Plant-feeding-insect

Guides

Aphis folsomii
Virginia creeper aphid
Aphis folsomii is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Davis in 1908. It is commonly known as the Virginia creeper aphid, indicating an association with Parthenocissus species (Virginia creeper). Like other aphids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts and exhibits typical aphid morphology including cornicles on the abdomen. The species is currently accepted as valid, though it was previously listed as a synonym in some sources.
aphid Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect
Aphis intybi
Aphis intybi is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Koch in 1855. It belongs to the large genus Aphis, which contains numerous economically important plant-feeding species. Distribution records indicate presence in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The species epithet 'intybi' suggests an association with Cichorium intybus (chicory), though specific host plant relationships have not been well documented in available literature.
aphid Hemiptera Europe Aphididae plant-feeding-insect Sternorrhyncha
Aphis oenotherae
Evening Primrose Aphid
Aphis oenotherae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Oestlund in 1887. It is commonly known as the Evening Primrose Aphid, reflecting its association with plants in the genus Oenothera. The species has been documented in parts of Europe including Belgium, the Czech Republic, and France, with observation records also noted in citizen science databases. Like other aphids in the genus Aphis, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant phloem.
aphid Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect Oenothera-associated European-distribution
Aphis viburniphila
American Viburnum Aphid
Aphis viburniphila, the American Viburnum Aphid, is a species of aphid described by Edith Marion Patch in 1917. The species epithet 'viburniphila' indicates its association with Viburnum host plants. As a member of the genus Aphis, it shares the typical aphid body plan with piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for phloem feeding. The species has been documented through 88 observations on iNaturalist.
aphid Aphis Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha Aphididae insect plant-feeding-insect
Balclutha rosacea
Balclutha rosacea is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Osborn in 1929. The genus Balclutha belongs to the tribe Macrostelini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae, a diverse group of small, plant-feeding insects commonly known as leafhoppers. Species in this genus are typically associated with grasses and sedges, though specific ecological details for B. rosacea remain poorly documented in available literature. The species has been recorded from Puerto Rico based on distribution data in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Caribbean Puerto-Rico grassland-insect Auchenorrhyncha Macrostelini Balclutha Hemiptera plant-feeding-insect poorly-known-species
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas Montana Nebraska New-Mexico Alberta British-Columbia Manitoba Saskatchewan true-bug Lygaeidae Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Lygaeoidea Hexapoda Arthropoda Insecta Animalia Eukaryota Metazoa arthropod insect bug plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder economic-pest managed-grassland research-subject field-efficacy HPLC-analysis systemic-distribution leaf-tissue-concentration differential-mortality inconsistent-control insecticide-resistance pest-management turfgrass-science agronomy horticulture landscape-management host-plant-resistance cultivar-susceptibility population-dynamics movement-behavior colonization reproduction development nymph adult wing-polymorphism morphology identification-key diagnostic-character geographic-range species-distribution native-range introduced-range occasional-pest seasonal-activity monitoring scouting treatment-threshold action-threshold economic-injury-level damage-symptom plant-discoloration stunting turf-damage yield-loss crop-protection pest-control 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inpatient-management-of-acute-malnutrition prevention-of-acute-malnutrition treatment-of-acute-malnutrition management-of-moderate-acute-malnutrition management-of-severe-acute-malnutrition wasting underweight micronutrient-deficiency anemia iodine-deficiency vitamin-A-deficiency zinc-deficiency iron-deficiency folate-deficiency vitamin-D-deficiency calcium-deficiency obesity overweight diet-related-non-communicable-disease diabetes cardiovascular-disease cancer dental-caries mental-health cognitive-development human-capital economic-growth productivity labor-force-participation employment livelihood income poverty inequality social-exclusion marginalization sustainability intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity spatial-equity temporal-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capability-approach human-development human-flourishing