Plant-insect-interaction

Guides

• Amphibolips confluenta

  spongy oak apple gall wasp

  Amphibolips confluenta, commonly known as the spongy oak apple gall wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species induces characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.) and has been recorded from multiple oak host species across eastern North America. Its range extends from Ontario and Quebec in Canada through much of the eastern United States.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeplant-insect-interactionNorth-America

• Amphibolips globulus

  Amphibolips globulus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Beutenmüller in 1909. The species is associated with oak galls, a characteristic trait of the genus Amphibolips. It is part of a diverse radiation of cynipid wasps that induce plant tissue modifications to serve as larval habitat and food source.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallparasitoidplant-insect-interaction

• Amphibolips nubilipennis

  translucent oak gall wasp

  Amphibolips nubilipennis is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive succulent galls on oak trees. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations, each producing different gall types. The translucent oak gall formed by the sexual generation accumulates exceptionally high concentrations of malic acid, creating extremely acidic tissue conditions. This species has been documented across eastern North America and serves as a model organism for studying gall chemistry and plant-insect interactions.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaemalic-acidplant-insect-interactionchemical-defensealternating-generationseastern-North-AmericaQuercusacidic-gall

• Amphibolips quercusrugosa

  Amphibolips quercusrugosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It is known for inducing galls on oak trees (Quercus species), specifically associated with the wrinkled oak or related species. The species was described by William Beutenmüller in 1909. As with other Amphibolips species, it has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual generations that alternate between different gall types on oaks.

  gall-waspoak-gallcynipidQuercusparasitoidplant-insect-interaction

• Andricus

  oak gall wasps

  Andricus is a large and diverse genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, comprising approximately 375 species—though many are considered taxonomically dubious. These tiny wasps are obligate gall inducers on oaks (Quercus spp.), with each species typically restricted to one or a few closely related host species. The genus exhibits complex life cycles involving alternation between sexual and asexual generations, often on different oak hosts or plant organs. Andricus is the most diverse genus in the tribe Cynipini and has a cosmopolitan distribution centered on the Northern Hemisphere, with species in Europe, Asia, North America, and Central America.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoakQuercusheterogonyparthenogenesisplant-insect-interactioncoevolutionspeciationparasitoid-host

• Andricus coortus

  Andricus coortus is a species of cynipid gall wasp described by Weld in 1947. It belongs to the genus Andricus, one of the most diverse genera of gall wasps associated with oaks. Species in this genus are known for inducing characteristic galls on various parts of oak trees, with each species typically producing a distinct gall morphology on specific host tissues. Like other Andricus species, A. coortus likely exhibits complex life cycles involving alternation between sexual and asexual generations on different oak tissues, though specific details for this species remain poorly documented.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallAndricusHymenopteraQuercusplant-insect-interaction

• Andricus coquilletti

  Andricus coquilletti is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a group renowned for inducing characteristic plant galls on oaks. Like other members of its genus, this species has an intimate ecological relationship with oak trees (Quercus spp.), where females deposit eggs into developing leaf tissue using their ovipositor, triggering the formation of protective galls that house developing larvae. The species is part of one of the most diverse radiations of gall-forming insects, with each cynipid species typically producing a distinct gall morphology on specific host tissues.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallQuercusparasitoidplant-insect-interactioncecidogenesisHymenoptera

• Andricus coronus

  Andricus coronus is a cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of this genus, it induces characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), serving as both shelter and food source for its developing larvae. The species exemplifies the highly specialized host relationships typical of gall wasps, where each species typically induces a distinct gall form on specific host plant tissues.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallQuercusHymenopteraplant-insect-interaction

• Andricus lustrans

  Andricus lustrans is a species of cynipid gall wasp described by Beutenmuller in 1913. Like other members of the genus Andricus, this species induces characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), with gall formation triggered by chemical secretions from the developing larva that manipulate plant hormones. The specific gall morphology and host associations distinguish it from related species. Adult wasps emerge from galls to reproduce and initiate new gall generations.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallQuercusplant-insect-interaction

• Asphondylia resinosa

  Creosote Resin Gall Midge

  Asphondylia resinosa is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive resinous galls on creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). The species was described by Gagné in 1990 and is one of approximately 15 Asphondylia species known to induce galls on creosote bush. Like other gall midges, the larva develops inside the plant tissue, with the gall providing both shelter and nutrition. The specific epithet 'resinosa' refers to the resinous character of the galls it produces.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaegall-inducercreosote-bushLarrea-tridentatadesert-ecologyplant-insect-interactionresinous-gall

• Asphondyliini

  Asphondyliini is a tribe of gall midges within the family Cecidomyiidae, comprising approximately six genera and at least 100 described species. Members are distributed across multiple biogeographic regions including the Neotropics, Palearctic, and Oriental regions. The tribe is characterized by gall-inducing behavior on diverse host plants, with documented associations across numerous angiosperm families including Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Lauraceae, and Verbenaceae. Several genera within the tribe have been subject to recent taxonomic revision based on phylogenetic analyses.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaegall-inductionplant-insect-interactionphylogeneticsNeotropicalparasitoid-hostBruggmanniellaSchizomyiaAsphondylia

• Atrusca

  Atrusca is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini, comprising approximately 42 species distributed across North and Central America. These tiny wasps are specialized herbivores that induce characteristic galls on oak (Quercus) host plants. The genus forms a phylogenetically distinct clade most closely related to Cynips, Philonix, and Xanthoteras, and morphologically resembles Cynips and Antron. Species exhibit high host specificity, with each typically restricted to one or a few closely related oak species.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallQuercusherbivoreparasitoidNorth-AmericaMexicoCentral-AmericaCynipiniinduced-gallplant-insect-interactionhost-specificityalternation-of-generationsasexual-reproductionsexual-reproductionecosystem-engineerinquilinehyperparasitoidbella-species-complexphylogeneticstaxonomyKinsey-1930

• Atrusca capronae

  striped oak-apple gall wasp

  Atrusca capronae, commonly called the striped oak-apple gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp species that induces characteristic galls on oak leaves in southwestern North America. The species is most frequently observed in Arizona but occurs throughout the region where its host plants grow. The wasp's common name derives from the striped appearance of the galls it produces, though stripe intensity varies geographically. The species is considered fairly common within its range.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallinquilineparasitoidhymenopteraarizonasouthwestern-north-americaquercusshrub-live-oakoak-apple-gallplant-insect-interactioncecidology

• Aulacideini

  herb gall wasps

  Aulacideini is a tribe of herb gall wasps within the family Cynipidae. Members of this tribe induce galls on herbaceous plants, with documented associations spanning multiple plant families including Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Plantaginaceae. The tribe has undergone significant taxonomic revision based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, resulting in refined generic boundaries. Notable genera include Aulacidea, Antistrophus, Neaylax, and the recently erected Fumariphilus.

  gall-waspherb-gallCynipidaeHymenopteraplant-insect-interactiongall-inductionphylogenetic-revision

• Callirhytis

  Callirhytis is a genus of gall wasps comprising more than 90 described species, all members of the family Cynipidae. These wasps are specialized herbivores that induce the formation of galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.) in North America. The genus exhibits complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual generations, often producing morphologically distinct galls. Callirhytis species are among the most extensively studied cynipids due to their ecological importance and the structural diversity of their galls.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeNorth-Americaheterogonyparthenogenesisplant-insect-interaction

• Callirhytis congregata

  sausage flower gall wasp

  Callirhytis congregata is a cynipid gall wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on the catkins of three oak species: coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni), and canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). The species was originally described by William Harris Ashmead in 1896 under the genus Andricus. It is considered locally common within its range. The galls are described as rugose, yellowish-brown woody swellings with multiple cells, appearing to grow from the tips of slender twigs with a long peduncle-like base.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoakcaliforniaendemiccatkin-gallQuercusparasitoidplant-insect-interactioncecidology

• Callirhytis quercusbatatoides

  Southern Live Oak Stem Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis quercusbatatoides is a cynipid gall wasp that induces stem galls on Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) and related oak species. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of many oak gall wasps, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce morphologically distinct galls. The specific epithet 'quercusbatatoides' references the gall's resemblance to a sweet potato (batata). The species is well-documented in the southeastern United States where its host oaks are native.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallstem-gallQuercusalternating-generationssoutheastern-USlive-oakparasitoid-hostplant-insect-interaction

• Callirhytis quercusgemmaria

  Callirhytis quercusgemmaria is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on oak (Quercus) species. Like other members of the genus Callirhytis, this species has a complex life cycle involving alternating generations that produce different gall types on different parts of the host plant. The specific epithet 'quercusgemmaria' refers to its association with oak buds or gemmae. This species is part of the highly diverse oak gall wasp fauna of North America, where more than 1,300 cynipid species have been described, most with intimate host relationships with particular oak species.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallheterogonyparthenogenesisplant-insect-interaction

• Caryomyia sanguinolenta

  Hickory Smooth Gumdrop Gall Midge

  Caryomyia sanguinolenta is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, commonly known as the hickory smooth gumdrop gall midge. The species induces distinctive galls on hickory trees. It was first described by Osten Sacken in 1862.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaehickorygallCaryomyiaNorth-Americaforest-pestplant-insect-interaction

• Celticecis globosa

  Hackberry Globular Leaf Gall Midge

  Celticecis globosa is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, described by Gagné in 2013. The species induces distinctive globular leaf galls on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.). As a member of the genus Celticecis, it is part of a specialized radiation of gall midges associated with this host plant genus. The common name reflects both the gall morphology and host association.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaeCeltishackberryleaf-gallphytophagyplant-insect-interaction

• Chrysomela confluens

  Chrysomela confluens is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. Research demonstrates that this species exhibits dramatically elevated abundance in plant hybrid zones between cottonwood species (Populus), where staggered leaf phenologies create 'phenological sinks' that concentrate beetle populations. The species depends on newly flushed leaves for optimal growth and reproduction, and its distribution is strongly tied to host plant phenology rather than host plant taxonomy alone.

  leaf-beetleChrysomelidaePopulushybrid-zonephenological-sinkherbivoryplant-insect-interactionfolivoreSalicaceaecottonwoodpopulation-ecology

• Cynips

  oak gall wasps

  Cynips is a genus of gall wasps comprising approximately 39 species, all associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.). The genus includes the well-known common oak gall wasp (C. quercusfolii), which induces spherical galls on oak leaf undersides. Species in this genus exhibit heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that typically produce morphologically distinct galls. The genus was established by Linnaeus in 1758 and remains taxonomically stable, though some former members (such as Antron) have been reinstated as separate genera.

  gall-waspoakCynipidaeheterogonyplant-insect-interactiontanninsQuercus-roburCynipini

• Dasineura carbonaria

  Dasineura carbonaria is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It forms galls on Euthamia graminifolia (grass-leaved goldenrod), a perennial herb native to North America. The species was described by Felt in 1907. Like other members of the genus Dasineura, this species induces plant tissue to form protective structures that house and nourish its developing larvae.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaegall-formerEuthamiaparasitoidplant-insect-interaction

• Diplolepis rosae

  Mossy Rose Gall Wasp, Rose Bedeguar Gall Wasp, Robin's Pincushion Gall Wasp

  A gall-inducing wasp in the family Diplolepididae that forms distinctive mossy, pincushion-like galls on wild roses, primarily Rosa canina and Rosa arvensis. The species is notable for its predominantly parthenogenetic reproduction, with fewer than 5% males in most populations. Females lay up to 60 eggs in developing rose buds, inducing chemically-driven plant tissue distortion that creates the characteristic bedeguar gall. The wasp has been introduced to North America alongside cultivated roses.

  gall-waspparthenogenesisRosabedeguarcynipidplant-insect-interactionthelytokyWolbachiainquilineparasitoidhyperparasitoidEuropeintroduced-specieslaboratory-modelgenomic-rearrangementseasonal-polyphenism

• Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae

  Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Species in this genus are associated with oak trees (Quercus), inducing the formation of galls on various plant tissues. The specific epithet "quercuslaurifoliae" indicates an association with Quercus laurifolia, the laurel oak.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeQuercusparasitoidplant-insect-interaction

• Dysdercus andreae

  St. Andrew's Cotton Stainer

  Dysdercus andreae, commonly known as St. Andrew's Cotton Stainer, is a brightly colored true bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae. The species is named for the distinctive diagonal white cross on its body, resembling Saint Andrew's Cross. It is found in the Caribbean and parts of North America, where it forms aggregations of hundreds of individuals. The insect feeds primarily on seeds and fruits of Thespesia populnea (Pacific rosewood) and has been documented as a pest of cotton in the West Indies and U.S. Virgin Islands.

  cotton-pestCaribbeanseed-predatoraggregation-behaviorplant-insect-interaction

• Eurosta comma

  Eurosta comma is a tephritid fruit fly that forms rhizome galls on goldenrod host plants (Solidago missouriensis). As a rhizome-galling specialist, it diverts host plant resources toward root tissue and away from vegetative growth, significantly reducing the host's ability to produce new rhizomes. The species interacts indirectly with other herbivores such as the leaf beetle Trirhabda canadensis by impairing the host plant's capacity to recover from defoliation.

  gall-formingrhizome-gallgoldenrodherbivoreplant-insect-interactionresource-allocationindirect-competition

• Feron

  oak gall wasps

  Feron is a genus of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, established by Alfred Kinsey in 1937 and re-established in 2023. These wasps induce galls on oak trees (Quercus species) and are primarily distributed in the Nearctic region. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with some species previously placed in Feron now classified under Andricus. Members of this genus are part of the diverse community of gall-forming insects associated with oaks.

  gall-waspoak-gallcynipidNearcticplant-insect-interactionKinsey

• Gimnomera cerea

  Gimnomera cerea is a Nearctic dung fly (family Scathophagidae) with a highly specialized life history tied to its host plant, Pedicularis canadensis. The species has a single annual generation synchronized to the flowering phenology of this hemiparasitic plant. Larvae are herbivorous, feeding on ovules and capsules, while adults of both sexes are predaceous on small insects. The species undergoes protracted diapause in soil puparia, an adaptation likely linked to the ephemeral availability of host plant reproductive tissues.

  DipteraScathophagidaeScathophaginaespecialist-herbivorepredatory-adultprotracted-diapauseunivoltinePedicularisplant-insect-interactionNearctic

• Gracillariinae

  Gracillariinae is a subfamily of leaf-mining moths within the family Gracillariidae, first described by Henry Tibbats Stainton in 1854. The subfamily contains diverse genera including Caloptilia, Gracillaria, and Sabulopteryx. Larvae are predominantly leaf miners, with most species exhibiting a characteristic life cycle involving an initial sap-feeding instar with modified mouthparts, though some species have been shown to deviate from this pattern. The subfamily has been subject to significant taxonomic revision, with phylogenetic studies in 2017 reorganizing generic placements among related subfamilies.

  leaf-minerendophytic-feederLepidopteraGracillariidaesubfamilyplant-insect-interactionsap-feeding-instarconservation-concern

• Kaltenbachiella

  Kaltenbachiella is a genus of gall-forming aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Eriosomatinae. The genus was established by Schouteden in 1906 and contains at least three described species. Members of this genus are known for inducing closed galls on host plants and exhibit fine-scale genetic adaptation to individual host tree phenologies. The best-studied species, Kaltenbachiella japonica, demonstrates specialized coevolution with elm trees.

  aphidgall-formerEriosomatinaeplant-insect-interactionlocal-adaptation

• Kokkocynips difficilis

  Kokkocynips difficilis is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, originally described by Ashmead in 1887 as Andricus difficilis. It belongs to the tribe Cynipini, which comprises gall-inducing wasps associated with oaks (Quercus spp.). The genus Kokkocynips was established relatively recently (2021) following taxonomic revision of the oak gall wasps. Like other members of this genus, K. difficilis likely induces galls on oak species, though specific host associations and gall morphology remain poorly documented in the available literature.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraparasitoidplant-insect-interaction

• Lasioptera

  Lasioptera is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae containing at least 140 described species. Species in this genus are primarily known for inducing galls on host plants, with larvae developing inside plant tissues. Some species have established complex relationships with fungi, including ambrosia fungus feeding. Several species are significant agricultural pests, including the Mediterranean tomato gall midge (L. tomaticola) and a stem-boring pest on tomatoes reported from Greece and Turkey. The genus has a wide geographic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, North America, and other regions, with host associations including Rubus (raspberry/blackberry), tomato, Arundo donax (giant reed), Leea indica, and various other plants.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaegall-induceragricultural-pesttomato-pestbiocontrolfungus-associationambrosia-fungusinternal-feederstem-borerplant-insect-interaction

• Liposthenes glechomae

  Glechoma gall wasp

  Liposthenes glechomae is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on its host plant Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy). The species is native to Europe and Northern Asia but has been introduced to North America, where both the wasp and its host plant are considered invasive. Research on this species has contributed to understanding gall induction mechanisms in cynipid wasps.

  gall-waspCynipidaeinvasive-speciesplant-insect-interactiongall-induction

• Lopesia

  Lopesia is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) distributed primarily in the Neotropical region, with most described species from Brazil. Species in this genus are specialized gall inducers on diverse host plants, with documented associations including Fabaceae (Mimosa, Dalbergia, Lonchocarpus, Andira), Pontederiaceae (Eichhornia), Dilleniaceae (Davilla), and Melastomataceae (Leandra). Gall morphology varies considerably among species, including bivalve-shaped leaf galls, rhizome galls, and galls on reproductive structures. Development involves complete metamorphosis with three larval instars, pupation occurring within the gall, and adult emergence from senescent galls.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaegall-inducerNeotropicalBrazilplant-insect-interactionhost-specificitysuper-host

• Lygus hesperus

  Western Tarnished Plant Bug

  Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.

