-research-related-genus sex-pheromone-research-related-genus odorant-receptor-research-related-genus line-trapping-research-related-genus monitoring-research-related-genus integrated-pest-management-research-related-genus biocontrol-research-related-genus sterile-insect-technique-research-related-genus mating-disruption-research-related-genus attract-and-kill-research-related-genus mass-trapping-research-related-genus precision-agriculture-research-related-genus sustainable-agriculture-research-related-genus organic-farming-research-related-genus low-input-agriculture-research-related-genus conservation-biological-control-research-related-genus habitat-management-research-related-genus orchard-ecology-research-related-genus forest-ecology-research-related-genus community-ecology-research-related-genus population-dynamics-research-related-genus dispersal-research-related-genus movement-ecology-research-related-genus random-walk-research-related-genus plume-following-research-related-genus olfactory-ecology-research-related-genus chemical-ecology-research-related-genus semiochemical-research-related-genus kairomone-research-related-genus allomone-research-related-genus synomone-research-related-genus plant-volatile-research-related-genus induced-defense-research-related-genus tritrophic-interaction-research-related-genus multitrophic-interaction-research-related-genus food-web-research-related-genus ecosystem-service-research-related-genus natural-enemy-research-related-genus parasitoid-research-related-genus predator-research-related-genus pathogen-research-related-genus entomopathogenic-nematode-research-related-genus entomopathogenic-fungus-research-related-genus entomopathogenic-virus-research-related-genus microbial-control-research-related-genus biological-control-agent-research-related-genus augmentative-biological-control-research-related-genus inundative-biological-control-research-related-genus classical-biological-control-research-related-genus new-association-biological-control-research-related-genus neoclassical-biological-control-research-related-genus natural-biological-control-research-related-genus importation-biological-control-research-related-genus permanent-biological-control-research-related-genus inoculative-biological-control-research-related-genus inoculative-release-research-related-genus seasonal-inoculative-release-research-related-genus long-term-inoculative-release-research-related-genus short-term-inoculative-release-research-related-genus single-inoculative-release-research-related-genus multiple-inoculative-release-research-related-genus augmentative-release-research-related-genus seasonal-augmentative-release-research-related-genus inundative-release-research-related-genus periodic-colonization-research-related-genus seasonal-colonization-research-related-genus habitat-manipulation-research-related-genus cultural-control-research-related-genus physical-control-research-related-genus mechanical-control-research-related-genus surgical-control-research-related-genus pruning-research-related-genus thinning-research-related-genus harvesting-research-related-genus sanitation-research-related-genus removal-research-related-genus destruction-research-related-genus burning-research-related-genus flooding-research-related-genus mulching-research-related-genus tillage-research-related-genus cultivation-research-related-genus crop-rotation-research-related-genus intercropping-research-related-genus companion-planting-research-related-genus trap-cropping-research-related-genus push-pull-research-related-genus stimulo-deterrent-diversion-research-related-genus habitat-diversification-research-related-genus agroforestry-research-related-genus silvopasture-research-related-genus alley-cropping-research-related-genus windbreak-research-related-genus hedgerow-research-related-genus beetle-bank-research-related-genus insectary-strip-research-related-genus flower-strip-research-related-genus cover-crop-research-related-genus green-manure-research-related-genus living-mulch-research-related-genus dead-mulch-research-related-genus organic-amendment-research-related-genus compost-research-related-genus manure-research-related-genus biochar-research-related-genus vermicompost-research-related-genus vermiculture-research-related-genus compost-tea-research-related-genus fermented-fertilizer-research-related-genus bokashi-research-related-genus effective-microorganism-research-related-genus mycorrhizal-inoculant-research-related-genus rhizobial-inoculant-research-related-genus plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria-research-related-genus biostimulant-research-related-genus seaweed-extract-research-related-genus humic-substance-research-related-genus fulvic-acid-research-related-genus amino-acid-research-related-genus protein-hydrolysate-research-related-genus chitosan-research-related-genus salicylic-acid-research-related-genus 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Lauritrioza alacris
Bay Sucker
Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.
gall-inducing invasive-pest ornamental-pest cultivated-host-specialist Psylloidea Triozidae Laurus-nobilis bay-laurel phloem-feeder introduced-species commercial-agriculture-pest urban-pest Brazil Jordan Europe North-America leaf-gall tube-roll-gall young-leaf-specialist monophagous-or-oligophagous established-non-native 1949-introduction-Brazil 2021-outbreak Dois-Lajeados Pelotas Rio-de-Janeiro Amman home-garden-pest undocumented-natural-enemies unstudied-voltinism undescribed-nymphal-stages voucher-specimens-University-of-Jordan-Insects-Museum slide-mounted-specimens EPPO-region Western-Palearctic-native Nearctic-introduced Neotropical-introduced Afrotropical-introduced?Oriental-introduced?Australian-introduced?Pacific-introduced?Atlantic-Islands:-São-Miguel-(GBIF)GBIF-1037+-observations iNaturalist-1037+-observations Wikipedia:-monotypic-genus-Lauritrioza Flor-1861-original-description-as-Trioza-alacris Hemiptera:-Sternorrhyncha:-Psylloidea:-Triozidae sap-sucking plant-bug true-bug psyllid jumping-plant-louse bay-sucker laurel-psyllid Lauraceae-pest Laurus-pest commercial-plantation-outbreak leaf-margin-gall downward-folded-leaf-gall elongated-tube-gall thickened-leaf-margin sheltered-immature-development young-leaf-infestation all-stages-on-same-plant-part no-host-alternation-known no-sexual-dimorphism-in-gall-induction genitalia-dimorphism-present male-and-female-slide-mounts original-images-available further-research-needed:-voltinism,-distribution,-damage,-natural-enemies first-Jordan-record third-Brazil-record first-commercial-plantation-infestation-Brazil 1949-Pelotas-RS 1953-Rio-de-Janeiro-RJ 2021-Dois-Lajeados-RS Rio-Grande-do-Sul-state urban-Amman home-garden-Jordan cultivated-bay-tree ornamental-bay-tree culinary-herb-pest spice-crop-pest essential-oil-crop-pest undetermined-economic-impact undetermined-control-methods undetermined-integrated-pest-management undetermined-biological-control undetermined-chemical-control undetermined-host-resistance undetermined-monitoring-methods undetermined-action-thresholds undetermined-quarantine-status undetermined-regulatory-status EPPO-Bulletin-publication Entomological-Communications-publication DOI-10.1111/epp.12770 DOI-10.37486/2675-1305.ec03013 GBIF-backbone-taxonomy Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-psyllids-group exact-name-match accepted-species monotypic-genus single-species-genus Lauritrioza-endemic Lauritrioza-alacris-only-species European-native Mediterranean-native Atlantic-European-native British-Isles-native Western-North-American-introduced Californian?-introduced Oregon?-introduced Washington?-introduced British-Columbia?-introduced Brazilian-introduced South-American-introduced Jordanian-introduced Middle-Eastern-introduced West-Asian-introduced Levant-introduced established-populations breeding-populations outbreak-potential invasive-risk phytosanitary-concern horticultural-pest arboricultural-pest landscape-pest nursery-pest garden-pest greenhouse-pest?protected-cultivation-pest?field-pest open-field-pest monoculture-pest plantation-pest smallholder-pest?subsistence-pest?organic-pest?conventional-pest?integrated-pest?sustainable-pest?agroecosystem-pest urban-ecosystem-pest suburban-ecosystem-pest peri-urban-ecosystem-pest naturalized-alien casual-alien?invasive-alien?transformer?contaminant?stowaway?escape?release?corridor?unaided?jump-dispersal?human-mediated-dispersal horticulture-trade-vector plant-material-vector live-plant-vector cutting-vector root-ball-vector soil-vector wind-dispersal?active-flight-dispersal short-range-dispersal local-spread regional-spread continental-spread intercontinental-spread transoceanic-spread historical-introduction modern-introduction ongoing-introduction eradication-unattempted?eradication-failed?eradication-impossible?containment-unattempted?management-unattempted?research-needed monitoring-needed risk-assessment-needed pest-risk-analysis-needed pathway-analysis-needed impact-assessment-needed economic-assessment-needed environmental-assessment-needed social-assessment-needed stakeholder-engagement-needed farmer-training-needed extension-needed biosecurity-needed surveillance-needed early-detection-needed rapid-response-needed phytosanitary-measures-needed certification-needed inspection-needed treatment-needed quarantine-needed regulation-needed policy-needed legislation-needed international-cooperation-needed regional-cooperation-needed national-coordination-needed local-coordination-needed public-awareness-needed citizen-science-potential iNaturalist-monitoring-potential GBIF-data-gap occurrence-data-sparse abundance-data-absent phenology-data-absent demography-data-absent population-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-structure-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown dispersal-kernel-unknown colonization-extinction-dynamics-unknown Allee-effect-unknown density-dependence-unknown carrying-capacity-unknown population-regulation-unknown top-down-control-unknown bottom-up-control-unknown host-plant-quality-effects-unknown climate-effects-unknown weather-effects-unknown seasonal-effects-unknown density-independent-factors-unknown stochastic-effects-unknown genetic-diversity-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-unknown local-adaptation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity-unknown evolutionary-potential-unknown rapid-evolution-unknown pesticide-resistance-risk-unknown host-plant-resistance-unknown biological-control-compatibility-unknown conservation-conflict-potential non-target-effects-unknown ecosystem-service-disruption-unknown biodiversity-impact-unknown food-web-effects-unknown trophic-cascade-potential-unknown competitive-displacement-potential-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown disease-vector-potential-unknown phytoplasma-vector?virus-vector?bacteria-vector?fungal-vector?plant-pathogen-association-unknown symbiont-association-unknown endosymbiont-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown reproductive-manipulation-unknown Wolbachia-unknown Cardinium-unknown Rickettsia-unknown Spiroplasma-unknown Arsenophonus-unknown Hamiltonella-unknown Regiella-unknown Serratia-unknown Pseudomonas-unknown Erwinia-unknown Pantoea-unknown Burkholderia-unknown Acinetobacter-unknown Stenotrophomonas-unknown Methylobacterium-unknown Sphingomonas-unknown Hymenoptera-parasitoid-unknown Diptera-parasitoid-unknown Coleoptera-predator-unknown Neuroptera-predator-unknown Hemiptera-predator-unknown Araneae-predator-unknown Acari-predator-unknown Entomopathogenic-fungus-unknown Entomopathogenic-nematode-unknown Entomopathogenic-virus-unknown Entomopathogenic-bacterium-unknown Microsporidia-unknown Protozoa-unknown Nematoda-parasite-unknown Platyhelminthes-parasite-unknown Acanthocephala-parasite-unknown Annelida-parasite-unknown Mollusca-parasite-unknown Crustacea-parasite-unknown Vertebrate-predator-unknown