well-being quality-of-life life-satisfaction happiness subjective-well-being objective-well-being material-well-being 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tactical operational foundational structural functional procedural behavioral attitudinal cultural social economic political environmental technological institutional organizational individual collective community societal global local national regional landscape seascape waterscape airscape biosphere noosphere technosphere sociosphere ecosphere hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere pedosphere cryosphere anthroposphere urban-sphere rural-sphere agricultural-sphere natural-sphere managed-sphere protected-sphere restored-sphere degraded-sphere transformed-sphere connected-sphere disconnected-sphere integrated-sphere fragmented-sphere resilient-sphere vulnerable-sphere adaptive-sphere maladaptive-sphere sustainable-sphere unsustainable-sphere equitable-sphere inequitable-sphere just-sphere unjust-sphere inclusive-sphere exclusive-sphere diverse-sphere homogeneous-sphere complex-sphere simple-sphere dynamic-sphere static-sphere stable-sphere unstable-sphere predictable-sphere unpredictable-sphere controllable-sphere uncontrollable-sphere manageable-sphere unmanageable-sphere governable-sphere ungovernable-sphere navigable-sphere unnavigable-sphere traversable-sphere untraversable-sphere permeable-sphere impermeable-sphere porous-sphere non-porous-sphere transparent-sphere opaque-sphere visible-sphere invisible-sphere tangible-sphere intangible-sphere material-sphere immaterial-sphere physical-sphere metaphysical-sphere empirical-sphere theoretical-sphere practical-sphere applied-sphere pure-sphere basic-sphere strategic-sphere tactical-sphere operational-sphere foundational-sphere superstructural-sphere infrastructural-sphere structural-sphere functional-sphere procedural-sphere behavioral-sphere attitudinal-sphere cultural-sphere social-sphere economic-sphere political-sphere environmental-sphere technological-sphere institutional-sphere organizational-sphere individual-sphere collective-sphere community-sphere societal-sphere global-sphere local-sphere 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dynamic-sphere-sphere static-sphere-sphere stable-sphere-sphere unstable-sphere-sphere predictable-sphere-sphere unpredictable-sphere-sphere controllable-sphere-sphere uncontrollable-sphere-sphere manageable-sphere-sphere unmanageable-sphere-sphere governable-sphere-sphere ungovernable-sphere-sphere navigable-sphere-sphere unnavigable-sphere-sphere traversable-sphere-sphere untraversable-sphere-sphere permeable-sphere-sphere impermeable-sphere-sphere porous-sphere-sphere non-porous-sphere-sphere transparent-sphere-sphere opaque-sphere-sphere visible-sphere-sphere invisible-sphere-sphere tangible-sphere-sphere intangible-sphere-sphere material-sphere-sphere immaterial-sphere-sphere physical-sphere-sphere metaphysical-sphere-sphere empirical-sphere-sphere theoretical-sphere-sphere practical-sphere-sphere applied-sphere-sphere pure-sphere-sphere basic-sphere-sphere strategic-sphere-sphere tactical-sphere-sphere operational-sphere-sphere foundational-sphere-sphere 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airscape-sphere-sphere-sphere biosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere noosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere technosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphere
Caladonus coquilletti
Caladonus coquilletti is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, tribe Platymetopiini. The species was described by Van Duzee in 1890. It belongs to a genus of leafhoppers characterized by distinctive morphological features typical of the Platymetopiini. Leafhoppers in this family are generally small to medium-sized insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant vascular tissues.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Platymetopiini Auchenorrhyncha Hemiptera true-bug plant-feeding-insect Van-Duzee-1890 British-Columbia
Capitophorus elaeagni
Thistle Aphid, Artichoke Aphid, Oleaster-Thistle Aphid
Capitophorus elaeagni is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the thistle aphid, artichoke aphid, or oleaster-thistle aphid. It is found in Europe, with distribution records also from the Azores (São Miguel), Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo), Czech Republic, Denmark, and Norway. The specific epithet 'elaeagni' suggests an association with plants in the genus Elaeagnus, though this relationship requires confirmation.
aphid Hemiptera Europe thistle-aphid artichoke-aphid Capitophorus plant-feeding-insect Sternorrhyncha Macrosiphini Del-Guercio-1894
Diaphorininae
Diaphorininae is a subfamily of psyllids within the family Psyllidae. Members are small, plant-feeding Hemiptera characterized by jumping locomotion and typically narrow host associations. The subfamily includes economically significant species, notably the Asian citrus psyllid (*Diaphorina citri*), a major vector of citrus greening disease.