  agricultural-pestplant-bugMiridaecotton-peststrawberry-pestalfalfa-pestwestern-North-Americadiapausebiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementinsecticide-resistancemark-release-recapturesalivary-enzymesextraoral-digestionPeristenus-relictusHippodamia-convergensdrone-samplingfluorescent-markingSmartWatervectorPantoea-ananatisSerratiapotassium-chloridedeterrentartificial-dietlentilseed-cropsCaliforniaTexasArizonaNevadaWashingtonMexicopolyphagousphytophagousstylet-probingscutellumnymph-spotseconomic-entomologyorganic-agricultureecosystem-servicesbird-predationmolecular-gut-analysisELISAimmunomarkingparasitoidpopulation-suppressioncrop-protectionsampling-protocolssweep-netdrop-clothY-tube-olfactometergustatory-deterrentvisual-cuesvolatile-cuesreproductive-diapausepostdiapauseoogenesisovipositionlongevitybody-masslife-historymass-spectrometrysalivary-proteinspolygalacturonaseα-amylaseproteaselaccaseglucose-dehydrogenasexanthine-dehydrogenaseplant-defensehost-pathogen-interactioniDrone-BeeUAVunmanned-aerial-vehicleopen-sourcefield-scoutingIPMeconomic-thresholdBt-cottonnatural-enemyconservation-biological-controllandscape-ecologyhabitat-managementweed-managementborder-spraysspot-treatmentselective-insecticideneonicotinoidpyrethroidresistance-managementsustainable-agriculturefood-securityeconomic-impactsimulation-modelpopulation-dynamicsimmigrationparasitismaverted-lossvalue-losscost-benefitresearch-methodologyinsect-markingdispersalfluorophoreautofluorescencesurvivorshipmortalitymark-transfercrowdingolfactometerfeeding-behaviorno-choice-assaychoice-assaygustationhost-selectionplant-qualitysucculent-growthfruiting-structuressquarebollbloomterminaldefoliationstand-lossdirty-bloompuckered-petalslesioncarpel-walllint-damageseed-damageyield-lossfiber-qualitymanagement-thresholdscouting-intervalaction-thresholdtreatment-timinginsecticide-efficacylabeled-ratedifficult-to-controlspecies-complexidentification-keymorphologycolor-variationwing-developmentantennaethoraxabdomeninstardevelopmental-stagelaboratory-rearingoligidic-dietsemisolid-slurrychicken-eggsoybeanwheat-germlima-beancost-reductionbiomass-productionsurvivalfecundityegg-productiongeneration-timepopulation-growthlog-phasecolony-maintenancegenetic-diversityfield-collectionadaptationstress-toleranceoxidative-stresstemperature-extremefood-deficitresource-allocationreproductive-senescenceendogenous-reservesenvironmental-stressorclimate-adaptationphenologymigrationdispersal-patternhabitat-patchsource-sinkpopulation-sourcepopulation-sinkcrop-borderfield-edgenon-crop-habitatrefugeoverwintering-sitespring-emergencesummer-populationfall-populationdensity-dependenceaggregationspatial-distributionsampling-accuracypest-detectionmonitoring-technologyprecision-agriculturedigital-agricultureautomationroboticsmachine-learningcomputer-visionsensor-technologydata-collectiondecision-supportgrower-educationextensionstakeholder-engagementmultidisciplinary-researchacademia-industry-collaborationsustainable-intensificationagroecosystemfood-systemplant-insect-interactioninsect-plant-coevolutionsalivary-secretiondigestive-enzymelytic-enzymetissue-macerationfeeding-injuryphysiological-damagemechanical-damagewound-responseplant-defense-responseinduced-resistancesystemic-acquired-resistancejasmonic-acidethylenesalicylic-acidsecondary-metabolitephenolic-compoundoxidative-enzymeredox-enzymebacterial-transmissionphytopathogenopportunistic-pathogeninfection-courtinoculumdisease-vectorepidemiologycrop-hygienesanitationcrop-rotationcover-croptrap-croppush-pullhabitat-manipulationconservation-biocontrolaugmentative-biocontrolclassical-biocontrolimportationestablishmentnon-target-effecthost-specificityparasitoid-biologyreproductive-parasitoididiobiontkoinobiontmummy-formationemergence-rateparasitoid-impactpopulation-regulationtop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadefood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-servicedisservicenet-effectrisk-assessmentmanagement-strategypolicyregulationpesticide-registrationresistance-monitoringstewardshipintegrated-resistance-managementIRMrefuge-strategypyramid-strategymultiple-toxinstransgenic-cropGMObiosafetyenvironmental-impactnon-target-organismpollinator-protectionbeneficial-insectnatural-enemy-conservationfloral-resourcenectarpollenalternative-preyhabitat-diversificationagri-environment-schemegreen-infrastructureecological-compensationlandscape-complexityconnectivitymatrix-qualityspilloversource-habitatecological-trappopulation-viabilityextinction-riskinvasion-biologyrange-expansionclimate-changewarmingdroughtirrigationwater-stressnitrogen-fertilizationcrop-vigorplant-nutritionhost-plant-qualitytritrophic-interactionplant-microbe-insectendosymbiontgut-microbiomesalivary-microbiomevector-competencetransmission-efficiencyacquisitioninoculationretentionmultiplicationcirculativenon-circulativepersistentnon-persistentpropagativestylet-borneforegut-bornehemolymph-bornesalivary-gland-bornereplicationbarriermidgutsalivary-glandescapeinfectionincubationlatent-periodinoculation-thresholdtransmission-thresholdepidemicepiphytoticdisease-trianglesusceptible-hostvirulent-pathogenfavorable-environmentdisease-cycleprimary-inoculumsecondary-inoculumoverwintering-pathogensurvival-structuredisease-reservoiralternative-hostvolunteer-cropweed-reservoircrop-residuesoilborneseedborneinsect-bornemanagement-tacticpreventivecurativeeradicativesuppressiveprotectantsystemiccontacttranslaminarfumigantbiological-pesticidemicrobial-pesticideentomopathogenic-fungusentomopathogenic-nematodeentomopathogenic-virusbaculovirusgranulovirusnucleopolyhedrovirusbacteriaBacillus-thuringiensisBt-toxincrystal-proteincytolytic-proteinvegetative-insecticidal-proteinmode-of-actiongut-paralysissepticemiatoxemiaantibioticsymbiontantibiotic-resistancefitness-costresistance-alleleresistance-mechanismmetabolic-resistancetarget-site-resistancepenetration-resistancebehavioral-resistancecross-resistancemultiple-resistanceresistance-evolutionselection-pressuredose-responselethal-concentrationlethal-dosemedian-lethal-concentrationmedian-lethal-doseconfidence-intervalprobit-analysislogit-analysisdose-mortalitytime-mortalityresistance-ratioresistance-factordiagnostic-dosediscriminating-dosebaseline-susceptibilitysusceptible-strainreference-strainfield-populationresistant-populationhomozygous-resistantheterozygousdominancerecessiveincomplete-dominancegene-frequencyallele-frequencyselection-coefficientfitnessrelative-fitnesspopulation-geneticsquantitative-geneticsheritabilitygenetic-correlationbreeding-valuegenetic-gainmarker-assisted-selectiongenomic-selectiontranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsgenomicsfunctional-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicspopulation-genomicsphylogenomicsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologynetwork-analysispathway-analysisgene-ontologyprotein-protein-interactionsignal-transductionhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-like-peptideneuropeptidepheromonesex-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonekairomoneallomonesynomonesemiochemicalolfactionmechanoreceptionvisionphototaxischemotaxisanemotaxisthermotaxishygrotaxisgeotaxiskinesistaxisorthokinesisklinokinesisrheotaxisthigmotaxiscontact-chemoreceptionolfactory-receptorgustatory-receptorionotropic-receptorodorant-binding-proteinchemosensory-proteinsensillumsensory-neuronantennal-lobemushroom-bodylateral-horncentral-complexoptical-lobecompound-eyeocellussimple-eyephotoreceptorrhabdomommatidiumfacetvisual-acuitymotion-detectionpolarized-light-detectioncolor-visionultraviolet-visioninfrared-detectionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionmechanoreceptorchordotonal-organcampaniform-sensillumtrichoid-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensory-ecologyforaging-behaviorhost-locationhost-acceptancehost-suitabilityoviposition-preferenceoviposition-deterrenceantixenosisantibiosistoleranceresistance-categorygall-midgehessian-flygene-for-geneavirulence-generesistance-geneR-geneeffector-triggered-immunitypattern-triggered-immunitypathogen-associated-molecular-patterndamage-associated-molecular-patternmicrobe-associated-molecular-patternrecognitionperceptiondefense-responsehypersensitive-responsecell-deathprogrammed-cell-deathautophagynecrosisoxidative-burstreactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidecalcium-signalingmitogen-activated-protein-kinasetranscription-factordefense-genepathogenesis-related-proteinantimicrobial-peptidephytoalexinligninsuberincallosepapillacell-wall-reinforcementhypersensitive-cell-deathinduced-systemic-resistanceprimingdefense-elicitorplant-activatorbiostimulantplant-strengthenerorganic-amendmentcompostmanurebiocharvermicompostcompost-teamicrobial-inoculantplant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteriamycorrhizal-fungusendophyteepiphytephytosphererhizospherephyllospherespermosphereanthroposphereecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingcarbon-sequestrationnitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationpotassium-mobilizationmicronutrient-availabilitysoil-structurewater-infiltrationwater-holding-capacityerosion-controlpollinationpest-suppressiondisease-suppressionweed-suppressiondecompositiondetritivorypredationherbivorymutualismcommensalismcompetitionfacilitationinhibitionamensalismneutralismsymbiosisantagonismtrophic-interactionfood-chainenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingbiomass-pyramidtrophic-pyramidecological-efficiencyproduction-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-footprintsustainabilityresilienceresistanceadaptabilitytransformabilitysocio-ecological-systemadaptive-managementparticipatory-researchcitizen-scienceknowledge-co-productiontransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchdevelopment-researchaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchfarmer-participatory-researchon-farm-researchstation-researchcontrolled-experimentfield-experimentobservational-studycorrelational-studymanipulative-experimentnatural-experimentquasi-experimentlongitudinal-studycross-sectional-studycase-studycomparative-studymeta-analysissystematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewliving-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisresearch-synthesissystematic-mapbibliometric-analysiscitation-analysisco-citation-analysisbibliographic-couplingkeyword-analysistopic-modelingscience-mappingresearch-frontemerging-topichot-topicresearch-gapfuture-directionresearch-priorityresearch-agendastrategic-researchmission-oriented-researchsocietal-challengesustainable-development-goalnutrition-securityclimate-smart-agricultureclimate-resilient-agriculturelow-input-agricultureregenerative-agricultureagroecologyintegrated-farmingmixed-farmingdiversified-farmingspecialized-farmingintensive-farmingextensive-farmingconventional-farmingalternative-farmingurban-agricultureperi-urban-agriculturerural-agriculturesmallholder-agriculturelarge-scale-agriculturefamily-farmingcorporate-farmingcontract-farmingtenant-farmingsubsistence-farmingcommercial-farmingexport-oriented-farmingimport-substituting-farminglocal-food-systemglobal-food-systemfood-value-chainsupply-chainvalue-chaincommodity-chainagribusinessagrifood-systemfood-processingfood-distributionfood-retailfood-servicefood-consumptionfood-wastefood-losspost-harvest-lossstorage-lossprocessing-lossdistribution-lossretail-lossconsumer-wasteplate-wastekitchen-wastefood-rescuefood-recoveryfood-redistributionfood-bankingcompostinganaerobic-digestionbioenergybiofuelbioproductbiomaterialbiorefinerycircular-economycircular-bioeconomygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-mitigationdisaster-risk-reductionextreme-eventfloodheat-wavecold-snapfrosthailwindstormtornadohurricanetyphooncyclonestorm-surgesea-level-risesalinizationdesertificationland-degradationsoil-degradationsoil-erosionsoil-compactionsoil-sealingsoil-contaminationsoil-pollutionheavy-metalpersistent-organic-pollutantpesticide-residueantibiotic-residuehormone-residueplastic-pollutionmicroplasticnanoplasticparticulate-matterair-pollutionwater-pollutiongroundwater-pollutionsurface-water-pollutioneutrophicationhypoxiadead-zonebiodiversity-losshabitat-losshabitat-fragmentationhabitat-degradationhabitat-destructioninvasive-speciesintroduced-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesexotic-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesescaped-speciescultivated-speciesornamental-speciespet-specieslivestockpoultryaquaculturefisherycapture-fisherymarine-fisheryfreshwater-fisheryinland-fisheryrecreational-fisherysubsistence-fisheryartisanal-fisheryindustrial-fisheryoverfishingbycatchdiscardsghost-fishingfishing-gearfishing-methodfishing-effortfishing-capacityfishing-pressurestock-assessmentfishery-managementmarine-protected-areano-take-zonemarine-reserveterrestrial-protected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-sanctuarybiosphere-reserveworld-heritage-siteramsar-siteimportant-bird-areakey-biodiversity-areaecological-networkprotected-area-networkconservation-corridorwildlife-corridorhabitat-corridorstepping-stonebuffer-zonetransition-zonecore-zonemanagement-zonesustainable-use-zonerestoration-zonerehabilitation-zonereclamation-zoneremediation-zonecontainment-zoneeradication-zonesurveillance-zonemonitoring-zonequarantine-zonebiosecurityphytosanitaryveterinaryanimal-healthplant-healthone-healthecohealthplanetary-healthglobal-healthpublic-healthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthfood-safetyfeed-safetywater-safetyair-qualityenvironmental-qualityenvironmental-monitoringenvironmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmentdose-response-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycorporate-social-responsibilityenvironmental-stewardshipsustainable-livelihoodsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productiongreen-procurementgreen-supply-chaingreen-logisticsgreen-manufacturinggreen-chemistrygreen-technologyclean-technologyenvironmental-technologypollution-preventionwaste-minimizationresource-efficiencyenergy-efficiencywater-efficiencymaterial-efficiencyland-use-efficiencynutrient-use-efficiencynitrogen-use-efficiencyphosphorus-use-efficiencypotassium-use-efficiencymicronutrient-use-efficiencyfertilizer-use-efficiencypesticide-use-efficiencywater-productivityland-productivitylabor-productivitycapital-productivitytotal-factor-productivitypartial-factor-productivityagricultural-productivitycrop-productivitylivestock-productivityfishery-productivityforestry-productivityeconomic-productivitysocial-productivityenvironmental-productivityecological-productivitybiological-productivityprimary-productivitysecondary-productivitynet-primary-productivitygross-primary-productivityecosystem-productivitylandscape-productivityregional-productivityglobal-productivitycarbon-productivitynitrogen-productivitywater-footprintcarbon-footprintnitrogen-footprintphosphorus-footprintbiodiversity-footprintmaterial-footprintland-footprintenergy-footprintemission-factorintensity-factordecouplingabsolute-decouplingrelative-decouplingresource-decouplingimpact-decouplingdematerializationrematerializationtransmaterializationsubstitutioncomplementaritytrade-offsynergyco-benefitwin-winlose-losewin-losezero-sumpositive-sumnegative-sumgame-theoryprisoner's-dilemmatragedy-of-the-commonscollective-actioncommon-pool-resourcepublic-goodprivate-goodclub-goodcommon-goodglobal-commonglobal-public-goodtipping-pointcritical-transitionregime-shifthysteresisirreversibilitypath-dependencelock-intechnological-lock-ininstitutional-lock-inbehavioral-lock-insocial-ecological-trappoverty-trapdegradation-trapdevelopment-trapcomplex-adaptive-systemsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemhuman-environment-systemadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-capacityinnovation-capacitygovernance-capacityinstitutional-capacityorganizational-capacityindividual-capacitycommunity-capacitysocial-capitalhuman-capitalnatural-capitalphysical-capitalfinancial-capitalbuilt-capitalcultural-capitalpolitical-capitalintellectual-capitalknowledge-capitalinformation-capitaldata-capitaldigital-capitaltechnological-capitalinfrastructural-capitalinstitutional-capitalorganizational-capitalnetwork-capitalrelationship-capitalreputational-capitalbrand-capitalsymbolic-capitalexistential-capitalspiritual-capitalreligious-capitalmoral-capitalethical-capitaltrust-capitalreciprocity-capitalsolidarity-capitalcooperation-capitalcoordination-capitalcollaboration-capitalcommunication-capitalinformation-sharingknowledge-sharinglearninginnovationexperimentationtransformationtransitionchangeevolutiondevelopmentgrowthprogressimprovementenhancementoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisfactionsufficiencyabundancescarcitysecurityinsecurityvulnerabilityrobustnessstabilityinstabilityequilibriumdisequilibriumhomeostasisallostasisstressdistresseustresscopingcoping-capacitycoping-strategycoping-mechanismcoping-resourcecoping-supportsocial-supportemotional-supportinstrumental-supportinformational-supportappraisal-supportnetwork-supportcommunity-supportinstitutional-supportpolicy-supportfinancial-supporttechnical-supporttechnological-supportinfrastructural-supportcapacity-buildingcapacity-developmentcapacity-strengtheningempowermentenablementmobilizationactivationengagementparticipationinvolvementinclusionexclusionmarginalizationdiscriminationinequityinequalitydisparitygapdividedigital-divideknowledge-divideinformation-dividescience-divideresearch-divideinnovation-dividetechnology-dividedevelopment-dividenorth-south-divideeast-west-divideurban-rural-dividegender-divideage-divideclass-divideincome-dividewealth-divideasset-divideopportunity-divideoutcome-dividewellbeing-dividehappiness-dividelife-satisfaction-dividehealth-divideeducation-divideskill-dividecompetency-dividecapability-dividefunctioning-divideagency-dividefreedom-dividechoice-divideautonomy-divideself-determination-dividedignity-dividerespect-dividerecognition-dividestatus-dividepower-divideinfluence-dividevoice-dividerepresentation-divideparticipation-divideengagement-dividecitizenship-dividebelonging-divideidentity-divideculture-dividevalue-dividebelief-dividenorm-dividepractice-dividebehavior-dividehabit-dividecustom-dividetradition-dividemodernity-divideglobalization-dividelocalization-divideuniversalism-divideparticularism-dividecosmopolitanism-dividenationalism-dividepatriotism-dividepopulism-divideelitism-dividedemocracy-divideauthoritarianism-dividecontrol-dividesecurity-divideliberty-divideprivacy-dividesurveillance-dividetransparency-divideaccountability-divideresponsibility-divideliability-divideguilt-divideblame-dividepunishment-dividereward-divideincentive-dividemotivation-divideintention-divideattention-divideperception-dividecognition-divideemotion-divideaffect-divideattitude-dividepreference-divideinterest-divideneed-dividewant-dividedesire-dividedemand-dividesupply-dividemarket-divideexchange-dividetransaction-dividecontract-divideagreement-dividecooperation-dividecompetition-divideconflict-dividecoercion-divideforce-divideviolence-dividepeace-divideharmony-dividecoexistence-dividetolerance-divideacceptance-dividerejection-divideopposition-divideresistance-divideconformity-dividedeviance-dividenormality-divideabnormality-divideillness-dividedisease-dividedisorder-dividedisability-divideimpairment-dividehandicap-dividecapacity-dividepotential-divideperformance-divideachievement-divideattainment-divideaccomplishment-dividesuccess-dividefailure-divideexcellence-dividemediocrity-divideaverage-dividestandard-dividebenchmark-dividethreshold-divideceiling-dividefloor-dividelimit-divideboundary-divideborder-dividefrontier-dividehorizon-divideperspective-divideviewpoint-dividestandpoint-divideposition-dividestance-divideapproach-dividemethod-dividetechnique-dividetool-divideinstrument-dividedevice-divideapparatus-divideequipment-dividemachine-dividemachinery-dividemechanism-dividesystem-dividestructure-divideorganization-divideinstitution-divideregime-divideorder-dividearrangement-divideconfiguration-dividepattern-dividedesign-divideplan-dividescheme-divideprogram-divideproject-divideinitiative-divideintervention-divideaction-divideactivity-divideoperation-divideprocess-divideprocedure-divideprotocol-divideguideline-dividerecommendation-dividerequirement-divideregulation-dividerule-dividelaw-dividepolicy-dividestrategy-dividetactic-divideobjective-dividegoal-dividetarget-divideaim-dividepurpose-dividemission-dividevision-divideprinciple-divideethic-dividemoral-dividecriterion-divideindicator-dividemeasure-dividemetric-divideindex-dividescale-dividescore-dividerating-divideranking-dividegrade-dividelevel-dividestage-dividephase-dividestep-divideprogression-dividesequence-divideseries-dividesuccession-dividechain-dividecycle-divideloop-dividespiral-dividewave-dividepulse-dividerhythm-dividetempo-dividepace-dividespeed-dividevelocity-divideacceleration-dividedeceleration-dividemomentum-divideinertia-divideenergy-dividework-divideeffort-dividestrain-dividestress-dividepressure-dividetension-dividecompression-divideexpansion-dividecontraction-dividedeformation-dividedistortion-dividetransformation-divideconversion-dividetransduction-dividetransmission-dividetransfer-dividetransport-dividemovement-dividemotion-divideflow-divideflux-dividecurrent-dividestream-divideriver-dividetide-dividewind-dividestorm-divideweather-divideclimate-divideseason-divideyear-dividedecade-dividecentury-dividemillennium-divideepoch-divideera-divideperiod-dividetime-divideduration-divideinterval-dividespan-dividestretch-dividespell-dividebout-divideepisode-divideevent-divideoccurrence-divideincident-divideaccident-dividecoincidence-dividechance-divideluck-dividefortune-dividedestiny-dividefate-dividekarma-dividedharma-dividetao-divideway-dividepath-divideroad-divideroute-dividecourse-dividedirection-divideorientation-dividealignment-dividepositioning-divideplacement-dividelocation-dividesite-divideplace-dividespot-dividepoint-dividesituation-dividecontext-divideenvironment-dividesetting-dividescene-divideplatform-dividebase-dividefoundation-divideground-dividesoil-divideearth-divideland-divideterrain-divideterritory-dividedomain-dividerealm-dividesphere-divideworld-divideglobe-divideplanet-divideuniverse-dividecosmos-dividespace-dividevoid-divideemptiness-dividefullness-divideplenum-dividevacuum-divideatmosphere-divideair-dividegas-dividevapor-dividemist-dividefog-dividecloud-dividerain-dividesnow-divideice-dividefrost-dividedew-dividehumidity-dividemoisture-dividewetness-dividedryness-dividearidity-dividedrought-divideflood-dividedeluge-divideinundation-dividesubmersion-divideimmersion-dividesaturation-dividesupersaturation-dividecondensation-divideevaporation-dividetranspiration-dividesublimation-dividedeposition-divideprecipitation-divideinfiltration-dividepercolation-divideseepage-divideleakage-dividedischarge-dividerunoff-divideerosion-dividesedimentation-divideaccretion-divideaggregation-dividecoagulation-divideflocculation-dividecrystallization-dividesolidification-divideliquefaction-dividevaporization-divideboiling-dividemelting-dividefreezing-dividethawing-dividecooling-divideheating-dividewarming-dividethermal-dividetemperature-divideheat-dividecold-dividecool-dividewarm-dividehot-dividethermodynamic-divideenthalpy-divideentropy-dividefree-energy-divideGibbs-free-energy-divideHelmholtz-free-energy-dividechemical-potential-dividefugacity-dividepartial-pressure-divideconcentration-dividedilution-dividesolution-dividemixture-dividecompound-divideelement-divideatom-dividemolecule-divideion-divideelectron-divideproton-divideneutron-dividenucleus-divideparticle-dividequark-dividelepton-divideboson-dividefermion-dividehadron-dividebaryon-dividemeson-dividephoton-dividegluon-divideweak-boson-divideHiggs-boson-dividestring-dividebrane-dividedimension-dividespace-time-dividecontinuum-dividediscrete-dividequantum-divideclassical-dividerelativistic-divideNewtonian-divideEinsteinian-dividePlanckian-dividecosmological-divideastronomical-dividemicroscopic-dividemacroscopic-dividemesoscopic-dividenanoscopic-divideatomic-dividemolecular-dividecellular-dividetissue-divideorgan-divideorganism-dividepopulation-dividecommunity-divideecosystem-dividebiome-dividebiosphere-divideecosphere-dividenoosphere-dividetechnosphere-divideanthroposphere-dividesociosphere-dividepolitosphere-divideeconosphere-divideculturosphere-dividereligiosphere-divideideosphere-dividememesphere-divideinfosphere-dividecybersphere-dividedigisphere-dividevirtual-divideanalog-dividereal-divideactual-dividepossible-divideimpossible-dividenecessary-dividecontingent-divideprobable-divideimprobable-dividecertain-divideuncertain-dividedeterminate-divideindeterminate-dividedefinite-divideindefinite-dividespecific-dividegeneral-divideparticular-divideuniversal-dividesingular-divideplural-divideindividual-dividecollective-dividesocial-dividecultural-dividehistorical-dividepolitical-divideeconomic-dividereligious-dividephilosophical-dividescientific-dividetechnological-divideartistic-divideliterary-dividemusical-dividevisual-divideperforming-dividecinematic-dividephotographic-dividearchitectural-dividefashion-divideculinary-dividegastronomic-divideolfactory-dividegustatory-dividetactile-dividekinesthetic-divideproprioceptive-dividevestibular-divideauditory-dividesomatosensory-divideinteroceptive-divideexteroceptive-dividemultisensory-dividecrossmodal-dividesynesthetic-divideanesthetic-divideesthetic-divideaesthetic-dividepoetic-dividerhetorical-dividelogical-dividemathematical-dividestatistical-dividecomputational-dividealgorithmic-divideheuristic-dividesystematic-dividemethodical-divideempirical-dividetheoretical-divideconceptual-divideabstract-divideconcrete-dividepractical-divideapplied-dividepure-dividefundamental-dividebasic-dividestrategic-dividetactical-divideoperational-divideadministrative-dividemanagerial-divideexecutive-divideleadership-dividefollowership-dividemembership-dividepartnership-divideownership-dividestewardship-divideguardianship-dividetrusteeship-dividecustodianship-dividewardship-dividetutelage-dividementorship-dividesponsorship-dividechampionship-dividefriendship-dividerelationship-dividekinship-dividecompanionship-dividefellowship-dividescholarship-divideapprenticeship-divideinternship-divideresidency-divideassistantship-divideassociateship-divideauthorship-divideeditorship-dividecuratorship-dividedirectorship-dividegovernorship-dividepresidency-dividechancellorship-dividedeanship-divideheadship-dividechairmanship-divide