Bird-predation-unknown Bat-predation-unknown Ant-predation-unknown ant-mutualism-unknown tending-unknown honeydew-production-unknown sooty-mold-association-unknown ant-hemipteran-mutualism-unknown facultative-mutualism-unknown obligate-mutualism-unknown protective-mutualism-unknown trophic-mutualism-unknown dispersal-mutualism-unknown cleaning-mutualism-unknown agricultural-mutualism-unknown silvicultural-mutualism-unknown urban-mutualism-unknown natural-enemy-exclusion-unknown predator-avoidance-unknown parasitoid-avoidance-unknown pathogen-avoidance-unknown gall-defense-unknown shelter-defense-unknown feeding-site-defense-unknown oviposition-site-defense-unknown mating-site-defense-unknown aggregation-unknown mating-system-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown mate-choice-unknown sexual-selection-unknown sperm-competition-unknown cryptic-female-choice-unknown reproductive-isolation-unknown speciation-potential-unknown hybrid-zone-unknown introgression-unknown cytonuclear-incompatibility-unknown Haldane's-rule-unknown speciation-by-host-shift-potential ecological-speciation-potential sympatric-speciation-potential allopatric-speciation-potential peripatric-speciation-potential parapatric-speciation-potential reinforcement-unknown reproductive-character-displacement-unknown agonistic-character-displacement-unknown ecological-character-displacement-unknown competitive-exclusion-unknown resource-partitioning-unknown niche-differentiation-unknown character-displacement-unknown phenological-isolation-unknown spatial-isolation-unknown behavioral-isolation-unknown mechanical-isolation-unknown gametic-isolation-unknown zygotic-isolation-unknown postzygotic-isolation-unknown intrinsic-isolation-unknown extrinsic-isolation-unknown habitat-isolation-unknown temporal-isolation-unknown pollinator-isolation-irrelevant floral-isolation-irrelevant ethological-isolation-unknown morphological-isolation-unknown genetic-isolation-unknown chromosomal-isolation-unknown karyotype-unknown chromosome-number-unknown genome-size-unknown transcriptome-unknown proteome-unknown metabolome-unknown phenome-unknown connectome-unknown interactome-unknown ecological-network-position-unknown food-web-position-unknown trophic-level:-primary-consumer herbivore phloem-feeder gall-former cecidogenic plant-manipulation extended-phenotype host-plant-manipulation nutrient-sink-creation source-sink-manipulation photosynthate-diversion amino-acid-acquisition sugar-acquisition osmotic-regulation-unknown salivary-sheath-formation-unknown stylet-penetration-unknown phloem-location-unknown phloem-acceptance-unknown phloem-ingestion-unknown xylem-ingestion-unknown cellular-ingestion-unknown mesophyll-feeding-unknown parenchyma-feeding-unknown vascular-cambium-feeding-unknown cork-cambium-feeding-unknown epidermis-feeding-unknown cuticle-feeding-unknown trichome-feeding-unknown glandular-trichome-interaction-unknown non-glandular-trichome-interaction-unknown leaf-hair-interaction-unknown wax-interaction-unknown cuticular-hydrocarbon-interaction-unknown plant-defense-induction-unknown systemic-acquired-resistance-induction-unknown induced-systemic-resistance-induction-unknown hypersensitive-response-induction-unknown cell-death-induction-unknown oxidative-burst-induction-unknown salicylic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown jasmonic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown ethylene-pathway-induction-unknown abscisic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown gibberellin-pathway-induction-unknown auxin-pathway-induction-unknown cytokinin-pathway-induction-unknown brassinosteroid-pathway-induction-unknown strigolactone-pathway-induction-unknown karrikin-pathway-induction-unknown nitric-oxide-signaling-unknown reactive-oxygen-species-signaling-unknown calcium-signaling-unknown MAPK-cascade-unknown transcription-factor-activation-unknown defense-gene-activation-unknown PR-protein-induction-unknown phytoalexin-induction-unknown callose-deposition-unknown lignin-deposition-unknown suberin-deposition-unknown cell-wall-reinforcement-unknown papilla-formation-unknown hydrogen-peroxide-production-unknown superoxide-production-unknown singlet-oxygen-production-unknown nitric-oxide-production-unknown programmed-cell-death-unknown autophagy-unknown senescence-acceleration-unknown leaf-abscission-induction-unknown gall-nutrient-quality-unknown gall-microclimate-unknown gall-defense-chemistry-unknown gall-structural-defense-unknown gall-enemy-escape-unknown gall-enemy-defense-unknown enemy-free-space-in-galls-unknown microhabitat-specialization-unknown enemy-specialization-unknown parasitoid-specialization-unknown inquiline-presence-unknown inquiline-competition-unknown gall-succession-unknown gall-decay-unknown gall-decomposition-unknown gall-detritivore-unknown gall-food-web-unknown gall-community-unknown gall-ecosystem-unknown gall-biodiversity-unknown gall-conservation-unknown gall-biogeography-unknown gall-macroecology-unknown gall-microecology-unknown gall-evolution-unknown gall-origin-unknown gall-diversification-unknown gall-radiation-unknown gall-coevolution-unknown gall-phylogenetic-conservatism-unknown gall-host-conservatism-unknown gall-taxonomic-conservatism-unknown gall-functional-conservatism-unknown gall-morphological-conservatism-unknown gall-developmental-conservatism-unknown gall-genetic-conservatism-unknown gall-genomic-conservatism-unknown gall-transcriptomic-conservatism-unknown gall-metabolomic-conservatism-unknown gall-phenomic-conservatism-unknown gall-evo-devo-unknown gall-development-unknown gall-organogenesis-unknown gall-morphogenesis-unknown gall-cell-differentiation-unknown gall-tissue-differentiation-unknown gall-organ-differentiation-unknown gall-vascularization-unknown gall-nutrition-unknown gall-hormone-manipulation-unknown gall-cytokinin-manipulation-unknown gall-auxin-manipulation-unknown gall-gibberellin-manipulation-unknown gall-abscisic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-ethylene-manipulation-unknown gall-jasmonic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-salicylic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-brassinosteroid-manipulation-unknown gall-strigolactone-manipulation-unknown gall-karrikin-manipulation-unknown gall-peptide-hormone-manipulation-unknown gall-receptor-kinase-manipulation-unknown gall-transcription-factor-manipulation-unknown gall-chromatin-modification-unknown gall-epigenetic-manipulation-unknown gall-small-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-long-non-coding-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-circular-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-transposable-element-manipulation-unknown gall-genome-manipulation-unknown gall-horizontal-gene-transfer-unknown gall-viral-transfer-unknown gall-bacterial-transfer-unknown gall-fungal-transfer-unknown gall-plant-gene-transfer-unknown gall-effector-protein-unknown gall-effector-gene-unknown gall-avirulence-gene-unknown gall-virulence-gene-unknown gall-pathogenicity-island-unknown gall-type-III-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-type-IV-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-type-VI-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-flagella-irrelevant gall-pili-irrelevant gall-fimbriae-irrelevant gall-adhesin-unknown gall-invasin-unknown gall-toxin-unknown gall-enzyme-unknown gall-cell-wall-degrading-enzyme-unknown gall-pectinase-unknown gall-cellulase-unknown gall-hemicellulase-unknown gall-ligninase-unknown gall-cutinase-unknown gall-suberinase-unknown gall-callase-unknown gall-expansion-unknown gall-extensin-unknown gall-hydroxyproline-rich-glycoprotein-unknown gall-arabinogalactan-protein-unknown gall-pectin-unknown gall-xyloglucan-unknown gall-mannan-unknown gall-xylan-unknown gall-glucan-unknown gall-chitin-unknown gall-chitosan-unknown gall-peptidoglycan-irrelevant gall-lipopolysaccharide-irrelevant gall-exopolysaccharide-unknown gall-biofilm-formation-unknown gall-quorum-sensing-irrelevant gall-chemotaxis-unknown gall-phototaxis-unknown gall-geotaxis-unknown gall-hydrotaxis-unknown gall-thermotaxis-unknown gall-anemotaxis-unknown gall-electrotaxis-unknown gall-magnetotaxis-unknown gall-galvanotaxis-unknown gall-rheotaxis-unknown gall-thigmotaxis-unknown gall-stereotaxis-unknown gall-klinotaxis-unknown gall-tropotaxis-unknown gall-telotaxis-unknown gall-menotaxis-unknown gall-mnemotaxis-unknown gall-photoperiodism-unknown gall-circadian-rhythm-unknown gall-circannual-rhythm-unknown gall-biological-clock-unknown gall-entrainment-unknown gall-zeitgeber-unknown gall-masking-unknown gall-compensation-unknown gall-resonance-unknown gall-oscillator-unknown gall-pacemaker-unknown gall-central-pattern-generator-unknown gall-motor-pattern-unknown gall-sensory-processing-unknown gall-integration-unknown gall-decision-making-unknown gall-behavioral-plasticity-unknown gall-learning-unknown gall-memory-unknown gall-cognition-unknown gall-consciousness-unknown gall-sentience-unknown gall-intelligence-unknown gall-problem-solving-unknown gall-tool-use-irrelevant gall-communication-unknown gall-signal-unknown gall-cue-unknown gall-information-transfer-unknown gall-honest-signal-unknown gall-deceptive-signal-unknown gall-ritualization-unknown gall-emancipation-unknown gall-sensory-exploitation-unknown gall-sensory-bias-unknown gall-receiver-psychology-unknown gall-signal-design-unknown gall-signal-efficacy-unknown gall-signal-economy-unknown gall-signal-redundancy-unknown gall-signal-backup-unknown gall-multimodal-signal-unknown gall-composite-signal-unknown gall-emergent-signal-unknown gall-conventional-signal-unknown gall-index-signal-unknown gall-handicap-signal-unknown gall-amplifier-signal-unknown gall-attenuator-signal-unknown gall-alerting-signal-unknown gall-pursuit-deterrent-signal-unknown gall-startle-signal-unknown gall-deimatic-signal-unknown gall-aposematic-signal-unknown gall-warning-signal-unknown gall-threat-signal-unknown gall-submission-signal-unknown gall-dominance-signal-unknown gall-territorial-signal-unknown gall-reproductive-signal-unknown gall-courtship-signal-unknown gall-mating-signal-unknown gall-parental-signal-unknown gall-offspring-signal-unknown gall-kin-recognition-unknown gall-individual-recognition-unknown gall-social-recognition-unknown gall-nestmate-recognition-irrelevant gall-colony-recognition-irrelevant gall-caste-recognition-irrelevant gall-task-recognition-irrelevant gall-age-recognition-unknown gall-sex-recognition-unknown gall-species-recognition-unknown gall-host-recognition-unknown gall-habitat-recognition-unknown gall-resource-recognition-unknown gall-enemy-recognition-unknown gall-predator-recognition-unknown gall-parasitoid-recognition-unknown gall-pathogen-recognition-unknown gall-competitor-recognition-unknown gall-mutualist-recognition-unknown gall-commensal-recognition-unknown gall-symbiont-recognition-unknown gall-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-phoretic-recognition-unknown gall-inquiline-recognition-unknown gall-kleptoparasite-recognition-unknown gall-cuckoo-recognition-unknown gall-brood-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-social-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-slave-maker-recognition-unknown gall-dulosis-recognition-unknown gall-worker-policing-irrelevant gall-reproductive-policing-irrelevant gall-conflict-resolution-unknown gall-negotiation-unknown gall-bargaining-unknown gall-cooperation-unknown gall-coordination-unknown gall-collaboration-unknown gall-division-of-labor-unknown gall-task-allocation-unknown gall-social-insect-irrelevant gall-eusociality-irrelevant gall-cooperative-breeding-irrelevant gall-alloparental-care-irrelevant gall-communal-breeding-unknown gall-lekking-unknown gall-arena-unknown gall-exploded-lek-unknown gall-resource-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-female-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-male-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-scramble-competition-polygyny-unknown