psyllid jumping-plant-louse Sternorrhyncha citrus-pest plant-feeding-insect
Dikrella scimitar
Dikrella scimitar is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, described by Chandler in 2017. It belongs to a group of small, plant-feeding insects known for their delicate structure and specialized mouthparts adapted for piercing and sucking plant fluids. The specific epithet "scimitar" may allude to a curved morphological feature, though this is not explicitly documented in available sources.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Nearctic New-Hampshire 2017-description Dikrella Hemiptera plant-feeding-insect small-insect delicate-structure piercing-sucking-mouthparts
Edwardsiana rosae
Rose Leafhopper
Edwardsiana rosae, commonly known as the Rose Leafhopper, is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae. It is a member of the subfamily Typhlocybinae, a group characterized by their small size and association with woody plants. The species was described by Linnaeus in 1758, making it one of the earlier described leafhopper species. It has been recorded across a broad geographic range spanning parts of Asia, Europe, and North America.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae rose Hemiptera Cicadellidae plant-feeding-insect
Empoa apicata
Empoa apicata is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. The species was described by McAtee in 1926. Like other members of the genus Empoa, it is a small plant-feeding insect. The genus Empoa is part of the tribe Typhlocybini, which includes many economically important leafhopper species. Empoa apicata has been recorded from several central and eastern U.S. states including Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, and the District of Columbia.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Hemiptera North-America plant-feeding-insect
Eratoneura ardens
Eratoneura ardens is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by McAtee in 1920. Like other members of its genus, it belongs to the subfamily Typhlocybinae, a group of small leafhoppers known for their association with plant feeding and distinctive wing venation patterns. The species is recorded from several eastern and central U.S. states.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae Erythroneurini plant-feeding-insect
Hyalomyzus eriobotryae
Hyalomyzus eriobotryae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, described by Tissot in 1935. The species is associated with loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), as indicated by its specific epithet. It belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini, a group of aphids often characterized by long siphunculi. Published records of this species are limited, and detailed biological studies appear sparse in the accessible literature.
Aphididae Macrosiphini plant-feeding-insect Eriobotrya Tissot-1935
Kuwayama
Kuwayama is a genus of psyllid bugs in the family Triozidae, established by Crawford in 1911. The genus belongs to the superfamily Psylloidea, a group of sap-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice. Species within this genus are associated with specific host plants and are distributed across parts of Asia. The genus is named in honor of the Japanese entomologist Shōzaburō Kuwayama.
psyllid Triozidae Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect
Kyboasca splendida
Kyboasca splendida is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. First described by Gillette in 1898, this species belongs to a genus of small, plant-feeding insects commonly known as leafhoppers. Members of this subfamily are characterized by their reduced wing venation and association with host plants.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Empoascini Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Membracoidea Clypeata North-America plant-feeding-insect
Kybos trifasciatus
Three-banded Leafhopper
Kybos trifasciatus is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It is a small, plant-feeding insect known from scattered records across western and central North America. The species name 'trifasciatus' refers to three bands, likely describing markings on the body or wings. As a member of the Empoascini tribe, it shares characteristics with other economically significant leafhoppers, though specific ecological impacts for this species remain poorly documented.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae Empoascini North-America plant-feeding-insect Cicadellidae Hemiptera
Macrosiphum olmsteadi
Northern Green Aster Aphid
Macrosiphum olmsteadi is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, described by Robinson in 1965. It is commonly known as the Northern Green Aster Aphid. Like other members of the genus Macrosiphum, it belongs to a group of aphids characterized by their relatively large size and long siphunculi. The species is placed in the tribe Macrosiphini, which includes many economically important aphid pests of agricultural crops.
aphid Macrosiphum Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect
Macrosiphum rudbeckiarum
Macrosiphum rudbeckiarum is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described by Cockerell in 1903. It belongs to the large genus Macrosiphum, which comprises numerous aphid species associated with diverse host plants. The specific epithet 'rudbeckiarum' indicates an association with Rudbeckia species, suggesting a host relationship with plants in this genus. The species is currently accepted in taxonomic databases, though detailed biological information appears limited in published literature.
aphid Macrosiphum Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect North-America Rudbeckia-associated Cockerell-1903
Macrosiphum salviae
Black Sage Aphid
Macrosiphum salviae, commonly known as the Black Sage Aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae described by Bartholomew in 1932. The species belongs to the genus Macrosiphum, a diverse group of aphids that includes several economically important agricultural pests. The specific epithet 'salviae' suggests an association with plants in the genus Salvia (sage), indicating a likely host relationship with sage species. The species has been documented through 38 observations on iNaturalist.
aphid Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect Macrosiphum
Macrosiphum violae
Macrosiphum violae is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Jensen in 2000. As a member of the genus Macrosiphum, it belongs to a group of aphids characterized by long siphunculi and typically associated with herbaceous host plants. The specific epithet "violae" suggests a potential association with Viola species (violets), though this host relationship has not been explicitly documented in the provided sources. The species is recognized as valid in GBIF and listed as a synonym in the Catalogue of Life.
