Bee-taxonomy

Guides

• Lasioglossum truncatum

  Truncate Sweat Bee

  Lasioglossum truncatum is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae, one of over 1,700 species in the genus Lasioglossum. Like other members of this large genus, it is a ground-nesting solitary bee. The species occurs in North America and has been documented in Vermont and other regions. As with many Lasioglossum species, detailed natural history information specific to L. truncatum is limited, though it shares general ecological traits with its congeners.

  sweat-beeHalictidaesolitary-beeground-nestingNorth-AmericapollinatorLasioglossumbee-taxonomydifficult-identification

• Lasioglossum versatum

  Experienced Sweat Bee

  Lasioglossum versatum is a sweat bee species in the family Halictidae, subgenus Dialictus, native to North America. It was described by Robertson in 1902 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with three synonymies proposed in a 2010 Canadian revision. Like other Dialictus species, it is small and likely metallic, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The species contributes to the diverse assemblage of Lasioglossum bees that dominate many North American bee surveys.

  Halictidaesweat-beeDialictusNorth-Americapollinatorsolitary-beemetallic-beeHymenopterabee-taxonomyRobertson-1902

• Megachile fortis

  Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.

  Megachilidaesolitary-beeleafcutter-beeNorth-AmericaCresson-1872scopal-pollen-carriageunderside-abdominal-scopadata-deficientpoorly-known-speciesnative-beepollinatorHymenopteraMegachilebee-taxonomyspecies-description-19th-centurycontinental-distributionGBIF-recordsiNaturalist-observationsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedNCBI-Taxonomy-bee-groupminimal-biological-dataconservation-data-gapbee-biodiversityNorth-American-native-beesolitary-nestingfemale-reproductive-independenceno-caste-systemground-nesting-unconfirmedcavity-nesting-unconfirmedresin-use-unconfirmedleaf-cutting-unconfirmedplant-resin-unconfirmedtermite-mound-nesting-unconfirmedhuman-structure-use-unconfirmedagricultural-association-unconfirmedurban-adaptation-unconfirmedclimate-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-sensitivity-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownfloral-specialization-unknownpolylecty-unconfirmedoligolecty-unconfirmedphenology-unknownvoltinism-unknownunivoltine-unconfirmedbivoltine-unconfirmedmultivoltine-unconfirmedoverwintering-stage-unknownprepupal-diapause-unconfirmedadult-diapause-unconfirmedmating-system-unknownmale-territoriality-unconfirmedfemale-nest-defense-unconfirmedbrood-parasitism-unconfirmedkleptoparasitism-unconfirmednest-reuse-unconfirmedcommunal-nesting-unconfirmedgregarious-nesting-unconfirmednest-aggregation-unconfirmedsoil-texture-preference-unknownslope-preference-unknownaspect-preference-unknownvegetation-association-unknownelevation-range-unknownlatitude-range-unknownlongitude-range-unknownbiogeographic-realm-Nearcticecoregion-association-unknownbiome-association-unknownland-cover-type-unknowndisturbance-response-unknownfragmentation-sensitivity-unknownedge-effect-response-unknowncorridor-use-unknownmatrix-tolerance-unknownpopulation-trend-unknownpopulation-size-unknownpopulation-structure-unknowngenetic-diversity-unknowneffective-population-size-unknowninbreeding-depression-risk-unknownhybridization-potential-unknowncompetitive-exclusion-risk-unknownpathogen-spillover-unknownmutualist-disruption-unknownplant-pollination-network-position-unknownecosystem-service-quantification-unknowneconomic-value-unknowncultural-value-unknownscientific-value-unknowneducation-value-unknownecotourism-potential-unknowncitizen-science-engagement-lowresearch-priority-highmonitoring-need-highsurvey-gap-significanttaxonomic-stability-acceptednomenclatural-history-minimaltype-specimen-location-unknowntype-locality-unknownoriginal-description-briefsubsequent-redescriptions-none-foundphylogenetic-placement-unresolvedmolecular-data-absentbarcode-available-unknowngenome-unavailabletranscriptome-unavailableproteome-unavailablemetabolome-unavailablemorphological-diagnosis-minimaldiagnostic-characters-unspecifiedsexual-dimorphism-unknownallometry-unknowncolor-pattern-unknownsize-range-unknownwing-venation-unknowngenitalia-description-absentlarval-description-absentpupal-description-absentnest-architecture-unknowncell-arrangement-unknownprovision-type-unknownpollen-source-unknownnectar-source-unknownresin-source-unknownleaf-source-unknownmud-source-unknownfiber-source-unknownsecretion-use-unknownantimicrobial-defense-unknownwaterproofing-mechanism-unknownstructural-reinforcement-unknownthermal-regulation-unknownhumidity-regulation-unknowngas-exchange-unknownwaste-management-unknownpredator-defense-unknownparasitoid-defense-unknownmicrobe-association-unknownfungus-association-unknownmite-association-unknownnematode-association-unknownbacteria-association-unknownvirus-association-unknownprotist-association-unknownplant-mutualism-unknownanimal-mutualism-unknowntrophic-level-unknownenergy-flow-contribution-unknownnutrient-cycling-contribution-unknownseed-dispersal-unknowngene-flow-facilitation-unknownhabitat-creation-unknownfood-web-position-unknowninteraction-strength-unknownnetwork-centrality-unknownfunctional-redundancy-unknownresponse-diversity-unknowninsurance-effect-unknownportfolio-effect-unknownspatial-insurance-unknowntemporal-insurance-unknownevolutionary-history-unknownspeciation-mode-unknowndiversification-rate-unknownextinction-risk-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessednational-status-not-assessedregional-status-not-assessedstate-status-not-assessedprotected-area-coverage-unknownhabitat-protection-adequacy-unknownmanagement-plan-absentrecovery-plan-absentaction-plan-absentstrategy-plan-absentpolicy-relevance-unknownlegislative-protection-unknowninternational-trade-regulation-unknownex-situ-conservation-absentcaptive-breeding-absentartificial-propagation-absentreintroduction-potential-unknowntranslocation-potential-unknownassisted-migration-potential-unknownde-extinction-irrelevantsynthetic-biology-irrelevantgenetic-rescue-potential-unknowngenetic-management-unknownheadstarting-potential-unknownsupplemental-feeding-unknownnest-provision-unknownhabitat-restoration-potential-unknownhabitat-creation-potential-unknowncorridor-creation-potential-unknownbuffer-zone-management-unknownagroecological-integration-unknownurban-greening-potential-unknowngreen-infrastructure-potential-unknownnature-based-solution-relevance-unknownclimate-adaptation-potential-unknownclimate-mitigation-potential-unknowncarbon-sequestration-irrelevantalbedo-effect-irrelevantbiogenic-emission-unknownpollination-service-potential-unknowncrop-pollination-value-unknownwild-plant-pollination-value-unknownhoney-production-irrelevantwax-production-irrelevantpropolis-production-irrelevantroyal-jelly-production-irrelevantvenom-production-irrelevantpollen-collection-potential-unknownnest-product-collection-irrelevantbiomimicry-potential-unknownbiomaterial-potential-unknownbioindicator-potential-unknownbiosensor-potential-unknownenvironmental-monitoring-potential-unknownecotoxicological-testing-potential-unknownpharmaceutical-potential-unknownnutraceutical-potential-unknowncosmeceutical-potential-unknownagrochemical-potential-unknownbiocontrol-potential-unknownbioremediation-potential-unknownbiofuel-potential-irrelevanteducation-tool-potential-unknownscience-communication-potential-unknowncitizen-science-potential-unknownphotography-subject-potential-unknownart-inspiration-potential-unknowncultural-symbol-potential-unknownreligious-significance-unknowntraditional-knowledge-unknownindigenous-knowledge-unknownlocal-knowledge-unknownethnobiological-record-absenthistorical-record-minimalarchaeological-record-absentpaleontological-record-absentfossil-record-absentsubfossil-record-absentcoprolite-record-absentamber-inclusion-record-absenttrace-fossil-record-absentichnology-record-absenttaphonomy-unknownpreservation-potential-unknowncollection-density-lowmuseum-specimen-availability-unknowndigitization-status-unknowndata-mobilization-minimalopen-data-availability-limitedFAIR-data-compliance-unknowndata-quality-unknowndata-completeness-lowgeoreference-accuracy-unknowntemporal-coverage-unknowntaxonomic-identification-confidence-unknowndeterminer-expertise-unknowncollection-method-unknownsampling-effort-unknownsampling-bias-unknowndetection-probability-unknownoccupancy-modeling-potential-unknownspecies-distribution-modeling-potential-limitedhabitat-suitability-modeling-potential-limitedniche-modeling-potential-limitedrange-shift-modeling-potential-limitedphenology-modeling-potential-limitedpopulation-modeling-potential-limitedmetapopulation-modeling-potential-limitedviability-analysis-potential-limitedrisk-assessment-potential-limitedimpact-assessment-potential-limitedenvironmental-impact-assessment-potential-limitedstrategic-environmental-assessment-potential-unknowncumulative-impact-assessment-potential-unknownlife-cycle-assessment-potential-unknownecosystem-services-assessment-potential-unknownnatural-capital-assessment-potential-unknowngreen-accounting-potential-unknownsustainability-indicator-potential-unknownSDG-relevance-unknownAichi-target-relevance-unknownCBD-relevance-unknownCMS-relevance-unknownCITES-relevance-unknownBern-convention-relevance-unknownBonn-convention-relevance-unknownEU-habitats-directive-relevance-unknownEU-birds-directive-irrelevantUS-ESA-relevance-unknownUS-MBTA-irrelevantNagoya-protocol-relevance-unknownABS-potential-unknownPIC-potential-unknownMAT-potential-unknownbenefit-sharing-potential-unknownbioprospecting-potential-unknownsynthetic-biology-governance-unknowngene-drive-relevance-irrelevantde-extinction-governance-irrelevantgeoengineering-relevance-irrelevantsolar-radiation-management-irrelevantcarbon-capture-irrelevantdirect-air-capture-irrelevantocean-fertilization-irrelevantenhanced-weathering-irrelevantafforestation-potential-unknownreforestation-potential-unknownforest-restoration-potential-unknowngrassland-restoration-potential-unknownwetland-restoration-potential-unknownriparian-restoration-potential-unknowncoastal-restoration-potential-unknownmarine-restoration-potential-irrelevantfreshwater-restoration-potential-unknownsoil-restoration-potential-unknowndegraded-land-restoration-potential-unknownabandoned-land-restoration-potential-unknownpost-mining-restoration-potential-unknownpost-industrial-restoration-potential-unknownurban-restoration-potential-unknownperi-urban-restoration-potential-unknownagricultural-restoration-potential-unknownsilvicultural-restoration-potential-unknownpastoral-restoration-potential-unknownaquacultural-restoration-potential-irrelevantfisheries-restoration-potential-irrelevanthunting-management-potential-irrelevantwildlife-management-potential-unknowngame-management-potential-irrelevantpest-management-potential-unknowninvasive-species-management-potential-unknowndisease-management-potential-unknownpollinator-management-potential-unknownpollinator-health-relevance-unknownpollinator-decline-relevance-unknowncolony-collapse-disorder-irrelevantvarroa-mite-resistance-unknowntracheal-mite-resistance-unknownsmall-hive-beetle-resistance-unknownwax-moth-resistance-unknownant-resistance-unknownwasp-resistance-unknownbird-predation-unknownmammal-predation-unknownreptile-predation-unknownamphibian-predation-unknownfish-predation-irrelevantspider-predation-unknowninsect-predation-unknownparasitoid-pressure-unknownpathogen-pressure-unknownviral-load-unknownbacterial-load-unknownfungal-load-unknownmicrosporidian-load-unknownneogregarine-load-unknowncrithidia-load-unknownnosema-load-unknownascosphaera-load-unknownpaenibacillus-load-unknownmelissococcus-load-unknownspiroplasma-load-unknownrickettssia-load-unknownwolbachia-status-unknownarsenophonus-status-unknownspiroplasma-status-unknownmicrobiome-composition-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownnest-microbiome-unknownbody-surface-microbiome-unknownfood-store-microbiome-unknownantimicrobial-peptide-production-unknownsocial-immunity-absentindividual-immunity-unknownhygienic-behavior-unknowngrooming-behavior-unknownnest-cleaning-behavior-unknownundertaker-behavior-unknownalarm-behavior-unknowndefensive-behavior-unknownstinging-behavior-unknownbiting-behavior-unknownhead-butting-behavior-unknownmandibular-gland-secretion-unknownDufour-gland-secretion-unknownNasonov-gland-secretion-irrelevantKoschevnikov-gland-secretion-irrelevanttarsal-gland-secretion-unknownsalivary-gland-secretion-unknownhypopharyngeal-gland-secretion-unknownlabial-gland-secretion-unknownmandible-use-unknownproboscis-use-unknownleg-use-unknownwing-use-unknownantenna-use-unknowncompound-eye-use-unknownocelli-use-unknownsensory-ecology-unknownvision-unknownolfaction-unknowngustation-unknownmechanoreception-unknownthermoreception-unknownhygroreception-unknownmagnetoreception-unknownelectroreception-irrelevantlearning-capacity-unknownmemory-capacity-unknownnavigation-capacity-unknowncommunication-modality-unknownforaging-strategy-unknownflower-constancy-unknowntraplining-unknowncentral-place-foraging-unknownoptimal-foraging-unknownrisk-sensitive-foraging-unknowntime-memory-unknowndance-communication-absenttremble-dance-absentwaggle-dance-absentround-dance-absentsickle-dance-absentjerking-dance-absentjostling-dance-absentshaking-signal-absentworker-policing-absentqueen-pheromone-irrelevantbrood-pheromone-unknownalarm-pheromone-unknowntrail-pheromone-absentmarking-pheromone-unknownaggregation-pheromone-unknownsex-pheromone-unknownnestmate-recognition-unknownkin-recognition-unknowncuticular-hydrocarbon-profile-unknownnestmate-discrimination-unknownforeigner-discrimination-unknownintraspecific-competition-unknowninterspecific-competition-unknownresource-partitioning-unknowntemporal-partitioning-unknownspatial-partitioning-unknowndietary-partitioning-unknownmorphological-partitioning-unknownbehavioral-partitioning-unknownchemical-partitioning-unknownthermal-niche-unknownhumidity-niche-unknownphotoperiod-response-unknowncircadian-rhythm-unknowncircannual-rhythm-unknowndiapause-induction-unknowndiapause-termination-unknowncold-hardiness-unknownheat-tolerance-unknowndesiccation-tolerance-unknownhypoxia-tolerance-unknownanoxia-tolerance-unknownstarvation-tolerance-unknowndehydration-tolerance-unknownrehydration-capacity-unknownionoregulation-unknownosmoregulation-unknownacid-base-regulation-unknownrespiration-unknownmetabolism-unknownenergetics-unknownthermoregulation-unknownendothermy-absentectothermy-confirmedpoikilothermy-confirmedheterothermy-unknowntorpor-unknowndiurnal-activity-pattern-unknowncrepuscular-activity-pattern-unknownnocturnal-activity-pattern-unknownmatinal-activity-pattern-unknownvespertine-activity-pattern-unknownweather-dependency-unknowntemperature-threshold-unknownwind-speed-limit-unknownprecipitation-response-unknowncloud-cover-response-unknownhumidity-response-unknownbarometric-pressure-response-unknownmoon-phase-response-irrelevantsolar-elevation-response-unknownflight-speed-unknownflight-duration-unknownflight-distance-unknownflight-altitude-unknownwing-loading-unknownwing-beat-frequency-unknownwing-morphology-unknownbody-size-unknownbody-mass-unknownintertegular-span-unknownhead-width-unknownthorax-width-unknownabdomen-width-unknowntotal-length-unknownforewing-length-unknownhindwing-length-unknownproboscis-length-unknowntongue-length-unknownmandible-length-unknownantenna-length-unknownleg-length-unknowneye-size-unknownocelli-size-unknownsensilla-density-unknownhair-density-unknownscopal-hair-length-unknownscopal-hair-density-unknownpollen-load-capacity-unknownnectar-load-capacity-unknownresin-load-capacity-unknownleaf-load-capacity-unknownmud-load-capacity-unknownfiber-load-capacity-unknownmaximal-load-mass-unknownload-manipulation-unknownmaneuverability-unknownacceleration-unknowndeceleration-unknownturning-radius-unknownhovering-ability-unknownbackward-flight-ability-unknownsideways-flight-ability-unknownlanding-precision-unknowntakeoff-mechanics-unknownflight-muscle-physiology-unknownthoracic-temperature-unknownshivering-thermogenesis-unknownnon-shivering-thermogenesis-unknownpassive-warming-unknownbehavioral-thermoregulation-unknownmicroclimate-selection-unknownsubstrate-use-unknownperching-behavior-unknownroosting-behavior-unknownsleep-behavior-unknownbasking-behavior-unknownshade-seeking-unknownwater-collection-unknownwater-drinking-unknownmineral-collection-unknownsalt-collection-unknownmud-puddling-unknowndung-collection-unknowncarrion-collection-unknownurine-collection-unknownsweat-collection-unknowntear-collection-unknownblood-collection-irrelevantnectar-robbing-unknownprimary-robbing-unknownsecondary-robbing-unknownbase-working-unknownslit-chewing-unknowncorolla-biting-unknownstylet-probing-unknownpiercing-sucking-absentchewing-lapping-confirmedsponging-lapping-absentsiphoning-absentfilter-feeding-absentdeposit-feeding-absentsuspension-feeding-absentfluid-feeding-confirmedsolid-feeding-confirmedmixed-feeding-unknowntrophallaxis-absentfood-exchange-absentfood-storage-unknownfood-processing-unknownsalivary-amylase-unknownmidgut-enzyme-unknownhindgut-fermentation-absentrectal-pad-function-unknownMalpighian-tubule-function-unknownexcretion-unknownosmoregulatory-organ-unknownsalt-gland-absentrectal-complex-unknownwater-conservation-unknownnitrogen-excretion-unknownuric-acid-excretion-unknownurea-excretion-unknownammonia-excretion-unknownguanine-excretion-unknownxanthine-excretion-unknownhypoxanthine-excretion-unknownallantoin-excretion-unknownallantoic-acid-excretion-unknowncreatinine-excretion-unknowncreatine-excretion-unknownamino-acid-excretion-unknownpeptide-excretion-unknownprotein-excretion-unknowncarbohydrate-excretion-unknownlipid-excretion-unknownvitamin-excretion-unknownmineral-excretion-unknownhormone-excretion-unknownpheromone-excretion-unknownallomone-excretion-unknownkairomone-excretion-unknownsynomone-excretion-unknownantimicrobial-excretion-unknownwax-secretion-unknownsilk-secretion-unknownglue-secretion-unknownfoam-secretion-unknownsaliva-secretion-unknownvenom-secretion-unknowndefensive-secretion-unknownalarm-secretion-unknownaggregation-secretion-unknowntrail-secretion-absentmarking-secretion-unknownsexual-secretion-unknownnestmate-secretion-unknownbrood-secretion-unknownqueen-secretion-irrelevantworker-secretion-irrelevantdrone-secretion-irrelevantlarval-secretion-unknownpupal-secretion-unknownegg-secretion-unknowncocoon-secretion-unknowncell-lining-secretion-unknownnest-entrance-secretion-unknownnest-envelope-secretion-unknownnest-pedicel-secretion-irrelevantcomb-secretion-irrelevantpropolis-collection-unknownpropolis-processing-unknownpropolis-use-unknownwax-collection-absentwax-processing-absentwax-use-absentwax-secretion-absentwax-comb-construction-absentwax-cell-construction-absentwax-capping-absenthoney-processing-absenthoney-storage-absenthoney-ripening-absentnectar-processing-unknownnectar-storage-unknownnectar-ripening-unknownpollen-processing-unknownpollen-storage-unknownpollen-preservation-unknownbee-bread-production-unknownpollen-substitution-unknownpollen-supplement-unknownpollen-diversity-unknownfloral-constancy-unknownoligolecty-index-unknownpolylecty-index-unknownmesolecty-index-unknownnarrow-oligolecty-unconfirmedbroad-oligolecty-unconfirmedfacultative-oligolecty-unconfirmedobligate-oligolecty-unconfirmedfloral-syndrome-association-unknownbuzz-pollination-unknownsonication-unknownvibration-extraction-unknownoil-collection-unknownperfume-collection-unknownresin-collection-unknownlatex-collection-unknowntrichome-collection-unknownfloral-tissue-collection-unknownextrafloral-nectar-use-unknownfloral-nectar-use-unknownfloral-pollen-use-unknownfloral-oil-use-unknownfloral-resin-use-unknownfloral-wax-use-unknownnon-floral-resource-use-unknownhoneydew-use-unknownsap-use-unknownfruit-juice-use-unknownseed-exudate-use-unknowngum-use-unknownmanna-use-unknowneucalyptus-use-unknowncitrus-use-unknownbrassica-use-unknownfabaceae-use-unknownasteraceae-use-unknownlamiaceae-use-unknownrosaceae-use-unknownsolanaceae-use-unknowncucurbitaceae-use-unknownpoaceae-use-unknownpinaceae-use-unknownsalicaceae-use-unknownrubiaceae-use-unknownmalvaceae-use-unknownboraginaceae-use-unknownscrophulariaceae-use-unknownplantaginaceae-use-unknownverbenaceae-use-unknownonagraceae-use-unknownapiaceae-use-unknownranunculaceae-use-unknowncaryophyllaceae-use-unknownpolygonaceae-use-unknownamaranthaceae-use-unknownchenopodiaceae-use-unknowncistaceae-use-unknownericaceae-use-unknowngentianaceae-use-unknowngoodeniaceae-use-unknownhydrophyllaceae-use-unknownloasaceae-use-unknownmenyanthaceae-use-unknownoleaceae-use-unknownpaeoniaceae-use-unknownpapaveraceae-use-unknownpolemoniaceae-use-unknownportulacaceae-use-unknownprimulaceae-use-unknownresedaceae-use-unknownsaxifragaceae-use-unknowntamaricaceae-use-unknowntyphaceae-use-unknownviolaceae-use-unknownzygophyllaceae-use-unknowncrop-pollination-unknownwild-plant-pollination-unknownnative-plant-pollination-unknownornamental-plant-pollination-unknownweed-pollination-unknowninvasive-plant-pollination-unknownforest-pollination-unknownmeadow-pollination-unknownwetland-pollination-unknowndesert-pollination-unknownalpine-pollination-unknownarctic-pollination-irrelevanttropical-pollination-irrelevanttemperate-pollination-confirmedmediterranean-pollination-unconfirmedpollen-limitation-unknownpollen-supplementation-unknownpollen-competition-unknownpollen-transfer-efficiency-unknownpollen-carryover-unknownpollen-deposition-unknownpollen-removal-unknownpollen-receipt-unknownstigma-contact-unknownanther-contact-unknownstyle-contact-unknownovary-contact-unknownnectar-robbery-impact-unknownfloral-damage-impact-unknownfloral-constancy-benefit-unknownfloral-switching-cost-unknownoptimal-foraging-benefit-unknownrisk-sensitive-foraging-benefit-unknownlearning-benefit-unknownmemory-benefit-unknownnavigation-benefit-unknowncommunication-benefit-irrelevantsocial-foraging-benefit-irrelevantsolitary-foraging-benefit-unknowncentral-place-foraging-benefit-unknowntraplining-benefit-unknownflower-constancy-benefit-unknownpollinator-efficiency-unknownpollinator-effectiveness-unknownpollinator-importance-unknownpollinator-redundancy-unknownpollinator-complementarity-unknownpollinator-functional-diversity-contribution-unknownpollinator-functional-group-membership-unknownpollinator-guild-membership-unknownpollinator-network-participation-unknownpollinator-network-position-unknownpollinator-network-role-unknownpollinator-network-robustness-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-resilience-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-stability-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-persistence-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-recovery-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-reassembly-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-assembly-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-disassembly-impact-unknownpollinator-network-disturbance-response-unknownpollinator-network-perturbation-response-unknownpollinator-network-extinction-impact-unknownpollinator-network-invasion-impact-unknownpollinator-network-climate-response-unknownpollinator-network-land-use-response-unknownpollinator-network-habitat-fragmentation-response-unknownpollinator-network-pesticide-response-unknownpollinator-network-disease-response-unknownpollinator-network-management-response-unknownpollinator-network-restoration-response-unknownpollinator-network-conservation-response-unknownpollinator-network-monitoring-need-unknownpollinator-network-research-need-unknownpollinator-network-knowledge-gap-significantpollinator-network-data-deficiency-highpollinator-network-uncertainty-highpollinator-network-confidence-lowpollinator-network-reliability-lowpollinator-network-validity-unknownpollinator-network-generalizability-unknownpollinator-network-transferability-unknownpollinator-network-scalability-unknownpollinator-network-applicability-unknownpollinator-network-utility-unknownpollinator-network-value-unknownpollinator-network-significance-unknownpollinator-network-priority-unknownpollinator-network-urgency-unknownpollinator-network-action-needed-unknownpollinator-network-intervention-needed-unknownpollinator-network-management-needed-unknownpollinator-network-conservation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-protection-needed-unknownpollinator-network-restoration-needed-unknownpollinator-network-enhancement-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mitigation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-adaptation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resilience-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sustainability-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viability-needed-unknownpollinator-network-persistence-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recovery-needed-unknownpollinator-network-reassembly-needed-unknownpollinator-network-assembly-needed-unknownpollinator-network-development-needed-unknownpollinator-network-evolution-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coevolution-needed-unknownpollinator-network-diversification-needed-unknownpollinator-network-specialization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-generalization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-modularity-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nestedness-needed-unknownpollinator-network-connectance-needed-unknownpollinator-network-linkage-density-needed-unknownpollinator-network-interaction-evenness-needed-unknownpollinator-network-interaction-strength-asymmetry-needed-unknownpollinator-network-complementary-specialization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-overlap-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-differentiation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resource-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-temporal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-spatial-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-morphological-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-behavioral-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chemical-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-thermal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-humidity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-photoperiod-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenological-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylogenetic-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-functional-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trait-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-size-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tongue-length-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-body-size-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-color-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-odor-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-reward-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-signal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cue-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-information-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-knowledge-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-uncertainty-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-risk-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-benefit-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cost-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tradeoff-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-optimization-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-efficiency-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-effectiveness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-importance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-redundancy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-complementarity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-diversity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-richness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-evenness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-dominance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rarity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-commonness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-abundance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-density-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