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Acentria
watermilfoil moth, water veneer
Acentria is a monotypic moth genus in the family Crambidae containing a single species, Acentria ephemerella. The genus is notable for extreme sexual dimorphism in wing development and for having the only known fully aquatic adult female moths. Most females are flightless with rudimentary wings and spend their entire lives underwater, while males are fully winged and terrestrial. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America.
freshwater sexual-dimorphism brachypterous biocontrol invasive-species-management aquatic-insect case-building-larva monotypic-genus
Acentria ephemerella
Water Veneer, watermilfoil moth
Acentria ephemerella is an aquatic moth in the family Crambidae, notable as the only moth with females that remain fully aquatic throughout their entire adult lives. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: most females are brachypterous (short-winged and flightless) with swimming adaptations including additional hairs on their legs, while males have fully developed wings and live only 1-2 days solely for breeding. Native to Europe and now established in North America, this species has gained attention as a biological control agent for invasive aquatic plants, particularly Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum).
aquatic-moth biocontrol sexual-dimorphism brachyptery invasive-species-management freshwater-ecology
Aconophora
Aconophora is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, tribe Aconophorini, characterized by a long, forward-projecting pronotal horn. The genus contains 13 described species distributed in the Neotropics. The most studied species, Aconophora compressa, was introduced to Australia in 1995 as a biological control agent for invasive lantana but was subsequently found to attack non-target plants, leading to its discontinued use. Members of this genus feed on plant stem sap and are not known to form mutualistic associations with ants, unlike the related genus Guayaquila.
treehopper biocontrol invasive-species Membracidae sap-feeder maternal-care
Aculops ailanthii
Ailanthus leafcurl mite
Aculops ailanthii, commonly known as the Ailanthus leafcurl mite, is an eriophyid mite that infests Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven). This species produces subtle leaf symptoms—undercurled, wrinkled, and glossier foliage—rather than the conspicuous galls typical of many eriophyid mites. The mites themselves are tiny, whitish, and difficult to locate on leaf undersides. The species has been proposed as a potential biocontrol agent against invasive Ailanthus populations in North America, though it remains poorly studied.
eriophyid-mite biocontrol invasive-species-management Ailanthus-altissima leaf-curling mite-pest acarology Prostigmata Eriophyidae Aculops
Agrilus hyperici
St. John's wort root borer
Agrilus hyperici is a jewel beetle (family Buprestidae) used as a biological control agent against the invasive weed Hypericum perforatum (common St. John's wort). Native to Europe, it was first introduced to the United States in 1950 and is now established in the northwestern United States and Australia. The species is notable for its root-boring larval stage that typically kills host plants.
biocontrol invasive-species-management root-borer Hypericum-perforatum jewel-beetle Buprestidae Agrilus St.-John's-wort-root-borer
Alysiinae
Alysiinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps containing over 1000 described species worldwide. They are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Cyclorrhapha Diptera, with females ovipositing into host eggs or larvae and killing the host at the puparium stage. Several species have been utilized in biocontrol programs. They are closely related to the Opiinae.
parasitoid braconid Diptera-parasitoid biocontrol exodont-mandibles koinobiont-endoparasitoid
Anoplophora glabripennis
Asian longhorned beetle, starry sky beetle, sky beetle, ALB
Anoplophora glabripennis, commonly known as the Asian longhorned beetle or starry sky beetle, is a highly polyphagous wood-boring beetle native to eastern China, Japan, and Korea. It has become a devastating invasive pest in North America and Europe, where it attacks and kills a broad range of hardwood trees. The beetle was first detected in the United States in Brooklyn, New York in 1996, likely arriving via solid wood packaging material. Eradication efforts have focused on tree removal and destruction, though biocontrol methods including entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes have been studied as potential management tools.
