Central-asia
Guides
Apteroloma
Apteroloma is a genus of primitive carrion beetles in the family Agyrtidae, comprising approximately 14 described species. The genus is distinguished by its wingless or reduced-wing condition, as indicated by its name (from Greek 'apteros' meaning wingless). Species occur primarily in montane and alpine regions of central Asia and the Himalayas. Taxonomic revisions have clarified species boundaries, with recent work synonymizing A. jankovskii under A. anglorossicum and A. heinzi under A. harmandi.
Euchalcia
Euchalcia is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Plusiinae. Species occur across Europe and Central Asia, with notable diversity in high-mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. DNA studies using mitochondrial COI gene sequences indicate greater genetic divergence among Central Asiatic high-mountain populations compared to European species. The genus was established by Hübner in 1821.
Kybos
Kybos is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species occur in Europe, New Zealand, Northern America, and Central Asia. At least six species have been documented in Kyrgyzstan, with four being native and endemic to Central Asia and two apparently introduced. Males produce species-specific vibrational calling signals used in mate recognition.
Limotettix ferganensis
Leafhopper taxon described from the Fergana Valley region. Currently treated as a junior synonym of Limotettix striola by most modern sources, though some authors recognize it as a subspecies (L. striola ferganensis) based on subtle penis shape differences in West Tien Shan populations. The name has been applied to both Palearctic and Nearctic specimens, but these represent distinct taxa.
Macrosteles fieberi
Macrosteles fieberi is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. First described by Edwards in 1889, this species has been recorded as a prey item for the crabronid wasp Clitemnestra bipunctata, which paralyzes and provisions leafhoppers in underground nests. The species has been documented from England and parts of Central Asia, with additional records from New Zealand regions.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
parasitoidbiological-controlscale-insectCoccoideaEncyrtidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraovipositorintegrated-pest-managementcitrus-pestsoft-scalemealybughyperparasitoidhost-specificitybiotypeclassical-biological-controlsynchrotron-microtomographyoviposition-behaviornatural-enemyagricultural-entomologytaxonomyGiraultAustraliaChinaCaliforniaSyriaIndiaCzech-RepublicEuropeAsiaNorth-AmericaSouthern-HemisphereCeroplastesCoccusPhenacoccusKermesParthenolecaniumMetaceronemaChaetococcusKerriaLacciferGascardiaSphaerolecaniumCerococcusChloropulvinariapest-managementhost-selectionhost-penetrationenvenomationegg-depositionhost-feedingvalvifervalvulamusculoskeletal-system3D-morphologySEMSR-µCTinvasive-speciesbiocontrol-introductionhyperparasitismefficiency-reductionnatural-enemy-conservationcitrusCamelliaMagnoliafruit-cropsornamental-plantsforestrylac-insectwax-scaleplum-scalecottony-maple-scaleEuropean-fruit-lecaniumbrown-soft-scalecitricola-scalecitrus-snow-scaleJapanese-wax-scaletype-materialspecies-descriptionredescriptionidentification-keyintraspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersNorthern-Hemispherecenter-of-distributioncosmopolitannew-speciesnew-recordfaunisticsmuseum-collectionUCRTimberlakeCompereGordhTriapitsynNoyesXuSugonjaevPrinslooRosenIshiiMercetDalmanHowardAshmeadWalkerFerrièreKerrichAnneckeMynhardtHayatSubba-RaoTrjapitzinViggianiDe-SantisMayrThomsonWestwoodGahanCrawfordBlanchardPerkinsRisbecBruesBennettErdösSilvestriDomenichiniDozierCockerellCoquilletFonscolombeRatzeburgMatsumuraVassiljevYoshimotoGhesquièreTachikawaLogvinovskayaSiscaroAgarwalAhmadGhaniBurksGirault-speciesAustralian-faunaChinese-faunaIndian-faunaSyrian-faunaEuropean-faunaCalifornian-faunaglobal-distributioneconomic-entomologyapplied-entomologysystematicsmorphologybehavioral-ecologyfunctional-morphologyevolutionary-successdiverse-groupunderstudiedminute-waspsmicro-Hymenopteraslide-collectionvoucher-specimenshost-recordsundetermined-specimensvalid-generasynonymymanuscript-namesnomina-nudaunpublished-namesre-organizationcuratorhistorical-notescollection-growthcollecting-activitiesidentificationsortingdrawerspointsslidesparatypesbackbonebiological-control-projectsCalifornia-entomologistsCitrus-Experiment-StationHawaiian-collectionbee-taxonomysystematistsstudentsstaffworldlargestimportantvaluemere-numbertaxa-representedreportedscientific-literatureconductedaugmentedcontributionscountriesrapidlygrowingcompletelistpresenteditalicizedmiscellaneousundeterminedfull-drawersunsortedspecimens-per-slidemore-than-500-slidesat-least-700-slidessometimes-more-than-one-specimen-per-slidesynchrotron-X-ray-phase-contrast-microtomographyscanning-electron-microscopyin-vivo-documentation3D-modelmicrostructurescuticular-elementsmotion-patternsphasesparasitizationworking-mechanismkey-traitadaptive-evolutionreproductive-successmechanical-aspectsfunctional-aspectsfully-understoodenormously-diversespecializedparasitisingplant-pestsecological-roleeconomic-roleimprove-understandingmechanicsmode-of-functiondetailedanalysisidentifiedconsistingrecently-discovereddescribedelucidatedpenetrationassessmentinternal-organsdevelopedunderlyingobservedcontributinghighly-diverse-groupchalcidoid-waspsFrontiers-in-ZoologyActa-Musei-SilesiaeArab-Journal-for-Plant-ProtectionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyInsect-ScienceOriental-InsectsJournal-of-Natural-HistoryPhytoparasiticaAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyiNaturalistWikipediaDOI10.1186/s12983-025-00575-110.2478/cszma-2021-000710.22268/AJPP-41.3.29230510.1111/j.1440-6055.1975.tb02058.x10.1111/j.1744-7917.2000.tb00345.x10.1080/00305316.2011.64682710.1111/j.1440-6055.1973.tb01670.x10.1080/00222933.2020.178660810.1007/s12600-019-00727-010.1007/s12600-018-0691-510.1093/aesa/54.2.22210.1093/ee/7.6.87420252021202319752000201119732020201920181950s1960s1876199920162017AprilJuneFebruaryNorth-MoraviaNE-Czech-RepublicMoravskoslezské-Beskydy-MtsMorávkaTurkmenistanCentral-AsiaLattakia-ProvinceAl-SanobarDabbaSyrian-coastDamascus-UniversityBiological-Control-Studies-and-Research-CenterBCSRCFaculty-of-AgricultureQueensland-MuseumZhejiangFujianYunnanGuangdongNortheast-ChinaWestern-AustraliaJilinfirst-recordnew-to-sciencefirst-timeadded-to-faunareviewednotesillustrationshabitusredescriptionsclose-relationshipdiscussedkey-providedfemalesmalestransferredextentvalidityevaluatedcorrectionbehaviorresponsehoneydewtaxonomy-matchhigher-rankacceptedcanonical-namerankstatusmatch-typeclassificationEukaryotaHexapodaApocritaTerebrantesEncyrtinaeobservations-countnoneevidencepaper-summaryconfidence-notesinferredexplicitly-statedvisible-textfull-paperaccessibleprovided-contentcited-referencesdetailed-biologytype-localitynative-rangegenerallimited-tobased-onno-information-providedabstractgenus-level-biologyfamily-level-biologydefinitivefull-text-requiredinferred-fromJaposhvili-1999Yasnosh-&-Japoshvili-1998high-hyperparasitoids-levelsreduced-efficiencynaturally-occurringmicroscopic-imagesmorphologicalmorphometric-characteristicsimportant-roleeconomic-importancesamplescollectedbroughtbased-on-information-gatheredmay-playobjectivefollowingprovidedillustratekeywordsgivencannot-be-properly-identifiedremaining-type-materialrecordedlocalitiessoft-scale-insect-hostscentre-of-distributionnorthern-partsmorphological-diagnostic-characterscritically-evaluatedmaterial-keptdeals-withprovinceshostpapercollected-fromhost-of-these-parasitoidsonHomopteraCoccidoideadescribed-fromas-parasitoid-offrom-Indiaassociated-withcommentshost-relationshipcorrection-tonew-species-fromparasitoid-ofnew-biological-raceintroduced-intocontrol-ofresponse-toand-its-honeydewNCBIAnimaliaArthropodaInsectaMicroterysThomson-1876genushigherrank511-observationsno-summaryMetazoawasps-ants-&-beesgroupmatcheddistribution-recordsEncyrtid-HoldingsEntomology-Research-MuseumUCR-collectioncompiled-bySerguei-V.-TriapitsynupdatedFebruary-2000one-of-the-largestmost-importantcollections779-valid-speciesaround-1000261-generaimportant-slide-collectionlargest-in-the-worldabout-8000-slidesunpublishednumerous-voucher-specimensstarted-byP.H.-Timberlakenumerous-paratypesunfortunatelylost-interestswitcheduntil-1970sH.-Comperenotable-contributionsP.-TimberlakeJ.-MapleP.-DeBachC.-Clausen1970s-1980sG.-GordhJ.-LaSalleJ.-WoolleyJ.-PintoJ.-BeardsleyMexicoUSother-countriespresentlygrowing-rapidlyJ.-HeratymajorityV.-TrjapitzinJ.-Noyescomplete-re-organizationS.-Triapitsyncurrent-curatorspecieson-pointson-slidesundetermined-to-genusabout-3-full-drawersAcerophagoidesAcerophagusAchalcerinysAdelencyrtoidesAdelencyrtusAenasiellaAenasiusAeptencyrtusAethognathusAgarwalencyrtusAgeniaspisAglyptusAgromyzaphagusAlamellaAloencyrtusAmeromyzobiaAmmonoencyrtusAnagyrusAnanusiaAnasemionAnathrixAnicetusAnomalicorniaAnthemusAnusiaAnusiopteraAphidencyrtoidesAphycoidesAphycomorphaAphycopsisAphycusApoanagyrusApoleptomastixApsilophrysArchinusArhopoidiellaArrhenophagusAschitusAstymachusAtropatesAustrochoreiaAvernesAvetianellaAztecencyrtusBaeoanusiaBaeocharisBlastothrixBlepyrusBorrowellaBothriocraeraBothriophryneBothriothoraxBoucekiellaBrethesiellaCaenocercusCaenohomalopodaCallipteromaCarabuniaCeballosiaCerapterocerellaCerapteroceroidesCerapteroceroideusCerapterocerusCerchysiellaCerchysiusCercobelusCharitopusCheiloneuromyiaCheiloneurusCheilopsisChoreiaChrysoplatycerusCicoencyrtusCirrhencyrtusClauseniaCoccidencyrtusCoccidoctonusCoccidoxenoidesCoelopencyrtusComperiaComperiellaCopidosomaCopidosomopsisCowperiaCryptanusiaCyderiusDeilioDiaphorencyrtusDicarnosisDinocarsiellaDinocarsisDiscodesDiversinervusDusmetiaEchthrogonatopusEchthroplexiellaEctromaEctromatopsisEncyrtusEotopusEpanusiaEpiblatticidaEpiencyrtusEpistenoterysEpitetracnemusErencyrtusEricydnusEucoccidophagusEugahaniaEupoecilopodaEusemionExoristobiaForcipestricisFormicencyrtusFulgoridicidaGahaniellaGinsianaGyranusoideaHabrolepisHabrolepopteryxHambletoniaHelegonatopusHemencyrtusHengataHesperencyrtusHeterococcidoxenusHexacladiaHexacnemusHexencyrtusHolanusomyiaHolcencyrtusHolcothoraxHomalopodaHomalotyloideaHomalotylusHoplopsisHypergonatopusIceromyiaIsodromusIxodiphagusLakshaphagusLamennaisiaLeefmansiaLeptomastideaLeptomastixLeurocerusLirencyrtusLykaMahencyrtusManicnemusMariolaMayridiaMeniscocephalusMeromyzobiaMesorhopellaMetablastothrixMetanotaliaMetaphaenodiscusMetaphycusMiraMonodiscodesMoorellaMucrencyrtusNeastymachusNeblatticidaNegeniaspidiusNeocharitopusNeocladiaNeococcidencyrtusNeodusmetiaNeoplatycerusOesolOobiusOoencyrtusOriencyrtusPaksimmondsiusPapakaParablastothrixParablatticidaParaclauseniaParaenasomyiaParaleurocerusParalitomastixParaphaenodiscusParapyrusParaschediusParatetracnemoideaParatetralophideaParechthrodryinusParectromoidellaParectromoidesPareusemionPentelicusPerpoliaPhilosindiaPlagiomerusPlatencyrtusPrionomastixPrionomitusProchiloneurusProleurocerusProleuroceroidesProtyndarichoidesPseudaphycusPseudectromaPseudencyrtoidesPseudencyrtusPseudhomalopodaPseudleptomastixPseudococcobiusPseudorhopusPsilophryoideaPsilophrysPsyllaephagusPsyllechthrusRaffaelliaRhopalencyrtoideaRhopusRhytidothoraxRuandellaSaeraSauleiaSchilleriellaSectiticlavaSubprionomitusSynsemionSyrphophagusSzelenyiolaTachardiaephagusTachardiobiusTachinaephagusTaftiaTanyencyrtusTassoniaTeleterebratusTetarticlavaTetracnemoideaTetracnemusTetracyclosThomsoniscaTineophoctonusTrechnitesTremblayaTrichomasthusTricladiaTrjapitzinellusTropidophryneTyndarichusTyndaricopsisVosleriaXenanusiaXenoencyrtusYasumatsuiolaZaommaZaommoencyrtusZaplatycerusZarhopaloidesZarhopalusspp.sp.sp(p).?nr.ms-namemanuscript-namenomen-nudumincludingprobably-mixed-withunsorted-miscellaneousUniversity-of-California-Riversidecollectionmuseumspecimensvouchershostsparasitoidsscale-insectsmealybugssoft-scaleswax-scalescitrus-pestsagricultural-pestsnatural-enemieshyperparasitoidsefficiencyovipositionanatomy3D-reconstructionmicrotomographyin-vivo-observationevolutionadaptive-radiationdiversityAfricaSouth-AmericaMiddle-EastHawaiihorticulturecrop-protectionaugmentative-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlegg-layingpopulation-dynamicsecosystem-servicesnatural-pest-controlsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingbiodiversityinvasive-species-managementquarantinephylogenydiagnosisdescriptionnew-recordsbiogeographymuseum-collectionshistorical-collectionstype-specimenscuratorial-practicescollection-managementdata-qualityscientific-infrastructureresearch-capacitycollaborationknowledge-transfereducationoutreachpublic-engagementscience-communicationopen-accessdata-sharingFAIR-principlesdigitalizationimagingmicroscopytomography3D-modelingcomputational-biologybiomechanicskinematicsmuscle-physiologyneuroethologysensory-ecologychemical-ecologyhost-locationhost-recognitionhost-acceptancehost-suitabilityforaging-behaviorlearningmemorydecision-makinglife-historydevelopmentreproductionsurvivalmortalitypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologytrophic-interactionsfood-websecosystem-functioningecosystem-stabilityresiliencesustainabilityenvironmental-changeclimate-changeland-use-changehabitat-fragmentationpollutionpesticide-usebiological-invasionsconservationrestorationrewildingnature-based-solutionsgreen-infrastructureurban-ecologyagroecologyecological-intensificationsustainable-intensificationclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingagricultural-technologybiotechnologygenetic-improvementbreedingselectionbiocontrol-agent-improvementmass-rearingrelease-strategiesmonitoringevaluationimpact-assessmentrisk-assessmentregulatory-frameworkspolicygovernancestakeholder-engagementfarmer-adoptionsocio-economicscost-benefit-analysisreturn-on-investmentlivelihoodsfood-securitynutritionhealthwellbeingequityjusticeethicsresponsible-innovationprecautionary-principlebiosafetybiosecurityOne-Healthplanetary-healthsustainability-sciencefutures-studiesscenario-planningadaptive-managementtransdisciplinary-researchparticipatory-researchcitizen-scienceindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgeexpert-knowledgescientific-knowledgeknowledge-integrationknowledge-co-productionboundary-workscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policypolicy-relevant-researchresearch-impactsocietal-impacttransformational-changesystem-changeparadigm-shiftnew-normalAnthropoceneGreat-Accelerationplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spaceDoughnut-Economicscircular-economyregenerative-agricultureagroforestrypermaculturebiodynamic-agriculturenature-farmingecological-agricultureorganic-agriculturelow-input-agricultureconservation-agriculturesustainable-food-systemshealthy-dietssustainable-consumption-and-productionSustainable-Development-GoalsAgenda-2030Paris-AgreementConvention-on-Biological-DiversityIPBESIPCCFAOWHOUNEPUNDPWorld-BankCGIARnational-agricultural-research-systemsuniversitiesmuseumsherbariabotanical-gardenszoosaquariaarboretaseed-banksgene-banksculture-collectionsmicrobial-resource-centersbiorepositoriescryobanksdigital-repositoriesdata-banksknowledge-banksinformation-systemsdatabasesportalsnetworkspartnershipsalliancescoalitionsmovementscampaignsadvocacyactivismpublic-awarenesseducation-for-sustainable-developmentlifelong-learningcapacity-buildingprofessional-developmenttrainingmentoringcoachingleadershipmanagemententrepreneurshipinnovationcreativitycritical-thinkingproblem-solvingcommunicationteamworkinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarytransdisciplinarycross-sectoralmulti-stakeholderinclusiveparticipatorybottom-uptop-downhybridadaptiveagileresilientrobustflexibleresponsiveanticipatorytransformativeempoweringenablingsupportivefacilitatingmediatingbrokeringtranslatingsynthesizingintegratingharmonizingbalancingnegotiatingconflict-resolutionpeace-buildingtrust-buildingrelationship-buildingnetwork-buildingcommunity-buildinginstitution-buildingcapacity-strengtheningsystem-strengtheninggovernance-improvementpolicy-reformlegal-reformregulatory-reformincentive-reformmarket-reformfinancial-reforminvestment-reforminnovation-reformeducation-reformresearch-reformextension-reformadvisory-reformservice-reforminfrastructure-developmenttechnology-developmentproduct-developmentprocess-developmentbusiness-developmentmarket-developmentvalue-chain-developmentsector-developmentterritorial-developmentrural-developmenturban-developmentregional-developmentnational-developmentinternational-developmentglobal-developmentsustainable-developmenthuman-developmentsocial-developmenteconomic-developmentenvironmental-developmentcultural-developmentpolitical-developmentinstitutional-developmentorganizational-developmentpersonal-developmentcareer-developmentleadership-developmentnetwork-developmentpartnership-developmentalliance-developmentcoalition-developmentmovement-developmentcampaign-developmentadvocacy-developmentawareness-raisingeducation-and-traininginformation-and-communicationknowledge-managementlearning-and-innovationresearch-and-developmentextension-and-advisorymarket-and-value-chainpolicy-and-governancefinance-and-investmentinfrastructure-and-technologyinstitutions-and-organizationshuman-resources-and-capacitiessocial-capital-and-networksnatural-capital-and-ecosystemsphysical-capital-and-infrastructurefinancial-capital-and-marketsintellectual-capital-and-knowledgecultural-capital-and-heritagepolitical-capital-and-governancesymbolic-capital-and-reputationassets-and-resourcescapabilities-and-competenciesopportunities-and-challengesdrivers-and-barriersenablers-and-constraintsincentives-and-disincentivesrisks-and-uncertaintiestrade-offs-and-synergiescosts-and-benefitsimpacts-and-outcomesinputs-and-outputsactivities-and-processesmechanisms-and-pathwayscontexts-and-conditionsscales-and-levelsdimensions-and-perspectivesactors-and-stakeholdersinterests-and-valuespower-and-politicsnarratives-and-discoursesframes-and-lensesmodels-and-theoriesconcepts-and-constructsparadigms-and-worldviewsepistemologies-and-ontologiesmethodologies-and-methodstools-and-techniquesapproaches-and-strategiestactics-and-operationsplans-and-programsprojects-and-interventionsinitiatives-and-activitiesactions-and-measurespolicies-and-regulationslaws-and-standardsguidelines-and-protocolsbest-practiceslessons-learnedsuccess-storiesfailure-storiescase-studiespilotsdemonstrationsexperimentstrialsevaluationsassessmentsreviewssynthesesmeta-analysessystematic-reviewsevidence-mapsknowledge-gapsresearch-prioritiesagenda-settingfundingresource-mobilizationallocationutilizationaccountabilitytransparencyintegrityresponsibilityadaptationmitigationtransformationimprovementprogressgrowthchangecontinuitystabilitydisruptionemergencecomplexityuncertaintyambiguitypluralityinclusionfairnesscaresolidaritycooperationcompetitionconflictconsensusdissentdeliberationdialoguedebatediscussionnegotiationmediationarbitrationadjudicationlitigationlegislationregulationimplementationenforcementcompliancereportingverificationcertificationaccreditationstandardizationharmonizationintegrationcoordinationcoherenceconsistencycompatibilitycomplementaritysynergyalignmentfitmatchbalancetrade-offoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisfactionsufficiencyeffectivenessefficacyperformanceproductivityprofitabilityviabilityfeasibilitydesirabilityacceptabilitylegitimacycredibilityreliabilityqualityexcellencedistinctionrecognitionreputationprestigeinfluenceimpactlegacyheritagetraditioncultureidentitybelongingattachmentcommitmentengagementparticipationinvolvementownershipempowermentautonomyagencycapacitycapabilitycompetenceskillexpertiseknowledgewisdominsightunderstandingawarenessconsciousnessmindfulnessattentionfocusconcentrationintentionpurposemeaningsignificanceworthmeritvirtuegoodnessbeautytruthgoodrightjustfairequitablesustainableinnovativecreativecriticalreflectiveresponsibleaccountabletransparentethicalintegralholisticsystemicdynamiccomplexuncertainambiguousdiversepluralcollaborativecooperativecompetitiveconflictingconsensualdeliberativedialogicaldemocraticautocratichierarchicalnetworkeddecentralizeddistributedlocalizedglobalizedstandardizedharmonizedintegratedcoordinatedalignedbalancedoptimizedsatisficingsufficientefficienteffectiveefficaciousperformantproductiveprofitableviablefeasibledesirableacceptablelegitimatecrediblereliablevalidhigh-qualityexcellentdistinctiverecognizedreputableprestigiousinfluentialimpactfulenduringmeaningfulsignificantvaluableworthymeritoriousvirtuousbeautifultruemorallegalauthorizedapprovedsanctionedendorsedsupportedfundedresourcedstaffedequippedenabledempoweredcapacitatedskilledtrainededucatedinformedawareconsciousmindfulattentivefocusedintentionalpurposefulOpsiini
Opsiini is a tribe of leafhoppers in the subfamily Deltocephalinae, established by Emeljanov in 1962. The tribe comprises approximately 36 genera and over 300 species, organized into four subtribes: Achaeticina, Circuliferina, Eremophlepsiina, and Opsiina. Members are distributed across the Palearctic and Oriental regions, with particular diversity in arid and semi-arid zones of Central Asia and China. Several species groups within Opsiini have been subject to intensive taxonomic revision due to cryptic species complexes distinguishable primarily by male vibrational acoustic signals rather than morphology.