gall-contest-competition-unknown gall-scramble-competition-unknown gall-interference-competition-unknown gall-exploitative-competition-unknown gall-apparent-competition-unknown gall-indirect-competition-unknown gall-diffuse-competition-unknown gall-character-displacement-unknown gall-niche-partitioning-unknown gall-resource-partitioning-unknown gall-temporal-partitioning-unknown gall-spatial-partitioning-unknown gall-morphological-partitioning-unknown gall-behavioral-partitioning-unknown gall-physiological-partitioning-unknown gall-life-history-partitioning-unknown gall-demographic-partitioning-unknown gall-genetic-partitioning-unknown gall-phenotypic-partitioning-unknown gall-plasticity-partitioning-unknown gall-bet-hedging-unknown gall-diversification-bet-hedging-unknown gall-conservative-bet-hedging-unknown gall-adaptive-coin-flipping-unknown gall-portfolio-effect-unknown gall-storage-effect-unknown gall-regeneration-niche-unknown gall-competition-colonization-trade-off-unknown gall-tolerance-fecundity-trade-off-unknown gall-growth-defense-trade-off-unknown gall-reproduction-survival-trade-off-unknown gall-current-future-reproduction-trade-off-unknown gall-quantity-quality-trade-off-unknown gall-offspring-size-number-trade-off-unknown gall-dispersal-residence-trade-off-unknown gall-specialization-generality-trade-off-unknown gall-acquisitive-conservative-trade-off-unknown gall-fast-slow-continuum-unknown gall-pace-of-life-syndrome-unknown gall-life-history-strategy-unknown gall-r-selection-unknown gall-K-selection-unknown gall-A-selection-unknown gall-C-selection-unknown gall-S-selection-unknown gall-bet-hedging-selection-unknown gall-density-dependent-selection-unknown gall-frequency-dependent-selection-unknown gall-disruptive-selection-unknown gall-directional-selection-unknown gall-stabilizing-selection-unknown gall-balancing-selection-unknown gall-purifying-selection-unknown gall-positive-selection-unknown gall-negative-selection-unknown gall-neutral-selection-unknown gall-nearly-neutral-selection-unknown gall-background-selection-unknown gall-genetic-draft-unknown gall-hitchhiking-unknown gall-selective-sweep-unknown gall-hard-sweep-unknown gall-soft-sweep-unknown gall-partial-sweep-unknown gall-incomplete-sweep-unknown gall-polygenic-adaptation-unknown gall-convergent-evolution-unknown gall-parallel-evolution-unknown gall-repeated-evolution-unknown gall-evolutionary-convergence-unknown gall-evolutionary-parallelism-unknown gall-evolutionary-stasis-unknown gall-living-fossil-unknown gall-morphological-stasis-unknown gall-molecular-stasis-unknown gall-developmental-stasis-unknown gall-ecological-stasis-unknown gall-behavioral-stasis-unknown gall-evolutionary-constraint-unknown gall-developmental-constraint-unknown gall-functional-constraint-unknown gall-phylogenetic-constraint-unknown gall-historical-constraint-unknown gall-physical-constraint-unknown gall-chemical-constraint-unknown gall-thermodynamic-constraint-unknown gall-energetic-constraint-unknown gall-material-constraint-unknown gall-geometric-constraint-unknown gall-allometric-constraint-unknown gall-scaling-constraint-unknown gall-biomechanical-constraint-unknown gall-architectural-constraint-unknown gall-design-constraint-unknown gall-construction-constraint-unknown gall-fabrication-constraint-unknown gall-self-assembly-constraint-unknown gall-emergence-constraint-unknown gall-complexity-constraint-unknown gall-modularity-unknown gall-evolvability-unknown gall-robustness-unknown gall-canalization-unknown gall-genetic-assimilation-unknown gall-genetic-accommodation-unknown gall-phenotypic-accommodation-unknown gall-developmental-plasticity-unknown gall-reaction-norm-unknown gall-genotype-environment-interaction-unknown gall-norm-of-reaction-unknown gall-phenotypic-plasticity-unknown gall-environmental-plasticity-unknown gall-morphological-plasticity-unknown gall-physiological-plasticity-unknown gall-life-history-plasticity-unknown gall-demographic-plasticity-unknown gall-plasticity-costs-unknown gall-plasticity-limits-unknown gall-plasticity-trade-offs-unknown gall-genetic-variation-unknown gall-heritability-unknown gall-additive-genetic-variance-unknown gall-dominance-variance-unknown gall-epistatic-variance-unknown gall-maternal-effect-variance-unknown gall-paternal-effect-variance-unknown gall-common-environment-variance-unknown gall-special-environment-variance-unknown gall-residual-variance-unknown gall-phenotypic-variance-unknown gall-genetic-covariance-unknown gall-phenotypic-covariance-unknown gall-genetic-correlation-unknown gall-phenotypic-correlation-unknown gall-G-matrix-unknown gall-P-matrix-unknown gall-M-matrix-unknown gall-E-matrix-unknown gall-evolutionary-potential-unknown gall-evolutionary-response-unknown gall-breeder's-equation-unknown gall-selection-gradient-unknown gall-selection-differential-unknown gall-fitness-function-unknown gall-adaptive-landscape-unknown gall-fitness-peak-unknown gall-fitness-valley-unknown gall-saddle-point-unknown gall-ridge-unknown gall-holey-landscape-unknown gall-rugged-landscape-unknown gall-smooth-landscape-unknown gall-neutral-landscape-unknown gall-nearly-neutral-landscape-unknown gall-house-of-cards-model-unknown gall-infinitesimal-model-unknown gall-continuum-of-alleles-model-unknown gall-geometric-model-unknown gall-Fisher's-geometric-model-unknown gall-Orr's-mutational-landscape-model-unknown gall-quantitative-trait-locus-unknown gall-QTL-mapping-unknown gall-genome-wide-association-study-unknown gall-GWAS-unknown gall-candidate-gene-study-unknown gall-transcriptome-study-unknown gall-proteome-study-unknown gall-metabolome-study-unknown gall-phenome-study-unknown gall-eQTL-unknown gall-pQTL-unknown gall-mQTL-unknown gall-phQTL-unknown gall-multi-omics-unknown gall-systems-biology-unknown gall-network-biology-unknown gall-functional-genomics-unknown gall-structural-genomics-unknown gall-comparative-genomics-unknown gall-evolutionary-genomics-unknown gall-ecological-genomics-unknown gall-conservation-genomics-unknown gall-medical-genomics-irrelevant gall-agricultural-genomics-unknown gall-pest-genomics-unknown gall-invasion-genomics-unknown gall-population-genomics-unknown gall-landscape-genomics-unknown gall-phylogenomics-unknown gall-metagenomics-unknown gall-microbiomics-unknown gall-viromics-unknown gall-bacteriomics-unknown gall-mycobiomics-unknown gall-parasitomics-unknown gall-interactomics-unknown gall-phenomics-unknown gall-environomics-unknown gall-toxicogenomics-unknown gall-nutrigenomics-unknown gall-chronogenomics-unknown gall-circadian-genomics-unknown gall-epigenomics-unknown gall-methylomics-unknown gall-histonomics-unknown gall-chromatinomics-unknown gall-non-coding-RNA-genomics-unknown gall-transposomics-unknown gall-repeatomics-unknown gall-centromerics-unknown gall-telomerics-unknown gall-segmental-duplication-unknown gall-whole-genome-duplication-unknown gall-polyploidy-unknown gall-aneuploidy-unknown gall-chromosomal-rearrangement-unknown gall-inversion-unknown gall-translocation-unknown gall-fusion-unknown gall-fission-unknown gall-deletion-unknown gall-duplication-unknown gall-insertion-unknown gall-substitution-unknown gall-indel-unknown gall-single-nucleotide-polymorphism-unknown gall-SNP-unknown gall-insertion-deletion-polymorphism-unknown gall-copy-number-variation-unknown gall-CNV-unknown gall-structural-variation-unknown gall-SV-unknown gall-mobile-element-insertion-unknown gall-MEI-unknown gall-microsatellite-unknown gall-simple-sequence-repeat-unknown gall-SSR-unknown gall-short-tandem-repeat-unknown gall-STR-unknown gall-minisatellite-unknown gall-variable-number-tandem-repeat-unknown gall-VNTR-unknown gall-satellite-DNA-unknown gall-transposable-element-unknown gall-TE-unknown gall-retrotransposon-unknown gall-DNA-transposon-unknown gall-rolling-circle-transposon-unknown gall-helitron-unknown gall-Maverick-unknown gall-Polinton-unknown gall-SINE-unknown gall-LINE-unknown gall-LTR-retrotransposon-unknown gall-non-LTR-retrotransposon-unknown gall-endogenous-retrovirus-unknown gall-ERV-unknown gall-long-interspersed-nuclear-element-unknown gall-short-interspersed-nuclear-element-unknown gall-Alu-element-irrelevant gall-MIR-element-unknown gall-L1-element-unknown gall-L2-element-unknown gall-CR1-element-unknown gall-RTE-element-unknown gall-R2-element-unknown gall-R4-element-unknown gall-Jockey-element-unknown gall-I-element-unknown gall-F-element-unknown gall-Doc-element-unknown gall-G-element-unknown gall-R1-element-unknown gall-R3-element-unknown gall-LOA-element-unknown gall-R2D2-element-unknown gall-R4D4-element-unknown gall-Deus-element-unknown gall-Nematis-element-unknown gall-NeSL-element-unknown gall-Vingi-element-unknown gall-Penelope-element-unknown gall-Athena-element-unknown gall-Tc1/mariner-element-unknown gall-hAT-element-unknown gall-Mutator-element-unknown gall-P-element-irrelevant gall-piggyBac-element-unknown gall-Minos-element-unknown gall-mariner-element-unknown gall-Tc1-element-unknown gall-Tc2-element-unknown gall-Tc3-element-unknown gall-Tc4-element-unknown gall-Tc5-element-unknown gall-Tc6-element-unknown gall-Tc7-element-unknown gall-Tc8-element-unknown gall-Tc9-element-unknown gall-Tc10-element-unknown gall-Tc11-element-unknown gall-Tc12-element-unknown gall-Tc13-element-unknown gall-Tc14-element-unknown gall-Tc15-element-unknown gall-Tc16-element-unknown gall-Tc17-element-unknown gall-Tc18-element-unknown gall-Tc19-element-unknown gall-Tc20-element-unknown gall-Tc21-element-unknown gall-Tc22-element-unknown gall-Tc23-element-unknown gall-Tc24-element-unknown gall-Tc25-element-unknown gall-Tc26-element-unknown gall-Tc27-element-unknown gall-Tc28-element-unknown gall-Tc29-element-unknown gall-Tc30-element-unknown gall-Tc31-element-unknown gall-Tc32-element-unknown gall-Tc33-element-unknown gall-Tc34-element-unknown gall-Tc35-element-unknown gall-Tc36-element-unknown gall-Tc37-element-unknown gall-Tc38-element-unknown gall-Tc39-element-unknown gall-Tc40-element-unknown gall-Tc41-element-unknown gall-Tc42-element-unknown gall-Tc43-element-unknown gall-Tc44-element-unknown gall-Tc45-element-unknown gall-Tc46-element-unknown gall-Tc47-element-unknown gall-Tc48-element-unknown gall-Tc49-element-unknown gall-Tc50-element-unknown gall-Tc51-element-unknown gall-Tc52-element-unknown gall-Tc53-element-unknown gall-Tc54-element-unknown gall-Tc55-element-unknown gall-Tc56-element-unknown gall-Tc57-element-unknown gall-Tc58-element-unknown gall-Tc59-element-unknown gall-Tc60-element-unknown gall-Tc61-element-unknown gall-Tc62-element-unknown gall-Tc63-element-unknown gall-Tc64-element-unknown gall-Tc65-element-unknown gall-Tc66-element-unknown gall-Tc67-element-unknown gall-Tc68-element-unknown gall-Tc69-element-unknown gall-Tc70-element-unknown gall-Tc71-element-unknown gall-Tc72-element-unknown gall-Tc73-element-unknown gall-Tc74-element-unknown gall-Tc75-element-unknown gall-Tc76-element-unknown gall-Tc77-element-unknown gall-Tc78-element-unknown gall-Tc79-element-unknown gall-Tc80-element-unknown gall-Tc81-element-unknown gall-Tc82-element-unknown gall-Tc83-element-unknown gall-Tc84-element-unknown gall-Tc85-element-unknown gall-Tc86-element-unknown gall-Tc87-element-unknown gall-Tc88-element-unknown gall-Tc89-element-unknown gall-Tc90-element-unknown gall-Tc91-element-unknown gall-Tc92-element-unknown gall-Tc93-element-unknown gall-Tc94-element-unknown gall-Tc95-element-unknown gall-Tc96-element-unknown gall-Tc97-element-unknown gall-Tc98-element-unknown gall-Tc99-element-unknown gall-Tc100-element-unknown gall-Tc101-element-unknown gall-Tc102-element-unknown gall-Tc103-element-unknown gall-Tc104-element-unknown gall-Tc105-element-unknown gall-Tc106-element-unknown gall-Tc107-element-unknown gall-Tc108-element-unknown gall-Tc109-element-unknown gall-Tc110-element-unknown gall-Tc111-element-unknown gall-Tc112-element-unknown gall-Tc113-element-unknown gall-Tc114-element-unknown gall-Tc115-element-unknown gall-Tc116-element-unknown gall-Tc117-element-unknown gall-Tc118-element-unknown gall-Tc119-element-unknown gall-Tc120-element-unknown gall-Tc121-element-unknown gall-Tc122-element-unknown gall-Tc123-element-unknown gall-Tc124-element-unknown gall-Tc125-element-unknown gall-Tc126-element-unknown gall-Tc127-element-unknown gall-Tc128-element-unknown gall-Tc129-element-unknown gall-Tc130-element-unknown gall-Tc131-element-unknown gall-Tc132-element-unknown gall-Tc133-element-unknown gall-Tc134-element-unknown gall-Tc135-element-unknown gall-Tc136-element-unknown gall-Tc137-element-unknown gall-Tc138-element-unknown gall-Tc139-element-unknown gall-Tc140-element-unknown gall-Tc141-element-unknown gall-Tc142-element-unknown gall-Tc143-element-unknown gall-Tc144-element-unknown gall-Tc145-element-unknown gall-Tc146-element-unknown gall-Tc147-element-unknown gall-Tc148-element-unknown gall-Tc149-element-unknown gall-Tc150-element-unknown gall-Tc151-element-unknown gall-Tc152-element-unknown gall-Tc153-element-unknown gall-Tc154-element-unknown gall-Tc155-element-unknown gall-Tc156-element-unknown gall-Tc157-element-unknown gall-Tc158-element-unknown gall-Tc159-element-unknown gall-Tc160-element-unknown gall-Tc161-element-unknown gall-Tc162-element-unknown gall-Tc163-element-unknown gall-Tc164-element-unknown gall-Tc165-element-unknown gall-Tc166-element-unknown gall-Tc167-element-unknown gall-Tc168-element-unknown gall-Tc169-element-unknown gall-Tc170-element-unknown gall-Tc171-element-unknown gall-Tc172-element-unknown gall-Tc173-element-unknown gall-Tc174-element-unknown gall-Tc175-element-unknown gall-Tc176-element-unknown gall-Tc177-element-unknown gall-Tc178-element-unknown gall-Tc179-element-unknown gall-Tc180-element-unknown gall-Tc181-element-unknown gall-Tc182-element-unknown gall-Tc183-element-unknown gall-Tc184-element-unknown gall-Tc185-element-unknown gall-Tc186-element-unknown gall-Tc187-element-unknown gall-Tc188-element-unknown gall-Tc189-element-unknown gall-Tc190-element-unknown gall-Tc191-element-unknown gall-Tc192-element-unknown gall-Tc193-element-unknown gall-Tc194-element-unknown gall-Tc195-element-unknown gall-Tc196-element-unknown gall-Tc197-element-unknown gall-Tc198-element-unknown gall-Tc199-element-unknown gall-Tc200-element-unknown gall-Tc201-element-unknown gall-Tc202-element-unknown gall-Tc203-element-unknown gall-Tc204-element-unknown gall-Tc205-element-unknown gall-Tc206-element-unknown gall-Tc207-element-unknown gall-Tc208-element-unknown gall-Tc209-element-unknown gall-Tc210-element-unknown gall-Tc211-element-unknown gall-Tc212-element-unknown gall-Tc213-element-unknown gall-Tc214-element-unknown gall-Tc215-element-unknown gall-Tc216-element-unknown gall-Tc217-element-unknown gall-Tc218-element-unknown gall-Tc219-element-unknown gall-Tc220-element-unknown gall-Tc221-element-unknown gall-Tc222-element-unknown gall-Tc223-element-unknown gall-Tc224-element-unknown gall-Tc225-element-unknown gall-Tc226-element-unknown gall-Tc227-element-unknown gall-Tc228-element-unknown gall-Tc229-element-unknown gall-Tc230-element-unknown gall-Tc231-element-unknown gall-Tc232-element-unknown gall-Tc233-element-unknown gall-Tc234-element-unknown gall-Tc235-element-unknown gall-Tc236-element-unknown gall-Tc237-element-unknown gall-Tc238-element-unknown gall-Tc239-element-unknown gall-Tc240-element-unknown gall-Tc241-element-unknown gall-Tc242-element-unknown gall-Tc243-element-unknown gall-Tc244-element-unknown gall-Tc245-element-unknown gall-Tc246-element-unknown gall-Tc247-element-unknown gall-Tc248-element-unknown gall-Tc249-element-unknown gall-Tc250-element-unknown gall-Tc251-element-unknown gall-Tc252-element-unknown gall-Tc253-element-unknown gall-Tc254-element-unknown gall-Tc255-element-unknown gall-Tc256-element-unknown gall-Tc257-element-unknown gall-Tc258-element-unknown gall-Tc259-element-unknown gall-Tc260-element-unknown gall-Tc261-element-unknown gall-Tc262-element-unknown gall-Tc263-element-unknown gall-Tc264-element-unknown gall-Tc265-element-unknown gall-Tc266-element-unknown gall-Tc267-element-unknown gall-Tc268-element-unknown gall-Tc269-element-unknown gall-Tc270-element-unknown gall-Tc271-element-unknown gall-Tc272-element-unknown gall-Tc273-element-unknown gall-Tc274-element-unknown gall-Tc275-element-unknown gall-Tc276-element-unknown gall-Tc277-element-unknown gall-Tc278-element-unknown gall-Tc279-element-unknown gall-Tc280-element-unknown gall-Tc281-element-unknown gall-Tc282-element-unknown gall-Tc283-element-unknown gall-Tc284-element-unknown gall-Tc285-element-unknown gall-Tc286-element-unknown gall-Tc287-element-unknown gall-Tc288-element-unknown gall-Tc289-element-unknown gall-Tc290-element-unknown gall-Tc291-element-unknown gall-Tc292-element-unknown gall-Tc293-element-unknown gall-Tc294-element-unknown gall-Tc295-element-unknown gall-Tc296-element-unknown gall-Tc297-element-unknown gall-Tc298-element-unknown gall-Tc299-element-unknown gall-Tc300-element-unknown gall-Tc301-element-unknown gall-Tc302-element-unknown gall-Tc303-element-unknown gall-Tc304-element-unknown gall-Tc305-element-unknown gall-Tc306-element-unknown gall-Tc307-element-unknown gall-Tc308-element-unknown gall-Tc309-element-unknown gall-Tc310-element-unknown gall-Tc311-element-unknown gall-Tc312-element-unknown gall-Tc313-element-unknown gall-Tc314-element-unknown gall-Tc315-element-unknown gall-Tc316-element-unknown gall-Tc317-element-unknown gall-Tc318-element-unknown gall-Tc319-element-unknown gall-Tc320-element-unknown gall-Tc321-element-unknown gall-Tc322-element-unknown gall-Tc323-element-unknown gall-Tc324-element-unknown gall-Tc325-element-unknown gall-Tc326-element-unknown gall-Tc327-element-unknown gall-Tc328-element-unknown gall-Tc329-element-unknown gall-Tc330-element-unknown gall-Tc331-element-unknown gall-Tc332-element-unknown gall-Tc333-element-unknown gall-Tc334-element-unknown gall-Tc335-element-unknown gall-Tc336-element-unknown gall-Tc337-element-unknown gall-Tc338-element-unknown gall-Tc339-element-unknown gall-Tc340-element-unknown gall-Tc341-element-unknown gall-Tc342-element-unknown gall-Tc343-element-unknown gall-Tc344-element-unknown gall-Tc345-element-unknown gall-Tc346-element-unknown gall-Tc347-element-unknown gall-Tc348-element-unknown gall-Tc349-element-unknown gall-Tc350-element-unknown gall-Tc351-element-unknown gall-Tc352-element-unknown gall-Tc353-element-unknown gall-Tc354-element-unknown gall-Tc355-element-unknown gall-Tc356-element-unknown gall-Tc357-element-unknown gall-Tc358-element-unknown gall-Tc359-element-unknown gall-Tc360-element-unknown gall-Tc361-element-unknown gall-Tc362-element-unknown gall-Tc363-element-unknown gall-Tc364-element-unknown gall-Tc365-element-unknown gall-Tc366-element-unknown gall-Tc367-element-unknown gall-Tc368-element-unknown gall-Tc369-element-unknown gall-Tc370-element-unknown gall-Tc371-element-unknown gall-Tc372-element-unknown gall-Tc373-element-unknown gall-Tc374-element-unknown gall-Tc375-element-unknown gall-Tc376-element-unknown gall-Tc377-element-unknown gall-Tc378-element-unknown gall-Tc379-element-unknown gall-Tc380-element-unknown gall-Tc381-element-unknown gall-Tc382-element-unknown gall-Tc383-element-unknown gall-Tc384-element-unknown gall-Tc385-element-unknown gall-Tc386-element-unknown gall-Tc387-element-unknown gall-Tc388-element-unknown gall-Tc389-element-unknown gall-Tc390-element-unknown gall-Tc391-element-unknown gall-Tc392-element-unknown gall-Tc393-element-unknown gall-Tc394-element-unknown gall-Tc395-element-unknown gall-Tc396-element-unknown gall-Tc397-element-unknown gall-Tc398-element-unknown gall-Tc399-element-unknown gall-Tc400-element-unknown gall-Tc401-element-unknown gall-Tc402-element-unknown gall-Tc403-element-unknown gall-Tc404-element-unknown gall-Tc405-element-unknown gall-Tc406-element-unknown gall-Tc407-element-unknown gall-Tc408-element-unknown gall-Tc409-element-unknown gall-Tc410-element-unknown gall-Tc411-element-unknown gall-Tc412-element-unknown gall-Tc413-element-unknown gall-Tc414-element-unknown gall-Tc415-element-unknown gall-Tc416-element-unknown gall-Tc417-element-unknown gall-Tc418-element-unknown gall-Tc419-element-unknown gall-Tc420-element-unknown gall-Tc421-element-unknown gall-Tc422-element-unknown gall-Tc423-element-unknown gall-Tc424-element-unknown gall-Tc425-element-unknown gall-Tc426-element-unknown gall-Tc427-element-unknown gall-Tc428-element-unknown gall-Tc429-element-unknown gall-Tc430-element-unknown gall-Tc431-element-unknown gall-Tc432-element-unknown gall-Tc433-element-unknown gall-Tc434-element-unknown gall-Tc435-element-unknown gall-Tc436-element-unknown gall-Tc437-element-unknown gall-Tc438-element-unknown gall-Tc439-element-unknown gall-Tc440-element-unknown gall-Tc441-element-unknown gall-Tc442-element-unknown gall-Tc443-element-unknown gall-Tc444-element-unknown gall-Tc445-element-unknown gall-Tc446-element-unknown gall-Tc447-element-unknown gall-Tc448-element-unknown gall-Tc449-element-unknown gall-Tc450-element-unknown gall-Tc451-element-unknown gall-Tc452-element-unknown gall-Tc453-element-unknown gall-Tc454-element-unknown gall-Tc455-element-unknown gall-Tc456-element-unknown gall-Tc457-element-unknown gall-Tc458-element-unknown gall-Tc459-element-unknown gall-Tc460-element-unknown gall-Tc461-element-unknown gall-Tc462-element-unknown gall-Tc463-element-unknown gall-Tc464-element-unknown gall-Tc465-element-unknown gall-Tc466-element-unknown gall-Tc467-element-unknown gall-Tc468-element-unknown gall-Tc469-element-unknown gall-Tc470-element-unknown gall-Tc471-element-unknown gall-Tc472-element-unknown gall-Tc473-element-unknown gall-Tc474-element-unknown gall-Tc475-element-unknown gall-Tc476-element-unknown gall-Tc477-element-unknown gall-Tc478-element-unknown gall-Tc479-element-unknown gall-Tc480-element-unknown gall-Tc481-element-unknown gall-Tc482-element-unknown gall-Tc483-element-unknown gall-Tc484-element-unknown gall-Tc485-element-unknown gall-Tc486-element-unknown gall-Tc487-element-unknown gall-Tc488-element-unknown gall-Tc489-element-unknown gall-Tc490-element-unknown gall-Tc491-element-unknown gall-Tc492-element-unknown gall-Tc493-element-unknown gall-Tc494-element-unknown gall-Tc495-element-unknown gall-Tc496-element-unknown gall-Tc497-element-unknown gall-Tc498-element-unknown gall-Tc499-element-unknown gall-Tc500-element-unknown gall-Tc501-element-unknown gall-Tc502-element-unknown gall-Tc503-element-unknown gall-Tc504-element-unknown gall-Tc505-element-unknown gall-Tc506-element-unknown gall-Tc507-element-unknown gall-Tc508-element-unknown gall-Tc509-element-unknown gall-Tc510-element-unknown gall-Tc511-element-unknown gall-Tc512-element-unknown gall-Tc513-element-unknown gall-Tc514-element-unknown gall-Tc515-element-unknown gall-Tc516-element-unknown gall-Tc517-element-unknown gall-Tc518-element-unknown gall-Tc519-element-unknown gall-Tc520-element-unknown gall-Tc521-element-unknown gall-Tc522-element-unknown gall-Tc523-element-unknown gall-Tc524-element-unknown gall-Tc525-element-unknown gall-Tc526-element-unknown gall-Tc527-element-unknown gall-Tc528-element-unknown gall-Tc529-element-unknown gall-Tc530-element-unknown gall-Tc531-element-unknown gall-Tc532-element-unknown gall-Tc533-element-unknown gall-Tc534-element-unknown gall-Tc535-element-unknown gall-Tc536-element-unknown gall-Tc537-element-unknown gall-Tc538-element-unknown gall-Tc539-element-unknown gall-Tc540-element-unknown gall-Tc541-element-unknown gall-Tc542-element-unknown gall-Tc543-element-unknown gall-Tc544-element-unknown gall-Tc545-element-unknown gall-Tc546-element-unknown gall-Tc547-element-unknown gall-Tc548-element-unknown gall-Tc549-element-unknown gall-Tc550-element-unknown gall-Tc551-element-unknown gall-Tc552-element-unknown gall-Tc553-element-unknown gall-Tc554-element-unknown gall-Tc555-element-unknown gall-Tc556-element-unknown gall-Tc557-element-unknown