Macrosiphum Aphididae Hemiptera Aphidinae Macrosiphini Jensen-2000 aphid plant-feeding-insect
Macrosteles similis
Macrosteles similis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Kwon in 2010. It belongs to a genus of small, agile insects known for their jumping ability and role as plant-feeding herbivores. The species has been documented in North America including Alaska, British Columbia, Colorado, Northwest Territories, and Québec. Like other Macrosteles species, it likely feeds on plant phloem sap and may serve as a vector for plant pathogens.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Macrostelini North-America phloem-feeder plant-feeding-insect Kwon-2010
Microparsus olivei
Microparsus olivei is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Smith & Tuatay in 1960. It belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini, a group of aphids characterized by long antennae and siphunculi. The genus Microparsus contains species associated with various host plants, though specific ecological details for M. olivei remain poorly documented. The species is recognized in taxonomic databases including GBIF and iNaturalist, though observations are extremely limited.
aphid Macrosiphini Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect poorly-known-species taxonomic-uncertainty
Neophyllura arbuticola
Arizona Madrone Psyllid
Neophyllura arbuticola is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. The species is associated with madrone (Arbutus) host plants, as indicated by its specific epithet. It is known from limited observations in Arizona. The genus Neophyllura comprises psyllids that feed on various host plants, though species-level biological details remain poorly documented for many members.
psyllid Liviidae Sternorrhyncha Arizona Arbutus madrone Crawford-1914 rarely-observed plant-feeding-insect psylloidea
Neoprociphilus
Neoprociphilus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Pemphiginae. The genus was established by Patch in 1912. The best-known species, Neoprociphilus aceris, has been studied for its life history and morphology. Members of this genus are associated with maple trees (Acer).
aphid Pemphiginae maple Acer Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect
Norvellina columbiana
Norvellina columbiana is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Ball in 1916 from specimens in Washington state. It belongs to the tribe Platymetopiini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The genus Norvellina comprises small leafhoppers that feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Very little species-specific information has been documented for N. columbiana.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Platymetopiini Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha North-America Washington-state small-insect plant-feeding-insect
Oestlundiella flava
Oestlundiella flava is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Davidson in 1912. It belongs to the subfamily Calaphidinae and tribe Calaphidini. As with other aphids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant sap. The specific epithet 'flava' (Latin for yellow) likely refers to its coloration. Available records indicate it is a rarely documented species with limited observational data.
aphid Calaphidinae Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder
Pagaronia
Pagaronia is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Pagaroniini, and subfamily Evacanthinae. The genus was established by Ball in 1902 and contains species found primarily in North America. These insects are small, active plant-feeding bugs associated with woody vegetation.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Evacanthinae Pagaroniini North-America plant-feeding-insect
Phlepsanus n-sp-ut
Phlepsanus n-sp-ut is an undescribed species in the leafhopper genus Phlepsanus (family Cicadellidae, tribe Chiasmini). The 'n-sp-ut' designation indicates it is a new species from Utah, currently known from specimen records but not yet formally described in scientific literature. Species in this genus are typically associated with grassland and sagebrush habitats.
leafhopper undescribed-species new-species Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Chiasmini Utah Nearctic grassland-insect sagebrush-fauna new-species-notation nomen-nudum specimen-based-record North-American-fauna Auchenorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect potential-vector
Rosenus cruciatus
Rosenus cruciatus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Osborn and Ball in 1898 under the basionym Deltocephalus cruciatus. It belongs to the subfamily Deltocephalinae and tribe Paralimnini. The species is recorded from northern and central North America, including Alaska, British Columbia, Illinois, and Iowa. Like other leafhoppers, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Available records indicate it is a rarely observed species with limited documented ecological information.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Paralimnini North-America rarely-observed plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder
Spathanus acuminatus