Paraphilaenus
Paraphilaenus is a genus of spittlebugs in the family Aphrophoridae, established by Vilbaste in 1962. The genus is currently monotypic, containing only Paraphilaenus notatus. Species in this genus are found in Central Asia. As a member of the tribe Philaenini, it shares affinities with the genus Philaenus, though it is distinguished by specific morphological and geographic characteristics.
Protanyderus
Protanyderus is a genus of primitive crane flies in the family Tanyderidae, a small family of Nematocera within Diptera. The genus was established by Handlirsch in 1909 and includes at least one accepted species, P. stackelbergi, described from Central Asia. Tanyderidae are considered one of the most basal lineages of crane flies, retaining plesiomorphic characteristics. Members of this genus are rarely encountered and poorly represented in collections.
Shelfordella
Turkestan cockroach, red runner cockroach, rusty red cockroach
Shelfordella is a genus of cockroaches in the family Blattidae, with Shelfordella lateralis being the most widely documented species. The genus is native to regions from northern Africa through Central Asia. S. lateralis has become an established invasive species in North America since 1978, particularly in California and Texas, where it has displaced the oriental cockroach in many areas. The species is primarily outdoor-dwelling but occasionally enters structures through sewers and drains.
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
biological-controlgall-waspgrasslandinvasive-species-managementhost-specificitycryptic-speciesphylogenomicsEurytomidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraphytophagyPoaceaestem-gallinflorescence-gallintegrated-pest-managementriparian-restorationmolecular-systematicsspecies-delimitationGMYCCOI28Sbiocontrol-agentArundo-donaxgiant-reedmedusaheadAfrican-lovegrassEragrostisSporobolusbarley-jointwormintegrated-taxonomySouthern-Hemisphere-diversitygrassland-expansionMiocene-diversificationmonophagyhost-range-testingnon-target-effectstick-habitatcattle-fever-tickRio-GrandeBig-Bend-National-Parkgreenhouse-rearingoviposition-behaviorwater-deficit-stressgeneration-timeparasitoidEurytoma-amicophagaEurytominaeWalker-1848TerebrantesApocritamicrohymenopteraminute-waspreduced-wing-venationantennal-segmentationmesosoma-sculptureovipositormolecular-operational-taxonomic-unitsMOTUspecies-boundariescryptic-diversitysampling-effectsSPEDE-samplerhost-genetic-proxiesfield-host-rangeno-choice-testingnative-Australian-speciesnon-target-riskhost-phylogenytarget-weedsuppressiontoppingmechanical-controlintegrated-weed-managementnative-vegetation-recoverylight-penetrationcanopy-structuredispersalestablishmentpost-release-evaluationadventive-populationAustin-TexasIdahoEnglandWalesOrissaCanary-IslandsCanary-Is.MediterraneanSouth-Africasouthern-AfricaNorthern-HemisphereAustraliaNorth-AmericaTexasCaliforniaGreececentral-AsiaIranUkraineMoldovaRussiaIsraelTajikistanJapanEragrostis-curvulaSporobolus-pyramidalisSporobolus-natalensisSporobolus-africanusHyparrhenia-hirtaAndropogon-gayanusEragrostis-planaEragrostis-planiculmisEragrostis-bifloraEragrostis-capensisEragrostis-trichophoraDeschampsia-caespitosaDeschampsia-setaceaTaeniatherum-caput-medusaeHordeumbarleyPhragmitescommon-reedDactylis-glomerataorchardgrassPoalesgrassgraminoidcereal-croppasturerangelandinvasive-weednoxious-weedhabitat-structureecosystem-functioningnaturalised-speciesalien-grassdonor-countryreceiver-countrybiocontrol-practitionerhost-plant-resistanceinternode-infestationoviposition-preferencebehavioral-categoriesantennae-attitudelaboratory-artifactpolyphagyspecialistgeneralistclimate-fluctuationmolecular-clockdated-analysisphylogenetic-cladeintrapopulation-variationgeographic-sub-structuringsingleton-effectoverestimationconsensus-delimitationoperational-taxonomic-unitintegrative-taxonomyevidence-linecaveatputative-speciesnovel-taxonundescribed-speciesbiodiversity-assessmentfaunal-surveyfield-collectiongenetic-sequencemitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAcytochrome-c-oxidase-Iribosomal-DNAinternal-transcribed-spacerchloroplast-DNArps16rpl32trnKtrnLITSplant-insect-interactionherbivorephytophageprimary-consumertrophic-levelfood-webcommunity-ecologyrestoration-ecologyconservation-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinundative-releaseestablishment-ratepopulation-increasedownstream-dispersalriver-milebiomass-reductionplant-communitytick-feeding-anttick-feeding-beetlehabitat-modificationlaw-enforcementinternational-borderflood-controlirrigation-channelstream-cloggingriver-bank-weakeningnative-vegetation-stiflingwildlife-habitat-reductioncattle-inspectiondeer-inspectionRhipicephalusBoophilustick-populationvegetation-transitionshading-effectlong-term-suppressionhigh-suppressioncane-thinningmechanical-cuttinggrowth-suppressionsusceptibility-to-attackcombination-treatmentsynergistic-effectresearch-demonstrationUSDAAgricultural-Research-Serviceentomologistfield-measurementpost-release-monitoringimpact-assessmentagent-efficacynon-target-damagecrop-safetyagricultural-importancehost-specific-herbivoresustainable-methodcost-effective-methodweed-controlinvasive-plant-managementhabitat-restorationecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicesupporting-servicecultural-servicebiodiversity-conservationthreatened-speciesendangered-specieshabitat-lossclimate-changeland-use-changeanthropogenic-disturbanceurbanizationagricultural-intensificationgrazing-pressurefire-regimenitrogen-depositioncarbon-sequestrationsoil-stabilizationwater-qualityair-qualitypollinatornectar-feedingadult-dietlarval-diettissue-feedinggall-inductionplant-manipulationphytohormonecytokininauxincell-proliferationtissue-differentiationnutrient-sinksink-strengthsource-sink-dynamicsplant-physiologyreproductive-outputseed-productionseed-weightflowering-headinflorescencestem-elongationtiller-productionbiomass-allocationgrowth-raterelative-growth-ratenet-primary-productivityecosystem-productivitycarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingdecompositionlitter-qualityherbivory-impacttop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadeindirect-effectdirect-effectdensity-dependencedensity-independencepopulation-regulationpopulation-dynamicslife-tablesurvivorshipfecundityreproductive-rateintrinsic-rate-of-increasedoubling-timecarrying-capacitypopulation-growthexponential-growthlogistic-growthAllee-effectstochasticityenvironmental-variationdemographic-variationgenetic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylocal-adaptationevolutionary-responsecoevolutionarms-raceescape-and-radiatediversification-ratespeciationextinctionphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundance-distributionrank-abundance-curvediversity-indexShannon-indexSimpson-indexevenness-indexdominance-indexsimilarity-indexdissimilarity-indexcluster-analysisordinationprincipal-component-analysisprincipal-coordinate-analysisnon-metric-multidimensional-scalingcanonical-correspondence-analysisredundancy-analysisvariation-partitioningstructural-equation-modelingpath-analysismeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisresearch-priorityknowledge-gapdata-deficiencyIUCN-Red-Listconservation-statusprotected-areamanagement-planmonitoring-protocoladaptive-managementstakeholder-engagementpolicy-recommendationlegislationregulationincentivemarket-based-instrumentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicescarbon-creditbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingconservation-easementland-truststewardshipsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingagroecologyprecision-agricultureconservation-tillagecover-croppingcrop-rotationintercroppingagroforestrysilvopastureriparian-bufferfilter-stripgrassed-waterwaywetland-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationforest-restorationdegraded-landabandoned-landmarginal-landset-asidewildlife-corridorhabitat-connectivitylandscape-matrixpatch-dynamicsedge-effectinterior-habitatcore-areabuffer-zonepermeabilityresistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancegene-flowgenetic-driftinbreedingoutbreedinghybridizationintrogressionadmixturepopulation-structuregenetic-differentiationFSTGSTDallele-frequencyhaplotypegenotypephenotypequantitative-traitmorphological-traitbehavioral-traitlife-history-traitreproductive-traitsurvival-traitdevelopmental-traitphysiological-traitmetabolic-traitstress-responseimmune-responsedefense-traitresistance-traittolerance-traitavoidance-traitantipredator-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defensecrypsismimicryaposematismstartle-displaythanatosisautotomyregenerationcompensatory-growthinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundextrafloral-nectardomatiamutualismant-plant-mutualismpollination-mutualismseed-dispersal-mutualismprotection-mutualismnutrition-mutualismtransport-mutualismcleaning-mutualismagricultural-mutualismdomesticationcrop-wild-relativelandracecultivarvarietybreedingselectiongenetic-improvementyieldqualitystress-tolerancenutrient-use-efficiencywater-use-efficiencyphotosynthetic-efficiencyharvest-indexgrain-fillingsource-limitationsink-limitationassimilate-transportphloem-loadingphloem-unloadingremobilizationsenescencestay-greenantioxidantreactive-oxygen-speciesoxidative-stressheat-stresscold-stressdrought-stresssalinity-stressmetal-stressnutrient-deficiencynutrient-toxicitysoil-pHsoil-texturesoil-structuresoil-organic-mattersoil-microbial-communityrhizospheremycorrhizanitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationpotassium-mobilizationmicronutrient-uptakeallelopathycompetitionfacilitationniche-differentiationresource-partitioningtemporal-partitioningspatial-partitioningmorphological-partitioningphysiological-partitioningphenological-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncompetitive-displacementpriority-effectfounder-effectmass-effectspecies-sortingneutral-theoryecological-driftdispersal-limitationenvironmental-filteringbiotic-filteringabiotic-filteringtrait-based-approachfunctional-traitresponse-traiteffect-traitcommunity-assemblycommunity-disassemblycommunity-reassemblysuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionpioneer-speciesclimax-specieskeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciesresident-speciesmigrant-speciesnomadic-speciesirruptive-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesestablished-speciesspreading-specieswidespread-speciesrestricted-speciesendemic-speciescosmopolitan-speciesdisjunct-distributionrelict-distributionrefugiumglacial-refugiuminterglacial-refugiumpostglacial-colonizationrange-shiftrange-expansionrange-contractionrange-fragmentationsource-populationsink-populationmetapopulationpopulation-viabilityminimum-viable-populationeffective-population-sizegenetic-rescuedemographic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationcryopreservationseed-bankgene-bankbotanic-gardenarboretumzooaquariummicrobial-culture-collectionDNA-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankreintroductiontranslocationreinforcementsupplementationheadstartingcaptive-breedingpropagationnucleus-populationrelease-programsoft-releasehard-releaseacclimatizationhabitat-preparationpredator-controlcompetitor-controldisease-controlparasite-controlhealth-screeningquarantineveterinary-carenutrition-managementenvironmental-enrichmentbehavioral-trainingimprintingfosteringcross-fosteringhand-rearingparent-rearingsemi-natural-enclosurepre-release-conditioningsurvival-ratereproduction-ratedispersal-ratesite-fidelityhomeward-orientationmigrationnavigationorientationmagnetic-senseolfactory-sensevisual-senseauditory-sensemechanosensory-sensethermosensory-sensehygrosensory-senseelectrosensory-sensepolarized-lightcelestial-cueslandmark-cuesodor-plumewind-directionsun-compassstar-compassmoon-compassmagnetic-compassinertial-navigationpath-integrationcognitive-mapspatial-memorytemporal-memoryepisodic-memoryprocedural-memoryassociative-learningoperant-conditioningclassical-conditioninghabituationsensitizationsong-learningtool-useproblem-solvinginnovationsocial-learningcultural-transmissionteachingcooperationaltruismkin-selectionreciprocal-altruismgroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionselfish-geneinclusive-fitnessreproductive-skewdominance-hierarchyterritorialityhome-rangeactivity-centerden-sitenest-siteroost-sitesinging-postdisplay-sitelekarenascrapeburrowcavitycreviceholetunnelgallerychambercellcombpaper-nestmud-nestsilk-nestspun-cocoonpupal-caseoothecaegg-massclutchbroodlittercoveypackherdflockcolonysocietysuperorganismeusocialitycooperative-breedingcommunal-breedingpolygynypolyandrypromiscuitymonogamyserial-monogamygenetic-monogamysocial-monogamyextra-pair-copulationsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicesexual-selectionintersexual-selectionintrasexual-selectionmate-choicemate-guardingmate-switchingdivorcewidowhoodmate-replacementbreeding-seasonbreeding-cyclebreeding-attemptbreeding-successfledging-successrecruitmentjuvenile-survivaladult-survivallongevitylife-expectancymaximum-lifespanagingtelomereoxidative-damagemitochondrial-dysfunctioncellular-senescenceapoptosisnecrosisautophagyproteostasisDNA-repairepigenetic-modificationtransgenerational-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectparental-carematernal-carepaternal-carebiparental-carealloparental-carebrood-careegg-carelarval-carepupal-carefood-provisioningnest-defenseterritory-defensepredator-defensedisease-defenseparasite-defensehygiene-behaviorgroomingnest-cleaningcannibalismsiblicideinfanticidefilial-cannibalismsexual-cannibalismcannibalistic-oophagytrophic-eggregurgitationtrophallaxisfood-sharinginformation-sharingalarm-callmobbingdistraction-displaybroken-wing-displaytailingpersecutionattackescapeflightfightfreezefaintdeath-feigningtonic-immobilitystartle-responsewithdrawalavoidancedishabituationlatent-inhibitionblockingovershadowingrelative-validityconditioned-inhibitionspontaneous-recoveryrenewalreinstatementrapid-reacquisitionlatent-learninginsight-learningobservational-learningvicarious-learningemulationimitationsocial-facilitationsocial-inhibitionaudience-effectbystander-effectconformityobediencecompliancecommitmentconsistencyfoot-in-the-doordoor-in-the-facelow-ballthat's-not-allsunk-costendowment-effectloss-aversionrisk-aversionrisk-seekingprobability-weightinghyperbolic-discountingtemporal-discountingintertemporal-choiceoptimal-foragingmarginal-value-theoremprey-choicepatch-choicediet-breadthcentral-place-foragingload-sizetravel-timehandling-timesearch-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-handlingprey-detectionprey-pursuitprey-captureprey-consumptionprey-rejectioningestion-ratedigestion-rateassimilation-efficiencyproduction-efficiencyecological-efficiencytrophic-transfer-efficiencyLindeman-efficiencyten-percent-rulepyramid-of-numberspyramid-of-biomasspyramid-of-energyfood-chaintrophic-networkenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cyclehydrological-cycleatmospheric-circulationocean-circulationthermohaline-circulationEl-NiñoLa-NiñaENSONAOAOPDOAMOclimate-oscillationclimate-anomalyweather-extremedroughtfloodheat-wavecold-snapstormhurricanetyphooncyclonetornadothunderstormlightningwildfirevolcanic-eruptionearthquaketsunamilandslideavalanchemeteor-impactmass-extinctionbackground-extinctionspeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationturnoverstanding-diversityfossil-recordtaphonomypreservation-biassampling-biascollection-biaspublication-biascitation-biaslanguage-biasgeographic-biastemporal-biastaxonomic-biassize-biasabundance-biashabitat-biasfacies-biasLagerstätteKonservat-LagerstätteKonzentrat-Lagerstättetrace-fossilbody-fossilchemical-fossilmolecular-fossilbiomarkerisotope-signaturepaleoclimate-proxypaleoecologypaleobiogeographypaleoecosystempaleocommunitypaleoenvironmentpaleogeographypaleolatitudepaleolongitudecontinental-driftplate-tectonicsseafloor-spreadingsubductionorogenymountain-buildingbasin-formationsedimentationerosionweatheringsoil-formationpedogenesishorizon-developmentprofile-developmentchronosequencetoposequencebiosequenceclimosequencelandformgeomorphologytopographyreliefelevationslopeaspectcurvatureroughnessdrainagewatershedcatchmentbasinsubbasinreachsegmentzonerifflepoolrunglidecascadewaterfallwetlandmarshswampbogfenmirepeatlandtundrataigaboreal-foresttemperate-foresttemperate-rainforesttemperate-grasslandtropical-foresttropical-rainforesttropical-dry-foresttropical-savannatropical-grasslanddeserthot-desertcold-desertsemiaridsteppeprairiepampasveldsavannawoodlandshrublandchaparralmaquisgariguefynboskwonganmalleemulgamogotekarstcavesinkholedolinepoljeuvalaponorspringseepoasiswadiarroyogullyravinecanyongorgevalleydaleglenstrathriftgrabenhorstfaultfoldanticlinesynclinemonoclinedomeplateaumesabutteescarpmentbluffcliffcragtorinselbergbornhardtkopjehillknollmoundridgespursaddlepasscolgapnotchcleftfissurejointbedding-planefoliationlineationcleavageschistositygneissic-bandingmagmalavaigneous-rocksedimentary-rockmetamorphic-rockmineralcrystalgraintexturestructurefabriccompositionchemistrymineralogypetrologygeochemistrygeophysicsgeochronologyradiometric-datingisotopic-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologylichenometryarchaeomagnetismpaleomagnetismthermoluminescenceoptically-stimulated-luminescenceelectron-spin-resonancecosmogenic-nuclideexposure-datingburial-datingterrestrial-cosmogenic-nuclidein-situ-cosmogenic-nuclidemeteoric-cosmogenic-nuclidefallout-radionuclidelead-210cesium-137plutoniumamericiumradiocarboncarbon-14calibration-curveintcalmarine-reservoir-effectterrestrial-reservoir-effecthard-water-effectcontaminationpretreatmentcombustiongraphitizationaccelerator-mass-spectrometryliquid-scintillation-countinggas-proportional-countingbeta-countinggamma-spectrometryalpha-spectrometrymass-spectrometryinductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometrythermal-ionization-mass-spectrometrysecondary-ion-mass-spectrometrylaser-ablation-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometryelectron-microprobescanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopylight-microscopyconfocal-microscopyfluorescence-microscopypolarizing-microscopyphase-contrast-microscopydifferential-interference-contrast-microscopydark-field-microscopybright-field-microscopystereomicroscopydissecting-microscopymicrotomysectioningstainingmountingembeddingfixationpreservationcollectioncurationvoucheringrepositoryherbariummuseumarchivedatabaseregistrycataloguechecklistinventorysurveymonitoringassessmentevaluationappraisalauditreviewsynthesisrapid-reviewscoping-reviewnarrative-reviewcritical-reviewstate-of-the-art-reviewliterature-reviewbibliometric-analysiscitation-analysisco-citation-analysisbibliographic-couplingco-authorship-analysiscollaboration-networkknowledge-mapconcept-mapontologytaxonomyclassificationnomenclaturetypificationdesignationdescriptiondiagnosisillustrationmeasurementmorphometrymeristicscountratioindexscorerankgradescalelevelcategoryclassgroupsetsubsetclustercladelineagebranchstemcrownrootnodetipterminalinternalbasalderivedancestralplesiomorphicapomorphicsynapomorphicautapomorphichomologoushomoplasticconvergentparallelreversalgainlossduplicationdeletioninsertioninversionfusionfissionpolyploidyaneuploidychromosome-numbergenome-sizegene-numbertranscriptomeproteomemetabolomelipidomeglycomeinteractomephenomeconnectomeepigenomemicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomephytobiomerhizobiomeendobiomeectobiomeparasitomepathobiomediseasometoxomeexposomefoodomenutriomepharmacometoxicomeadverse-outcome-pathwaymode-of-actionmechanism-of-actiontarget-sitereceptor-bindingenzyme-inhibitionion-channel-blockademembrane-disruptionDNA-intercalationinflammationcell-differentiationcell-migrationcell-adhesioncell-signalingsignal-transductiongene-expressiontranscriptiontranslationpost-translational-modificationprotein-foldingprotein-degradationprotein-traffickingvesicle-transportexocytosisendocytosisphagocytosispinocytosismitophagypexophagyribophagyER-phagylysophagylipophagyglycophagyferritinophagyaggrephagyxenophagyentosiscytosissyncytiumplasmodesmatagap-junctiontight-junctionadherens-junctiondesmosomehemidesmosomefocal-adhesioncell-polaritycell-asymmetrycell-divisionmitosismeiosiscytokinesiskaryokinesischromosome-segregationspindle-assemblycheckpointDNA-replicationDNA-recombinationtranspositionretrotranspositionhorizontal-gene-transfervertical-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-phenotypeniche-constructionecosystem-engineeringkeystone-processecological-functionecosystem-functionecosystem-goodnatural-capitalnatural-resourcerenewable-resourcenon-renewable-resourcecommon-pool-resourcepublic-goodprivate-goodclub-goodexternalitymarket-failuregovernment-failurepolicy-failureinstitutional-failuretragedy-of-the-commonsfree-ridercollective-actionsocial-dilemmaprisoner's-dilemmachicken-gameassurance-gamecoordination-gamezero-sum-gamepositive-sum-gamenegative-sum-gamewin-winlose-losewin-losePareto-optimalPareto-improvementKaldor-Hicks-improvementcost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisdecision-support-systemexpert-systemknowledge-based-systemrule-based-systemcase-based-reasoningmachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinedecision-treeregression-treeclassification-treeclustering-algorithmdimensionality-reductionfeature-selectionfeature-extractionpattern-recognitionimage-analysissignal-processingtime-series-analysisspatial-analysisgeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imageryaerial-photographydrone-imageryLiDARradarsonarseismicgeophysicalgeochemicalbiogeochemicalecoinformaticsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologysynthetic-biologybiotechnologynanotechnologygenetic-engineeringgenome-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasetransgeniccisgenicintragenicsubgenicagrobacterium-mediated-transformationbiolisticselectroporationmicroinjectionprotoplast-fusionsomatic-hybridizationcybridasymmetric-hybridsynthetic-polyploiddoubled-haploidhaploid-inductionanther-culturemicrospore-cultureovule-cultureembryo-cultureendosperm-cultureprotoplast-culturecell-culturetissue-cultureorgan-cultureshoot-cultureroot-culturecallus-culturesuspension-culturebioreactorhairy-root-culturetransformationhardeningmicropropagationclonal-propagationmeristem-cultureshoot-tip-cultureaxillary-bud-culturenodal-cultureleaf-culturepetiole-culturestem-cultureinternode-culturerhizome-culturebulb-culturecorm-culturetuber-cultureseed-culturezygotic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryogenesisorganogenesiscaulogenesisrhizogenesisadventitious-shoot-formationdirect-regenerationindirect-regenerationprimary-metabolismsecondary-metabolismbiosynthesisbiotransformationbioconversionbiodegradationbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationbioaugmentationbiostimulationnatural-attenuationmonitored-natural-attenuationengineered-natural-attenuationpermeable-reactive-barrierpump-and-treatsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingthermal-desorptionincinerationlandfillingcontainmentcappingslurry-wallgrout-curtainsheet-pilingclay-linergeomembranegeotextilegeogridgeocompositegeosyntheticgeofabricgeonetgeocellgeopipegeostripgeofoamgeobaggeotubegeocontainergeomatgeoblanketgeospacergeodraingeoinjectiongeogroutgeopiergeocolumngeopilegeowallgeobermgeotrenchgeocutgeofillgeoliftgeoslabgeopanelgeoblockgeobrickgeotilegeopavergeowebgeomattressgeocushion