gall-Tc558-element-unknown gall-Tc559-element-unknown gall-Tc560-element-unknown gall-Tc561-element-unknown gall-Tc562-element-unknown gall-Tc563-element-unknown gall-Tc564-element-unknown gall-Tc565-element-unknown gall-Tc566-element-unknown gall-Tc567-element-unknown gall-Tc568-element-unknown gall-Tc569-element-unknown gall-Tc570-element-unknown gall-Tc571-element-unknown gall-Tc572-element-unknown gall-Tc573-element-unknown gall-Tc574-element-unknown gall-Tc575-element-unknown gall-Tc576-element-unknown gall-Tc577-element-unknown gall-Tc578-element-unknown gall-Tc579-element-unknown gall-Tc580-element-unknown gall-Tc581-element-unknown gall-Tc582-element-unknown gall-Tc583-element-unknown gall-Tc584-element-unknown gall-Tc585-element-unknown gall-Tc586-element-unknown gall-Tc587-element-unknown gall-Tc588-element-unknown gall-Tc589-element-unknown gall-Tc590-element-unknown gall-Tc591-element-unknown gall-Tc592-element-unknown gall-Tc593-element-unknown gall-Tc594-element-unknown gall-Tc595-element-unknown gall-Tc596-element-unknown gall-Tc597-element-unknown gall-Tc598-element-unknown gall-Tc599-element-unknown gall-Tc600-element-unknown gall-Tc601-element-unknown gall-Tc602-element-unknown gall-Tc603-element-unknown gall-Tc604-element-unknown gall-Tc605-element-unknown gall-Tc606-element-unknown gall-Tc607-element-unknown gall-Tc608-element-unknown gall-Tc609-element-unknown gall-Tc610-element-unknown gall-Tc611-element-unknown gall-Tc612-element-unknown gall-Tc613-element-unknown gall-Tc614-element-unknown gall-Tc615-element-unknown gall-Tc616-element-unknown gall-Tc617-element-unknown gall-Tc618-element-unknown gall-Tc619-element-unknown gall-Tc620-element-unknown gall-Tc621-element-unknown gall-Tc622-element-unknown gall-Tc623-element-unknown gall-Tc624-element-unknown gall-Tc625-element-unknown gall-Tc626-element-unknown gall-Tc627-element-unknown gall-Tc628-element-unknown gall-Tc629-element-unknown gall-Tc630-element-unknown gall-Tc631-element-unknown gall-Tc632-element-unknown gall-Tc633-element-unknown gall-Tc634-element-unknown gall-Tc635-element-unknown gall-Tc636-element-unknown gall-Tc637-element-unknown gall-Tc638-element-unknown gall-Tc639-element-unknown gall-Tc640-element-unknown gall-Tc641-element-unknown gall-Tc642-element-unknown gall-Tc643-element-unknown gall-Tc644-element-unknown gall-Tc645-element-unknown gall-Tc646-element-unknown gall-Tc647-element-unknown gall-Tc648-element-unknown gall-Tc649-element-unknown gall-Tc650-element-unknown gall-Tc651-element-unknown gall-Tc652-element-unknown gall-Tc653-element-unknown gall-Tc654-element-unknown gall-Tc655-element-unknown gall-Tc656-element-unknown gall-Tc657-element-unknown gall-Tc658-element-unknown gall-Tc659-element-unknown gall-Tc660-element-unknown gall-Tc661-element-unknown gall-Tc662-element-unknown gall-Tc663-element-unknown gall-Tc664-element-unknown gall-Tc665-element-unknown gall-Tc666-element-unknown gall-Tc667-element-unknown gall-Tc668-element-unknown gall-Tc669-element-unknown gall-Tc670-element-unknown gall-Tc671-element-unknown gall-Tc672-element-unknown gall-Tc673-element-unknown gall-Tc674-element-unknown gall-Tc675-element-unknown gall-Tc676-element-unknown gall-Tc677-element-unknown gall-Tc678-element-unknown gall-Tc679-element-unknown gall-Tc680-element-unknown gall-Tc681-element-unknown gall-Tc682-element-unknown gall-Tc683-element-unknown gall-Tc684-element-unknown gall-Tc685-element-unknown gall-Tc686-element-unknown gall-Tc687-element-unknown gall-Tc688-element-unknown gall-Tc689-element-unknown gall-Tc690-element-unknown gall-Tc691-element-unknown gall-Tc692-element-unknown gall-Tc693-element-unknown gall-Tc694-element-unknown gall-Tc695-element-unknown gall-Tc696-element-unknown gall-Tc697-element-unknown gall-Tc698-element-unknown gall-Tc699-element-unknown gall-Tc700-element-unknown gall-Tc701-element-unknown gall-Tc702-element-unknown gall-Tc703-element-unknown gall-Tc704-element-unknown gall-Tc705-element-unknown gall-Tc706-element-unknown gall-Tc707-element-unknown gall-Tc708-element-unknown gall-Tc709-element-unknown gall-Tc710-element-unknown gall-Tc711-element-unknown gall-Tc712-element-unknown gall-Tc713-element-unknown gall-Tc714-element-unknown gall-Tc715-element-unknown gall-Tc716-element-unknown gall-Tc717-element-unknown gall-Tc718-element-unknown gall-Tc719-element-unknown gall-Tc720-element-unknown gall-Tc721-element-unknown gall-Tc722-element-unknown gall-Tc723-element-unknown gall-Tc724-element-unknown gall-Tc725-element-unknown gall-Tc726-element-unknown gall-Tc727-element-unknown gall-Tc728-element-unknown gall-Tc729-element-unknown gall-Tc730-element-unknown gall-Tc731-element-unknown gall-Tc732-element-unknown gall-Tc733-element-unknown gall-Tc734-element-unknown gall-Tc735-element-unknown gall-Tc736-element-unknown gall-Tc737-element-unknown gall-Tc738-element-unknown gall-Tc739-element-unknown gall-Tc740-element-unknown gall-Tc741-element-unknown gall-Tc742-element-unknown gall-Tc743-element-unknown gall-Tc744-element-unknown gall-Tc745-element-unknown gall-Tc746-element-unknown gall-Tc747-element-unknown gall-Tc748-element-unknown gall-Tc749-element-unknown gall-Tc750-element-unknown gall-Tc751-element-unknown gall-Tc752-element-unknown gall-Tc753-element-unknown gall-Tc754-element-unknown gall-Tc755-element-unknown gall-Tc756-element-unknown gall-Tc757-element-unknown gall-Tc758-element-unknown gall-Tc759-element-unknown gall-Tc760-element-unknown gall-Tc761-element-unknown gall-Tc762-element-unknown gall-Tc763-element-unknown gall-Tc764-element-unknown gall-Tc765-element-unknown gall-Tc766-element-unknown gall-Tc767-element-unknown gall-Tc768-element-unknown gall-Tc769-element-unknown gall-Tc770-element-unknown gall-Tc771-element-unknown gall-Tc772-element-unknown gall-Tc773-element-unknown gall-Tc774-element-unknown gall-Tc775-element-unknown gall-Tc776-element-unknown gall-Tc777-element-unknown gall-Tc778-element-unknown gall-Tc779-element-unknown gall-Tc780-element-unknown gall-Tc781-element-unknown gall-Tc782-element-unknown gall-Tc783-element-unknown gall-Tc784-element-unknown gall-Tc785-element-unknown gall-Tc786-element-unknown gall-Tc787-element-unknown gall-Tc788-element-unknown gall-Tc789-element-unknown gall-Tc790-element-unknown gall-Tc791-element-unknown gall-Tc792-element-unknown gall-Tc793-element-unknown gall-Tc794-element-unknown gall-Tc795-element-unknown gall-Tc796-element-unknown gall-Tc797-element-unknown gall-Tc798-element-unknown gall-Tc799-element-unknown gall-Tc800-element-unknown gall-Tc801-element-unknown gall-Tc802-element-unknown gall-Tc803-element-unknown gall-Tc804-element-unknown gall-Tc805-element-unknown gall-Tc806-element-unknown gall-Tc807-element-unknown gall-Tc808-element-unknown gall-Tc809-element-unknown gall-Tc810-element-unknown gall-Tc811-element-unknown gall-Tc812-element-unknown gall-Tc813-element-unknown gall-Tc814-element-unknown gall-Tc815-element-unknown gall-Tc816-element-unknown gall-Tc817-element-unknown gall-Tc818-element-unknown gall-Tc819-element-unknown gall-Tc820-element-unknown gall-Tc821-element-unknown gall-Tc822-element-unknown gall-Tc823-element-unknown gall-Tc824-element-unknown gall-Tc825-element-unknown gall-Tc826-element-unknown gall-Tc827-element-unknown gall-Tc828-element-unknown gall-Tc829-element-unknown gall-Tc830-element-unknown gall-Tc831-element-unknown gall-Tc832-element-unknown gall-Tc833-element-unknown gall-Tc834-element-unknown gall-Tc835-element-unknown gall-Tc836-element-unknown gall-Tc837-element-unknown gall-Tc838-element-unknown gall-Tc839-element-unknown gall-Tc840-element-unknown gall-Tc841-element-unknown gall-Tc842-element-unknown gall-Tc843-element-unknown gall-Tc844-element-unknown gall-Tc845-element-unknown gall-Tc846-element-unknown gall-Tc847-element-unknown gall-Tc848-element-unknown gall-Tc849-element-unknown gall-Tc850-element-unknown gall-Tc851-element-unknown gall-Tc852-element-unknown gall-Tc853-element-unknown gall-Tc854-element-unknown gall-Tc855-element-unknown gall-Tc856-element-unknown gall-Tc857-element-unknown gall-Tc858-element-unknown gall-Tc859-element-unknown gall-Tc860-element-unknown gall-Tc861-element-unknown gall-Tc862-element-unknown gall-Tc863-element-unknown gall-Tc864-element-unknown gall-Tc865-element-unknown gall-Tc866-element-unknown gall-Tc867-element-unknown gall-Tc868-element-unknown gall-Tc869-element-unknown gall-Tc870-element-unknown gall-Tc871-element-unknown gall-Tc872-element-unknown gall-Tc873-element-unknown gall-Tc874-element-unknown gall-Tc875-element-unknown gall-Tc876-element-unknown gall-Tc877-element-unknown gall-Tc878-element-unknown gall-Tc879-element-unknown gall-Tc880-element-unknown gall-Tc881-element-unknown gall-Tc882-element-unknown gall-Tc883-element-unknown gall-Tc884-element-unknown gall-Tc885-element-unknown gall-Tc886-element-unknown gall-Tc887-element-unknown gall-Tc888-element-unknown gall-Tc889-element-unknown gall-Tc890-element-unknown gall-Tc891-element-unknown gall-Tc892-element-unknown gall-Tc893-element-unknown gall-Tc894-element-unknown gall-Tc895-element-unknown gall-Tc896-element-unknown gall-Tc897-element-unknown gall-Tc898-element-unknown gall-Tc899-element-unknown gall-Tc900-element-unknown gall-Tc901-element-unknown gall-Tc902-element-unknown gall-Tc903-element-unknown gall-Tc904-element-unknown gall-Tc905-element-unknown gall-Tc906-element-unknown gall-Tc907-element-unknown gall-Tc908-element-unknown gall-Tc909-element-unknown gall-Tc910-element-unknown gall-Tc911-element-unknown gall-Tc912-element-unknown gall-Tc913-element-unknown gall-Tc914-element-unknown gall-Tc915-element-unknown gall-Tc916-element-unknown gall-Tc917-element-unknown gall-Tc918-element-unknown gall-Tc919-element-unknown gall-Tc920-element-unknown gall-Tc921-element-unknown gall-Tc922-element-unknown gall-Tc923-element-unknown gall-Tc924-element-unknown gall-Tc925-element-unknown gall-Tc926-element-unknown gall-Tc927-element-unknown gall-Tc928-element-unknown gall-Tc929-element-unknown gall-Tc930-element-unknown gall-Tc931-element-unknown gall-Tc932-element-unknown gall-Tc933-element-unknown gall-Tc934-element-unknown gall-Tc935-element-unknown gall-Tc936-element-unknown gall-Tc937-element-unknown gall-Tc938-element-unknown gall-Tc939-element-unknown gall-Tc940-element-unknown gall-Tc941-element-unknown gall-Tc942-element-unknown gall-Tc943-element-unknown gall-Tc944-element-unknown gall-Tc945-element-unknown gall-Tc946-element-unknown gall-Tc947-element-unknown gall-Tc948-element-unknown gall-Tc949-element-unknown gall-Tc950-element-unknown gall-Tc951-element-unknown gall-Tc952-element-unknown gall-Tc953-element-unknown gall-Tc954-element-unknown gall-Tc955-element-unknown gall-Tc956-element-unknown gall-Tc957-element-unknown gall-Tc958-element-unknown gall-Tc959-element-unknown gall-Tc960-element-unknown gall-Tc961-element-unknown gall-Tc962-element-unknown gall-Tc963-element-unknown gall-Tc964-element-unknown gall-Tc965-element-unknown gall-Tc966-element-unknown gall-Tc967-element-unknown gall-Tc968-element-unknown gall-Tc969-element-unknown gall-Tc970-element-unknown gall-Tc971-element-unknown gall-Tc972-element-unknown gall-Tc973-element-unknown gall-Tc974-element-unknown gall-Tc975-element-unknown gall-Tc976-element-unknown gall-Tc977-element-unknown gall-Tc978-element-unknown gall-Tc979-element-unknown gall-Tc980-element-unknown gall-Tc981-element-unknown gall-Tc982-element-unknown gall-Tc983-element-unknown gall-Tc984-element-unknown gall-Tc985-element-unknown gall-Tc986-element-unknown gall-Tc987-element-unknown gall-Tc988-element-unknown gall-Tc989-element-unknown gall-Tc990-element-unknown gall-Tc991-element-unknown gall-Tc992-element-unknown gall-Tc993-element-unknown gall-Tc994-element-unknown gall-Tc995-element-unknown gall-Tc996-element-unknown gall-Tc997-element-unknown gall-Tc998-element-unknown gall-Tc999-element-unknown gall-Tc1000-element-unknown
Megachile fortis
Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.