invasive-species forest-pest wood-borer urban-forestry biocontrol polyphagous quarantine-pest cerambycidae
Anstenoptilia marmarodactyla
Sage Plume Moth
Anstenoptilia marmarodactyla, commonly known as the Sage Plume Moth, is a small plume moth in the family Pterophoridae. Native to western North America from California and Arizona through Mexico to Costa Rica, it has been introduced to Hawaii. The species was originally described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1902 and later moved to the genus Anstenoptilia by Zimmerman in 1958, though a misspelling of the epithet as 'marmorodactyla' has persisted in some literature.
plume-moth Pterophoridae western-North-America Hawaii introduced-species mint-family-herbivore biocontrol
Anthocoris nemoralis
Orchard Bug, Pear Bug
Anthocoris nemoralis is a predatory true bug in the family Anthocoridae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. It serves as a dominant natural enemy of pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri) in European pear orchards and is commercially reared for biological pest control. Adults are approximately 3 mm long, predominantly black with distinctive white markings on the wings. The species exhibits temperature-insensitive predation efficiency, with females demonstrating higher attack rates and shorter handling times than males.
biocontrol predator orchard-pest-management pear-psylla Anthocoridae temperature-response oviposition-behavior integrated-pest-management
Anthocoris nemorum
Common Flowerbug
Anthocoris nemorum is a predatory anthocorid bug native to Europe, commonly known as the common flowerbug. It is an important biological control agent in orchards and agricultural systems, preying on aphids, psyllids, mites, and other small arthropods. The species exhibits distinct oviposition preferences, laying eggs primarily on apple leaves near leaf margins, and shows preference for damaged leaves over healthy ones. Multiple generations occur annually, with adults overwintering and reproducing in spring.
predator biocontrol orchard anthocorid aphid-predator Europe oviposition-behavior searching-behavior deciduous-trees multiple-generations overwintering-adult intraguild-predation apple pear greenhouse-whitefly sycamore-aphid pear-psylla Scotland Kent Belgium
Anticheta
Anticheta is a genus of marsh flies in the family Sciomyzidae, commonly known as snail-killing flies. The genus comprises 15 described species divided into two subgenera: Anticheta (14 species) and Paranticheta (1 species). Species within this genus are associated with moist habitats and share the family-wide trait of predation on gastropods. The genus was established by Haliday in 1839 and has a primarily Holarctic distribution.
Sciomyzidae snail-killing-flies marsh-flies predatory-larvae gastropod-predators wetland-insects Holarctic biocontrol
Aphthona flava
Copper Leafy Spurge Flea Beetle
Aphthona flava is a flea beetle native to Eurasia, introduced to North America as a biological control agent for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Adults are small, brown, and morphologically cryptic, closely resembling congeners A. cyparissiae and A. nigriscutis. The species has established populations in Manitoba, Canada, where it remains dominant at some release sites, though it is relatively scarce in North Dakota and Minnesota. Native populations occur across Hungary and Italy.
biocontrol leafy-spurge flea-beetle invasive-species-management Chrysomelidae
Aphthona nigriscutis
Black Dot Leafy Spurge Flea Beetle
Aphthona nigriscutis is a root-feeding flea beetle introduced to North America as a classical biological control agent for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Native to Europe, it has established populations across the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and Canada. It is considered one of the most effective biocontrol agents for this invasive plant, with larvae causing the majority of damage through root feeding.