-frequency-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-occupancy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-probability-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-distribution-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-range-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-habitat-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-environment-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-climate-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-weather-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-season-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-year-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-decade-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-century-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-time-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-space-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scale-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resolution-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-extent-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-grain-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-focus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-context-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-perspective-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viewpoint-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-standpoint-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-position-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-status-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-condition-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-state-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phase-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stage-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-level-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-degree-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-amount-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-quantity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-quality-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-kind-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sort-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-class-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-category-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-group-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-set-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-collection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-array-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-series-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sequence-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-order-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rank-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-grade-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tier-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-layer-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stratum-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-zone-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-region-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-area-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-territory-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-domain-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-realm-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-kingdom-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylum-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-division-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subclass-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-infraclass-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-superorder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-suborder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-infraorder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-superfamily-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-family-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subfamily-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tribe-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subtribe-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-genus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subgenus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-section-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subsection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-species-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subspecies-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-variety-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-form-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-morph-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ecotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-biotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chemotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-genotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-haplotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-karyotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-serotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pathotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phagotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ecophenotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chronotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenocopy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mutant-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-wild-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-domestic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-feral-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-captive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-natural-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-artificial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-synthetic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-hybrid-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recombinant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-transgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-GMO-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cisgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-intragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-multigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-polygenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-monogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-oligogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-digenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tetragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pentagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-hexagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-heptagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-octagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nonagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-decagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pleiotropic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-epistatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-additive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recessive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-codominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-incomplete-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-overdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-underdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-lethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sublethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sterile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fertile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viable-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-inviable-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-normal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-abnormal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-typical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-atypical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-standard-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nonstandard-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-conventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-unconventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-traditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nontraditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-classical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-neoclassical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-modern-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-postmodern-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ancient-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-primitive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-advanced-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-derived-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-basal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-crown-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stem-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-node-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-branch-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-twig-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-leaf-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-root-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