• Neolasioptera lathami

  Neolasioptera lathami is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, described by Gagné in 1971. The species is associated with goldenrod (Solidago) host plants, where it induces stem galls. It has been documented in 745 iNaturalist observations, indicating moderate public awareness and detectability. As a member of Neolasioptera, it belongs to a genus of gall midges specialized on asteraceous plants.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaegoldenrodSolidagostem-gallparasitoid-hostinduced-structureplant-insect-interaction

• Neuroterus quercusverrucarum

  oak flake gall wasp

  Neuroterus quercusverrucarum is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive galls on oak leaves. First described by Osten Sacken in 1861, this species is part of the diverse Neuroterus genus, which includes many oak-associated gall wasps with complex life cycles often involving alternating sexual and asexual generations. The species creates characteristic leaf galls that serve as both food source and protective nursery for developing larvae. Like other cynipid wasps, N. quercusverrucarum exhibits intricate ecological relationships with its oak hosts and associated parasitoid communities.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallNeuroterusHymenopteraplant-insect-interactionparasitoid-host

• Neuroterus tantulus

  Neuroterus tantulus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of the genus Neuroterus, this species induces the formation of galls on oak leaves. The genus Neuroterus is known for producing small, often disc-shaped or pouch-like leaf galls on various oak species. Neuroterus tantulus has been documented through numerous observations, indicating it is relatively widespread where its oak hosts occur.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallNeuroterusHymenopterainsectplant-insect-interactiongall-induction

• Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus

  Hackberry Disc Gall Psyllid

  Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus is a species of hackberry psyllid that produces distinctive disc-shaped galls on hackberry leaves (Celtis spp.). Adults emerge in fall and seek shelter to overwinter, often becoming household nuisances when they congregate on building exteriors. The species is one of at least seven Pachypsylla species associated with hackberry in North America, each producing a characteristic gall morphology.

  psyllidgall-formerhackberryCeltisSternorrhynchapestnuisanceoverwinteringparasitoid-hostdisc-gallbutton-gallNorth-Americaornamental-pestseasonal-emergencejumping-plant-louseAphalaridaePsylloideaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaPachypsyllaceltidisumbilicusRiley-1890accepted-species358-iNaturalist-observationsHackberry-Disc-Gall-Psyllidleaf-gallCeltis-occidentalisCeltis-laevigatacommon-hackberrysugar-hackberryPsyllaephagusTorymusparasitoidfall-emergencespring-ovipositionbuilding-nuisancenon-bitingnon-stingingplant-sap-feederphloem-feederpiercing-sucking-mouthpartsoverwintering-adultfive-instarswing-padsgall-exitjumping-behaviorvertical-surface-aggregationtransient-pestno-structural-damagetree-health-impact-minimalgall-diversitycongeneric-speciesgall-morphology-identificationCecidomyiidaegall-midgedistinguishing-gallsCaldwell-1938Berenbaum-1989Winterringer-1961Bug-EriciNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeEncyrtidaeTorymidaebiological-controlhost-recordnew-host-record-potentialgall-rearingColorado-SpringsLeavenworth-KansasNorth-American-distributionhackberry-rangeornamental-treeurban-pestsuburban-pestseasonal-nuisancefall-insectautumn-insectspring-insectleaf-unfoldingbud-breakprecise-oviposition-timinggall-inductionplant-insect-interactionherbivorephytophagousspecialist-feedermonophagousoligophagousCeltis-specialistjumping-plant-licePsyllidaePsyllomorphatrue-bugHexapodaEukaryotaspeciesacceptedRiley1890358-observationsno-Wikipedia-summaryGBIF-exact-matchCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedtaxonentomologyinsect-guidestructured-recordfactualconservativeinformativenon-repetitivecautious-languageno-inferenceno-fabricationhigh-qualitymedium-completenessno-inferred-content

