Cardiochiles
Nees, 1819
Cardiochiles is a of braconid wasps with nearly distribution. are larval endoparasitoids, primarily attacking lepidopteran . The genus includes economically significant species used in , particularly against noctuid pests in agricultural systems.
Pronunciation
How to pronounce Cardiochiles: //ˌkɑːr.di.oʊˈkaɪ.liːz//
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Habitat
Agricultural and natural where lepidopteran occur; includes cotton fields, rice paddies, and tobacco-growing regions.
Distribution
Nearly ; records include North America, Europe, Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Host Associations
- Heliothis virescens - larval primary ; tobacco budworm
- Heliothis subflexa - larval documented
- rice leaffolders - larval for C. nigricollis
- Heliothis spp. - larval multiple in
Life Cycle
Endoparasitoid development within larval lepidopteran . Females oviposit into host larvae; stages develop internally, eventually killing the host.
Behavior
Exhibits protandry with males emerging 2 days before females within a and approximately 1 hour earlier on a given day. Males produce a sexual involved in courtship. Females employ specific selection methods to locate and accept suitable hosts.
Ecological Role
agent of lepidopteran agricultural pests, particularly noctuid larvae in cotton, rice, and tobacco systems.
Human Relevance
Used as a native agent in programs. Susceptible to many conventional ; selective insecticide use can facilitate conservation of these .
Similar Taxa
- Microplitis croceipesBoth are braconid of Heliothis virescens; differs in susceptibility patterns and specific range
- Cotesia spp.Other braconid larval ; Cardiochiles distinguished by -specific associations and protandrous mating system
Sources and further reading
- BugGuide
- Wikipedia
- GBIF taxonomy match
- iNaturalist taxon
- NCBI Taxonomy
- Catalogue of Life
- A Method of Host Selection by Cardiochiles nigriceps12
- Heliothis subflexa, a Host for Cardiochiles nigriceps1
- Developmental Biology of Cardiochiles nigricollis Cameron a Larval Endo-parasitoid of Rice Leaffolders
- Susceptibility of Microplitis croceipes and Cardiochiles nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Field Rates of Selected Cotton Insecticides1
- Acceptance of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera, noctuidae) as a host by the parasite Cardiochiles nigriceps viereck (Hymenoptera, braconidae)
- Factors involved in successful attack on Heliothis virescens by the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps
- Courtship Behavior and Source of a Sexual Pheromone from Cardiochiles nigriceps1
- Maternal Microinjection of the Endoparasitoid Cardiochiles diaphaniae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
- Effects of the parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps, on the growth, development, and tissues of Heliothis virescens
- The rôle of the calyx and poison gland of Cardiochiles nigriceps in the host-parasitoid relationship
- Effects of temperature, host age, and hormones upon the encapsulation of Cardiochiles nigriceps eggs by Heliothis spp
- Protandry in the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps , as related to its mating system
- Suitability of Certain Heliothis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as Hosts for the Parasite Cardiochiles nigriceps1,2,3
- Rearing of Cardiochiles nigriceps1 in the Laboratory, with Heliothis virescens2 as Hosts3
- Defense reaction and hemocytic changes in Heliothis virescens in response to its habitual parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps