Rice
Guides
Balclutha jafara
Balclutha jafara is a leafhopper species native to Africa that was introduced to the Western Hemisphere by 2019. First detected in southern Florida in 2020 and in Colombian shipments entering the United States in 2019, it was previously known only from the Seychelles and Aldabra Islands. The species has since been documented across a broader African range including Kenya, South Africa, South Sudan, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Molecular analysis using COI barcodes confirmed its identity and revealed connections between populations on multiple continents.
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pestchinch-bugphloem-feederwarm-season-grass-pestbuffalograsszoysiagrassneonicotinoid-resistanceintegrated-pest-managementHemipteraBlissidaewestern-North-Americahost-preferencesystemic-insecticideagricultural-pestgrain-crop-pestsorghumcornwheatricebarleyoatsryecrabgrassfoxtailgoosegrassjohnsongrassbarnyardgrassfall-panicumtall-fescueKentucky-bluegrassperennial-ryegrasscreeping-bentgrassSt.-Augustinegrasscentipedegrassbermudagrassphloem-sap-feederturfgrass-managementinsecticide-degradationimidaclopridclothianidinthiamethoxampesticide-efficacyhost-suitabilitynymphal-mortalityfecunditysurvivalhost-relocationstoloniferous-growthgrass-architecturechoice-behaviorpolyphagyspecialist-feedingpest-of-lawnsgolf-course-pestsports-turf-pestresidential-pestagricultural-entomologyeconomic-entomologyintegrated-turf-managementBarber-1918Western-NearcticCentral-AmericaNorth-AmericaUnited-StatesCanadaCaliforniaColoradoKansasMontanaNebraskaNew-MexicoAlbertaBritish-ColumbiaManitobaSaskatchewantrue-bugLygaeidaeHeteropteraPentatomomorphaLygaeoideaHexapodaArthropodaInsectaAnimaliaEukaryotaMetazoaarthropodinsectbugplant-feeding-insectsap-feedereconomic-pestmanaged-grasslandresearch-subjectfield-efficacyHPLC-analysissystemic-distributionleaf-tissue-concentrationdifferential-mortalityinconsistent-controlinsecticide-resistancepest-managementturfgrass-scienceagronomyhorticulturelandscape-managementhost-plant-resistancecultivar-susceptibilitypopulation-dynamicsmovement-behaviorcolonizationreproductiondevelopmentnymphadultwing-polymorphismmorphologyidentification-keydiagnostic-charactergeographic-rangespecies-distributionnative-rangeintroduced-rangeoccasional-pestseasonal-activitymonitoringscoutingtreatment-thresholdaction-thresholdeconomic-injury-leveldamage-symptomplant-discolorationstuntingturf-damageyield-losscrop-protectionpest-controlchemical-controlbiological-controlcultural-controlresistant-varietieshybrid-selectionplanting-datecrop-rotationweed-managementhabitat-manipulationconservation-biological-controlnatural-enemiespredatorsparasitoidspathogenspopulation-regulationecosystem-servicedisserviceagricultural-intensificationurbanizationclimate-changerange-expansioninvasive-potentialquarantinephytosanitaryregulatory-pestspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmolecular-identificationDNA-barcodingmorphological-taxonomysystematicsphylogenyevolutionadaptationhost-racebiotypepopulation-geneticsgene-flowselection-pressureinsecticide-selectionresistance-managementintegrated-resistance-managementsustainable-agricultureecological-intensificationprecision-agriculturesmart-farmingdigital-agricultureremote-sensingproximal-sensingdecision-support-systemexpert-systemmodelingsimulationforecastingrisk-assessmentvulnerabilityexposuresensitivityadaptive-capacityresiliencetransformationfood-securitynutrition-securitylivelihoodsrural-developmenturban-agricultureperi-urban-agriculturegreen-infrastructurenature-based-solutionecosystem-approachOne-Healthplanetary-healthsustainability-sciencetransdisciplinary-researchstakeholder-engagementknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policyadaptive-governanceadaptive-managementlearning-by-doingparticipatory-researchcitizen-sciencecommunity-based-monitoringtraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgefarmer-knowledgepractitioner-knowledgeexpert-knowledgescientific-knowledgeknowledge-integrationknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationextensionadvisory-servicecapacity-buildingeducationtrainingawarenesscommunicationoutreachengagementpartnershipcollaborationnetworkplatformdatabaserepositoryopen-accessopen-dataopen-scienceFAIR-principlesdata-sharingdata-interoperabilitystandardizationharmonizationquality-assurancequality-controlmetadataprovenancetransparencyreproducibilityreplicabilityrigorrobustnessuncertaintyconfidencevalidationverificationcalibrationsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-making-under-uncertaintyprecautionary-principleadaptive-decision-makingrobust-decision-makingdynamic-adaptive-policy-pathwaysreal-options-analysisportfolio-