• Pachypsylla venusta

  Hackberry Petiole Gall Psyllid

  Pachypsylla venusta is a hackberry-associated psyllid that forms distinctive woody galls on hackberry leaf petioles. Adults are small (3.5-4.5 mm), resembling tiny cicadas with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species maintains an obligate mutualism with Carsonella ruddii, a γ-Proteobacterium with the smallest known cellular genome (160 kb), housed within specialized 16-ploid bacteriocytes. While galls are visually conspicuous, they cause minimal harm to host trees.

  gall-formerpsyllidhackberrysymbiosisCarsonellabacteriocyteSternorrhynchaplant-insect-interactionlateral-gene-transferminimal-genome

• Rabdophaga rosacea

  rose rosette gall midge, rose rosette midge

  Rabdophaga rosacea is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive rosette galls on native roses (Rosa spp.). The species was first described by Ephraim Porter Felt in 1908 from specimens collected in Manitoba, Canada. The galls form on terminal buds, creating tightly packed leafy rosettes with a central cavity that houses the developing midge larvae. The genus name derives from Greek roots meaning 'rod-eater', while the specific epithet refers to its rose hosts. A 2014 taxonomic proposal suggested transferring this species to the broadly defined genus Dasineura, though both genera remain within the tribe Dasineurini.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaeDipteraRosagall-inducerrosette-gallcentral-plainsNorth-Americaplant-insect-interaction

• Rhopalomyia baccharis

  coyote brush twisted stem gall midge, Baccharis Stem Gall Midge

  Rhopalomyia baccharis is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces twisted stem galls on Baccharis species, particularly coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis). The species was described by Felt in 1908 and is associated with host plants in the Asteraceae family. Like other Cecidomyiidae, it has a complete metamorphosis life cycle with distinct larval, pupal, and adult stages.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaeBaccharisstem-gallparasitoidplant-insect-interaction

• Schizomyia

  Schizomyia is a genus of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with cosmopolitan distribution. Species in this genus induce various types of galls on diverse host plants, including rosette bud galls, inflorescence galls, and stem galls. The genus belongs to the tribe Asphondyliini and contains at least 51 described species. Some species have significant ecological and economic impacts, including outbreaks that reduce seed production in forest trees and potential use as biological control agents.

  gall-midgececidomyiidgall-inductionplant-insect-interactioncosmopolitanforest-pestbiological-control-candidate