biocontrol leafy-spurge flea-beetle invasive-species-management root-feeder aggregation-pheromone classical-biological-control
Atanycolus
Atanycolus is a genus of braconid wasps comprising over 70 described species distributed worldwide. Species in this genus are parasitoids of wood-boring beetles, primarily targeting larvae in families Buprestidae (jewel beetles) and Curculionidae (weevils). Several species have been documented as natural enemies of invasive pests, including the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). The genus has been recovered from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
parasitoid biocontrol forest-entomology wood-boring-beetles emerald-ash-borer Braconidae invasive-species-management
Aulogymnus
Aulogymnus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Förster in 1851. Members of this genus are small parasitoid wasps, part of a diverse family that primarily parasitizes other insects. The genus has been recorded from Europe and Asia. Specific biological details for the genus as a whole remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
parasitoid Eulophidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Palearctic wasps insects arthropods entomology taxonomy Förster-1851 Denmark Spain Tibet China Europe Asia minute-wasps chalcid-wasps Eulophinae Terebrantes Apocrita Hexapoda Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Aulogymnus small-wasps tiny-wasps parasitic-wasps biological-control insect-parasitoids systematics morphology identification keys Nearctic Oriental Xizang citizen-science iNaturalist observations records distribution Förster 1851 genus accepted valid synonymy chalcidoid chalcid chalcids eulophid eulophids eulophid-wasps eulophines parasitoid-wasps parasitic-Hymenoptera biological-control-agents insect-diversity biodiversity fauna entomological hymenopteran arthropod hexapod hexapods pterygote pterygotes endopterygote endopterygotes holometabolous holometabola tiny-insects minute-insects small-insects microhymenoptera micro-wasps micro-parasitoids micro-chalcids micro-eulophids wing-venation antennae thorax diagnostic-characters taxonomic-keys identification-keys generic-keys Nearctic-fauna European-fauna Asian-fauna Tibetan-fauna Spanish-fauna Danish-fauna poorly-known data-deficient understudied cryptic-diversity host-unknown biology-unknown life-history-unknown ecology-unknown distribution-records occurrence-records specimen-records museum-records database-records GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI Wikipedia Universal-Chalcidoidea-Database Key-to-Nearctic-eulophid-genera literature sources references citations bibliography original-description type-species type-locality nomenclature systematic-entomology hymenopterology chalcidology parasitology biological-control-research integrated-pest-management IPM agricultural-entomology forest-entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology urban-entomology conservation-entomology insect-ecology community-ecology population-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology phylogenetics phylogeny molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding taxonomy-and-phylogeny classification biodiversity-informatics biogeography historical-biogeography phylogeography dispersal vicariance speciation diversification evolution adaptation natural-selection sexual-selection life-history-evolution host-parasitoid-interactions coevolution tritrophic-interactions food-webs ecosystem-services natural-enemies biocontrol augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control conservation-biological-control invasive-species-management pest-management sustainable-agriculture organic-farming agroecology ecosystem-health environmental-monitoring bioindicators indicator-species climate-change global-change habitat-loss fragmentation conservation-status IUCN red-list not-evaluated research-needs knowledge-gaps future-research priorities specimen-collection vouchering museum-collections natural-history-collections digitization data-sharing open-science FAIR-principles citizen-science-contributions community-science public-engagement science-communication education outreach natural-history insect-watching wasp-watching nature-observation biodiversity-appreciation
Bactra
nutsedge borers
Bactra is a genus of small tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) comprising species primarily associated with sedges and nutsedges (Cyperus species). Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for weedy nutsedges, particularly purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Some species have expanded their host range to agricultural crops, with Bactra bactrana documented as a pest of sweet pepper in Greece. The genus occurs across temperate and tropical regions including Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia.
Tortricidae Olethreutinae biocontrol nutsedge stem-borer Cyperus agricultural-pest weed-biological-control
Beskia
Beskia is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) established by Brauer & Bergenstamm in 1889. The genus contains at least one described species, Beskia aelops. Species within this genus are distributed across the Americas from the United States through Central America to South America. Beskia aelops has been investigated for its potential as a biological control agent against the stink bug Oebalus poecilus.
Tachinidae parasitoid biocontrol Americas Oebalus-poecilus
Beskia aelops
Beskia aelops is a tachinid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae) studied for its potential as a biological control agent against the rice stink bug Oebalus poecilus, a pest of rice crops. Its distribution patterns are closely tied to those of its host. The species was originally described by Walker in 1849 under the name Tachina aelops.
biocontrol parasitoid agricultural-pest-management rice-pest
Bicyrtes
Bicyrtes is a genus of large, often brightly colored predatory sand wasps in the family Crabronidae. The genus name derives from the two noticeable projections arising from the rear of the mesosoma. Most species nest in sandy or coarse soils and provision their burrows with paralyzed true bugs, primarily Pentatomidae (stink bugs), though some species utilize Reduviidae (assassin bugs) and Coreidae (leaf-footed bugs) as prey. The genus contains approximately 11 described species distributed across North America, with some species extending into Central and South America and the Caribbean, including the Galápagos Islands.