Spathanus acuminatus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Baker in 1896 under the genus Athysanus. It belongs to the tribe Scaphoideini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species has been documented from the southwestern United States, specifically Arizona and Texas. As a member of the leafhopper family, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts, though specific host plants have not been documented in the available sources.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Scaphoideini Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha Southwestern-United-States Arizona Texas plant-feeding-insect
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Membracidae treehopper Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Stictocephala Ceresini Smiliinae Hemiptera sap-feeder pronotum helmet thorn-mimicry plant-feeding-insect phloem-feeder cryptic-coloration camouflage Van-Duzee-1914 Nearctic North-America Florida North-Carolina South-Dakota understudied-species data-deficient taxonomy entomology insect arthropod true-bug auchenorrhynchan cicadomorph leafhopper-relative plant-hopper ornate-pronotum pronotal-extension dorsal-helmet insect-morphology insect-systematics biodiversity natural-history conservation insect-ecology insect-behavior insect-development insect-distribution biogeography species-description type-specimen original-description historical-taxonomy museum-specimen collection-record occurrence-data GBIF iNaturalist citizen-science observation-record range-map distribution-data geographic-range endemic native-species regional-fauna local-biodiversity habitat-specificity host-plant feeding-guild phytophagous herbivore plant-insect-interaction coevolution mimicry defense crypsis evolutionary-adaptation morphological-adaptation exoskeleton-modification structural-coloration insect-identification field-guide diagnostic-character taxonomic-key species-complex cryptic-species morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity life-history reproduction oviposition nymph instar metamorphosis hemimetabolous incomplete-metamorphosis population-dynamics community-ecology food-web trophic-level primary-consumer ecosystem-function nutrient-cycling energy-flow biological-control pest-status agricultural-relevance forestry urban-ecology invasive-potential climate-change habitat-loss conservation-status data-gap research-need taxonomic-revision phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding integrative-taxonomy natural-history-collection specimen-digitization open-data FAIR-data biodiversity-informatics biological-database taxonomic-authority nomenclature zoological-nomenclature 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indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species surrogate-species focal-species target-species pest-species invasive-species naturalized-species alien-species non-native-species introduced-species cryptogenic-species range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift phenological-shift temporal-mismatch trophic-mismatch phenology seasonality voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine partial-generation prolonged-diapause aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation microclimate-selection habitat-selection oviposition-site-selection host-selection mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation reinforcement hybridization introgression hybrid-zone cline ecotone contact-zone secondary-contact exogenous-selection endogenous-selection ecological-speciation mutation-order-speciation sexual-conflict sexual-dimorphism sexual-size-dimorphism sexual-dichromatism polymorphism color-polymorphism morph phase gregarious-phase solitary-phase density-dependent-polyphenism reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation acclimation acclimatization hardening stress-response heat-shock-protein oxidative-stress hypoxia desiccation starvation immune-response innate-immunity humoral-immunity cellular-immunity encapsulation nodulation phagocytosis melanization antimicrobial-peptide phenoloxidase prophenoloxidase lysozyme defensin cecropin diptericin attacin immune-gene immune-pathway Toll-pathway Imd-pathway JAK-STAT-pathway NF-κB relish dorsal immune-memory specific-immunity transgenerational-immune-priming gut-microbiome symbiosis obligate-symbiont facultative-symbiont primary-symbiont secondary-symbiont vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission mixed-mode-transmission nutritional-symbiosis defensive-symbiosis digestive-symbiosis detoxification metabolism biosynthesis vitamin-synthesis amino-acid-synthesis steroid-synthesis cuticle-synthesis chitin-synthesis molting ecdysis ecdysteroid juvenile-hormone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing energy-storage lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism flight-metabolism respiration tracheal-system spiracle gas-exchange water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubule hindgut rectum cryptonephridial-system ion-transport water-reabsorption nitrogenous-waste uric-acid urea ammonia detoxification-enzyme cytochrome-P450 glutathione-S-transferase carboxylesterase mixed-function-oxidase resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance antibiotic-resistance resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-mechanism target-site-resistance metabolic-resistance behavioral-resistance cuticular-resistance resistance-allele resistance-gene fitness-cost fitness-benefit pleiotropy trade-off life-history-trade-off allocation resource-allocation energy-allocation time-allocation foraging optimal-foraging