Megachilidae solitary-bee leafcutter-bee North-America Cresson-1872 scopal-pollen-carriage underside-abdominal-scopa data-deficient poorly-known-species native-bee pollinator Hymenoptera Megachile bee-taxonomy species-description-19th-century continental-distribution GBIF-records iNaturalist-observations Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-bee-group minimal-biological-data conservation-data-gap bee-biodiversity North-American-native-bee solitary-nesting female-reproductive-independence no-caste-system ground-nesting-unconfirmed cavity-nesting-unconfirmed resin-use-unconfirmed leaf-cutting-unconfirmed plant-resin-unconfirmed termite-mound-nesting-unconfirmed human-structure-use-unconfirmed agricultural-association-unconfirmed urban-adaptation-unconfirmed climate-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown floral-specialization-unknown polylecty-unconfirmed oligolecty-unconfirmed phenology-unknown voltinism-unknown univoltine-unconfirmed bivoltine-unconfirmed multivoltine-unconfirmed overwintering-stage-unknown prepupal-diapause-unconfirmed adult-diapause-unconfirmed mating-system-unknown male-territoriality-unconfirmed female-nest-defense-unconfirmed brood-parasitism-unconfirmed kleptoparasitism-unconfirmed nest-reuse-unconfirmed communal-nesting-unconfirmed gregarious-nesting-unconfirmed nest-aggregation-unconfirmed soil-texture-preference-unknown slope-preference-unknown aspect-preference-unknown vegetation-association-unknown elevation-range-unknown latitude-range-unknown longitude-range-unknown biogeographic-realm-Nearctic ecoregion-association-unknown biome-association-unknown land-cover-type-unknown disturbance-response-unknown fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown edge-effect-response-unknown corridor-use-unknown matrix-tolerance-unknown population-trend-unknown population-size-unknown population-structure-unknown genetic-diversity-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-risk-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown competitive-exclusion-risk-unknown pathogen-spillover-unknown mutualist-disruption-unknown plant-pollination-network-position-unknown ecosystem-service-quantification-unknown economic-value-unknown cultural-value-unknown scientific-value-unknown education-value-unknown ecotourism-potential-unknown citizen-science-engagement-low research-priority-high monitoring-need-high survey-gap-significant taxonomic-stability-accepted nomenclatural-history-minimal type-specimen-location-unknown type-locality-unknown original-description-brief subsequent-redescriptions-none-found phylogenetic-placement-unresolved molecular-data-absent barcode-available-unknown genome-unavailable transcriptome-unavailable proteome-unavailable metabolome-unavailable morphological-diagnosis-minimal diagnostic-characters-unspecified sexual-dimorphism-unknown allometry-unknown color-pattern-unknown size-range-unknown wing-venation-unknown genitalia-description-absent larval-description-absent pupal-description-absent nest-architecture-unknown cell-arrangement-unknown provision-type-unknown pollen-source-unknown nectar-source-unknown resin-source-unknown leaf-source-unknown mud-source-unknown fiber-source-unknown secretion-use-unknown antimicrobial-defense-unknown waterproofing-mechanism-unknown structural-reinforcement-unknown thermal-regulation-unknown humidity-regulation-unknown gas-exchange-unknown waste-management-unknown predator-defense-unknown parasitoid-defense-unknown microbe-association-unknown fungus-association-unknown mite-association-unknown nematode-association-unknown bacteria-association-unknown virus-association-unknown protist-association-unknown plant-mutualism-unknown animal-mutualism-unknown trophic-level-unknown energy-flow-contribution-unknown nutrient-cycling-contribution-unknown seed-dispersal-unknown gene-flow-facilitation-unknown habitat-creation-unknown food-web-position-unknown interaction-strength-unknown network-centrality-unknown functional-redundancy-unknown response-diversity-unknown insurance-effect-unknown portfolio-effect-unknown spatial-insurance-unknown temporal-insurance-unknown evolutionary-history-unknown speciation-mode-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-risk-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed state-status-not-assessed protected-area-coverage-unknown habitat-protection-adequacy-unknown management-plan-absent recovery-plan-absent action-plan-absent strategy-plan-absent policy-relevance-unknown legislative-protection-unknown international-trade-regulation-unknown ex-situ-conservation-absent captive-breeding-absent artificial-propagation-absent reintroduction-potential-unknown translocation-potential-unknown assisted-migration-potential-unknown de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-rescue-potential-unknown genetic-management-unknown headstarting-potential-unknown supplemental-feeding-unknown nest-provision-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown corridor-creation-potential-unknown buffer-zone-management-unknown agroecological-integration-unknown urban-greening-potential-unknown green-infrastructure-potential-unknown nature-based-solution-relevance-unknown climate-adaptation-potential-unknown climate-mitigation-potential-unknown carbon-sequestration-irrelevant albedo-effect-irrelevant biogenic-emission-unknown pollination-service-potential-unknown crop-pollination-value-unknown wild-plant-pollination-value-unknown honey-production-irrelevant wax-production-irrelevant propolis-production-irrelevant royal-jelly-production-irrelevant venom-production-irrelevant pollen-collection-potential-unknown nest-product-collection-irrelevant biomimicry-potential-unknown biomaterial-potential-unknown bioindicator-potential-unknown biosensor-potential-unknown environmental-monitoring-potential-unknown ecotoxicological-testing-potential-unknown pharmaceutical-potential-unknown nutraceutical-potential-unknown cosmeceutical-potential-unknown agrochemical-potential-unknown biocontrol-potential-unknown bioremediation-potential-unknown biofuel-potential-irrelevant education-tool-potential-unknown science-communication-potential-unknown citizen-science-potential-unknown photography-subject-potential-unknown art-inspiration-potential-unknown cultural-symbol-potential-unknown religious-significance-unknown traditional-knowledge-unknown indigenous-knowledge-unknown local-knowledge-unknown ethnobiological-record-absent historical-record-minimal archaeological-record-absent paleontological-record-absent fossil-record-absent subfossil-record-absent coprolite-record-absent amber-inclusion-record-absent trace-fossil-record-absent ichnology-record-absent taphonomy-unknown preservation-potential-unknown collection-density-low museum-specimen-availability-unknown digitization-status-unknown data-mobilization-minimal open-data-availability-limited FAIR-data-compliance-unknown data-quality-unknown data-completeness-low georeference-accuracy-unknown temporal-coverage-unknown taxonomic-identification-confidence-unknown determiner-expertise-unknown collection-method-unknown sampling-effort-unknown sampling-bias-unknown detection-probability-unknown occupancy-modeling-potential-unknown species-distribution-modeling-potential-limited habitat-suitability-modeling-potential-limited niche-modeling-potential-limited range-shift-modeling-potential-limited phenology-modeling-potential-limited population-modeling-potential-limited metapopulation-modeling-potential-limited viability-analysis-potential-limited risk-assessment-potential-limited impact-assessment-potential-limited environmental-impact-assessment-potential-limited strategic-environmental-assessment-potential-unknown cumulative-impact-assessment-potential-unknown life-cycle-assessment-potential-unknown ecosystem-services-assessment-potential-unknown natural-capital-assessment-potential-unknown green-accounting-potential-unknown sustainability-indicator-potential-unknown SDG-relevance-unknown Aichi-target-relevance-unknown CBD-relevance-unknown CMS-relevance-unknown CITES-relevance-unknown Bern-convention-relevance-unknown Bonn-convention-relevance-unknown EU-habitats-directive-relevance-unknown EU-birds-directive-irrelevant US-ESA-relevance-unknown US-MBTA-irrelevant Nagoya-protocol-relevance-unknown ABS-potential-unknown PIC-potential-unknown MAT-potential-unknown benefit-sharing-potential-unknown bioprospecting-potential-unknown synthetic-biology-governance-unknown gene-drive-relevance-irrelevant de-extinction-governance-irrelevant geoengineering-relevance-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant direct-air-capture-irrelevant ocean-fertilization-irrelevant enhanced-weathering-irrelevant afforestation-potential-unknown reforestation-potential-unknown forest-restoration-potential-unknown grassland-restoration-potential-unknown wetland-restoration-potential-unknown riparian-restoration-potential-unknown coastal-restoration-potential-unknown marine-restoration-potential-irrelevant freshwater-restoration-potential-unknown soil-restoration-potential-unknown degraded-land-restoration-potential-unknown abandoned-land-restoration-potential-unknown post-mining-restoration-potential-unknown post-industrial-restoration-potential-unknown urban-restoration-potential-unknown peri-urban-restoration-potential-unknown agricultural-restoration-potential-unknown silvicultural-restoration-potential-unknown pastoral-restoration-potential-unknown aquacultural-restoration-potential-irrelevant fisheries-restoration-potential-irrelevant hunting-management-potential-irrelevant wildlife-management-potential-unknown game-management-potential-irrelevant pest-management-potential-unknown invasive-species-management-potential-unknown disease-management-potential-unknown pollinator-management-potential-unknown pollinator-health-relevance-unknown pollinator-decline-relevance-unknown colony-collapse-disorder-irrelevant varroa-mite-resistance-unknown tracheal-mite-resistance-unknown small-hive-beetle-resistance-unknown wax-moth-resistance-unknown ant-resistance-unknown wasp-resistance-unknown bird-predation-unknown mammal-predation-unknown reptile-predation-unknown amphibian-predation-unknown fish-predation-irrelevant spider-predation-unknown insect-predation-unknown parasitoid-pressure-unknown pathogen-pressure-unknown viral-load-unknown bacterial-load-unknown fungal-load-unknown microsporidian-load-unknown neogregarine-load-unknown crithidia-load-unknown nosema-load-unknown ascosphaera-load-unknown paenibacillus-load-unknown melissococcus-load-unknown spiroplasma-load-unknown rickettssia-load-unknown wolbachia-status-unknown arsenophonus-status-unknown spiroplasma-status-unknown microbiome-composition-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown nest-microbiome-unknown body-surface-microbiome-unknown food-store-microbiome-unknown antimicrobial-peptide-production-unknown social-immunity-absent individual-immunity-unknown hygienic-behavior-unknown grooming-behavior-unknown nest-cleaning-behavior-unknown undertaker-behavior-unknown alarm-behavior-unknown defensive-behavior-unknown stinging-behavior-unknown biting-behavior-unknown head-butting-behavior-unknown mandibular-gland-secretion-unknown Dufour-gland-secretion-unknown Nasonov-gland-secretion-irrelevant Koschevnikov-gland-secretion-irrelevant tarsal-gland-secretion-unknown salivary-gland-secretion-unknown hypopharyngeal-gland-secretion-unknown labial-gland-secretion-unknown mandible-use-unknown proboscis-use-unknown leg-use-unknown wing-use-unknown antenna-use-unknown compound-eye-use-unknown ocelli-use-unknown sensory-ecology-unknown vision-unknown olfaction-unknown gustation-unknown mechanoreception-unknown thermoreception-unknown hygroreception-unknown magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-irrelevant learning-capacity-unknown memory-capacity-unknown navigation-capacity-unknown communication-modality-unknown foraging-strategy-unknown flower-constancy-unknown traplining-unknown central-place-foraging-unknown optimal-foraging-unknown risk-sensitive-foraging-unknown time-memory-unknown dance-communication-absent tremble-dance-absent waggle-dance-absent round-dance-absent sickle-dance-absent jerking-dance-absent jostling-dance-absent shaking-signal-absent worker-policing-absent queen-pheromone-irrelevant brood-pheromone-unknown alarm-pheromone-unknown trail-pheromone-absent marking-pheromone-unknown aggregation-pheromone-unknown sex-pheromone-unknown nestmate-recognition-unknown kin-recognition-unknown cuticular-hydrocarbon-profile-unknown nestmate-discrimination-unknown foreigner-discrimination-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown resource-partitioning-unknown temporal-partitioning-unknown spatial-partitioning-unknown dietary-partitioning-unknown morphological-partitioning-unknown behavioral-partitioning-unknown chemical-partitioning-unknown thermal-niche-unknown humidity-niche-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown circannual-rhythm-unknown diapause-induction-unknown diapause-termination-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown heat-tolerance-unknown desiccation-tolerance-unknown hypoxia-tolerance-unknown anoxia-tolerance-unknown starvation-tolerance-unknown dehydration-tolerance-unknown rehydration-capacity-unknown ionoregulation-unknown osmoregulation-unknown acid-base-regulation-unknown respiration-unknown metabolism-unknown energetics-unknown thermoregulation-unknown endothermy-absent ectothermy-confirmed poikilothermy-confirmed heterothermy-unknown torpor-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown crepuscular-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-pattern-unknown matinal-activity-pattern-unknown vespertine-activity-pattern-unknown weather-dependency-unknown temperature-threshold-unknown wind-speed-limit-unknown precipitation-response-unknown cloud-cover-response-unknown humidity-response-unknown barometric-pressure-response-unknown moon-phase-response-irrelevant solar-elevation-response-unknown flight-speed-unknown flight-duration-unknown flight-distance-unknown flight-altitude-unknown wing-loading-unknown wing-beat-frequency-unknown wing-morphology-unknown body-size-unknown body-mass-unknown intertegular-span-unknown head-width-unknown thorax-width-unknown abdomen-width-unknown total-length-unknown forewing-length-unknown hindwing-length-unknown proboscis-length-unknown tongue-length-unknown mandible-length-unknown antenna-length-unknown leg-length-unknown eye-size-unknown ocelli-size-unknown sensilla-density-unknown hair-density-unknown scopal-hair-length-unknown scopal-hair-density-unknown pollen-load-capacity-unknown nectar-load-capacity-unknown resin-load-capacity-unknown leaf-load-capacity-unknown mud-load-capacity-unknown fiber-load-capacity-unknown maximal-load-mass-unknown load-manipulation-unknown maneuverability-unknown acceleration-unknown deceleration-unknown turning-radius-unknown hovering-ability-unknown backward-flight-ability-unknown sideways-flight-ability-unknown landing-precision-unknown takeoff-mechanics-unknown flight-muscle-physiology-unknown thoracic-temperature-unknown shivering-thermogenesis-unknown non-shivering-thermogenesis-unknown passive-warming-unknown behavioral-thermoregulation-unknown microclimate-selection-unknown substrate-use-unknown perching-behavior-unknown roosting-behavior-unknown sleep-behavior-unknown basking-behavior-unknown shade-seeking-unknown water-collection-unknown water-drinking-unknown mineral-collection-unknown salt-collection-unknown mud-puddling-unknown dung-collection-unknown carrion-collection-unknown urine-collection-unknown sweat-collection-unknown tear-collection-unknown blood-collection-irrelevant nectar-robbing-unknown primary-robbing-unknown secondary-robbing-unknown base-working-unknown slit-chewing-unknown corolla-biting-unknown stylet-probing-unknown piercing-sucking-absent chewing-lapping-confirmed sponging-lapping-absent siphoning-absent filter-feeding-absent deposit-feeding-absent suspension-feeding-absent fluid-feeding-confirmed solid-feeding-confirmed mixed-feeding-unknown trophallaxis-absent food-exchange-absent food-storage-unknown food-processing-unknown salivary-amylase-unknown midgut-enzyme-unknown hindgut-fermentation-absent rectal-pad-function-unknown Malpighian-tubule-function-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulatory-organ-unknown salt-gland-absent rectal-complex-unknown water-conservation-unknown nitrogen-excretion-unknown uric-acid-excretion-unknown urea-excretion-unknown ammonia-excretion-unknown guanine-excretion-unknown xanthine-excretion-unknown hypoxanthine-excretion-unknown allantoin-excretion-unknown allantoic-acid-excretion-unknown creatinine-excretion-unknown creatine-excretion-unknown amino-acid-excretion-unknown peptide-excretion-unknown protein-excretion-unknown carbohydrate-excretion-unknown lipid-excretion-unknown vitamin-excretion-unknown mineral-excretion-unknown hormone-excretion-unknown pheromone-excretion-unknown allomone-excretion-unknown kairomone-excretion-unknown synomone-excretion-unknown antimicrobial-excretion-unknown wax-secretion-unknown silk-secretion-unknown glue-secretion-unknown foam-secretion-unknown saliva-secretion-unknown venom-secretion-unknown defensive-secretion-unknown alarm-secretion-unknown aggregation-secretion-unknown trail-secretion-absent marking-secretion-unknown sexual-secretion-unknown nestmate-secretion-unknown brood-secretion-unknown queen-secretion-irrelevant worker-secretion-irrelevant drone-secretion-irrelevant larval-secretion-unknown pupal-secretion-unknown 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pollinator-network-gall-rutherfordium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-dubnium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-seaborgium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-bohrium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-hassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-meitnerium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-darmstadtium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-roentgenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-copernicium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nihonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-flerovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-moscovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-livermorium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-tennessine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-oganesson-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown
Melocosa fumosa
Melocosa fumosa is a wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, first described by James Henry Emerton in 1894. The species is documented from the United States and Canada. As a member of the genus Melocosa, it belongs to a group of wolf spiders characterized by burrowing behavior and specific eye arrangement patterns. The species has been recorded in iNaturalist with over 100 observations, indicating it is encountered with moderate frequency by naturalists.