sand-wasp predatory-wasp solitary-wasp biocontrol Pentatomidae-predator Crabronidae Bembicinae true-bug-predator fossorial-wasp nectar-feeder
Bicyrtes ventralis
Bicyrtes ventralis is a sand wasp in the family Crabronidae, distributed across Central America and North America. Like other members of the genus Bicyrtes, it is a solitary, fossorial wasp that nests in soil. Females provision underground burrows with paralyzed true bugs as food for their larval offspring. The species is one of approximately eight North American species in the genus Bicyrtes.
sand-wasp solitary-wasp predator biocontrol true-bug-predator fossorial
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas 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Bothrideridae
cocoon-forming beetles, dry bark beetles
Bothrideridae is a family of small to medium-sized beetles in the superfamily Coccinelloidea, commonly known as cocoon-forming beetles or dry bark beetles. Members are characterized by elongated, cylindrical to somewhat flattened bodies and are primarily found under tree bark in woodland habitats. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with former subfamilies Teredinae, Xylariophilinae, and Anommatinae now placed in the separate family Teredidae. Bothrideridae has a worldwide distribution with greatest diversity in the Old World tropics. The family is notable for its ectoparasitoid larvae, which attack other wood-boring insects including cerambycid beetles, wood wasps, and carpenter bees. Several species, particularly in the genus Dastarcus, are important biocontrol agents used commercially to manage forest pests such as the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus), a vector of pine wilt disease.
ectoparasitoid biocontrol forest-pest-management wood-boring-insects Cerambycidae-parasitoid pine-wilt-disease-vector-control nocturnal subcortical-habitat long-lived-adults density-dependent-development
Braconinae
Braconinae is a large subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps comprising more than 2,000 described species. Members are small to medium-sized wasps, typically dark in coloration though some exhibit red, orange, or pale coloration. They possess cyclostome mouthparts and females usually have a long ovipositor. The subfamily is found worldwide with highest diversity in the Paleotropical region.
parasitoid idiobiont ectoparasitoid biocontrol cyclostome ovipositor Paleotropical-diversity Lepidoptera-parasitoid Coleoptera-parasitoid concealed-host-larvae venom-paralysis Bracon-brevicornis Atanycolus Baryproctus Bracon Ceratobracon Coeloides Glyptomorpha Iphiaulax Pseudovipio Vipio Megalommum Phylogeny-of-the-Braconinae tribal-classification Aphrastobraconini Braconini Coeloidini Compsobraconini Tropobraconini Virgulibraconini Adeshini Argamaniini Bathyaulacini Euurobraconini Glyptomorphini Gnathobraconini Physaraiini Rhammurini Vaepellini Myosotiseini Aspidobraconini Ceratobraconini Vipionini Iphiaulacini Acanthobraconini Turkey Iran China Thailand Pakistan Anatolia pistachio-longhorn-beetle Calchaenesthes-pistacivora Scolytidae Curculionidae Buprestidae coniferous-trees broadleaved-trees Malaise-trap light-trapping host-carrying-behavior Pycnobraconoides Trigastrotheca Physaraia Nesaulax Curreia Endovipio Amyosoma Megacoeloides Alienoclypeus Atanycolus-insolitus Bracon-amaculatus Bracon-quadrimaculatus Bracon-rhinchiti Bracon-murgabensis Bracon-querceus Bracon-karakumicus Bracon-hylobii Bracon-irkutensis Bracon-longiantennatus Bracon-longigenis Coeloides-sordidator Glyptomorpha-dispar Bracon-selviae Bracon-bachtiae Bracon-dersimensis Glyptomorpha-nachitshevanica Chelonus-erythrogaster Coeloides-glaboventris Coeloides-longquanus Coeloides-flavus Coeloides-changbaiensis Megalommum-pistacivorae Megalommum-xanthoceps Megalommum-jacobsoni Megalommum-ayyari Megalommum-philippinense Megalommum-dodecanesi Megalommum-ceresense Megalommum-inareatum Megalommum-antefurcale Megalommum-tibiale