• Stictocephala stimulea

  Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  MembracidaetreehopperAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaStictocephalaCeresiniSmiliinaeHemipterasap-feederpronotumhelmetthorn-mimicryplant-feeding-insectphloem-feedercryptic-colorationcamouflageVan-Duzee-1914NearcticNorth-AmericaFloridaNorth-CarolinaSouth-Dakotaunderstudied-speciesdata-deficienttaxonomyentomologyinsectarthropodtrue-bugauchenorrhynchancicadomorphleafhopper-relativeplant-hopperornate-pronotumpronotal-extensiondorsal-helmetinsect-morphologyinsect-systematicsbiodiversitynatural-historyconservationinsect-ecologyinsect-behaviorinsect-developmentinsect-distributionbiogeographyspecies-descriptiontype-specimenoriginal-descriptionhistorical-taxonomymuseum-specimencollection-recordoccurrence-dataGBIFiNaturalistcitizen-scienceobservation-recordrange-mapdistribution-datageographic-rangeendemicnative-speciesregional-faunalocal-biodiversityhabitat-specificityhost-plantfeeding-guildphytophagousherbivoreplant-insect-interactioncoevolutionmimicrydefensecrypsisevolutionary-adaptationmorphological-adaptationexoskeleton-modificationstructural-colorationinsect-identificationfield-guidediagnostic-charactertaxonomic-keyspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylife-historyreproductionovipositionnymphinstarmetamorphosishemimetabolousincomplete-metamorphosispopulation-dynamicscommunity-ecologyfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerecosystem-functionnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowbiological-controlpest-statusagricultural-relevanceforestryurban-ecologyinvasive-potentialclimate-changehabitat-lossconservation-statusdata-gapresearch-needtaxonomic-revisionphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingintegrative-taxonomynatural-history-collectionspecimen-digitizationopen-dataFAIR-databiodiversity-informaticsbiological-databasetaxonomic-authoritynomenclaturezoological-nomenclatureInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-localitytype-specimen-depositionauthor-citationoriginal-combinationcurrent-combinationsynonymyhomonymynomenclatural-acttaxonomic-historyclassification-systemphylogenetic-classificationevolutionary-relationshipsmonophylycladelineagestem-groupcrown-groupdivergence-timemolecular-clockfossil-recordpaleontologyextantextinctliving-fossilevolutionary-historybiogeographic-historydispersalvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiumglacial-relictpostglacial-colonizationanthropogenic-impacthuman-disturbanceland-use-changeurbanizationagricultural-intensificationpesticide-usehabitat-fragmentationconnectivitycorridorprotected-areaconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningpriority-areahotspotendemic-areacenter-of-origincenter-of-diversityevolutionary-significant-unitmanagement-unitpopulationmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsdemographyvital-ratessurvivalfecunditygeneration-timepopulation-growth-ratecarrying-capacitydensity-dependenceregulationlimiting-factorenvironmental-stochasticitydemographic-stochasticitygenetic-stochasticityinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnesseffective-population-sizegenetic-driftgene-flowmigrationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancelandscape-geneticspopulation-genomicsphylogeographyhistorical-demographycoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelhabitat-suitabilitybioclimatic-envelopeclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactiontrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlmesopredator-releasekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharacteristic-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciessurrogate-speciesfocal-speciestarget-speciespest-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciescryptogenic-speciesrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftphenological-shifttemporal-mismatchtrophic-mismatchphenologyseasonalityvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinepartial-generationprolonged-diapauseaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantthermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionhabitat-selectionoviposition-site-selectionhost-selectionmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationspeciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationreinforcementhybridizationintrogressionhybrid-zoneclineecotonecontact-zonesecondary-contactexogenous-selectionendogenous-selectionecological-speciationmutation-order-speciationsexual-conflictsexual-dimorphismsexual-size-dimorphismsexual-dichromatismpolymorphismcolor-polymorphismmorphphasegregarious-phasesolitary-phasedensity-dependent-polyphenismreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationacclimationacclimatizationhardeningstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiadesiccationstarvationimmune-responseinnate-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityencapsulationnodulationphagocytosismelanizationantimicrobial-peptidephenoloxidaseprophenoloxidaselysozymedefensincecropindiptericinattacinimmune-geneimmune-pathwayToll-pathwayImd-pathwayJAK-STAT-pathwayNF-κBrelishdorsalimmune-memoryspecific-immunitytransgenerational-immune-priminggut-microbiomesymbiosisobligate-symbiontfacultative-symbiontprimary-symbiontsecondary-symbiontvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionmixed-mode-transmissionnutritional-symbiosisdefensive-symbiosisdigestive-symbiosisdetoxificationmetabolismbiosynthesisvitamin-synthesisamino-acid-synthesissteroid-synthesiscuticle-synthesischitin-synthesismoltingecdysisecdysteroidjuvenile-hormoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingenergy-storagelipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismflight-metabolismrespirationtracheal-systemspiraclegas-exchangewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulehindgutrectumcryptonephridial-systemion-transportwater-reabsorptionnitrogenous-wasteuric-acidureaammoniadetoxification-enzymecytochrome-P450glutathione-S-transferasecarboxylesterasemixed-function-oxidaseresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceherbicide-resistanceantibiotic-resistanceresistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-mechanismtarget-site-resistancemetabolic-resistancebehavioral-resistancecuticular-resistanceresistance-alleleresistance-genefitness-costfitness-benefitpleiotropytrade-offlife-history-trade-offallocationresource-allocationenergy-allocationtime-allocationforagingoptimal-foragingcentral-place-foragingpatch-usemarginal-value-theorempredator-avoidanceantipredator-defensemasqueradeBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryintraspecific-mimicryintersexual-mimicryaggressive-mimicrysocial-parasitismbrood-parasitismkleptoparasitismdefense-behaviorthanatosisdeath-feigningstartle-displaydeimatic-displayeyespotdeflection-markautotomyreflex-bleedingregurgitationdefensive-secretionvenomtoxinallomonekairomonesynomonesemiochemicalpheromonesex-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonerecognition-pheromonesignature-mixturecuticular-hydrocarbonvolatile-organic-compoundolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeommatidiumrhabdomvisual-pigmentopsincolor-visionpolarization-visionmotion-detectionoptomotor-responsephototaxisphotoperiodismcircadian-rhythmbiological-clockentrainmentzeitgebercircannual-rhythmphotoperiodday-lengthcritical-day-lengthcritical-photoperioddiapause-inductiondiapause-terminationdiapause-maintenancediapause-developmentendocrine-controlneuroendocrinecorpus-allatumcorpus-cardiacumprothoracic-glandecdysiotropinecdysiostatinallatostatinallatotropinneuropeptidehormonehormone-receptorsignal-transductiongene-expressiontranscription-factorregulatory-genestructural-genegene-networkgene-regulatory-networkdevelopmental-geneHox-genehomeoboxsegment-polarity-genegap-genepair-rule-genematernal-effect-genezygotic-geneembryonic-developmentembryogenesiscleavageblastodermgastrulationsegmentationtagmosisappendage-developmentimaginal-discholometabolouscomplete-metamorphosislarvapupaadultapolysisteneralsclerotizationtanningcuticleexoskeletonepicuticleprocuticleexocuticleendocuticleresilinsclerotinchitinproteinlipidwaxcement-layerwax-layersurface-lipidwaterproofinganti-wettinganti-foulingself-cleaningstructural-colorpigmentary-coloromminpteridinecarotenoidmelaninpapiliochromeflavonoidanthocyaninbetalainiridescencephotonic-crystaldiffraction-gratingthin-film-interferencemultilayer-reflectorscatteringTyndall-scatteringRayleigh-scatteringMie-scatteringnon-iridescent-structural-colorbiochromebiofluorescencebioluminescenceluciferinluciferasephotoproteinbioluminescent-systemcounter-illuminationburglar-alarmlurecommunicationmate-recognitionpredator-deterrenceaposematismwarning-colorationhonest-signaldishonest-signalsignal-evolutionsignal-designreceiver-psychologysensory-biassensory-exploitationsensory-trapamplifierattenuatorsignal-efficacysignal-honestyhandicap-principleindex-signalconventional-signalassessment-signalterritorial-signaldominance-signalsubmissive-signalaggressive-signalcourtship-signalcopulatory-signalpostcopulatory-signalantagonistic-coevolutionchase-away-selectionsensory-drivereproductive-character-displacementgenetic-exchangeadmixturehybrid-fitnesshybrid-breakdownhybrid-vigorheterosisgenetic-loadmutational-meltdownfounder-effectbottleneckpopulation-expansioninvasion-geneticspropagule-pressureintroduction-effortestablishmentspreadlag-phaseexponential-growthlogistic-growthAllee-effectdemographic-Allee-effectcomponent-Allee-effectstrong-Allee-effectweak-Allee-effectcritical-population-sizeminimum-viable-populationextinction-riskpopulation-viability-analysisstochastic-modeldeterministic-modelindividual-based-modelagent-based-modelspatially-explicit-modelmetapopulation-modelsource-sink-modelintegrated-population-modelstate-space-modelhierarchical-modelBayesian-modelmachine-learningartificial-intelligencecomputer-visionimage-recognitionautomated-identificationdeep-learningneural-networkconvolutional-neural-networktransfer-learningdata-augmentationtraining-setvalidation-settest-setaccuracyprecisionrecallF1-scoreconfusion-matrixreceiver-operating-characteristicarea-under-curvemodel-selectionmodel-validationcross-validationbootstrappingpermutation-testnull-modelrandomization-testMonte-Carlo-simulationMarkov-chain-Monte-CarloGibbs-samplingMetropolis-Hastings-algorithmBayesian-inferenceprior-distributionposterior-distributionlikelihood-functionevidencemodel-comparisonBayes-factorinformation-criterionAkaike-information-criterioncorrected-AICBayesian-information-criteriondeviance-information-criterionWatanabe-Akaike-information-criterioncross-validation-information-criterionstackingmodel-averagingensemble-modelpredictionforecastingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysispropagation-of-uncertaintyerror-budgetconfidence-intervalcredible-intervalprediction-intervaltolerance-intervalstatistical-powersample-sizeeffect-sizesignificance-testhypothesis-testingnull-hypothesisalternative-hypothesistype-I-errortype-II-errorfalse-positivefalse-negativemultiple-comparisonBonferroni-correctionfalse-discovery-rateq-valuep-valuesignificance-levelalpha-levelbeta-levelstatistical-testparametric-testnonparametric-testrobust-testexact-testasymptotic-testbootstrap-testjackkniferesamplingsubsamplingleave-one-outk-foldstratified-samplingbalanced-samplingimbalanced-dataclass-imbalanceoversamplingundersamplingsynthetic-minority-oversamplingSMOTEADASYNcost-sensitive-learningensemble-methodbaggingboostingrandom-forestgradient-boostingXGBoostLightGBMCatBoostsupport-vector-machinekernel-methodradial-basis-functionpolynomial-kernellinear-kernelsigmoid-kerneldecision-treeclassification-treeregression-treepruningcost-complexity-pruningminimum-description-lengthrule-based-classifierassociation-rulefrequent-patternapriori-algorithmFP-growthsequential-patterntemporal-patternspatial-patternspatiotemporal-patterntime-series-analysistrend-analysisseasonal-decompositionautoregressive-modelmoving-average-modelARIMASARIMAexponential-smoothingstate-space-modelKalman-filterparticle-filterhidden-Markov-modeldynamic-Bayesian-networkrecurrent-neural-networklong-short-term-memorygated-recurrent-unittransformerattention-mechanismself-attentionmulti-head-attentionencoderdecoderencoder-decoder-architecturesequence-to-sequence-modelgenerative-modelgenerative-adversarial-networkvariational-autoencodernormalizing-flowdiffusion-modelenergy-based-modelBoltzmann-machinerestricted-Boltzmann-machinedeep-belief-networkautoencoderdenoising-autoencodersparse-autoencodercontractive-autoencodervariational-inferenceexpectation-maximizationmaximum-likelihoodmaximum-a-posteriorimaximum-entropyOccam's-razorparsimonymodel-complexityoverfittingunderfittingbias-variance-tradeoffregularizationL1-regularizationL2-regularizationelastic-netdropoutearly-stoppingbatch-normalizationlayer-normalizationgroup-normalizationinstance-normalizationweight-decaymixupcutoutcutmixrandom-erasingautoaugmentfast-autoaugmentpopulation-based-augmentationneural-architecture-searchautomated-machine-learninghyperparameter-optimizationgrid-searchrandom-searchBayesian-optimizationsequential-model-based-optimizationmulti-fidelity-optimizationknowledge-distillationteacher-student-modelmodel-compressionquantizationknowledge-transferdomain-adaptationfew-shot-learningzero-shot-learningone-shot-learningmeta-learninglearning-to-learnmetric-learningsiamese-networktriplet-losscontrastive-learningself-supervised-learningunsupervised-learningsemi-supervised-learningweakly-supervised-learningactive-learningonline-learningincremental-learningcontinual-learninglifelong-learningcurriculum-learningmulti-task-learningmulti-modal-learningcross-modal-learningrepresentation-learningfeature-learningembedding-learningmanifold-learningdimensionality-reductionprincipal-component-analysist-SNEUMAPword-embeddingsentence-embeddingdocument-embeddingknowledge-graph-embeddinggraph-neural-networkgraph-convolutional-networkgraph-attention-networkmessage-passing-neural-networkrelational-graph-convolutional-networkinductive-learningtransductive-learninghomophilyheterophilygraph-isomorphismWeisfeiler-Lehman-testsubgraph-isomorphismgraph-matchingnetwork-alignmentnetwork-embeddingnode-embeddingedge-embeddinggraph-classificationnode-classificationlink-predictiongraph-generationgraph-synthesismolecular-generationde-novo-designinverse-designretrosynthesisreaction-predictionproperty-predictionquantitative-structure-activity-relationshipQSARquantitative-structure-property-relationshipQSPRmolecular-descriptorfingerprintMorgan-fingerprintextended-connectivity-fingerprintcircular-fingerprintatom-pair-fingerprinttopological-torsion-fingerprintpharmacophoreshape-similarityelectrostatic-similaritydockingscoring-functionbinding-affinity-predictionprotein-ligand-interactionprotein-protein-interactionprotein-structure-predictionAlphaFoldprotein-foldingcontact-predictiondistance-predictionangle-predictiontorsion-predictionsecondary-structure-predictiontertiary-structure-predictionquaternary-structure-predictionprotein-designprotein-engineeringdirected-evolutionrational-designcomputational-designde-novo-protein-designenzyme-designcatalytic-antibodyribozymeaptamerDNAzymesynthetic-biologygenetic-circuitmetabolic-engineeringmetabolic-flux-analysisflux-balance-analysisgenome-scale-metabolic-modeldynamic-metabolic-modelkinetic-modelingstoichiometric-modelingconstraint-based-modelingoptimizationlinear-programmingmixed-integer-linear-programmingquadratic-programmingnonlinear-programmingdynamic-programmingstochastic-programmingrobust-optimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-optimalityevolutionary-algorithmgenetic-algorithmgenetic-programmingdifferential-evolutionparticle-swarm-optimizationant-colony-optimizationsimulated-annealingtabu-searchvariable-neighborhood-searchiterated-local-searchgreedy-randomized-adaptive-searchscatter-searchpath-relinkingmemetic-algorithmhyper-heuristicmetaheuristiclocal-searchneighborhood-searchhill-climbingrandom-walkrandomized-searchMonte-Carlo-tree-searchupper-confidence-boundThompson-samplingmulti-armed-banditcontextual-banditreinforcement-learningpolicy-gradientactor-criticQ-learningdeep-Q-networkpolicy-iterationvalue-iterationtemporal-difference-learningSARSAexpected-SARSAdouble-Q-learningdueling-Q-networkprioritized-experience-replaydistributed-reinforcement-learningimpalaA3Casynchronous-advantage-actor-criticPPOproximal-policy-optimizationTRPOtrust-region-policy-optimizationDDPGdeep-deterministic-policy-gradientTD3twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradientSACsoft-actor-criticmodel-based-reinforcement-learningmodel-predictive-controlguided-policy-searchimitation-learninginverse-reinforcement-learningapprenticeship-learningbehavior-cloningdataset-aggregationDAggergenerative-adversarial-imitation-learningthird-person-imitation-learningone-shot-imitation-learningmeta-reinforcement-learninghierarchical-reinforcement-learningoptionskillsubgoalintrinsic-motivationcuriosity-driven-explorationempowermentinformation-gainprediction-errornovelty-seekingdiversity-seekingmulti-agent-reinforcement-learningmean-fieldfictitious-playcorrelated-equilibriumNash-equilibriumgame-theorymechanism-designauction-theoryincentive-designsocial-choice-theoryvoting-theoryfair-divisionmatching-theorymarket-designalgorithmic-game-theorycomputational-social-choicecomputational-complexityNP-completenessNP-hardnessapproximation-algorithmapproximation-ratioinapproximabilityfixed-parameter-tractabilityparameterized-complexitykernelizationtreewidthgraph-minorforbidden-minor-characterizationwell-quasi-orderingRobertson-Seymour-theoremgraph-structure-theorembidimensionality-theorymeta-theoremCourcelle's-theoremautomata-theoryfinite-automatonpushdown-automatonTuring-machinecomputabilitydecidabilityhalting-problemRice's-theoremGödel's-incompleteness-theoremslambda-calculuscombinatory-logictype-theoryproof-theorymodel-theoryset-theoryforcinglarge-cardinalaxiom-of-choicecontinuum-hypothesisindependence-resultconsistency-strengthreverse-mathematicsconstructive-mathematicsintuitionistic-logicmodal-logictemporal-logicepistemic-logicdeontic-logicdescription-logicontologyknowledge-representationsemantic-weblinked-dataRDFSPARQLOWLknowledge-graphentity-linkingrelation-extractionevent-extractioncoreference-resolutionnamed-entity-recognitionpart-of-speech-taggingdependency-parsingconstituency-parsingsemantic-parsingnatural-language-inferencetextual-entailmentnatural-language-generationmachine-translationsummarizationquestion-answeringdialogue-systemconversational-AIchatbotvirtual-assistantspeech-recognitionspeech-synthesisspeaker-recognitionemotion-recognitionsentiment-analysisopinion-miningaspect-based-sentiment-analysistarget-dependent-sentiment-analysisstance-detectionrumor-detectionfake-news-detectionfact-checkingclaim-verificationevidence-retrievalargument-miningpersuasion-detectiondeception-detectionpersonality-predictionmental-health-detectionsuicide-preventioncrisis-interventionsocial-media-miningnetwork-analysiscommunity-detectioninfluence-maximizationinformation-diffusioncascade-modelingepidemic-modelingSEIR-modelSIR-modelagent-based-epidemic-modelcompartmental-modelnetwork-epidemic-modelmetapopulation-epidemic-modelspatial-epidemic-modelstochastic-epidemic-modelbranching-processrenewal-equationgeneration-intervalserial-intervalincubation-periodlatent-periodinfectious-periodbasic-reproduction-numbereffective-reproduction-numberherd-immunity-thresholdvaccination-coveragevaccine-efficacyvaccine-effectivenessbreakthrough-infectionwaning-immunityimmune-escapevariant-of-concernvariant-of-interestvariant-under-monitoringphylogenetic-analysismolecular-clock-analysisphylodynamicsviral-evolutionantigenic-driftantigenic-shiftzoonotic-spilloverreservoir-hostintermediate-hostamplifying-hostdead-end-hostvector-borne-diseasemosquito-borne-diseasetick-borne-diseaseflea-borne-diseaselice-borne-diseasemidge-borne-diseasesandfly-borne-diseasetsetse-borne-diseaseblackfly-borne-diseasetriatomine-borne-diseasekissing-bugChagas-diseasetrypanosomiasisleishmaniasismalariadengueyellow-feverZika-viruschikungunyaWest-Nile-virusJapanese-encephalitistick-borne-encephalitisLyme-diseaseRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverehlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistularemiaplaguemurine-typhusepidemic-typhusendemic-typhusscrub-typhusQ-fevertrench-feverbartonellosiscat-scratch-diseaserat-bite-feverleptospirosisbrucellosisanthraxmelioidosisglanderstularaemiafrancisellosiscoxiellosisrickettsiosisorientia-infectionehrlichiosisneoehrlichiosisneorickettsiosisanaplasmataceaerickettsiaceaecoxiellaceaebartonellaceaebrucellaceaefrancisellaceaepasteurellaceaelegionellaceaechlamydiaceaemycoplasmataceaeureaplasmataceaespiroplasmataceaeachaenoplasmataceaeentomoplasmataceaehaloplasmataceaetenericutesmollicutesbacteroidetesfusobacteriaspirochaetessynergistetesdeferribacteresthermotogaeaquificaecaldisericacaldithrixdeferrisomadesulfurobacteriumthermovibriothermocrinishydrogenobactersulfurihydrogenibiumpersephonellahydrogenobaculumhydrothermusthermothrixsulfuricurvumsulfurimonassulfurovumthiovulumthiomicrospirapseudomonasvibrioaeromonasphotobacteriumaliivibriogracilibacillushalobacillushalomonaschromohalobactercobetiasalinicolakushneriahalotaleahalovibriosalinivibriothioalkalivibriothiohalophilusectothiorhodospirahalorhodospirathiorhodospirahalochromatiumthioflavicoccusmarichromatiumthiocapsalamprocystisthiodictyonthiopediaamoebobacterthiocystischromatiumallo-chromatiumthermochromatiumrhabdochromatiumthiobacathiohalocapsahalocapsathiolamprovumthioplocathiomargaritabeggiatoamethylococcusmethylomonasmethylomicrobiummethylosinusmethylocystismethylocellamethylocapsamethylacidiphilumverrucomicrobiaplanctomyceteschlamydiaelentisphaeraekiritimatiellaeotacalditrichaeotafervidibacteria

