Phototaxis
Guides
Acrossus rufipes
Night-flying Dung Beetle
Acrossus rufipes is a scarab beetle commonly known as the night-flying dung beetle. The species is notable for its strong negative phototaxis, remaining buried in soil or dung during daylight and emerging only after dark to fly and seek food or mates. It is among the largest members of its genus, with a robust body adapted for burrowing using its shovel-shaped head. The species has experienced taxonomic instability, having been classified under Aphodius before returning to Acrossus.
Carpophilus hemipterus
dried-fruit beetle
Carpophilus hemipterus is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae known as the dried-fruit beetle. It is a cosmopolitan pest of ripening and dried fruits, with documented infestations on dates, litchi, mango, guava, papaya, and stone fruits. The species exhibits strong aggregation behavior mediated by pheromones and shows phototactic flight responses that transition readily to vegetative orientation upon encountering food odors. It completes multiple generations per season in warm climates, with population peaks correlating with temperature and humidity optima. Both adults and larvae cause direct damage to fruits and can vector microorganisms associated with fermentation and aflatoxin production.
Hylesia
Hylesia is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae, subfamily Hemileucinae, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1820. Species in this genus are distributed across South and Central America, with well-documented populations in Brazil, Venezuela, French Guiana, Colombia, Argentina, and Paraguay. The genus is notable for causing lepidopterism—a medical condition involving skin and respiratory reactions from contact with urticating setae (bristles) on adult females. Several species, particularly H. metabus and H. nigricans, are significant public health concerns due to seasonal outbreaks of dermatitis.
Lethocerus
giant water bugs, toe biters, electric light bugs
Lethocerus is a genus of large predatory aquatic true bugs in the family Belostomatidae. Members are among the largest true bugs, with some species exceeding 12 cm in length. The genus is distinguished from related genera by specific morphological features of the fore femur and parasternites. Unlike other giant water bugs, females do not deposit eggs on males' backs; instead, eggs are laid on emergent vegetation above the waterline and guarded by males. The genus shows greatest diversity in the Americas, with limited representation in Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia.
Limulidae
Horseshoe Crabs
Limulidae is a family of marine arthropods comprising four extant species: Limulus polyphemus in North America and three Indo-Pacific species (Tachypleus tridentatus, T. gigas, and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda). These organisms possess a distinctive horseshoe-shaped prosoma, long telson, and compound eyes. Populations are declining globally, with T. tridentatus classified as Endangered by the IUCN. The family is notable for its ancient evolutionary lineage and biomedical importance due to hemolymph containing endotoxin-sensitive coagulation factors.
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
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Megatoma is a genus of dermestid beetles (family Dermestidae) distributed across the Palearctic, Near East, and Nearctic regions. The genus contains approximately 23 described species, including the well-studied Megatoma undata (Linnaeus, 1758). Species within this genus are associated with stored products and natural habitats where they feed on dried organic matter. Larval stages have been documented in detail for some species, showing characteristic dermestid morphology with specialized setae.
Orchestia grillus
beach hopper, saltmarsh amphipod
Orchestia grillus is a saltmarsh amphipod in the family Talitridae, found in South America. It is notable for its role in studies of parasite-manipulated behavior, specifically involving infection by the trematode Levinseniella byrdi. Infected individuals display bright orange coloration and altered habitat use compared to uninfected individuals. The species is currently recognized as a synonym of Speziorchestia grillus in some taxonomic databases.
Pangaeus
burrower bugs
Pangaeus is a genus of burrower bugs in the family Cydnidae (Hemiptera), comprising approximately 14 described species. Members are fossorial insects adapted for subterranean life, with species distributed across the Americas. The genus includes significant agricultural pests, most notably P. bilineatus, which damages peanut crops in the southeastern United States. Species exhibit morphological adaptations for burrowing, including stout, spiny forelegs.
Rhinoncomimus
Rhinoncomimus is a genus of minute seed weevils in the family Curculionidae, established by Wagner in 1940. The genus comprises approximately eight described species distributed in Eastern Asia, with China representing a center of diversity. One species, R. latipes (the mile-a-minute weevil), has been extensively studied and deployed as a biological control agent for the invasive vine Persicaria perfoliata in North America. The genus is characterized by host associations with Polygonaceae, particularly Persicaria and Polygonum species.
Sapphirina
Sea Sapphires
Sapphirina is a genus of marine planktonic copepods in the family Sapphirinidae, commonly known as sea sapphires. Males exhibit striking iridescent structural coloration ranging from gold to deep blue, produced by multilayered guanine crystal plates beneath the dorsal cuticle. Females are translucent and lack this coloration. The genus comprises specialized predators of pelagic tunicates (salps), with some species exhibiting a complex life history involving both parasitic and predatory phases.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
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Comal Springs dryopid beetle (for sole species S. comalensis)
Stygoparnus is a monotypic genus of dryopid beetles containing the single species Stygoparnus comalensis, known as the Comal Springs dryopid beetle. The genus is endemic to central Texas spring systems fed by the Edwards Aquifer. Its sole member is a federally endangered, subterranean-obligate aquatic beetle with vestigial eyes and reduced pigmentation. The genus represents the only known aquatic lineage within the family Dryopidae.