Physaraia-nanensis Physaraia-panhai Physaraia-sakaeratensis Physaraia-sinensis Physaraia-sumatrana Physaraia-tigeri Trigastrotheca-doiphukhaensis Trigastrotheca-pariyanonthae Trigastrotheca-sureeratae Trigastrotheca-tridentata Doi-Phu-Kha-National-Park Ardahan Erzurum Iğdır Kars Kastamonu Tunceli Fars-province Nan-province Sakaerat Zhejiang-University Chinese-Academy-of-Forestry DNA-barcoding BOLD-Systems BugGuide.net Wikispecies Wikimedia-Commons Encyclopedia-of-Life Systematic-Entomology Zootaxa ZooKeys Check-List Journal-of-Hymenoptera-Research Journal-of-Animal-and-Plant-Sciences PMC11214016 PMC12873568 28S-rRNA COI 16S-rRNA 18S-rRNA EF-1α CAD elongation-factor-1-alpha cytochrome-c-oxidase-subunit-I mitochondrial nuclear molecular-phylogeny morphological-phylogeny monophyletic tribus-nov comb.-nov sp.-nov syn.-nov incertae-sedis New-World Old-World Australian West-Palaearctic Oriental Indo-Australian Asian-Turkey European-Turkey biogeographical-provinces zoogeographical-regions checklist faunistics taxonomy systematics revision new-species new-records new-combinations new-synonyms new-tribe preliminary-key dichotomous-key diagnostic-characters type-specimen voucher-specimen holotype paratype female-specimen adult-specimen light-trap aerial-net field-collection 2011-2014 1980-2009 observation iNaturalist 14342-observations
Buenoa scimitra
backswimmer
Buenoa scimitra is a backswimmer (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) first described by Bare in 1925. It inhabits freshwater environments across North America, the Caribbean, and Middle America. The species is a documented predator of mosquito larvae and serves as a known host for the parasitic water mite Hydrachna virella, which attaches to multiple instars and adults.
backswimmer mosquito-predator parasite-host freshwater biocontrol water-mite-host
Carabus nemoralis
Bronze Ground Beetle, Bronze Carabid
Carabus nemoralis is a large ground beetle native to central and northern Europe, Iceland, and parts of Asia. It has been introduced to North America and New Zealand, where it is actively expanding its range. Adults measure 20–25 mm and are active year-round. The species is recognized as a beneficial predator in agricultural systems, with documented effectiveness against slugs and other pests.
ground-beetle predator biocontrol introduced-species Europe North-America
Catorhintha
leaf-footed bugs
Catorhintha is a genus of leaf-footed bugs (Coreidae) established by Stål in 1860, containing over 30 described species distributed across the Americas. The genus includes specialist herbivores with documented host plant associations, notably Catorhintha schaffneri, which feeds exclusively on Pereskia aculeata (Cactaceae) and has been employed as a biological control agent against this invasive cactus in South Africa. Members of this genus exhibit the enlarged, flattened hind tibiae characteristic of many Coreidae.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug biocontrol specialist-herbivore Cactaceae
Chelymorpha
Argus tortoise beetles, tortoise beetles
Chelymorpha is a genus of tortoise beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cassidinae, containing more than 70 described species distributed primarily in the Americas. These beetles are characterized by their domed, tortoise-like body form with the elytra and prothorax forming a protective shield that can be drawn down to cover the head and appendages when disturbed. The genus exhibits extensive intraspecific color polymorphism, with some species showing remarkable variation in elytral coloration and maculation patterns. Chelymorpha species are predominantly associated with plants in the family Convolvulaceae, particularly morning glories (Ipomoea) and bindweeds (Convolvulus), though some species utilize other host plants. The genus has been extensively studied for its Wolbachia endosymbiont infections, color polymorphism maintenance, and larval defensive behaviors including cycloalexy.