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysiscost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysiseconomic-analysissocio-economic-analysisimpact-assessmentrisk-analysisvulnerability-assessmentadaptation-assessmentmitigation-assessmentsustainability-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentfootprint-analysismaterial-flow-analysisinput-output-analysiscomputable-general-equilibriumagent-based-modelingsystem-dynamicsBayesian-networkmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinegenetic-algorithmoptimizationheuristicmetaheuristicsimulation-modelprocess-based-modelstatistical-modelempirical-modelmechanistic-modelhybrid-modelensemble-modelmodel-selectionmodel-averagingmodel-validationmodel-calibrationmodel-evaluationgoodness-of-fitpredictive-performanceforecast-skillearly-warningearly-actionrapid-responseemergency-preparednesscontingency-planningcrisis-managementdisaster-risk-reductionresilience-buildingtransformational-adaptationincremental-adaptationmaladaptationadaptation-limitsadaptation-constraintsenabling-conditionsbarriersopportunitiesco-benefitstrade-offssynergiesantagonismsspillover-effectsleakageadditionalitypermanencereversibilityirreversibilitytipping-pointthresholdnon-linearitycomplexityemergenceself-organizationfeedbackcascading-effectteleconnectiontelecouplingspatial-heterogeneitytemporal-variabilityscalecross-scale-interactioncross-sectoral-interactioncross-disciplinary-integrationinterdisciplinaritytransdisciplinaritymode-2-knowledge-productionpost-normal-scienceextended-peer-communityboundary-workboundary-objecttrading-zonecontact-zonethird-spacehybrid-spaceliminal-spacereflexivitypositionalitysituated-knowledgestrong-objectivityfeminist-science-studiesscience-and-technology-studiesactor-network-theorysocial-construction-of-technologylarge-technical-systemssociotechnical-systemssociotechnical-transitionsmulti-level-perspectivestrategic-niche-managementtransition-managementbackcastingvisioningscenario-planningfutures-studiesanticipatory-governanceresponsible-innovationresponsible-research-and-innovationethicsequityjusticefairnessinclusiondiversitydecolonizationindigenous-rightsfood-sovereigntyagroecologyregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agriculturesustainable-intensificationagroforestrysilvopastureintegrated-crop-livestock-systemintegrated-pest-and-disease-managementintegrated-soil-fertility-managementintegrated-water-managementintegrated-landscape-managementecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationblue-infrastructureurban-green-spacecommunity-gardenallotment-gardenhome-gardenkitchen-gardenpermaculturefood-forestedible-landscapeproductive-landscapemultifunctional-landscapecultural-landscapeheritage-landscapeprotected-areaconservation-arearestoration-arearewildingreconciliation-ecologyconservation-biologyrestoration-ecologylandscape-ecologyecosystem-ecologypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologymacroecologybiogeographyphylogeographytaxonomybiosystematicsevolutionary-biologyquantitative-geneticsmolecular-ecologygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsgeographic-information-systemglobal-positioning-systemunmanned-aerial-vehiclesatellite-imageryhyperspectral-imagingthermal-imagingLiDARradaracoustic-monitoringeDNAenvironmental-DNAmetabarcodingmetagenomicsparticipatory-monitoringindigenous-and-local-knowledgefarmer-field-schoolplant-clinicintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-natural-resource-managementlearning-based-managementknowledge-based-managementevidence-based-managementsmart-agricultureagroecological-agriculturebiodynamic-agricultureholistic-managementmanaged-grazingrotational-grazingmob-grazingforest-farmingalley-croppingriparian-bufferwindbreakshelterbeltliving-fencecontour-farmingterracingcover-croppinggreen-manurecompostingvermicompostingbiocharbiofertilizerbiostimulantbiocontrolaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlmicrobial-controlentomopathogenic-nematodeentomopathogenic-fungusentomopathogenic-bacteriumentomopathogenic-viruspredatorparasitoidparasitecompetitorantagonistnatural-enemybeneficial-insectpollinatordecomposerdetritivorenutrient-cyclingsoil-healthsoil-biologysoil-microbiomerhizospherephyllosphereendospheremycorrhizanitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationplant-growth-promotioninduced-systemic-resistancesystemic-acquired-resistancepriminghormesiscross-tolerancestress-memoryepigeneticstransgenerational-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectparental-effecthost-microbe-interactionplant-microbe-interactioninsect-microbe-interactionmultitrophic-interactionfood-webtrophic-cascadeapparent-competitionresource-competitioninterference-competitionexploitation-competitionscramble-competitioncontest-competitiondensity-dependencedensity-independenceregulationlimitationbottom-up-controltop-down-controlsideways-controlmesopredator-releasetrophic-trickletrophic-subsidyspatial-subsidytemporal-subsidyecosystem-engineerfoundation-specieskeystone-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorecosystem-service-providerecosystem-service-beneficiaryprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicecultural-servicesupporting-servicehabitat-servicepollination-servicepest-control-servicenutrient-cycling-servicewater-purification-serviceair-purification-serviceclimate-regulation-serviceerosion-control-servicerecreation-serviceaesthetic-servicespiritual-serviceeducational-servicescientific-serviceexistence-valueoption-valuebequest-valuedirect-use-valueindirect-use-valuenon-use-valuetotal-economic-valuewillingness-to-paywillingness-to-acceptcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transferecosystem-accountingnatural-capital-accountinggreen-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorindex-of-sustainable-economic-welfarehappy-planet-indexplanetary-boundariesdoughnut-economicsdegrowthsteady-state-economycircular-economysharing-economycollaborative-consumptionprosumermaker-movementurban-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsbioponicsintegrated-multi-trophic-aquaculturerecirculating-aquaculture-systembiofloc-technologyalgae-cultivationinsect-farmingcellular-agricultureprecision-fermentationcultivated-meatplant-based-meatalternative-proteinnovel-foodfood-technologyfood-innovationfood-system-transformationfood-lossfood-wastepost-harvest-lossvalue-chainsupply-chaincold-chainlogisticsinfrastructurestorageprocessingpackagingdistributionretailconsumptiondietary-patternfood-choiceconsumer-behaviorfood-environmentfood-policyfood-governancewater-securityenergy-securityclimate-securityenvironmental-securityhuman-securitysustainable-development-goalsagenda-2030paris-agreementkunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkunited-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-changeunited-nations-convention-to-combat-desertificationunited-nations-convention-on-biological-diversitystockholm-conventionrotterdam-conventionbasel-conventionmontreal-protocolkyoto-protocolnagoya-protocolcartagena-protocolaitar-guidelinesipbesipccfaowhowtoundpunepunescoworld-bankimfoecdg20g7euauaseanmercosurnaftausmcacptpprcepbretton-woods-institutionsmultilateral-development-banksbilateral-development-agenciesnon-governmental-organizationscivil-society-organizationscommunity-based-organizationsfarmer-organizationsproducer-organizationscooperativessocial-enterprisesimpact-investingblended-financegreen-bondsocial-bondsustainability-bondcatastrophe-bondinsurancereinsurancerisk-poolingrisk-transferrisk-retentionrisk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserecoveryreconstructionrehabilitationbuild-back-betterbuild-back-greenerbuild-back-fairerjust-transitiongreen-transitiondigital-transitionsocial-protectionsafety-netcash-transferin-kind-transferfood-assistancenutrition-assistanceschool-feedingsocial-and-behavior-change-communicationnutrition-educationdietary-diversificationbiofortificationindustrial-fortificationsupplementationtherapeutic-feedingcommunity-based-management-of-acute-malnutritioninpatient-management-of-acute-malnutritionprevention-of-acute-malnutritiontreatment-of-acute-malnutritionmanagement-of-moderate-acute-malnutritionmanagement-of-severe-acute-malnutritionwastingunderweightmicronutrient-deficiencyanemiaiodine-deficiencyvitamin-A-deficiencyzinc-deficiencyiron-deficiencyfolate-deficiencyvitamin-D-deficiencycalcium-deficiencyobesityoverweightdiet-related-non-communicable-diseasediabetescardiovascular-diseasecancerdental-cariesmental-healthcognitive-developmenthuman-capitaleconomic-growthproductivitylabor-force-participationemploymentlivelihoodincomepovertyinequalitysocial-exclusionmarginalizationsustainabilityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityspatial-equitytemporal-equityprocedural-equitydistributional-equityrecognitional-equitycapability-approachhuman-developmenthuman-flourishingwell-beingquality-of-lifelife-satisfactionhappinesssubjective-well-beingobjective-well-beingmaterial-well-beingrelational-well-beingexperiential-well-beingeudaimonic-well-beinghedonic-well-beingpsychological-well-beingsocial-well-beingphysical-well-beingspiritual-well-beingenvironmental-well-beingplanetary-well-beingecohealthglobal-healthpublic-healthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthfood-safetywater-safetyair-qualitysoil-qualitybiodiversityecosystem-functionecosystem-stabilityecosystem-resilienceecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalnature's-contributions-to-peopleurban-natureurban-biodiversityurban-ecosystemurban