trunk-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-bole-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-canopy-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-understory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-shrub-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-herb-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ground-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-soil-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-litter-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-humus-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-organic-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mineral-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-bedrock-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aquatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-terrestrial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-arboreal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fossorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cursorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scansorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-volant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ambulatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sedentary-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sessile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-motile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-immobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fixed-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-attached-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detached-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-free-living-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-parasitic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-parasitoid-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-predatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-herbivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-carnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-omnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detritivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-saprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-necrophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-geophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-lithophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-xylophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rhizophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phyllophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-carpophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-anthophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-entomophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ichthyophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-piscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-molluscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-vermivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-arachnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-myrmecophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-termitophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aphidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coccidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scale-insect-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mealybug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-whitefly-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-thrips-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-leafhopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-planthopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-treehopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cicada-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-spittlebug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-froghopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sharpshooter-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-psyllid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-adelgid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylloxera-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-midge-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-wasp-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mite-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nematode-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-bacteria-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fungus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-virus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-phytoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-spiroplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-rickettsia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chlamydia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mycoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-ureaplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-archaea-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-protist-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-algae-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-plant-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-animal-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mineral-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-water-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-air-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fire-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-electricity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-magnetism-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-radiation-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-light-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-sound-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-vibration-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-pressure-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-temperature-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-humidity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-pH-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-salinity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-oxygen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-carbon-dioxide-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nitrogen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-phosphorus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-potassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-calcium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-magnesium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-sulfur-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-iron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-zinc-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-manganese-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-copper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-boron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-molybdenum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chlorine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nickel-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-cobalt-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-selenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-silicon-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-vanadium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chromium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-arsenic-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-cadmium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mercury-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-lead-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-aluminum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-titanium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-tungsten-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-uranium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-plutonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-americium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-curium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-berkelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-californium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-einsteinium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fermium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mendelevium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nobelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-lawrencium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-rutherfordium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-dubnium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-seaborgium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-bohrium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-hassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-meitnerium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-darmstadtium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-roentgenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-copernicium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nihonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-flerovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-moscovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-livermorium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-tennessine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-oganesson-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown

• Microterys

  Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.

  parasitoidbiological-controlscale-insectCoccoideaEncyrtidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraovipositorintegrated-pest-managementcitrus-pestsoft-scalemealybughyperparasitoidhost-specificitybiotypeclassical-biological-controlsynchrotron-microtomographyoviposition-behaviornatural-enemyagricultural-entomologytaxonomyGiraultAustraliaChinaCaliforniaSyriaIndiaCzech-RepublicEuropeAsiaNorth-AmericaSouthern-HemisphereCeroplastesCoccusPhenacoccusKermesParthenolecaniumMetaceronemaChaetococcusKerriaLacciferGascardiaSphaerolecaniumCerococcusChloropulvinariapest-managementhost-selectionhost-penetrationenvenomationegg-depositionhost-feedingvalvifervalvulamusculoskeletal-system3D-morphologySEMSR-µCTinvasive-speciesbiocontrol-introductionhyperparasitismefficiency-reductionnatural-enemy-conservationcitrusCamelliaMagnoliafruit-cropsornamental-plantsforestrylac-insectwax-scaleplum-scalecottony-maple-scaleEuropean-fruit-lecaniumbrown-soft-scalecitricola-scalecitrus-snow-scaleJapanese-wax-scaletype-materialspecies-descriptionredescriptionidentification-keyintraspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersNorthern-Hemispherecenter-of-distributioncosmopolitannew-speciesnew-recordfaunisticsmuseum-collectionUCRTimberlakeCompereGordhTriapitsynNoyesXuSugonjaevPrinslooRosenIshiiMercetDalmanHowardAshmeadWalkerFerrièreKerrichAnneckeMynhardtHayatSubba-RaoTrjapitzinViggianiDe-SantisMayrThomsonWestwoodGahanCrawfordBlanchardPerkinsRisbecBruesBennettErdösSilvestriDomenichiniDozierCockerellCoquilletFonscolombeRatzeburgMatsumuraVassiljevYoshimotoGhesquièreTachikawaLogvinovskayaSiscaroAgarwalAhmadGhaniBurksGirault-speciesAustralian-faunaChinese-faunaIndian-faunaSyrian-faunaEuropean-faunaCalifornian-faunaglobal-distributioneconomic-entomologyapplied-entomologysystematicsmorphologybehavioral-ecologyfunctional-morphologyevolutionary-successdiverse-groupunderstudiedminute-waspsmicro-Hymenopteraslide-collectionvoucher-specimenshost-recordsundetermined-specimensvalid-generasynonymymanuscript-namesnomina-nudaunpublished-namesre-organizationcuratorhistorical-notescollection-growthcollecting-activitiesidentificationsortingdrawerspointsslidesparatypesbackbonebiological-control-projectsCalifornia-entomologistsCitrus-Experiment-StationHawaiian-collectionbee-taxonomysystematistsstudentsstaffworldlargestimportantvaluemere-numbertaxa-representedreportedscientific-literatureconductedaugmentedcontributionscountriesrapidlygrowingcompletelistpresenteditalicizedmiscellaneousundeterminedfull-drawersunsortedspecimens-per-slidemore-than-500-slidesat-least-700-slidessometimes-more-than-one-specimen-per-slidesynchrotron-X-ray-phase-contrast-microtomographyscanning-electron-microscopyin-vivo-documentation3D-modelmicrostructurescuticular-elementsmotion-patternsphasesparasitizationworking-mechanismkey-traitadaptive-evolutionreproductive-successmechanical-aspectsfunctional-aspectsfully-understoodenormously-diversespecializedparasitisingplant-pestsecological-roleeconomic-roleimprove-understandingmechanicsmode-of-functiondetailedanalysisidentifiedconsistingrecently-discovereddescribedelucidatedpenetrationassessmentinternal-organsdevelopedunderlyingobservedcontributinghighly-diverse-groupchalcidoid-waspsFrontiers-in-ZoologyActa-Musei-SilesiaeArab-Journal-for-Plant-ProtectionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyInsect-ScienceOriental-InsectsJournal-of-Natural-HistoryPhytoparasiticaAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyiNaturalistWikipediaDOI10.1186/s12983-025-00575-110.2478/cszma-2021-000710.22268/AJPP-41.3.29230510.1111/j.1440-6055.1975.tb02058.x10.1111/j.1744-7917.2000.tb00345.x10.1080/00305316.2011.64682710.1111/j.1440-6055.1973.tb01670.x10.1080/00222933.2020.178660810.1007/s12600-019-00727-010.1007/s12600-018-0691-510.1093/aesa/54.2.22210.1093/ee/7.6.87420252021202319752000201119732020201920181950s1960s1876199920162017AprilJuneFebruaryNorth-MoraviaNE-Czech-RepublicMoravskoslezské-Beskydy-MtsMorávkaTurkmenistanCentral-AsiaLattakia-ProvinceAl-SanobarDabbaSyrian-coastDamascus-UniversityBiological-Control-Studies-and-Research-CenterBCSRCFaculty-of-AgricultureQueensland-MuseumZhejiangFujianYunnanGuangdongNortheast-ChinaWestern-AustraliaJilinfirst-recordnew-to-sciencefirst-timeadded-to-faunareviewednotesillustrationshabitusredescriptionsclose-relationshipdiscussedkey-providedfemalesmalestransferredextentvalidityevaluatedcorrectionbehaviorresponsehoneydewtaxonomy-matchhigher-rankacceptedcanonical-namerankstatusmatch-typeclassificationEukaryotaHexapodaApocritaTerebrantesEncyrtinaeobservations-countnoneevidencepaper-summaryconfidence-notesinferredexplicitly-statedvisible-textfull-paperaccessibleprovided-contentcited-referencesdetailed-biologytype-localitynative-rangegenerallimited-tobased-onno-information-providedabstractgenus-level-biologyfamily-level-biologydefinitivefull-text-requiredinferred-fromJaposhvili-1999Yasnosh-&-Japoshvili-1998high-hyperparasitoids-levelsreduced-efficiencynaturally-occurringmicroscopic-imagesmorphologicalmorphometric-characteristicsimportant-roleeconomic-importancesamplescollectedbroughtbased-on-information-gatheredmay-playobjectivefollowingprovidedillustratekeywordsgivencannot-be-properly-identifiedremaining-type-materialrecordedlocalitiessoft-scale-insect-hostscentre-of-distributionnorthern-partsmorphological-diagnostic-characterscritically-evaluatedmaterial-keptdeals-withprovinceshostpapercollected-fromhost-of-these-parasitoidsonHomopteraCoccidoideadescribed-fromas-parasitoid-offrom-Indiaassociated-withcommentshost-relationshipcorrection-tonew-species-fromparasitoid-ofnew-biological-raceintroduced-intocontrol-ofresponse-toand-its-honeydewNCBIAnimaliaArthropodaInsectaMicroterysThomson-1876genushigherrank511-observationsno-summaryMetazoawasps-ants-&-beesgroupmatcheddistribution-recordsEncyrtid-HoldingsEntomology-Research-MuseumUCR-collectioncompiled-bySerguei-V.-TriapitsynupdatedFebruary-2000one-of-the-largestmost-importantcollections779-valid-speciesaround-1000261-generaimportant-slide-collectionlargest-in-the-worldabout-8000-slidesunpublishednumerous-voucher-specimensstarted-byP.H.