tortoise-beetle Cassidinae Chrysomelidae Convolvulaceae color-polymorphism Wolbachia cycloalexy Neotropical herbivore pest biocontrol
Chilocorus stigma
Twice-stabbed Lady Beetle, Twice-stabbed Ladybird Beetle
Chilocorus stigma, commonly known as the twice-stabbed lady beetle, is a predatory coccinellid native to eastern North America. It is recognized by its glossy black elytra each bearing a single red spot, giving the appearance of two "stabs." The species primarily inhabits forested environments where it preys on scale insects and other small arthropods. It has been introduced to Hawaii and is valued as a biological control agent, though it is not commercially available for this purpose.
predator biocontrol forest-insect scale-insect-predator native-beneficial
Cicindelinae
tiger beetles
Cicindelinae is a subfamily of predatory beetles commonly known as tiger beetles. Adults are characterized by large eyes, long slender legs, and powerful mandibles adapted for capturing fast-moving prey. They exhibit a distinctive run-stop-run hunting pattern necessitated by their visual processing limitations at high speeds. The subfamily contains approximately 2,822 species in 120 genera distributed worldwide, though they are most diverse in tropical and subtropical regions. Many species show strong habitat specificity, with some restricted to particular sand dune systems, riparian zones, or rock outcrops.
Coleoptera Carabidae tiger-beetles predatory-beetles Cicindelinae Adephaga metallic-beetles sand-dune-endemics riparian-beetles extremophiles biocontrol biodiversity-indicators fast-running-insects visual-predators structural-coloration terrestrial-beetles ground-beetles insect-taxonomy conservation entomology
Coccinella novemnotata
nine-spotted ladybug, nine-spotted lady beetle, C9
Coccinella novemnotata is a native North American lady beetle that experienced a drastic population decline beginning in the 1960s. Once among the most common coccinellids in the northeastern United States and southern Canada, it has become rare across much of its former range. The species is a specialized aphid predator with potential value as a biocontrol agent in agriculture. It is the state insect of New York, designated in 1989.
native-North-American declining-species aphid-predator biocontrol state-insect citizen-science-subject
Conophorus sackenii
Conophorus sackenii is a species of bee fly (family Bombyliidae) described by Johnson & Maughan in 1953. It belongs to the tribe Conophorini within the subfamily Bombyliinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from western Canada and the western United States.
parasitoid biocontrol rangeland grasshopper-parasite bee-fly
Crabro
Shield-handed Wasps, Square-headed Wasps
Crabro is a genus of solitary wasps in the family Crabronidae, commonly known as shield-handed or square-headed wasps. The genus contains at least 80 described species distributed across the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions (Holarctic). These fossorial wasps nest in sandy soils, constructing multi-celled burrows provisioned with flies (Diptera) for their larvae.
Crabronidae solitary-wasp fossorial Diptera-predator Holarctic sand-nesting biocontrol
Crambidae
Crambid Snout Moths, grass moths
Crambidae is a large family of Lepidoptera comprising over 10,000 species in more than 1,000 genera across 15 subfamilies. The family includes economically significant agricultural pests such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), sod webworms (Crambus spp.), and the invasive box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis). Historically treated as a subfamily of Pyralidae, Crambidae was elevated to full family status based on the presence of a praecinctorium—a structure joining two tympanic membranes absent in Pyralidae. Members exhibit diverse morphologies: Crambinae (grass moths) are slender with wings folded tightly around the body at rest, while other subfamilies display bright coloration and rest with wings spread.
grass-moth snout-moth agricultural-pest stem-borer biocontrol aquatic-moth invasive-species corn-pest rice-pest sugarcane-pest
Crocothemis
Scarlet Skimmers
Crocothemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae, subfamily Sympetrinae. Species occur across southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Southwest Pacific. These are small to medium-sized dragonflies known for bright coloration in males, ranging from vivid red to rich blue, while females are typically dull brown or orange. They are aerial predators that perch on vegetation near water and fly out to capture prey.
dragonfly Libellulidae Sympetrinae darter scarlet-skimmer biocontrol predator aquatic-insect Odonata
Cryptanura
Cryptanura is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Cryptinae, containing at least 38 species in North America. These wasps are parasitoids of other insects, with documented hosts including longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). The genus includes species that serve as models for Batesian mimicry by phytophagous bugs. At least 30 species occur in Mexico, with the genus distributed from North America through Central America to South America.