-forestryurban-greeningurban-coolingurban-heat-islandclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationclimate-resilient-agriculturelow-emission-agriculturecarbon-neutral-agriculturecarbon-negative-agricultureagroecological-intensificationintegrated-watershed-managementintegrated-coastal-zone-managementintegrated-marine-and-coastal-area-managementintegrated-water-resources-managementparticipatory-managementpolycentric-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governanceparticipatory-governancedeliberative-governancetransformative-governancesocial-innovationtechnological-innovationinstitutional-innovationorganizational-innovationbusiness-model-innovationpolicy-innovationsystem-innovationsocio-technical-transitionsustainability-transitiondigital-transformationagricultural-transformationrural-transformationurban-transformationlandscape-transformationecosystem-restorationecosystem-rehabilitationecosystem-reconstructionecosystem-replacementecosystem-protectionecosystem-conservationecosystem-managementecosystem-stewardshipecosystem-governancebiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagebiocultural-rightsbiocultural-community-protocolfree-prior-and-informed-consentaccess-and-benefit-sharingtraditional-knowledgeaction-researchinterdisciplinary-researchmultidisciplinary-researchcross-disciplinary-researchproblem-oriented-researchsolution-oriented-researchuse-inspired-researchfundamental-researchapplied-researchdevelopment-researchimplementation-researchscaling-researchoutcome-evaluationprocess-evaluationeconomic-evaluationmulti-criteria-analysisparticipatory-evaluationdevelopmental-evaluationutilization-focused-evaluationrealist-evaluationtheory-based-evaluationcontribution-analysisprocess-tracingqualitative-comparative-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolitical-economy-analysispower-analysisgender-analysissocial-inclusion-analysispoverty-analysisvulnerability-analysisresilience-analysisadaptation-analysismitigation-analysissustainability-analysisscenario-analysisforesightanticipatory-analysisroadmappingpathway-analysistransition-analysistransformation-analysisgovernance-innovationfinancial-innovationmarket-based-instrumentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesecosystem-service-valuationinclusive-wealth-accountingsustainable-development-goals-indexenvironmental-performance-indexglobal-food-security-indexglobal-hunger-indexnutrition-indexwater-poverty-indexenergy-development-indexmultidimensional-poverty-indexhuman-development-indexgender-development-indexgender-inequality-indexinequality-adjusted-human-development-indexplanetary-pressures-adjusted-human-development-indexsustainable-development-reportworld-happiness-reportworld-development-reportworld-resources-reportglobal-risks-reportglobal-adaptation-reportemissions-gap-reportproduction-gap-reportadaptation-gap-reportfinance-gap-reportbiodiversity-outlookclimate-change-outlookland-degradation-outlookwater-outlookenergy-outlookfood-outlookagriculture-outlookforestry-outlookfisheries-outlookaquaculture-outlooklivestock-outlookcrop-outlooktechnology-outlooksocial-outlookeconomic-outlookregional-outlookcountry-outlooksectoral-outlookthematic-outlookspecial-reporttechnical-reportworking-paperdiscussion-paperpolicy-briefissue-brieffact-sheetguidelinemanualhandbooktoolkitframeworkprotocolstandardindicatorbenchmarktargetgoalobjectivestrategyplanprogramprojectinitiativealliancecoalitionhubcenterinstituteacademyuniversitycollegeschoolresearch-centerthink-tankobservatorymonitoring-systemearly-warning-systemalert-systemresponse-systemrecovery-systemlearning-systemknowledge-systeminformation-systemdata-systemarchivelibrarymuseumcollectionexhibitiondemonstrationpilotcase-studybest-practicelesson-learnedsuccess-storyfailure-storyinnovationinventiondiscoverybreakthroughfrontiercutting-edgestate-of-the-artemergingtrendingdisruptivetransformativerevolutionaryevolutionaryincrementalradicalsystemicholisticintegratedinterconnectedinterdependentcomplexcomplicatedsimplewickedtameuncertainambiguousvolatiledynamicadaptiveresilientrobustfragilevulnerablesensitiveexposedat-riskin-dangerthreatenedendangeredcriticalurgentimmediateshort-termmedium-termlong-termstrategictacticaloperationalfoundationalstructuralfunctionalproceduralbehavioralattitudinalculturalsocialeconomicpoliticalenvironmentaltechnologicalinstitutionalorganizationalindividualcollectivecommunitysocietalgloballocalnationalregionallandscapeseascapewaterscapeairscapebiospherenoospheretechnospheresociosphereecospherehydrosphereatmospherelithospherepedospherecryosphereanthroposphereurban-sphererural-sphereagricultural-spherenatural-spheremanaged-sphereprotected-sphererestored-spheredegraded-spheretransformed-sphereconnected-spheredisconnected-sphereintegrated-spherefragmented-sphereresilient-spherevulnerable-sphereadaptive-spheremaladaptive-spheresustainable-sphereunsustainable-sphereequitable-sphereinequitable-spherejust-sphereunjust-sphereinclusive-sphereexclusive-spherediverse-spherehomogeneous-spherecomplex-spheresimple-spheredynamic-spherestatic-spherestable-sphereunstable-spherepredictable-sphereunpredictable-spherecontrollable-sphereuncontrollable-spheremanageable-sphereunmanageable-spheregovernable-sphereungovernable-spherenavigable-sphereunnavigable-spheretraversable-sphereuntraversable-spherepermeable-sphereimpermeable-sphereporous-spherenon-porous-spheretransparent-sphereopaque-spherevisible-sphereinvisible-spheretangible-sphereintangible-spherematerial-sphereimmaterial-spherephysical-spheremetaphysical-sphereempirical-spheretheoretical-spherepractical-sphereapplied-spherepure-spherebasic-spherestrategic-spheretactical-sphereoperational-spherefoundational-spheresuperstructural-sphereinfrastructural-spherestructural-spherefunctional-sphereprocedural-spherebehavioral-sphereattitudinal-spherecultural-spheresocial-sphereeconomic-spherepolitical-sphereenvironmental-spheretechnological-sphereinstitutional-sphereorganizational-sphereindividual-spherecollective-spherecommunity-spheresocietal-sphereglobal-spherelocal-spherenational-sphereregional-spherelandscape-sphereseascape-spherewaterscape-sphereairscape-spherebiosphere-spherenoosphere-spheretechnosphere-spheresociosphere-sphereecosphere-spherehydrosphere-sphereatmosphere-spherelithosphere-spherepedosphere-spherecryosphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphereurban-sphere-sphererural-sphere-sphereagricultural-sphere-spherenatural-sphere-spheremanaged-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-spherepure-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphereurban-sphere-sphere-sphererural-sphere-sphere-sphereagricultural-sphere-sphere-spherenatural-sphere-sphere-spheremanaged-sphere-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-sphere-spherepure-sphere-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphereCardiochiles
Cardiochiles is a genus of braconid wasps with nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Species are larval endoparasitoids, primarily attacking lepidopteran hosts. The genus includes economically significant species used in biological control, particularly against noctuid pests in agricultural systems.
Diatraea
sugarcane borer, stalk borer
Diatraea is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae comprising approximately 40 described species. The genus is best known for several economically important stalk-boring pests of grass crops, particularly sugarcane, corn, sorghum, and rice. Larvae tunnel within plant stems, causing reduced yield, lodging, and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Several species have been the focus of extensive biological control programs, notably using parasitoid wasps such as Cotesia flavipes and Trichogramma galloi. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas from the southern United States to Argentina.
Eoreuma
Eoreuma is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, first described by Ely in 1910. The genus contains 11 described species, with Eoreuma loftini (Mexican rice borer) being the most economically significant. This species is a major agricultural pest of sugarcane, rice, sorghum, and corn in the southern United States and Mexico, causing substantial yield losses through larval tunneling in stalks. The genus is native to the Americas, with several species described from the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Oebalus insularis
island stink bug, coffee-colored rice bug
Oebalus insularis is a stink bug species in the family Pentatomidae that has emerged as a significant agricultural pest in rice-growing regions of the Americas. Originally described from tropical and subtropical regions, it has established populations in Florida rice fields since at least 1932, where it became the second most abundant stink bug species in surveys conducted in 2008-2009. The species feeds on developing rice grains using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing 'pecky rice' damage that reduces crop yield and quality. Its economic importance has prompted research into biological control agents, including egg parasitoids in the genus Telenomus.
Rupela
Rupela is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Schoenobiinae. The genus contains species associated with grass hosts, including the well-studied white rice borer Rupela albinella, a significant pest of rice crops in South America. Research on this species has focused on diapause termination triggered by precipitation and oviposition behavior on rice plants.