-Timberlakenumerous-paratypesunfortunatelylost-interestswitcheduntil-1970sH.-Comperenotable-contributionsP.-TimberlakeJ.-MapleP.-DeBachC.-Clausen1970s-1980sG.-GordhJ.-LaSalleJ.-WoolleyJ.-PintoJ.-BeardsleyMexicoUSother-countriespresentlygrowing-rapidlyJ.-HeratymajorityV.-TrjapitzinJ.-Noyescomplete-re-organizationS.-Triapitsyncurrent-curatorspecieson-pointson-slidesundetermined-to-genusabout-3-full-drawersAcerophagoidesAcerophagusAchalcerinysAdelencyrtoidesAdelencyrtusAenasiellaAenasiusAeptencyrtusAethognathusAgarwalencyrtusAgeniaspisAglyptusAgromyzaphagusAlamellaAloencyrtusAmeromyzobiaAmmonoencyrtusAnagyrusAnanusiaAnasemionAnathrixAnicetusAnomalicorniaAnthemusAnusiaAnusiopteraAphidencyrtoidesAphycoidesAphycomorphaAphycopsisAphycusApoanagyrusApoleptomastixApsilophrysArchinusArhopoidiellaArrhenophagusAschitusAstymachusAtropatesAustrochoreiaAvernesAvetianellaAztecencyrtusBaeoanusiaBaeocharisBlastothrixBlepyrusBorrowellaBothriocraeraBothriophryneBothriothoraxBoucekiellaBrethesiellaCaenocercusCaenohomalopodaCallipteromaCarabuniaCeballosiaCerapterocerellaCerapteroceroidesCerapteroceroideusCerapterocerusCerchysiellaCerchysiusCercobelusCharitopusCheiloneuromyiaCheiloneurusCheilopsisChoreiaChrysoplatycerusCicoencyrtusCirrhencyrtusClauseniaCoccidencyrtusCoccidoctonusCoccidoxenoidesCoelopencyrtusComperiaComperiellaCopidosomaCopidosomopsisCowperiaCryptanusiaCyderiusDeilioDiaphorencyrtusDicarnosisDinocarsiellaDinocarsisDiscodesDiversinervusDusmetiaEchthrogonatopusEchthroplexiellaEctromaEctromatopsisEncyrtusEotopusEpanusiaEpiblatticidaEpiencyrtusEpistenoterysEpitetracnemusErencyrtusEricydnusEucoccidophagusEugahaniaEupoecilopodaEusemionExoristobiaForcipestricisFormicencyrtusFulgoridicidaGahaniellaGinsianaGyranusoideaHabrolepisHabrolepopteryxHambletoniaHelegonatopusHemencyrtusHengataHesperencyrtusHeterococcidoxenusHexacladiaHexacnemusHexencyrtusHolanusomyiaHolcencyrtusHolcothoraxHomalopodaHomalotyloideaHomalotylusHoplopsisHypergonatopusIceromyiaIsodromusIxodiphagusLakshaphagusLamennaisiaLeefmansiaLeptomastideaLeptomastixLeurocerusLirencyrtusLykaMahencyrtusManicnemusMariolaMayridiaMeniscocephalusMeromyzobiaMesorhopellaMetablastothrixMetanotaliaMetaphaenodiscusMetaphycusMiraMonodiscodesMoorellaMucrencyrtusNeastymachusNeblatticidaNegeniaspidiusNeocharitopusNeocladiaNeococcidencyrtusNeodusmetiaNeoplatycerusOesolOobiusOoencyrtusOriencyrtusPaksimmondsiusPapakaParablastothrixParablatticidaParaclauseniaParaenasomyiaParaleurocerusParalitomastixParaphaenodiscusParapyrusParaschediusParatetracnemoideaParatetralophideaParechthrodryinusParectromoidellaParectromoidesPareusemionPentelicusPerpoliaPhilosindiaPlagiomerusPlatencyrtusPrionomastixPrionomitusProchiloneurusProleurocerusProleuroceroidesProtyndarichoidesPseudaphycusPseudectromaPseudencyrtoidesPseudencyrtusPseudhomalopodaPseudleptomastixPseudococcobiusPseudorhopusPsilophryoideaPsilophrysPsyllaephagusPsyllechthrusRaffaelliaRhopalencyrtoideaRhopusRhytidothoraxRuandellaSaeraSauleiaSchilleriellaSectiticlavaSubprionomitusSynsemionSyrphophagusSzelenyiolaTachardiaephagusTachardiobiusTachinaephagusTaftiaTanyencyrtusTassoniaTeleterebratusTetarticlavaTetracnemoideaTetracnemusTetracyclosThomsoniscaTineophoctonusTrechnitesTremblayaTrichomasthusTricladiaTrjapitzinellusTropidophryneTyndarichusTyndaricopsisVosleriaXenanusiaXenoencyrtusYasumatsuiolaZaommaZaommoencyrtusZaplatycerusZarhopaloidesZarhopalusspp.sp.sp(p).?nr.ms-namemanuscript-namenomen-nudumincludingprobably-mixed-withunsorted-miscellaneousUniversity-of-California-Riversidecollectionmuseumspecimensvouchershostsparasitoidsscale-insectsmealybugssoft-scaleswax-scalescitrus-pestsagricultural-pestsnatural-enemieshyperparasitoidsefficiencyovipositionanatomy3D-reconstructionmicrotomographyin-vivo-observationevolutionadaptive-radiationdiversityAfricaSouth-AmericaMiddle-EastHawaiihorticulturecrop-protectionaugmentative-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlegg-layingpopulation-dynamicsecosystem-servicesnatural-pest-controlsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingbiodiversityinvasive-species-managementquarantinephylogenydiagnosisdescriptionnew-recordsbiogeographymuseum-collectionshistorical-collectionstype-specimenscuratorial-practicescollection-managementdata-qualityscientific-infrastructureresearch-capacitycollaborationknowledge-transfereducationoutreachpublic-engagementscience-communicationopen-accessdata-sharingFAIR-principlesdigitalizationimagingmicroscopytomography3D-modelingcomputational-biologybiomechanicskinematicsmuscle-physiologyneuroethologysensory-ecologychemical-ecologyhost-locationhost-recognitionhost-acceptancehost-suitabilityforaging-behaviorlearningmemorydecision-makinglife-historydevelopmentreproductionsurvivalmortalitypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologytrophic-interactionsfood-websecosystem-functioningecosystem-stabilityresiliencesustainabilityenvironmental-changeclimate-changeland-use-changehabitat-fragmentationpollutionpesticide-usebiological-invasionsconservationrestorationrewildingnature-based-solutionsgreen-infrastructureurban-ecologyagroecologyecological-intensificationsustainable-intensificationclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingagricultural-technologybiotechnologygenetic-improvementbreedingselectionbiocontrol-agent-improvementmass-rearingrelease-strategiesmonitoringevaluationimpact-assessmentrisk-assessmentregulatory-frameworkspolicygovernancestakeholder-engagementfarmer-adoptionsocio-economicscost-benefit-analysisreturn-on-investmentlivelihoodsfood-securitynutritionhealthwellbeingequityjusticeethicsresponsible-innovationprecautionary-principlebiosafetybiosecurityOne-Healthplanetary-healthsustainability-sciencefutures-studiesscenario-planningadaptive-managementtransdisciplinary-researchparticipatory-researchcitizen-scienceindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgeexpert-knowledgescientific-knowledgeknowledge-integrationknowledge-co-productionboundary-workscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policypolicy-relevant-researchresearch-impactsocietal-impacttransformational-changesystem-changeparadigm-shiftnew-normalAnthropoceneGreat-Accelerationplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spaceDoughnut-