Ichneumonidae Cryptinae parasitoid Batesian-mimicry biocontrol Cerambycidae
Cynipidae
Gall Wasps, Gallflies
Cynipidae is a family of minute wasps (1–8 mm) renowned for inducing plant galls—abnormal growths that provide shelter and nutrition for developing larvae. The family comprises approximately 1,300 described species worldwide, with major radiations on oaks (Quercus) and roses (Rosa). Many species exhibit complex life cycles involving alternation of sexual and asexual (parthenogenetic) generations, often producing morphologically distinct galls. Gall induction involves chemical manipulation of host plant tissue, with enlarged venom glands implicated in this process. The family evolved from parasitoid ancestors and represents one of the most diverse groups of gall-forming insects.
gall-forming plant-manipulation parthenogenesis oak-associated rose-associated inquiline biocontrol venom-glands
Cyrtobagous salviniae
salvinia weevil, Kariba Weed Biocontrol Weevil
Cyrtobagous salviniae is a subaquatic weevil native to Brazil, widely distributed as a classical biological control agent for invasive aquatic ferns of the genus Salvinia. It has proven effective in reducing infestations of Salvinia molesta and Salvinia minima in tropical and subtropical regions, with documented population reductions exceeding 90% in under one year in some cases. The species is subject to natural enemy pressure from pathogens such as Helicosporidium sp., which can reduce its reproductive output and efficacy.
biocontrol aquatic invasive-species-management weevil specialist-herbivore
Dexiini
Dexiini is a tribe of tachinid flies (family Tachinidae) comprising approximately 130 genera distributed worldwide. Members are parasitoid flies whose larvae develop inside beetle hosts. The tribe is particularly diverse in the Australasian region, where systematic revisions have clarified relationships among endemic genera.
parasitoid beetle-parasite biocontrol
Diploschizia impigritella
yellow nutsedge moth, five-barred glyphipterid moth
A minute sedge moth with a wingspan of 7–9 mm, described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1862. Adults are active from early May to early November across much of North America. The larvae are stem borers in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), making this species a potential biocontrol agent against this agricultural weed.
microlepidoptera stem-borer biocontrol Cyperus agricultural-pest-management nocturnal blacklight-attraction
Dirhinus
Dirhinus is a genus of chalcidid wasps comprising approximately 70 described species with worldwide distribution. These wasps are pupal parasitoids of Diptera, particularly flies associated with decomposing vertebrate matter, including synanthropic species such as house flies, blow flies, and flesh flies, as well as agricultural pests like fruit flies. Females locate host pupae in soil or substrate by digging with their horns and oviposit directly on the pupa within its puparium. Several species, notably Dirhinus giffardii, have been investigated for biological control applications against filth flies and fruit fly pests.
parasitoid pupal-parasitoid biocontrol Chalcididae Diptera-parasitoid synanthropic-flies forensic-entomology
Dolichomitus
ichneumon wasps
Dolichomitus is a genus of ichneumonid wasps containing at least 70 described species. The genus name derives from Greek roots meaning 'long thread,' referring to the elongated ovipositor characteristic of these parasitoids. Species in this genus are parasitoids of wood-boring insect larvae, using their long ovipositors to reach hosts deep within tree trunks and branches. Some species exhibit striking aposematic coloration, including metallic blue and yellow patterns that may deter avian predators.
ichneumonidae parasitoid wood-boring ovipositor biocontrol saproxylic aposematic new-species
Doryctinae
doryctine wasps
Doryctinae is a large, diverse subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Braconidae, comprising over 2000 species in 198 genera. Members range from 1 to 25 mm and exhibit remarkable morphological diversity, including many flightless or wingless species. The subfamily is characterized by distinctive structural features including a cyclostome mouth and spines on the foreleg tibia. Most species are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae, though host associations vary considerably across the group.