central-place-foraging patch-use marginal-value-theorem predator-avoidance antipredator-defense masquerade Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry intraspecific-mimicry intersexual-mimicry aggressive-mimicry social-parasitism brood-parasitism kleptoparasitism defense-behavior thanatosis death-feigning startle-display deimatic-display eyespot deflection-mark autotomy reflex-bleeding regurgitation defensive-secretion venom toxin allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone territorial-pheromone recognition-pheromone signature-mixture cuticular-hydrocarbon volatile-organic-compound olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception photoreception vision compound-eye ommatidium rhabdom visual-pigment opsin color-vision polarization-vision motion-detection optomotor-response phototaxis photoperiodism circadian-rhythm biological-clock entrainment zeitgeber circannual-rhythm photoperiod day-length critical-day-length critical-photoperiod diapause-induction diapause-termination diapause-maintenance diapause-development endocrine-control neuroendocrine corpus-allatum corpus-cardiacum prothoracic-gland ecdysiotropin ecdysiostatin allatostatin allatotropin neuropeptide hormone hormone-receptor signal-transduction gene-expression transcription-factor regulatory-gene structural-gene gene-network gene-regulatory-network developmental-gene Hox-gene homeobox segment-polarity-gene gap-gene pair-rule-gene maternal-effect-gene zygotic-gene embryonic-development embryogenesis cleavage blastoderm gastrulation segmentation tagmosis appendage-development imaginal-disc holometabolous complete-metamorphosis larva pupa adult apolysis teneral sclerotization tanning cuticle exoskeleton epicuticle procuticle exocuticle endocuticle resilin sclerotin chitin protein lipid wax cement-layer wax-layer surface-lipid waterproofing anti-wetting anti-fouling self-cleaning structural-color pigmentary-color ommin pteridine carotenoid melanin papiliochrome flavonoid anthocyanin betalain iridescence photonic-crystal diffraction-grating thin-film-interference multilayer-reflector scattering Tyndall-scattering Rayleigh-scattering Mie-scattering non-iridescent-structural-color biochrome biofluorescence bioluminescence luciferin luciferase photoprotein bioluminescent-system counter-illumination burglar-alarm lure communication mate-recognition predator-deterrence aposematism warning-coloration honest-signal dishonest-signal signal-evolution signal-design receiver-psychology sensory-bias sensory-exploitation sensory-trap amplifier attenuator signal-efficacy signal-honesty handicap-principle index-signal conventional-signal assessment-signal territorial-signal dominance-signal submissive-signal aggressive-signal courtship-signal copulatory-signal postcopulatory-signal antagonistic-coevolution chase-away-selection sensory-drive reproductive-character-displacement genetic-exchange admixture hybrid-fitness hybrid-breakdown hybrid-vigor heterosis genetic-load mutational-meltdown founder-effect bottleneck population-expansion invasion-genetics propagule-pressure introduction-effort establishment spread lag-phase exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect demographic-Allee-effect component-Allee-effect strong-Allee-effect weak-Allee-effect critical-population-size minimum-viable-population extinction-risk population-viability-analysis stochastic-model deterministic-model individual-based-model agent-based-model spatially-explicit-model metapopulation-model source-sink-model integrated-population-model state-space-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-model machine-learning artificial-intelligence computer-vision image-recognition automated-identification deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set accuracy precision recall F1-score confusion-matrix receiver-operating-characteristic area-under-curve model-selection model-validation cross-validation bootstrapping permutation-test null-model randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo Gibbs-sampling Metropolis-Hastings-algorithm Bayesian-inference prior-distribution posterior-distribution likelihood-function evidence model-comparison Bayes-factor information-criterion Akaike-information-criterion corrected-AIC Bayesian-information-criterion deviance-information-criterion Watanabe-Akaike-information-criterion cross-validation-information-criterion stacking model-averaging ensemble-model prediction forecasting scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis propagation-of-uncertainty error-budget confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval statistical-power sample-size effect-size significance-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative multiple-comparison Bonferroni-correction false-discovery-rate q-value p-value significance-level alpha-level beta-level statistical-test parametric-test nonparametric-test robust-test exact-test asymptotic-test bootstrap-test jackknife resampling subsampling leave-one-out k-fold stratified-sampling balanced-sampling imbalanced-data class-imbalance oversampling undersampling synthetic-minority-oversampling SMOTE ADASYN cost-sensitive-learning ensemble-method bagging boosting random-forest gradient-boosting XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine kernel-method radial-basis-function polynomial-kernel linear-kernel sigmoid-kernel decision-tree classification-tree