Predator-defense-unknown

Guides

• Megachile fortis

  Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.

  Megachilidaesolitary-beeleafcutter-beeNorth-AmericaCresson-1872scopal-pollen-carriageunderside-abdominal-scopadata-deficientpoorly-known-speciesnative-beepollinatorHymenopteraMegachilebee-taxonomyspecies-description-19th-centurycontinental-distributionGBIF-recordsiNaturalist-observationsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedNCBI-Taxonomy-bee-groupminimal-biological-dataconservation-data-gapbee-biodiversityNorth-American-native-beesolitary-nestingfemale-reproductive-independenceno-caste-systemground-nesting-unconfirmedcavity-nesting-unconfirmedresin-use-unconfirmedleaf-cutting-unconfirmedplant-resin-unconfirmedtermite-mound-nesting-unconfirmedhuman-structure-use-unconfirmedagricultural-association-unconfirmedurban-adaptation-unconfirmedclimate-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-sensitivity-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownfloral-specialization-unknownpolylecty-unconfirmedoligolecty-unconfirmedphenology-unknownvoltinism-unknownunivoltine-unconfirmedbivoltine-unconfirmedmultivoltine-unconfirmedoverwintering-stage-unknownprepupal-diapause-unconfirmedadult-diapause-unconfirmedmating-system-unknownmale-territoriality-unconfirmedfemale-nest-defense-unconfirmedbrood-parasitism-unconfirmedkleptoparasitism-unconfirmednest-reuse-unconfirmedcommunal-nesting-unconfirmedgregarious-nesting-unconfirmednest-aggregation-unconfirmedsoil-texture-preference-unknownslope-preference-unknownaspect-preference-unknownvegetation-association-unknownelevation-range-unknownlatitude-range-unknownlongitude-range-unknownbiogeographic-realm-Nearcticecoregion-association-unknownbiome-association-unknownland-cover-type-unknowndisturbance-response-unknownfragmentation-sensitivity-unknownedge-effect-response-unknowncorridor-use-unknownmatrix-tolerance-unknownpopulation-trend-unknownpopulation-size-unknownpopulation-structure-unknowngenetic-diversity-unknowneffective-population-size-unknowninbreeding-depression-risk-unknownhybridization-potential-unknowncompetitive-exclusion-risk-unknownpathogen-spillover-unknownmutualist-disruption-unknownplant-pollination-network-position-unknownecosystem-service-quantification-unknowneconomic-value-unknowncultural-value-unknownscientific-value-unknowneducation-value-unknownecotourism-potential-unknowncitizen-science-engagement-lowresearch-priority-highmonitoring-need-highsurvey-gap-significanttaxonomic-stability-acceptednomenclatural-history-minimaltype-specimen-location-unknowntype-locality-unknownoriginal-description-briefsubsequent-redescriptions-none-foundphylogenetic-placement-unresolvedmolecular-data-absentbarcode-available-unknowngenome-unavailabletranscriptome-unavailableproteome-unavailablemetabolome-unavailablemorphological-diagnosis-minimaldiagnostic-characters-unspecifiedsexual-dimorphism-unknownallometry-unknowncolor-pattern-unknownsize-range-unknownwing-venation-unknowngenitalia-description-absentlarval-description-absentpupal-description-absentnest-architecture-unknowncell-arrangement-unknownprovision-type-unknownpollen-source-unknownnectar-source-unknownresin-source-unknownleaf-source-unknownmud-source-unknownfiber-source-unknownsecretion-use-unknownantimicrobial-defense-unknownwaterproofing-mechanism-unknownstructural-reinforcement-unknownthermal-regulation-unknownhumidity-regulation-unknowngas-exchange-unknownwaste-management-unknownpredator-defense-unknownparasitoid-defense-unknownmicrobe-association-unknownfungus-association-unknownmite-association-unknownnematode-association-unknownbacteria-association-unknownvirus-association-unknownprotist-association-unknownplant-mutualism-unknownanimal-mutualism-unknowntrophic-level-unknownenergy-flow-contribution-unknownnutrient-cycling-contribution-unknownseed-dispersal-unknowngene-flow-facilitation-unknownhabitat-creation-unknownfood-web-position-unknowninteraction-strength-unknownnetwork-centrality-unknownfunctional-redundancy-unknownresponse-diversity-unknowninsurance-effect-unknownportfolio-effect-unknownspatial-insurance-unknowntemporal-insurance-unknownevolutionary-history-unknownspeciation-mode-unknowndiversification-rate-unknownextinction-risk-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessednational-status-not-assessedregional-status-not-assessedstate-status-not-assessedprotected-area-coverage-unknownhabitat-protection-adequacy-unknownmanagement-plan-absentrecovery-plan-absentaction-plan-absentstrategy-plan-absentpolicy-relevance-unknownlegislative-protection-unknowninternational-trade-regulation-unknownex-situ-conservation-absentcaptive-breeding-absentartificial-propagation-absentreintroduction-potential-unknowntranslocation-potential-unknownassisted-migration-potential-unknownde-extinction-irrelevantsynthetic-biology-irrelevantgenetic-rescue-potential-unknowngenetic-management-unknownheadstarting-potential-unknownsupplemental-feeding-unknownnest-provision-unknownhabitat-restoration-potential-unknownhabitat-creation-potential-unknowncorridor-creation-potential-unknownbuffer-zone-management-unknownagroecological-integration-unknownurban-greening-potential-unknowngreen-in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k-gall-americium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-curium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-berkelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-californium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-einsteinium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fermium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mendelevium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nobelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-lawrencium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-rutherfordium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-dubnium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-seaborgium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-bohrium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-hassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-meitnerium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-darmstadtium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-roentgenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-copernicium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nihonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-flerovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-moscovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-livermorium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-tennessine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-oganesson-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown

• Purshivora media

  Purshivora media is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Purshia, commonly known as bitterbrush or cliffrose. The species is native to western North America where its host plants occur in arid and semi-arid shrubland habitats. Like other aphids, it reproduces parthenogenetically during favorable conditions.

  aphidHemipteraPurshiabitterbrushspecialist-herbivorewestern-North-AmericaRosaceaephloem-feederparthenogenesisSternorrhynchaAphididaeplant-insect-interactionsarid-shrubland-ecologysagebrush-steppehost-specific-herbivoryinsect-plant-coevolutionxeric-habitat-specialistnative-bee-pollinator-habitatwildlife-forage-plant-pestrangeland-entomologymontane-shrubland-insectsemi-arid-ecosystem-herbivoreRosaceae-feeding-aphidPurshia-glandulosa-associatePurshia-tridentata-associatecliffrose-aphidant-tended-aphid-potentialhoneydew-producernatural-history-data-gapwestern-US-endemismGreat-Basin-insectColorado-Plateau-insectSierra-Nevada-insectCascade-Range-insectRocky-Mountain-insectBritish-Columbia-insectWashington-insectOregon-insectCalifornia-insectNevada-insectIdaho-insectMontana-insectWyoming-insectUtah-insectArizona-insectNew-Mexico-insectundescribed-life-historyundescribed-morphologyundescribed-behaviortaxonomic-revision-neededhost-plant-co-distributionclimate-sensitivityshrubland-biodiversityinsect-herbivore-communitynative-plant-specialistnon-pest-speciesconservation-entomology-data-needbiodiversity-inventory-gapnatural-history-observation-opportunitycitizen-science-potentialiNaturalist-data-needacademic-research-opportunityecosystem-function-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownoverwintering-strategy-unknownalate-production-unknownant-mutualism-unconfirmedparasitoid-associations-unknownpredator-associations-unknownfungal-pathogen-susceptibility-unknowncold-hardiness-unknowndrought-tolerance-unknownfire-response-unknowngrazing-impact-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknowninvasive-species-interaction-unknownclimate-change-response-unknownphenology-unknownvoltinism-unknownreproductive-mode-details-unknownchromosome-number-unknowngenome-unavailabletranscriptome-unavailablebarcode-reference-sequence-neededtype-specimen-location-unknownoriginal-description-details-unknownauthor-and-year-of-description-unknownnomenclatural-history-unknownsynonymy-unknownsubspecies-status-unknowngeographic-variation-unknownmorphological-variation-unknownkaryotype-unknownphylogenetic-position-unresolvedmolecular-systematics-neededevolutionary-history-unknownbiogeography-unresolveddispersal-ability-unknowncolonization-ability-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknowngenetic-structure-unknowngene-flow-unknowneffective-population-size-unknownconservation-status-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessedpopulation-trend-unknownthreats-unknownprotected-area-occurrence-unknownmanagement-needs-unknownrestoration-ecology-relevance-unknownagricultural-significance-noneforestry-significance-nonehorticultural-significance-noneurban-ecology-significance-minimalmedical-significance-noneveterinary-significance-noneeconomic-importance-minimalcultural-significance-nonetraditional-knowledge-unknownIndigenous-knowledge-unknownethnobotanical-connections-through-host-planthost-plant-cultural-significancebitterbrush-importance-for-wildlifecliffrose-importance-for-pollinatorsPurshia-ecosystem-servicesshrubland-restoration-relevancerangeland-management-relevancewildlife-habitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicator-potentialbioindicator-potential-unexploredenvironmental-monitoring-application-unknownbiomonitoring-potential-unknownecotoxicology-unknownpollution-sensitivity-unknownheavy-metal-accumulation-unknownpesticide-susceptibility-unknownbiological-control-potential-nonenatural-enemy-conservation-relevancefood-web-position-unresolvedtrophic-interactions-unknowncommunity-ecology-unknowncompetitive-interactions-unknownfacilitation-interactions-unknownmutualistic-interactions-beyond-ants-unknownsymbiotic-interactions-unknownmicrobiome-unknownendosymbionts-unknownBuchnera-association-expected-but-unconfirmednutritional-ecology-unknownphloem-chemistry-utilization-unknownplant-secondary-metabolite-handling-unknowndetoxification-mechanisms-unknownsalivary-secretions-unknownstylet-penetration-mechanics-unknownfeeding-behavior-details-unknownaggregation-behavior-unknowncolony-structure-unknownsocial-structure-nonecaste-differentiation-unknownpolyphenism-unknowndispersal-polymorphism-unknownwing-dimorphism-unknownapterous-form-unknownalate-form-unknownoviparae-unknownmales-unknownsexual-reproduction-occurrence-unknownholocycly-unknownhost-alternation-none-expectedmonoecious-life-cycle-expectedautoecious-life-cycle-expectedfundatrix-morphology-unknownfundatrix-biology-unknownstem-mother-biology-unknowngall-formation-noneleaf-curl-induction-unknownhost-plant-damage-symptoms-unknownphytotoxicity-unknownvirus-transmission-unknownvector-status-none-confirmedplant-pathogen-interactions-unknownphytoplasma-transmission-unknownbacterial-associations-unknownviral-associations-unknownfungal-associations-unknownmite-associations-unknownnematode-associations-unknownprotozoan-associations-unknownbacterial-symbiont-diversity-unknownsecondary-symbiont-presence-unknownRegiella-presence-unknownHamiltonella-presence-unknownSerratia-presence-unknownRickettsia-presence-unknownSpiroplasma-presence-unknownWolbachia-presence-unknownArsenophonus-presence-unknownCardinium-presence-unknownmicrobial-community-composition-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownbacteriocyte-structure-unknownendosymbiont-transmission-unknownvertical-transmission-expectedhorizontal-transmission-unknownsymbiont-genome-unknownnutritional-supplementation-by-symbionts-expectedessential-amino-acid-synthesis-expectedvitamin-synthesis-unknownsteroid-synthesis-unknownother-metabolic-capabilities-unknownimmune-function-unknownthermal-tolerance-influence-unknownreproductive-manipulation-unknownparasitoid-resistance-unknownfungal-resistance-unknownpredator-defense-unknownalarm-pheromone-production-expectedcornicle-secretion-function-unknownE-β-farnesene-production-expectedother-semiochemicals-unknowncommunication-unknownaggregation-pheromones-unknownsex-pheromones-unknowndispersal-pheromones-unknowntrail-pheromones-unknownkin-recognition-unknownnestmate-recognition-unknownterritoriality-noneaggression-unknownescape-responses-unknowndrop-off-behavior-unknownwalking-behavior-unknownflight-behavior-unknownsettling-behavior-unknownhost-finding-behavior-unknownhost-acceptance-behavior-unknownhost-rejection-behavior-unknownprobing-behavior-unknowningestion-behavior-unknownexcretion-behavior-unknownhoneydew-production-expectedhoneydew-composition-unknownant-attendance-expected-but-unconfirmedant-mutualism-specificity-unknownant-protection-benefit-unknownant-nutrition-provision-unknownant-manipulation-by-aphid-unknowntrophobiotic-interactions-expectedmyrmecophily-potentiallycaenid-butterfly-associations-none-expectedother-insect-associations-unknownspider-associations-unknownbird-associations-unknownmammal-associations-unknownreptile-associations-unknownamphibian-associations-unknownfish-associations-unknowninvertebrate-predation-unknownvertebrate-predation-unknowngeneralist-predators-unknownspecialist-predators-unknownlacewing-predation-unknownlady-beetle-predation-unknownhoverfly-predation-unknownparasitoid-wasp-attack-unknownaphid-midge-predation-unknownentomopathogenic-fungus-infection-unknownentomopathogenic-nematode-infection-unknownbacterial-pathogen-infection-unknownviral-pathogen-infection-unknownpopulation-regulation-unknowndensity-dependence-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknownpopulation-cycles-unknownoutbreak-dynamics-unknowneruptive-dynamics-none-expectedgradient-dynamics-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-structure-unknownpatch-occupancy-unknownextinction-risk-unknowncolonization-extinction-dynamics-unknownhabitat-suitability-modeling-nonespecies-distribution-modeling-noneniche-modeling-noneecological-niche-breadth-unknownhabitat-specificity-high-expectedenvironmental-tolerance-range-unknownmicrohabitat-requirements-unknowntemperature-requirements-unknownhumidity-requirements-unknownprecipitation-requirements-unknownelevation-range-unknownaspect-preferences-unknownsoil-type-associations-unknowngeology-associations-unknownvegetation-community-specificity-unknownplant-community-associations-unknownseral-stage-preferences-unknowndisturbance-response-unknownfire-adaptation-unknowndrought-adaptation-expectedflood-tolerance-unknownwind-tolerance-unknownsalinity-tolerance-unknownpH-tolerance-unknownaltitude-range-unknownlatitudinal-range-unknownlongitudinal-range-unknowncontinental-distribution-unknownregional-distribution-unknownlocal-distribution-unknownpoint-locality-data-sparseoccurrence-records-sparsemuseum-specimens-sparsecollection-frequency-lowobservation-frequency-lowdetection-probability-unknownsampling-effort-insufficientinventory-completeness-lowrange-map-unavailabledistribution-model-unavailablehabitat-map-unavailableland-cover-associations-unknownclimate-envelope-unknownbioclimatic-variables-unknowntemperature-isothermality-unknowntemperature-seasonality-unknowntemperature-annual-range-unknownprecipitation-seasonality-unknownprecipitation-driest-quarter-unknownprecipitation-wettest-quarter-unknownaridity-index-unknownpotential-evapotranspiration-unknownactual-evapotranspiration-unknownwater-balance-unknowngrowing-degree-days-unknownchilling-requirements-unknownphotoperiod-responses-unknownlight-intensity-requirements-unknownUV-tolerance-unknownwind-speed-tolerance-unknownatmospheric-pressure-tolerance-unknownoxygen-requirements-unknownCO2-responses-unknownair-quality-requirements-unknownpollution-tolerance-unknownheavy-metal-tolerance-unknownpesticide-exposure-unknownherbicide-exposure-unknownfertilizer-runoff-exposure-unknownurbanization-tolerance-unknownagricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknowngrazing-pressure-response-unknowntrampling-tolerance-unknownrecreation-impact-sensitivity-unknownroad-effect-zone-unknownfragmentation-sensitivity-unknownedge-effects-sensitivity-unknownmatrix-habitat-tolerance-unknowncorridor-use-unknownstepping-stone-habitat-use-unknownlandscape-connectivity-needs-unknownminimum-patch-size-unknownminimum-corridor-width-unknowndispersal-distance-unknowndispersal-kernel-unknowndispersal-mode-active-and-passive-expectedwind-dispersal-of-alates-expectedwalking-dispersal-of-apterae-expectedrafting-on-vegetation-possiblehuman-mediated-dispersal-unlikelynatural-range-expansion-unknownintroduction-history-none-expectedinvasive-potential-noneestablishment-probability-in-new-areas-unknownimpact-of-establishment-unknowneradication-feasibility-not-applicablecontrol-methods-not-applicablemanagement-interventions-not-applicablemonitoring-protocols-nonesurvey-methods-standard-aphid-sampling-applicablesweep-netting-effectiveness-unknownbeat-sampling-effectiveness-unknownvacuum-sampling-effectiveness-unknownsticky-trap-effectiveness-unknownwater-pan-trap-effectiveness-unknownMalaise-trap-effectiveness-unknownlight-trap-effectiveness-unknownpitfall-trap-effectiveness-unknownbait-trap-effectiveness-unknownpheromone-trap-effectiveness-unknownvisual-survey-effectiveness-unknownhost-plant-inspection-most-effective-expectedmicroscopic-examination-required-for-identificationslide-mounting-techniques-standard-for-AphididaeDNA-barcoding-applicability-unknownmolecular-identification-protocols-noneeDNA-detection-applicability-unknownremote-sensing-detection-impossibleacoustic-detection-impossibleautomated-identification-unavailablecitizen-science-detection-possible-with-trainingexpert-identification-requiredtaxonomic-expertise-availability-limitedidentification-keys-unavailablediagnostic-characters-incompletely-describedmorphological-measurements-unknowncoloration-unknownpattern-unknownsize-range-unknownbody-shape-unknownsiphunculi-morphology-unknowncauda-morphology-unknownantennal-tubercle-development-unknownmedian-frontal-tubercle-unknowncompound-eye-size-unknownocelli-presence-expectedocellar-tubercle-unknownantennae-length-unknownantennae-segmentation-unknown,