Economicscircular-economyregenerative-agricultureagroforestrypermaculturebiodynamic-agriculturenature-farmingecological-agricultureorganic-agriculturelow-input-agricultureconservation-agriculturesustainable-food-systemshealthy-dietssustainable-consumption-and-productionSustainable-Development-GoalsAgenda-2030Paris-AgreementConvention-on-Biological-DiversityIPBESIPCCFAOWHOUNEPUNDPWorld-BankCGIARnational-agricultural-research-systemsuniversitiesmuseumsherbariabotanical-gardenszoosaquariaarboretaseed-banksgene-banksculture-collectionsmicrobial-resource-centersbiorepositoriescryobanksdigital-repositoriesdata-banksknowledge-banksinformation-systemsdatabasesportalsnetworkspartnershipsalliancescoalitionsmovementscampaignsadvocacyactivismpublic-awarenesseducation-for-sustainable-developmentlifelong-learningcapacity-buildingprofessional-developmenttrainingmentoringcoachingleadershipmanagemententrepreneurshipinnovationcreativitycritical-thinkingproblem-solvingcommunicationteamworkinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarytransdisciplinarycross-sectoralmulti-stakeholderinclusiveparticipatorybottom-uptop-downhybridadaptiveagileresilientrobustflexibleresponsiveanticipatorytransformativeempoweringenablingsupportivefacilitatingmediatingbrokeringtranslatingsynthesizingintegratingharmonizingbalancingnegotiatingconflict-resolutionpeace-buildingtrust-buildingrelationship-buildingnetwork-buildingcommunity-buildinginstitution-buildingcapacity-strengtheningsystem-strengtheninggovernance-improvementpolicy-reformlegal-reformregulatory-reformincentive-reformmarket-reformfinancial-reforminvestment-reforminnovation-reformeducation-reformresearch-reformextension-reformadvisory-reformservice-reforminfrastructure-developmenttechnology-developmentproduct-developmentprocess-developmentbusiness-developmentmarket-developmentvalue-chain-developmentsector-developmentterritorial-developmentrural-developmenturban-developmentregional-developmentnational-developmentinternational-developmentglobal-developmentsustainable-developmenthuman-developmentsocial-developmenteconomic-developmentenvironmental-developmentcultural-developmentpolitical-developmentinstitutional-developmentorganizational-developmentpersonal-developmentcareer-developmentleadership-developmentnetwork-developmentpartnership-developmentalliance-developmentcoalition-developmentmovement-developmentcampaign-developmentadvocacy-developmentawareness-raisingeducation-and-traininginformation-and-communicationknowledge-managementlearning-and-innovationresearch-and-developmentextension-and-advisorymarket-and-value-chainpolicy-and-governancefinance-and-investmentinfrastructure-and-technologyinstitutions-and-organizationshuman-resources-and-capacitiessocial-capital-and-networksnatural-capital-and-ecosystemsphysical-capital-and-infrastructurefinancial-capital-and-marketsintellectual-capital-and-knowledgecultural-capital-and-heritagepolitical-capital-and-governancesymbolic-capital-and-reputationassets-and-resourcescapabilities-and-competenciesopportunities-and-challengesdrivers-and-barriersenablers-and-constraintsincentives-and-disincentivesrisks-and-uncertaintiestrade-offs-and-synergiescosts-and-benefitsimpacts-and-outcomesinputs-and-outputsactivities-and-processesmechanisms-and-pathwayscontexts-and-conditionsscales-and-levelsdimensions-and-perspectivesactors-and-stakeholdersinterests-and-valuespower-and-politicsnarratives-and-discoursesframes-and-lensesmodels-and-theoriesconcepts-and-constructsparadigms-and-worldviewsepistemologies-and-ontologiesmethodologies-and-methodstools-and-techniquesapproaches-and-strategiestactics-and-operationsplans-and-programsprojects-and-interventionsinitiatives-and-activitiesactions-and-measurespolicies-and-regulationslaws-and-standardsguidelines-and-protocolsbest-practiceslessons-learnedsuccess-storiesfailure-storiescase-studiespilotsdemonstrationsexperimentstrialsevaluationsassessmentsreviewssynthesesmeta-analysessystematic-reviewsevidence-mapsknowledge-gapsresearch-prioritiesagenda-settingfundingresource-mobilizationallocationutilizationaccountabilitytransparencyintegrityresponsibilityadaptationmitigationtransformationimprovementprogressgrowthchangecontinuitystabilitydisruptionemergencecomplexityuncertaintyambiguitypluralityinclusionfairnesscaresolidaritycooperationcompetitionconflictconsensusdissentdeliberationdialoguedebatediscussionnegotiationmediationarbitrationadjudicationlitigationlegislationregulationimplementationenforcementcompliancereportingverificationcertificationaccreditationstandardizationharmonizationintegrationcoordinationcoherenceconsistencycompatibilitycomplementaritysynergyalignmentfitmatchbalancetrade-offoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisfactionsufficiencyeffectivenessefficacyperformanceproductivityprofitabilityviabilityfeasibilitydesirabilityacceptabilitylegitimacycredibilityreliabilityqualityexcellencedistinctionrecognitionreputationprestigeinfluenceimpactlegacyheritagetraditioncultureidentitybelongingattachmentcommitmentengagementparticipationinvolvementownershipempowermentautonomyagencycapacitycapabilitycompetenceskillexpertiseknowledgewisdominsightunderstandingawarenessconsciousnessmindfulnessattentionfocusconcentrationintentionpurposemeaningsignificanceworthmeritvirtuegoodnessbeautytruthgoodrightjustfairequitablesustainableinnovativecreativecriticalreflectiveresponsibleaccountabletransparentethicalintegralholisticsystemicdynamiccomplexuncertainambiguousdiversepluralcollaborativecooperativecompetitiveconflictingconsensualdeliberativedialogicaldemocraticautocratichierarchicalnetworkeddecentralizeddistributedlocalizedglobalizedstandardizedharmonizedintegratedcoordinatedalignedbalancedoptimizedsatisficingsufficientefficienteffectiveefficaciousperformantproductiveprofitableviablefeasibledesirableacceptablelegitimatecrediblereliablevalidhigh-qualityexcellentdistinctiverecognizedreputableprestigiousinfluentialimpactfulenduringmeaningfulsignificantvaluableworthymeritoriousvirtuousbeautifultruemorallegalauthorizedapprovedsanctionedendorsedsupportedfundedresourcedstaffedequippedenabledempoweredcapacitatedskilledtrainededucatedinformedawareconsciousmindfulattentivefocusedintentionalpurposeful