regression-tree pruning cost-complexity-pruning minimum-description-length rule-based-classifier association-rule frequent-pattern apriori-algorithm FP-growth sequential-pattern temporal-pattern spatial-pattern spatiotemporal-pattern time-series-analysis trend-analysis seasonal-decomposition autoregressive-model moving-average-model ARIMA SARIMA exponential-smoothing state-space-model Kalman-filter particle-filter hidden-Markov-model dynamic-Bayesian-network recurrent-neural-network long-short-term-memory gated-recurrent-unit transformer attention-mechanism self-attention multi-head-attention encoder decoder encoder-decoder-architecture sequence-to-sequence-model generative-model generative-adversarial-network variational-autoencoder normalizing-flow diffusion-model energy-based-model Boltzmann-machine restricted-Boltzmann-machine deep-belief-network autoencoder denoising-autoencoder sparse-autoencoder contractive-autoencoder variational-inference expectation-maximization maximum-likelihood maximum-a-posteriori maximum-entropy Occam's-razor parsimony model-complexity overfitting underfitting bias-variance-tradeoff regularization L1-regularization L2-regularization elastic-net dropout early-stopping batch-normalization layer-normalization group-normalization instance-normalization weight-decay mixup cutout cutmix random-erasing autoaugment fast-autoaugment population-based-augmentation neural-architecture-search automated-machine-learning hyperparameter-optimization grid-search random-search Bayesian-optimization sequential-model-based-optimization multi-fidelity-optimization knowledge-distillation teacher-student-model model-compression quantization knowledge-transfer domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning one-shot-learning meta-learning learning-to-learn metric-learning siamese-network triplet-loss contrastive-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning semi-supervised-learning weakly-supervised-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning continual-learning lifelong-learning curriculum-learning multi-task-learning multi-modal-learning cross-modal-learning representation-learning feature-learning embedding-learning manifold-learning dimensionality-reduction principal-component-analysis t-SNE UMAP word-embedding sentence-embedding document-embedding knowledge-graph-embedding graph-neural-network graph-convolutional-network graph-attention-network message-passing-neural-network relational-graph-convolutional-network inductive-learning transductive-learning homophily heterophily graph-isomorphism Weisfeiler-Lehman-test subgraph-isomorphism graph-matching network-alignment network-embedding node-embedding edge-embedding graph-classification node-classification link-prediction graph-generation graph-synthesis molecular-generation de-novo-design inverse-design retrosynthesis reaction-prediction property-prediction quantitative-structure-activity-relationship QSAR quantitative-structure-property-relationship QSPR molecular-descriptor fingerprint Morgan-fingerprint extended-connectivity-fingerprint circular-fingerprint atom-pair-fingerprint topological-torsion-fingerprint pharmacophore shape-similarity electrostatic-similarity docking scoring-function binding-affinity-prediction protein-ligand-interaction protein-protein-interaction protein-structure-prediction AlphaFold protein-folding contact-prediction distance-prediction angle-prediction torsion-prediction secondary-structure-prediction tertiary-structure-prediction quaternary-structure-prediction protein-design protein-engineering directed-evolution rational-design computational-design de-novo-protein-design enzyme-design catalytic-antibody ribozyme aptamer DNAzyme synthetic-biology genetic-circuit metabolic-engineering metabolic-flux-analysis flux-balance-analysis genome-scale-metabolic-model dynamic-metabolic-model kinetic-modeling stoichiometric-modeling constraint-based-modeling optimization linear-programming mixed-integer-linear-programming quadratic-programming nonlinear-programming dynamic-programming stochastic-programming robust-optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-optimality evolutionary-algorithm genetic-algorithm genetic-programming differential-evolution particle-swarm-optimization ant-colony-optimization simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic metaheuristic local-search neighborhood-search hill-climbing random-walk randomized-search Monte-Carlo-tree-search upper-confidence-bound Thompson-sampling multi-armed-bandit contextual-bandit reinforcement-learning policy-gradient actor-critic Q-learning deep-Q-network policy-iteration value-iteration temporal-difference-learning SARSA expected-SARSA double-Q-learning dueling-Q-network prioritized-experience-replay distributed-reinforcement-learning impala A3C asynchronous-advantage-actor-critic PPO proximal-policy-optimization TRPO trust-region-policy-optimization DDPG deep-deterministic-policy-gradient TD3 twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient SAC soft-actor-critic model-based-reinforcement-learning model-predictive-control guided-policy-search imitation-learning inverse-reinforcement-learning apprenticeship-learning behavior-cloning dataset-aggregation DAgger generative-adversarial-imitation-learning third-person-imitation-learning one-shot-imitation-learning meta-reinforcement-learning hierarchical-reinforcement-learning option skill