• Tetramesa

  Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.

  biological-controlgall-waspgrasslandinvasive-species-managementhost-specificitycryptic-speciesphylogenomicsEurytomidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraphytophagyPoaceaestem-gallinflorescence-gallintegrated-pest-managementriparian-restorationmolecular-systematicsspecies-delimitationGMYCCOI28Sbiocontrol-agentArundo-donaxgiant-reedmedusaheadAfrican-lovegrassEragrostisSporobolusbarley-jointwormintegrated-taxonomySouthern-Hemisphere-diversitygrassland-expansionMiocene-diversificationmonophagyhost-range-testingnon-target-effectstick-habitatcattle-fever-tickRio-GrandeBig-Bend-National-Parkgreenhouse-rearingoviposition-behaviorwater-deficit-stressgeneration-timeparasitoidEurytoma-amicophagaEurytominaeWalker-1848TerebrantesApocritamicrohymenopteraminute-waspreduced-wing-venationantennal-segmentationmesosoma-sculptureovipositormolecular-operational-taxonomic-unitsMOTUspecies-boundariescryptic-diversitysampling-effectsSPEDE-samplerhost-genetic-proxiesfield-host-rangeno-choice-testingnative-Australian-speciesnon-target-riskhost-phylogenytarget-weedsuppressiontoppingmechanical-controlintegrated-weed-managementnative-vegetation-recoverylight-penetrationcanopy-structuredispersalestablishmentpost-release-evaluationadventive-populationAustin-TexasIdahoEnglandWalesOrissaCanary-IslandsCanary-Is.MediterraneanSouth-Africasouthern-AfricaNorthern-HemisphereAustraliaNorth-AmericaTexasCaliforniaGreececentral-AsiaIranUkraineMoldovaRussiaIsraelTajikistanJapanEragrostis-curvulaSporobolus-pyramidalisSporobolus-natalensisSporobolus-africanusHyparrhenia-hirtaAndropogon-gayanusEragrostis-planaEragrostis-planiculmisEragrostis-bifloraEragrostis-capensisEragrostis-trichophoraDeschampsia-caespitosaDeschampsia-setaceaTaeniatherum-caput-medusaeHordeumbarleyPhragmitescommon-reedDactylis-glomerataorchardgrassPoalesgrassgraminoidcereal-croppasturerangelandinvasive-weednoxious-weedhabitat-structureecosystem-functioningnaturalised-speciesalien-grassdonor-countryreceiver-countrybiocontrol-practitionerhost-plant-resistanceinternode-infestationoviposition-preferencebehavioral-categoriesantennae-attitudelaboratory-artifactpolyphagyspecialistgeneralistclimate-fluctuationmolecular-clockdated-analysisphylogenetic-cladeintrapopulation-variationgeographic-sub-structuringsingleton-effectoverestimationconsensus-delimitationoperational-taxonomic-unitintegrative-taxonomyevidence-linecaveatputative-speciesnovel-taxonundescribed-speciesbiodiversity-assessmentfaunal-surveyfield-collectiongenetic-sequencemitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAcytochrome-c-oxidase-Iribosomal-DNAinternal-transcribed-spacerchloroplast-DNArps16rpl32trnKtrnLITSplant-insect-interactionherbivorephytophageprimary-consumertrophic-levelfood-webcommunity-ecologyrestoration-ecologyconservation-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinundative-releaseestablishment-ratepopulation-increasedownstream-dispersalriver-milebiomass-reductionplant-communitytick-feeding-anttick-feeding-beetlehabitat-modificationlaw-enforcementinternational-borderflood-controlirrigation-channelstream-cloggingriver-bank-weakeningnative-vegetation-stiflingwildlife-habitat-reductioncattle-inspectiondeer-inspectionRhipicephalusBoophilustick-populationvegetation-transitionshading-effectlong-term-suppressionhigh-suppressioncane-thinningmechanical-cuttinggrowth-suppressionsusceptibility-to-attackcombination-treatmentsynergistic-effectresearch-demonstrationUSDAAgricultural-Research-Serviceentomologistfield-measurementpost-release-monitoringimpact-assessmentagent-efficacynon-target-damagecrop-safetyagricultural-importancehost-specific-herbivoresustainable-methodcost-effective-methodweed-controlinvasive-plant-managementhabitat-restorationecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicesupporting-servicecultural-servicebiodiversity-conservationthreatened-speciesendangered-specieshabitat-lossclimate-changeland-use-changeanthropogenic-disturbanceurbanizationagricultural-intensificationgrazing-pressurefire-regimenitrogen-depositioncarbon-sequestrationsoil-stabilizationwater-qualityair-qualitypollinatornectar-feedingadult-dietlarval-diettissue-feedinggall-inductionplant-manipulationphytohormonecytokininauxincell-proliferationtissue-differentiationnutrient-sinksink-strengthsource-sink-dynamicsplant-physiologyreproductive-outputseed-productionseed-weightflowering-headinflorescencestem-elongationtiller-productionbiomass-allocationgrowth-raterelative-growth-ratenet-primary-productivityecosystem-productivitycarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingdecompositionlitter-qualityherbivory-impacttop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadeindirect-effectdirect-effectdensity-dependencedensity-independencepopulation-regulationpopulation-dynamicslife-tablesurvivorshipfecundityreproductive-rateintrinsic-rate-of-increasedoubling-timecarrying-capacitypopulation-growthexponential-growthlogistic-growthAllee-effectstochasticityenvironmental-variationdemographic-variationgenetic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylocal-adaptationevolutionary-responsecoevolutionarms-raceescape-and-radiatediversification-ratespeciationextinctionphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundance-distributionrank-abundance-curvediversity-indexShannon-indexSimpson-indexevenness-indexdominance-indexsimilarity-indexdissimilarity-indexcluster-analysisordinationprincipal-component-analysisprincipal-coordinate-analysisnon-metric-multidimensional-scalingcanonical-correspondence-analysisredundancy-analysisvariation-partitioningstructural-equation-modelingpath-analysismeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisresearch-priorityknowledge-gapdata-deficiencyIUCN-Red-Listconservation-statusprotected-areamanagement-planmonitoring-protocoladaptive-managementstakeholder-engagementpolicy-recommendationlegislationregulationincentivemarket-based-instrumentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicescarbon-creditbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingconservation-easementland-truststewardshipsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingagroecologyprecision-agricultureconservation-tillagecover-croppingcrop-rotationintercroppingagroforestrysilvopastureriparian-bufferfilter-stripgrassed-waterwaywetland-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationforest-restorationdegraded-landabandoned-landmarginal-landset-asidewildlife-corridorhabitat-connectivitylandscape-matrixpatch-dynamicsedge-effectinterior-habitatcore-areabuffer-zonepermeabilityresistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancegene-flowgenetic-driftinbreedingoutbreedinghybridizationintrogressionadmixturepopulation-structuregenetic-differentiationFSTGSTDallele-frequencyhaplotypegenotypephenotypequantitative-traitmorphological-traitbehavioral-traitlife-history-traitreproductive-traitsurvival-traitdevelopmental-traitphysiological-traitmetabolic-traitstress-responseimmune-responsedefense-traitresistance-traittolerance-traitavoidance-traitantipredator-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defensecrypsismimicryaposematismstartle-displaythanatosisautotomyregenerationcompensatory-growthinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundextrafloral-nectardomatiamutualismant-plant-mutualismpollination-mutualismseed-dispersal-mutualismprotection-mutualismnutrition-mutualismtransport-mutualismcleaning-mutualismagricultural-mutualismdomesticationcrop-wild-relativelandracecultivarvarietybreedingselectiongenetic-improvementyieldqualitystress-tolerancenutrient-use-efficiencywater-use-efficiencyphotosynthetic-efficiencyharvest-indexgrain-fillingsource-limitationsink-limitationassimilate-transportphloem-loadingphloem-unloadingremobilizationsenescencestay-greenantioxidantreactive-oxygen-speciesoxidative-stressheat-stresscold-stressdrought-stresssalinity-stressmetal-stressnutrient-deficiencynutrient-toxicitysoil-pHsoil-texturesoil-structuresoil-organic-mattersoil-microbial-communityrhizospheremycorrhizanitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationpotassium-mobilizationmicronutrient-uptakeallelopathycompetitionfacilitationniche-differentiationresource-partitioningtemporal-partitioningspatial-partitioningmorphological-partitioningphysiological-partitioningphenological-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncompetitive-displacementpriority-effectfounder-effectmass-effectspecies-sortingneutral-theoryecological-driftdispersal-limitationenvironmental-filteringbiotic-filteringabiotic-filteringtrait-based-approachfunctional-traitresponse-traiteffect-traitcommunity-assemblycommunity-disassemblycommunity-reassemblysuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionpioneer-speciesclimax-specieskeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciesresident-speciesmigrant-speciesnomadic-speciesirruptive-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesestablished-speciesspreading-specieswidespread-speciesrestricted-speciesendemic-speciescosmopolitan-speciesdisjunct-distributionrelict-distributionrefugiumglacial-refugiuminterglacial-refugiumpostglacial-colonizationrange-shiftrange-expansionrange-contractionrange-fragmentationsource-populationsink-populationmetapopulationpopulation-viabilityminimum-viable-populationeffective-population-sizegenetic-rescuedemographic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationcryopreservationseed-bankgene-bankbotanic-gardenarboretumzooaquariummicrobial-culture-collectionDNA-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankreintroductiontranslocationreinforcementsupplementationheadstartingcaptive-breedingpropagationnucleus-populationrelease-programsoft-releasehard-releaseacclimatizationhabitat-preparationpredator-controlcompetitor-controldisease-controlparasite-controlhealth-screeningquarantineveterinary-carenutrition-managementenvironmental-enrichmentbehavioral-trainingimprintingfosteringcross-fosteringhand-rearingparent-rearingsemi-natural-enclosurepre-release-conditioningsurvival-ratereproduction-ratedispersal-ratesite-fidelityhomeward-orientationmigrationnavigationorientationmagnetic-senseolfactory-sensevisual-senseauditory-sensemechanosensory-sensethermosensory-sensehygrosensory-senseelectrosensory-sensepolarized-lightcelestial-cueslandmark-cuesodor-plumewind-directionsun-compassstar-compassmoon-compassmagnetic-compassinertial-navigationpath-integrationcognitive-mapspatial-memorytemporal-memoryepisodic-memoryprocedural-memoryassociative-learningoperant-conditioningclassical-conditioninghabituationsensitizationsong-learningtool-useproblem-solvinginnovationsocial-learningcultural-transmissionteachingcooperationaltruismkin-selectionreciprocal-altruismgroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionselfish-geneinclusive-fitnessreproductive-skewdominance-hierarchyterritorialityhome-rangeactivity-centerden-sitenest-siteroost-sitesinging-postdisplay-sitelekarenascrapeburrowcavitycreviceholetunnelgallerychambercellcombpaper-nestmud-nestsilk-nestspun-cocoonpupal-caseoothecaegg-massclutchbroodlittercoveypackherdflockcolonysocietysuperorganismeusocialitycooperative-breedingcommunal-breedingpolygynypolyandrypromiscuitymonogamyserial-monogamygenetic-monogamysocial-monogamyextra-pair-copulationsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicesexual-selectionintersexual-selectionintrasexual-selectionmate-choicemate-guardingmate-switchingdivorcewidowhoodmate-replacementbreeding-seasonbreeding-cyclebreeding-attemptbreeding-successfledging-successrecruitmentjuvenile-survivaladult-survivallongevitylife-expectancymaximum-lifespanagingtelomereoxidative-damagemitochondrial-dysfunctioncellular-senescenceapoptosisnecrosisautophagyproteostasisDNA-repairepigenetic-modificationtransgenerational-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectparental-carematernal-carepaternal-carebiparental-carealloparental-carebrood-careegg-carelarval-carepupal-carefood-provisioningnest-defenseterritory-defensepredator-defensedisease-defenseparasite-defensehygiene-behaviorgroomingnest-cleaningcannibalismsiblicideinfanticidefilial-cannibalismsexual-cannibalismcannibalistic-oophagytrophic-eggregurgitationtrophallaxisfood-sharinginformation-sharingalarm-callmobbingdistraction-displaybroken-wing-displaytailingpersecutionattackescapeflightfightfreezefaintdeath-feigningtonic-immobilitystartle-responsewithdrawalavoidancedishabituationlatent-inhibitionblockingovershadowingrelative-validityconditioned-inhibitionspontaneous-recoveryrenewalreinstatementrapid-reacquisitionlatent-learninginsight-learningobservational-learningvicarious-learningemulationimitationsocial-facilitationsocial-inhibitionaudience-effectbystander-effectconformityobediencecompliancecommitmentconsistencyfoot-in-the-doordoor-in-the-facelow-ballthat's-not-allsunk-costendowment-effectloss-aversionrisk-aversionrisk-seekingprobability-weightinghyperbolic-discountingtemporal-discountingintertemporal-choiceoptimal-foragingmarginal-value-theoremprey-choicepatch-choicediet-breadthcentral-place-foragingload-sizetravel-timehandling-timesearch-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-handlingprey-detectionprey-pursuitprey-captureprey-consumptionprey-rejectioningestion-ratedigestion-rateassimilation-efficiencyproduction-efficiencyecological-efficiencytrophic-transfer-efficiencyLindeman-efficiencyten-percent-rulepyramid-of-numberspyramid-of-biomasspyramid-of-energyfood-chaintrophic-networkenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cyclehydrological-cycleatmospheric-circulationocean-circulationthermohaline-circulationEl-NiñoLa-NiñaENSONAOAOPDOAMOclimate-oscillationclimate-anomalyweather-extremedroughtfloodheat-wavecold-snapstormhurricanetyphooncyclonetornadothunderstormlightningwildfirevolcanic-eruptionearthquaketsunamilandslideavalanchemeteor-impactmass-extinctionbackground-extinctionspeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationturnoverstanding-diversityfossil-recordtaphonomypreservation-biassampling-biascollection-biaspublication-biascitation-biaslanguage-biasgeographic-biastemporal-biastaxonomic-biassize-biasabundance-biashabitat-biasfacies-biasLagerstätteKonservat-LagerstätteKonzentrat-Lagerstättetrace-fossilbody-fossilchemical-fossilmolecular-fossilbiomarkerisotope-signaturepaleoclimate-proxypaleoecologypaleobiogeographypaleoecosystempaleocommunitypaleoenvironmentpaleogeographypaleolatitudepaleolongitudecontinental-driftplate-tectonicsseafloor-spreadingsubductionorogenymountain-buildingbasin-formationsedimentationerosionweatheringsoil-formationpedogenesishorizon-developmentprofile-developmentchronosequencetoposequencebiosequenceclimosequencelandformgeomorphologytopographyreliefelevationslopeaspectcurvatureroughnessdrainagewatershedcatchmentbasinsubbasinreachsegmentzonerifflepoolrunglidecascadewaterfallwetlandmarshswampbogfenmirepeatlandtundrataigaboreal-foresttemperate-foresttemperate-rainforesttemperate-grasslandtropical-foresttropical-rainforesttropical-dry-foresttropical-savannatropical-grasslanddeserthot-desertcold-desertsemiaridsteppeprairiepampasveldsavannawoodlandshrublandchaparralmaquisgariguefynboskwonganmalleemulgamogotekarstcavesinkholedolinepoljeuvalaponorspringseepoasiswadiarroyogullyravinecanyongorgevalleydaleglenstrathriftgrabenhorstfaultfoldanticlinesynclinemonoclinedomeplateaumesabutteescarpmentbluffcliffcragtorinselbergbornhardtkopjehillknollmoundridgespursaddlepasscolgapnotchcleftfissurejointbedding-planefoliationlineationcleavageschistositygneissic-bandingmagmalavaigneous-rocksedimentary-rockmetamorphic-rockmineralcrystalgraintexturestructurefabriccompositionchemistrymineralogypetrologygeochemistrygeophysicsgeochronologyradiometric-datingisotopic-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologylichenometryarchaeomagnetismpaleomagnetismthermoluminescenceoptically-stimulated-luminescenceelectron-spin-resonancecosmogenic-nuclideexposure-datingburial-datingterrestrial-cosmogenic-nuclidein-situ-cosmogenic-nuclidemeteoric-cosmogenic-nuclidefallout-radionuclidelead-210cesium-137plutoniumamericiumradiocarboncarbon-14calibration-curveintcalmarine-reservoir-effectterrestrial-reservoir-effecthard-water-effectcontaminationpretreatmentcombustiongraphitizationaccelerator-mass-spectrometryliquid-scintillation-countinggas-proportional-countingbeta-countinggamma-spectrometryalpha-spectrometrymass-spectrometryinductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometrythermal-ionization-mass-spectrometrysecondary-ion-mass-spectrometrylaser-ablation-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometryelectron-microprobescanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopylight-microscopyconfocal-microscopyfluorescence-microscopypolarizing-microscopyphase-contrast-microscopydifferential-interference-contrast-microscopydark-field-microscopybright-field-microscopystereomicroscopydissecting-microscopymicrotomysectioningstainingmountingembeddingfixationpreservationcollectioncurationvoucheringrepositoryherbariummuseumarchivedatabaseregistrycataloguechecklistinventorysurveymonitoringassessmentevaluationappraisalauditreviewsynthesisrapid-reviewscoping-reviewnarrative-reviewcritical-reviewstate-of-the-art-reviewliterature-reviewbibliometric-analysiscitation-analysisco-citation-analysisbibliographic-couplingco-authorship-analysiscollaboration-networkknowledge-mapconcept-mapontologytaxonomyclassificationnomenclaturetypificationdesignationdescriptiondiagnosisillustrationmeasurementmorphometrymeristicscountratioindexscorerankgradescalelevelcategoryclassgroupsetsubsetclustercladelineagebranchstemcrownrootnodetipterminalinternalbasalderivedancestralplesiomorphicapomorphicsynapomorphicautapomorphichomologoushomoplasticconvergentparallelreversalgainlossduplicationdeletioninsertioninversionfusionfissionpolyploidyaneuploidychromosome-numbergenome-sizegene-numbertranscriptomeproteomemetabolomelipidomeglycomeinteractomephenomeconnectomeepigenomemicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomephytobiomerhizobiomeendobiomeectobiomeparasitomepathobiomediseasometoxomeexposomefoodomenutriomepharmacometoxicomeadverse-outcome-pathwaymode-of-actionmechanism-of-actiontarget-sitereceptor-bindingenzyme-inhibitionion-channel-blockademembrane-disruptionDNA-intercalationinflammationcell-differentiationcell-migrationcell-adhesioncell-signalingsignal-transductiongene-expressiontranscriptiontranslationpost-translational-modificationprotein-foldingprotein-degradationprotein-traffickingvesicle-transportexocytosisendocytosisphagocytosispinocytosismitophagypexophagyribophagyER-phagylysophagylipophagyglycophagyferritinophagyaggrephagyxenophagyentosiscytosissyncytiumplasmodesmatagap-junctiontight-junctionadherens-junctiondesmosomehemidesmosomefocal-adhesioncell-polaritycell-asymmetrycell-divisionmitosismeiosiscytokinesiskaryokinesischromosome-segregationspindle-assemblycheckpointDNA-replicationDNA-recombinationtranspositionretrotranspositionhorizontal-gene-transfervertical-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-phenotypeniche-constructionecosystem-engineeringkeystone-processecological-functionecosystem-functionecosystem-goodnatural-capitalnatural-resourcerenewable-resourcenon-renewable-resourcecommon-pool-resourcepublic-goodprivate-goodclub-goodexternalitymarket-failuregovernment-failurepolicy-failureinstitutional-failuretragedy-of-the-commonsfree-ridercollective-actionsocial-dilemmaprisoner's-dilemmachicken-gameassurance-gamecoordination-gamezero-sum-gamepositive-sum-gamenegative-sum-gamewin-winlose-losewin-losePareto-optimalPareto-improvementKaldor-Hicks-improvementcost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisdecision-support-systemexpert-systemknowledge-based-systemrule-based-systemcase-based-reasoningmachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinedecision-treeregression-treeclassification-treeclustering-algorithmdimensionality-reductionfeature-selectionfeature-extractionpattern-recognitionimage-analysissignal-processingtime-series-analysisspatial-analysisgeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imageryaerial-photographydrone-imageryLiDARradarsonarseismicgeophysicalgeochemicalbiogeochemicalecoinformaticsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologysynthetic-biologybiotechnologynanotechnologygenetic-engineeringgenome-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasetransgeniccisgenicintragenicsubgenicagrobacterium-mediated-transformationbiolisticselectroporationmicroinjectionprotoplast-fusionsomatic-hybridizationcybridasymmetric-hybridsynthetic-polyploiddoubled-haploidhaploid-inductionanther-culturemicrospore-cultureovule-cultureembryo-cultureendosperm-cultureprotoplast-culturecell-culturetissue-cultureorgan-cultureshoot-cultureroot-culturecallus-culturesuspension-culturebioreactorhairy-root-culturetransformationhardeningmicropropagationclonal-propagationmeristem-cultureshoot-tip-cultureaxillary-bud-culturenodal-cultureleaf-culturepetiole-culturestem-cultureinternode-culturerhizome-culturebulb-culturecorm-culturetuber-cultureseed-culturezygotic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryogenesisorganogenesiscaulogenesisrhizogenesisadventitious-shoot-formationdirect-regenerationindirect-regenerationprimary-metabolismsecondary-metabolismbiosynthesisbiotransformationbioconversionbiodegradationbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationbioaugmentationbiostimulationnatural-attenuationmonitored-natural-attenuationengineered-natural-attenuationpermeable-reactive-barrierpump-and-treatsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingthermal-desorptionincinerationlandfillingcontainmentcappingslurry-wallgrout-curtainsheet-pilingclay-linergeomembranegeotextilegeogridgeocompositegeosyntheticgeofabricgeonetgeocellgeopipegeostripgeofoamgeobaggeotubegeocontainergeomatgeoblanketgeospacergeodraingeoinjectiongeogroutgeopiergeocolumngeopilegeowallgeobermgeotrenchgeocutgeofillgeoliftgeoslabgeopanelgeoblockgeobrickgeotilegeopavergeowebgeomattressgeocushion