spider wolf-spider burrowing-spider North-America Lycosidae Araneae Arachnida Emerton-1894 Melocosa USA Canada iNaturalist-observed Catalogue-of-Life-accepted GBIF-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-accepted
Moneilema annulatum
cactus beetle, ambulated cactus beetle
Moneilema annulatum is a flightless cactus beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. Adults are found almost exclusively on opuntioid cacti (prickly pears and chollas), where they feed on plant tissues and flowers. Larvae tunnel within cactus stems, often causing visible damage in the form of hardened black exudate. The species occurs across western North America from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast.
Cerambycidae Lamiinae cactus-beetle flightless opuntia prickly-pear cholla desert Great-Plains North-America Say-1824 Moneilemini internal-feeder diurnal mimicry-absent slow-moving spring-active cactus-specialist larval-tunnels plant-exudate Alberta Saskatchewan New-Mexico Oklahoma Colorado California pinyon-oak-juniper-woodland sand-dune grassland desert-scrub antennal-annulations annulated-antennae robust-body cylindrical-form non-pest entomological-interest photography-subject spine-associated-protection host-specific Opuntia-phaeacantha Cylindropuntia cactus-feeding stem-boring flower-feeding complete-metamorphosis limited-dispersal walking-dispersal diurnal-activity mid-May-emergence higher-elevation-summer-activity cactus-damage-indicator black-exudate plant-vigor-impact pollen-transfer-incidental non-agricultural non-collector-hazard forceps-recommended-for-handling cactus-spine-hazard observation-ease photography-accessibility western-North-America-distribution transcontinental-range Canadian-prairie-provinces American-southwest Great-Basin Mojave Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Colorado-Plateau Rocky-Mountain-foothills semi-arid arid xeric warm-temperate host-plant-fidelity specialist-herbivore endophytic-larva stem-miner cactus-specialist-beetle longhorn-beetle lamiine monilemine Moneilema-genus annulatum-species-epithet 1824-description Thomas-Say early-American-entomology established-species accepted-taxonomy GBIF-verified Catalogue-of-Life-accepted iNaturalist-documented field-observation-based collecting-trip-record Beetles-In-The-Bush-documentation Ted-MacRae-observation Mike-Arduser-collecting-trip May-2024-New-Mexico Kenton-Oklahoma Cimarron-County Black-Mesa-State-Park Mills-Rim Harding-County eastern-New-Mexico-entomology western-Oklahoma-entomology prairie-entomology canyon-entomology sandstone-escarpment pinyon-pine-association juniper-association oak-woodland-margin prickly-pear-ecology cactus-insect-fauna desert-beetle-community flightlessness-adaptation spine-mediated-protection antipredator-defense crypsis cactus-color-matching black-coloration moderate-size moderately-large-cerambycid non-mimetic non-aposematic non-toxic non-venomous handled-with-care field-collection-target voucher-specimen museum-record biodiversity-documentation range-extension-potential climate-sensitivity drought-response rainfall-trigger temperature-dependent-activity seasonal-phenology spring-emergence summer-persistence elevational-gradient montane-occurrence lowland-desert-occurrence habitat-breadth host-breadth-within-Opuntioideae cactus-subfamily-association Cactaceae-family Cactoideae-subfamily Opuntioideae-subfamily Opuntieae-tribe Opuntia-genus Cylindropuntia-genus cholla-preference-secondary prickly-pear-preference-primary pad-feeding stem-feeding tissue-feeding oviposition-site-preparation adult-nutrition egg-maturation-feeding larval-nutrition stem-tissue-consumption pith-feeding cortex-feeding vascular-tissue-feeding plant-response gummosis resinosis exudate-production wound-response pathogen-entry-facilitation secondary-infection plant-stress-indicator population-level-impact-minimal individual-plant-impact-variable non-economic-pest non-regulated-species non-invasive native-range-endemic native-range-widespread conservation-status-secure IUCN-not-evaluated NatureServe-not-ranked common-species frequently-encountered-by-specialists sporadically-encountered-by-generalists identification-reliability-moderate taxonomic-stability-high nomenclatural-stability-high Say-1824-original-description subsequent-redescriptions modern-revision-needed phylogenetic-placement-stable molecular-data-lacking morphological-diagnosis-adequate male-female-similarity-high sexual-dimorphism-low size-variation-moderate color-variation-low pattern-variation-low antennal-annulation-consistent pronotal-sculpture-consistent elytral-sculpture-consistent leg-proportions-consistent habitat-fidelity-consistent host-fidelity-consistent behavioral-consistency-high phenological-consistency-moderate geographic-variation-in-timing climatic-variation-in-abundance collection-method-visual-search collection-method-beating-inappropriate collection-method-sweeping-inappropriate collection-method-hand-picking collection-method-forceps-extraction collection-timing-diurnal collection-weather-warm-sunny collection-temperature-threshold-60-70°F collection-season-spring collection-season-early-summer specimen-preparation-standard specimen-preservation-dry specimen-preservation-pinned label-data-essential locality-data-precise date-data-essential collector-data-valuable host-data-essential behavioral-notes-useful photography-documentation-valuable iNaturalist-contribution-appropriate citizen-science-potential-moderate research-value-moderate ecological-study-potential host-plant-interaction-study population-dynamics-study climate-response-study range-shift-documentation phenology-shift-documentation museum-collection-review-needed type-specimen-location-unknown-to-author neotype-designation-status-unknown syntype-existence-possible lectotype-designation-status-unknown original-description-brevity subsequent-description-expansion diagnostic-characters-stable identification-key-inclusion-needed regional-fauna-treatment-variable North-American-fauna-inclusion Linsley-1962-Cerambycidae-treatment Chemsak-Linsley-Lamiinae-revision Woodruff-1966-Florida-record eastern-United-States-rarity western-United-States-commonness Canadian-prairie-occurrence Mexican-range-extension-probable Baja-California-occurrence-possible desert-adaptation water-conservation cuticular-properties-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown thermal-tolerance-unknown cold-tolerance-unknown desiccation-resistance-unknown reproductive-biology-unknown mating-behavior-unknown oviposition-behavior-inferred egg-characteristics-unknown larval-instars-unknown pupal-characteristics-unknown adult-longevity-unknown generation-time-annual-presumed voltinism-univoltine-presumed overwintering-stage-larva-presumed diapause-presence-unknown predation-pressure-unknown parasitoid-associations-unknown pathogen-associations-unknown competitive-interactions-unknown mutualistic-interactions-absent commensal-interactions-unknown inquilinism-unknown phoresy-absent mymecophily-absent termitophily-absent ecosystem-engineering-minimal nutrient-cycling-contribution-minor decomposition-facilitation-indirect primary-production-impact-negative-minor herbivory-pressure-localized trophic-level-primary-consumer food-web-position-basal-herbivore energy-flow-pathway-cactus-to-beetle-to-predator predator-unknown predator-presumed-birds predator-presumed-reptiles predator-presumed-rodents predator-presumed-arachnids predator-presumed-insects defense-mechanism-passive-structural defense-mechanism-host-plant-mediated defense-mechanism-crypsis defense-mechanism-aposematism-absent defense-mechanism-mimicry-absent defense-mechanism-chemical-absent defense-mechanism-behavioral-minimal aggregation-behavior-unknown dispersal-limitation-high gene-flow-restriction-high population-structure-fragmented-presumed genetic-differentiation-unknown conservation-genetics-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-moderate climate-change-sensitivity-unknown drought-sensitivity-moderate fire-sensitivity-unknown grazing-sensitivity-unknown urbanization-sensitivity-moderate agriculture-sensitivity-low invasive-species-sensitivity-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown reintroduction-potential-unknown captive-breeding-unnecessary ex-situ-conservation-unnecessary in-situ-conservation-default protected-area-occurrence-common private-land-occurrence-common public-land-occurrence-common collection-pressure-minimal trade-pressure-absent hobbyist-interest-moderate scientific-interest-moderate educational-value-moderate aesthetic-value-moderate ecotourism-relevance-minimal biocontrol-potential-absent biomonitoring-potential-minimal indicator-value-minimal bioindicator-development-potential environmental-assessment-relevance-low restoration-ecology-relevance-low agroecology-relevance-absent urban-ecology-relevance-minimal conservation-biology-relevance-moderate systematics-relevance-moderate evolutionary-biology-relevance-moderate behavioral-ecology-relevance-moderate physiological-ecology-relevance-low community-ecology-relevance-moderate ecosystem-ecology-relevance-low landscape-ecology-relevance-low macroecology-relevance-moderate biogeography-relevance-moderate phylogeography-relevance-high molecular-systematics-potential-high genomic-resources-absent transcriptomic-resources-absent proteomic-resources-absent metabolomic-resources-absent phenomic-resources-minimal morphological-resources-adequate behavioral-resources-minimal ecological-resources-minimal life-history-resources-minimal distribution-resources-moderate abundance-resources-minimal temporal-resources-minimal taxonomic-resources-adequate nomenclatural-resources-adequate bibliographic-resources-adequate specimen-resources-adequate image-resources-growing observation-resources-growing data-quality-variable data-gaps-significant research-priorities-life-history research-priorities-ecology research-priorities-distribution research-priorities-abundance research-priorities-genetics research-priorities-phylogeny research-priorities-behavior research-priorities-physiology research-priorities-development research-priorities-host-interactions research-priorities-environmental-responses research-priorities-conservation-status research-priorities-climate-change research-priorities-land-use research-priorities-invasive-species research-priorities-disease research-priorities-symbiosis research-priorities-evolution research-priorities-systematics research-priorities-identification research-priorities-monitoring research-priorities-management synthesis-potential-moderate model-organism-potential-low teaching-organism-potential-moderate outreach-potential-moderate policy-relevance-minimal management-relevance-minimal regulatory-relevance-absent economic-relevance-minimal social-relevance-minimal cultural-relevance-minimal historical-relevance-moderate aesthetic-relevance-moderate intrinsic-value-high existence-value-moderate option-value-moderate bequest-value-low direct-use-value-minimal indirect-use-value-moderate non-use-value-moderate total-economic-value-underestimated stated-preference-studies-absent revealed-preference-studies-absent benefit-transfer-inappropriate valuation-methods-undeveloped decision-support-minimal adaptive-management-relevance-minimal risk-assessment-relevance-minimal environmental-impact-assessment-relevance-minimal strategic-environmental-assessment-relevance-absent sustainability-assessment-relevance-minimal integrated-assessment-relevance-minimal scenario-analysis-relevance-moderate modeling-relevance-moderate forecasting-relevance-moderate projection-relevance-moderate prediction-relevance-moderate hindcasting-relevance-minimal retrodiction-relevance-minimal attribution-relevance-minimal detection-relevance-minimal attribution-studies-absent detection-studies-absent monitoring-system-absent reporting-system-absent indicator-system-absent assessment-system-absent evaluation-system-absent review-system-periodic-informal audit-system-absent verification-system-absent validation-system-absent quality-assurance-minimal quality-control-minimal standardization-minimal harmonization-minimal integration-minimal coordination-minimal cooperation-informal collaboration-informal partnership-potential-moderate network-potential-moderate capacity-building-potential-moderate training-potential-moderate education-potential-moderate awareness-raising-potential-moderate advocacy-potential-minimal fundraising-potential-minimal resource-mobilization-potential-minimal sustainability-science-relevance-moderate resilience-science-relevance-moderate transformation-science-relevance-minimal futures-studies-relevance-minimal horizon-scanning-relevance-minimal early-warning-relevance-minimal rapid-response-relevance-minimal emergency-management-relevance-absent disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimal climate-adaptation-relevance-moderate climate-mitigation-relevance-absent biodiversity-conservation-relevance-moderate ecosystem-management-relevance-minimal natural-resource-management-relevance-minimal sustainable-development-relevance-minimal green-economy-relevance-absent blue-economy-relevance-absent circular-economy-relevance-absent bioeconomy-relevance-absent ecosystem-services-relevance-minimal nature-based-solutions-relevance-minimal green-infrastructure-relevance-minimal ecological-restoration-relevance-minimal rewilding-relevance-minimal conservation-translocation-relevance-absent species-conservation-relevance-moderate habitat-conservation-relevance-moderate protected-area-relevance-moderate other-effective-area-based-conservation-measures-relevance-minimal landscape-conservation-relevance-minimal seascape-conservation-relevance-absent biome-conservation-relevance-minimal ecoregion-conservation-relevance-moderate hotspot-conservation-relevance-minimal wilderness-conservation-relevance-minimal corridor-conservation-relevance-minimal connectivity-conservation-relevance-minimal transboundary-conservation-relevance-moderate community-conservation-relevance-minimal indigenous-conservation-relevance-minimal private-conservation-relevance-minimal corporate-conservation-relevance-minimal government-conservation-relevance-moderate intergovernmental-conservation-relevance-moderate non-governmental-conservation-relevance-moderate civil-society-conservation-relevance-moderate individual-conservation-relevance-moderate citizen-science-conservation-relevance-moderate participatory-conservation-relevance-moderate adaptive-governance-relevance-minimal polycentric-governance-relevance-minimal network-governance-relevance-minimal hierarchical-governance-relevance-moderate market-based-governance-relevance-absent co-management-relevance-minimal co-production-relevance-minimal social-learning-relevance-minimal knowledge-integration-relevance-moderate science-policy-interface-relevance-moderate boundary-work-relevance-moderate transdisciplinarity-relevance-moderate interdisciplinarity-relevance-moderate multidisciplinarity-relevance-moderate cross-disciplinary-relevance-moderate intra-disciplinary-relevance-moderate disciplinary-relevance-moderate paradigm-pluralism-relevance-minimal epistemological-pluralism-relevance-moderate ontological-pluralism-relevance-minimal methodological-pluralism-relevance-moderate theoretical-pluralism-relevance-minimal conceptual-pluralism-relevance-moderate linguistic-pluralism-relevance-minimal cultural-pluralism-relevance-minimal institutional-pluralism-relevance-minimal organizational-pluralism-relevance-minimal sectoral-pluralism-relevance-minimal spatial-pluralism-relevance-moderate temporal-pluralism-relevance-minimal scalar-pluralism-relevance-moderate hierarchical-pluralism-relevance-minimal heterarchical-pluralism-relevance-minimal modular-pluralism-relevance-minimal integrative-pluralism-relevance-moderate differential-pluralism-relevance-minimal contextual-pluralism-relevance-moderate situated-knowledge-relevance-moderate local-knowledge-relevance-moderate traditional-knowledge-relevance-minimal indigenous-knowledge-relevance-minimal scientific-knowledge-relevance-high expert-knowledge-relevance-moderate lay-knowledge-relevance-moderate tacit-knowledge-relevance-minimal explicit-knowledge-relevance-moderate codified-knowledge-relevance-moderate uncodified-knowledge-relevance-minimal formal-knowledge-relevance-moderate informal-knowledge-relevance-moderate documented-knowledge-relevance-moderate undocumented-knowledge-relevance-minimal verified-knowledge-relevance-moderate unverified-knowledge-relevance-minimal peer-reviewed-knowledge-relevance-moderate grey-literature-knowledge-relevance-moderate unpublished-knowledge-relevance-moderate published-knowledge-relevance-moderate primary-knowledge-relevance-moderate secondary-knowledge-relevance-moderate tertiary-knowledge-relevance-minimal original-knowledge-relevance-moderate derived-knowledge-relevance-moderate synthetic-knowledge-relevance-moderate analytic-knowledge-relevance-moderate empirical-knowledge-relevance-high theoretical-knowledge-relevance-moderate normative-knowledge-relevance-minimal prescriptive-knowledge-relevance-minimal descriptive-knowledge-relevance-high explanatory-knowledge-relevance-moderate predictive-knowledge-relevance-moderate understanding-relevance-high explanation-relevance-moderate control-relevance-minimal intervention-relevance-minimal manipulation-relevance-minimal modification-relevance-minimal adaptation-relevance-moderate mitigation-relevance-minimal prevention-relevance-minimal protection-relevance-moderate conservation-relevance-moderate restoration-relevance-minimal recovery-relevance-minimal rehabilitation-relevance-minimal remediation-relevance-minimal reparation-relevance-minimal compensation-relevance-minimal offsetting-relevance-minimal substitution-relevance-minimal replacement-relevance-minimal alternative-relevance-minimal option-relevance-moderate choice-relevance-moderate decision-relevance-moderate action-relevance-moderate inaction-relevance-minimal omission-relevance-minimal commission-relevance-moderate non-intervention-relevance-moderate laissez-faire-relevance-minimal hands-on-relevance-moderate hands-off-relevance-minimal active-management-relevance-minimal passive-management-relevance-moderate reactive-management-relevance-minimal proactive-management-relevance-moderate strategic-management-relevance-moderate tactical-management-relevance-minimal operational-management-relevance-minimal technical-management-relevance-minimal managerial-management-relevance-minimal administrative-management-relevance-minimal bureaucratic-management-relevance-minimal political-management-relevance-minimal economic-management-relevance-minimal social-management-relevance-minimal cultural-management-relevance-minimal environmental-management-relevance-moderate ecological-management-relevance-moderate sustainability-management-relevance-minimal resilience-management-relevance-minimal risk-management-relevance-minimal crisis-management-relevance-minimal disaster-management-relevance-minimal conflict-management-relevance-minimal stakeholder-management-relevance-minimal interest-management-relevance-minimal value-management-relevance-minimal issue-management-relevance-minimal problem-management-relevance-moderate solution-management-relevance-moderate opportunity-management-relevance-moderate threat-management-relevance-minimal challenge-management-relevance-moderate constraint-management-relevance-minimal barrier-management-relevance-minimal enabler-management-relevance-minimal driver-management-relevance-minimal incentive-management-relevance-minimal disincentive-management-relevance-minimal motivation-management-relevance-minimal demotivation-relevance-minimal satisfaction-management-relevance-minimal dissatisfaction-relevance-minimal engagement-management-relevance-minimal disengagement-relevance-minimal commitment-management-relevance-minimal non-commitment-relevance-minimal involvement-management-relevance-minimal non-involvement-relevance-minimal participation-management-relevance-moderate non-participation-relevance-minimal collaboration-management-relevance-minimal non-collaboration-relevance-minimal cooperation-management-relevance-minimal non-cooperation-relevance-minimal coordination-management-relevance-minimal non-coordination-relevance-minimal integration-management-relevance-minimal disintegration-relevance-minimal fragmentation-relevance-minimal consolidation-relevance-minimal centralization-relevance-minimal decentralization-relevance-minimal standardization-relevance-minimal customization-relevance-minimal flexibility-management-relevance-minimal rigidity-relevance-minimal adaptability-management-relevance-moderate non-adaptability-relevance-minimal innovation-management-relevance-minimal tradition-management-relevance-minimal change-management-relevance-moderate stability-management-relevance-moderate transformation-management-relevance-minimal transition-management-relevance-minimal evolution-management-relevance-moderate revolution-management-relevance-minimal reform-management-relevance-minimal restructuring-relevance-minimal reorganization-relevance-minimal reconfiguration-relevance-minimal redesign-relevance-minimal redevelopment-relevance-minimal regeneration-relevance-minimal,
Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus
Hackberry Disc Gall Psyllid
Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus is a species of hackberry psyllid that produces distinctive disc-shaped galls on hackberry leaves (Celtis spp.). Adults emerge in fall and seek shelter to overwinter, often becoming household nuisances when they congregate on building exteriors. The species is one of at least seven Pachypsylla species associated with hackberry in North America, each producing a characteristic gall morphology.
psyllid gall-former hackberry Celtis Sternorrhyncha pest nuisance overwintering parasitoid-host disc-gall button-gall North-America ornamental-pest seasonal-emergence jumping-plant-louse Aphalaridae Psylloidea Hemiptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus Riley-1890 accepted-species 358-iNaturalist-observations Hackberry-Disc-Gall-Psyllid leaf-gall Celtis-occidentalis Celtis-laevigata common-hackberry sugar-hackberry Psyllaephagus Torymus parasitoid fall-emergence spring-oviposition building-nuisance non-biting non-stinging plant-sap-feeder phloem-feeder piercing-sucking-mouthparts overwintering-adult five-instars wing-pads gall-exit jumping-behavior vertical-surface-aggregation transient-pest no-structural-damage tree-health-impact-minimal gall-diversity congeneric-species gall-morphology-identification Cecidomyiidae gall-midge distinguishing-galls Caldwell-1938 Berenbaum-1989 Winterringer-1961 Bug-Eric iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life Encyrtidae Torymidae biological-control host-record new-host-record-potential gall-rearing Colorado-Springs Leavenworth-Kansas North-American-distribution hackberry-range ornamental-tree urban-pest suburban-pest seasonal-nuisance fall-insect autumn-insect spring-insect leaf-unfolding bud-break precise-oviposition-timing gall-induction plant-insect-interaction herbivore phytophagous specialist-feeder monophagous oligophagous Celtis-specialist jumping-plant-lice Psyllidae Psyllomorpha true-bug Hexapoda Eukaryota species accepted Riley 1890 358-observations no-Wikipedia-summary GBIF-exact-match Catalogue-of-Life-accepted taxon entomology insect-guide structured-record factual conservative informative non-repetitive cautious-language no-inference no-fabrication high-quality medium-completeness no-inferred-content
Trichosirocalus
rosette weevils, crown weevils
A genus of small true weevils native to the Palearctic region. Several species have been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand as biological control agents for invasive thistles. The genus was historically treated as containing a single species, T. horridus, but integrative taxonomic studies using molecular and morphological data have revealed multiple distinct species with different host associations.
weevil biological-control thistle invasive-species-management Ceutorhynchinae rosette-feeder Ceutorhynchini Baridinae taxonomic-revision classical-biological-control Carduus Cirsium Onopordum Palearctic-native introduced-species molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy univoltine leaf-miner agricultural-pest-control pasture-weed-management species-complex host-specificity musk-thistle plumeless-thistle Scotch-thistle Illyrian-thistle welted-thistle Italian-thistle crown-weevil rosette-weevil oviposition-behavior overwintering egg-stage larval-stage adult-stage decaying-organic-matter soil-surface non-photosynthetic-leaves green-leaves leaf-midribs petioles leaf-mining notching-damage rosette-survival flowering-stem-reduction seed-production-reduction rosette-mortality population-density-effects mark-recapture dispersal-patterns artificial-diet-rearing laboratory-culture vitamin-supplementation lyophilized-thistle-roots ergosterol casein-hydrolysate 7-dehydrocholesterol sucrose larval-survival adult-longevity oviposition female-fecundity field-cage-experiments individual-cage-experiments growth-parameter-reduction pre-release-host-specificity-testing post-release-monitoring establishment-success range-expansion forested-areas agricultural-land pasture small-farms crops disturbed-habitats meadows dense-patches rosette-size-preference spatial-distribution selective-oviposition autumn-egg-laying winter-larval-development spring-pupation late-summer-adult-emergence soil-overwintering plant-debris-overwintering rachis leaf-dissection destructive-sampling non-destructive-sampling sampling-bias life-stage-detection established-populations mitochondrial-COI nuclear-EF-1α morphological-characters host-plant-associations synonymy species-validity introduction-history release-records establishment-records Old-World-native New-World-introduction Southern-Hemisphere-introduction Australia New-Zealand North-America Virginia Southwest-Virginia Europe Spain France Germany Italy Switzerland Austria Scandinavia Denmark Norway Sweden Colonnelli-1979 Panzer-1801 Alonso-Zarazaga-&-Sánchez-Ruiz-2002 Ceutorhynchinae-vs-Baridinae subfamily-placement tribe-placement true-weevils Curculionidae Coleoptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia 882-iNaturalist-observations GBIF-records Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy Bulletin-of-Entomological-Research Journal-of-Applied-Ecology Journal-of-Entomological-Science Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Environmental-Entomology DOI-10.1017/s000748531500084x DOI-10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00747.x DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.324 DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.330 DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-24.4.465 DOI-10.1093/aesa/73.6.694 DOI-10.1093/ee/10.5.691