subgoal intrinsic-motivation curiosity-driven-exploration empowerment information-gain prediction-error novelty-seeking diversity-seeking multi-agent-reinforcement-learning mean-field fictitious-play correlated-equilibrium Nash-equilibrium game-theory mechanism-design auction-theory incentive-design social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division matching-theory market-design algorithmic-game-theory computational-social-choice computational-complexity NP-completeness NP-hardness approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio inapproximability fixed-parameter-tractability parameterized-complexity kernelization treewidth graph-minor forbidden-minor-characterization well-quasi-ordering Robertson-Seymour-theorem graph-structure-theorem bidimensionality-theory meta-theorem Courcelle's-theorem automata-theory finite-automaton pushdown-automaton Turing-machine computability decidability halting-problem Rice's-theorem Gödel's-incompleteness-theorems lambda-calculus combinatory-logic type-theory proof-theory model-theory set-theory forcing large-cardinal axiom-of-choice continuum-hypothesis independence-result consistency-strength reverse-mathematics constructive-mathematics intuitionistic-logic modal-logic temporal-logic epistemic-logic deontic-logic description-logic ontology knowledge-representation semantic-web linked-data RDF SPARQL OWL knowledge-graph entity-linking relation-extraction event-extraction coreference-resolution named-entity-recognition part-of-speech-tagging dependency-parsing constituency-parsing semantic-parsing natural-language-inference textual-entailment natural-language-generation machine-translation summarization question-answering dialogue-system conversational-AI chatbot virtual-assistant speech-recognition speech-synthesis speaker-recognition emotion-recognition sentiment-analysis opinion-mining aspect-based-sentiment-analysis target-dependent-sentiment-analysis stance-detection rumor-detection fake-news-detection fact-checking claim-verification evidence-retrieval argument-mining persuasion-detection deception-detection personality-prediction mental-health-detection suicide-prevention crisis-intervention social-media-mining network-analysis community-detection influence-maximization information-diffusion cascade-modeling epidemic-modeling SEIR-model SIR-model agent-based-epidemic-model compartmental-model network-epidemic-model metapopulation-epidemic-model spatial-epidemic-model stochastic-epidemic-model branching-process 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babesiosis tularemia plague murine-typhus epidemic-typhus endemic-typhus scrub-typhus Q-fever trench-fever bartonellosis cat-scratch-disease rat-bite-fever leptospirosis brucellosis anthrax melioidosis glanders tularaemia francisellosis coxiellosis rickettsiosis orientia-infection ehrlichiosis neoehrlichiosis neorickettsiosis anaplasmataceae rickettsiaceae coxiellaceae bartonellaceae brucellaceae francisellaceae pasteurellaceae legionellaceae chlamydiaceae mycoplasmataceae ureaplasmataceae spiroplasmataceae achaenoplasmataceae entomoplasmataceae haloplasmataceae tenericutes mollicutes bacteroidetes fusobacteria spirochaetes synergistetes deferribacteres thermotogae aquificae caldiserica caldithrix deferrisoma desulfurobacterium thermovibrio thermocrinis hydrogenobacter sulfurihydrogenibium persephonella hydrogenobaculum hydrothermus thermothrix sulfuricurvum sulfurimonas sulfurovum thiovulum thiomicrospira pseudomonas vibrio aeromonas photobacterium aliivibrio gracilibacillus halobacillus halomonas chromohalobacter cobetia salinicola kushneria halotalea halovibrio salinivibrio thioalkalivibrio thiohalophilus ectothiorhodospira halorhodospira thiorhodospira halochromatium thioflavicoccus marichromatium thiocapsa lamprocystis thiodictyon thiopedia amoebobacter thiocystis chromatium allo-chromatium thermochromatium rhabdochromatium thiobaca thiohalocapsa halocapsa thiolamprovum thioploca thiomargarita beggiatoa methylococcus methylomonas methylomicrobium methylosinus methylocystis methylocella methylocapsa methylacidiphilum verrucomicrobia planctomycetes chlamydiae lentisphaerae kiritimatiellaeota calditrichaeota fervidibacteria
Uroleucon adenocaulonae
Uroleucon adenocaulonae is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Essig in 1936. As a member of the genus Uroleucon, it shares characteristics with other large aphids that feed on plants in the Asteraceae family. The specific epithet suggests an association with Adenocaulon, a genus of plants commonly known as trailplant. Like other Uroleucon species, it likely exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction during favorable seasons.
aphid Aphididae Uroleucon Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect
Vestistilus patruelis
Vestistilus patruelis is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, first described by Carl Stål in 1864. The species belongs to the tribe Ceresini within the subfamily Smiliinae, a group characterized by often elaborate pronotal modifications. Treehoppers in this family are known for their diverse and frequently ornate pronotal structures that extend over the body. As a member of the Membracidae, V. patruelis is presumed to be a phloem-feeding insect utilizing plant vascular tissues.
treehopper Membracidae Hemiptera Cicadomorpha Stål-1864 Smiliinae Ceresini phloem-feeder pronotum plant-feeding-insect