parasitoid biocontrol wood-boring-insects cyclostome wing-reduction gall-former inquiline diverse poorly-known
Dytiscus
predaceous diving beetles
Dytiscus is a Holarctic genus of large predaceous diving beetles comprising 26 species. Adults range 2.2–4.4 cm in length and are fully aquatic, breathing air collected under their elytra. Both adults and larvae are active predators. The genus has been observed to reduce mosquito larva populations in wetland habitats.
predator aquatic wetland biocontrol Holarctic
Empicoris subparallelus
thread-legged assassin bug
Empicoris subparallelus is a species of thread-legged assassin bug in the family Reduviidae. It was first described in 1925 by McAtee and Malloch. The species is known from Cuba and the southern United States (Florida and Texas). In Florida, it was first documented in 2007 from light traps used for mosquito surveillance in the Florida Keys. It has been proposed as a potential biocontrol agent for mosquitoes, though direct predation on mosquitoes has not been confirmed.
thread-legged-bug assassin-bug biocontrol mosquito-surveillance bycatch Florida-Keys Cuba
Engytatus
Engytatus is a genus of plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae, tribe Dicyphini) comprising 28 described species worldwide. Species within this genus exhibit diverse feeding strategies: some are specialized herbivores associated with native host plants (particularly in Hawaiian endemics), while others are zoophytophagous predators of agricultural pests on Solanaceae crops. The genus has attracted significant attention for biological control applications, with species such as E. varians and E. nicotianae being investigated as biocontrol agents for tomato potato psyllid, whiteflies, and lepidopteran pests. Hawaiian endemic species demonstrate remarkable host-plant specialization on endangered native flora.
Miridae Dicyphini biocontrol Hawaiian-endemism zoophytophagy Solanaceae-pests host-specialization conservation-biology
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoid biological-control gall-associated leafminer-parasitoid Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Eulophidae Entedoninae tropical-forest agricultural-pest-control sawfly-parasitoid thrips-parasitoid ant-associated rice-pest Cecidomyiidae Tenthredinidae Pontania Closterocerus Ceranisus Afronympha Ametallon Chrysonotomyia Omphale-genus-group canopy understorey ecological-plasticity Bangladesh Panama Africa New-Zealand Europe Senegal South-Africa Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo Uganda endoparasitoid larval-parasitoid egg-parasitoid host-specificity forest-habitat degraded-habitat mid-altitude-rainforest lowland-rainforest tropical-America classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control integrated-pest-management rice-hispa Dicladispa-armigera gall-wasp sawfly-gall leafminer ant-symbiosis Formicidae Khaya-senegalensis Ochna-pulchra morphological-taxonomy molecular-taxonomy 28S-rDNA COI CytB new-species-description generic-revision host-range parasitoid-complex food-web ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management entomophagous hyperparasitoid inquiline curculionid Apion-minimum Phyllocolpa-leucosticta Chrysocharis Entedon Asecodes Pleurotroppopsis Afrotroppopsis Zaommomentedon Apleurotropis Kratoysma Platocharis Schizocharis Parahorismenus Atullya Tropicharis Chrysochuris cruy mirabilis oryzamyntor eminpashai carinatum dussiae longicaudata machaeriae unimaculata claviger gorgonaense auripunctata galbina laeviscuta phenacapsia cecvora elongata pontaniae heyeri risbeci milletiae newbyi Förster-1856 Chalcidoidea-phylogeny biodiversity species-richness cryptic-species molecular-diagnostics host-plant-association habitat-specificity canopy-fauna understorey-fauna forest-stratification tropical-biodiversity Afrotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Nearctic Oriental Australasian Pacific Holarctic biogeography taxonomic-revision annotated-key catalogue type-specimen museum-collection slide-mounted-specimens morphometrics genitalia wing-venation antennae clypeus mandibles malar-space scape pedicel flagellum gaster vertex suture color-pattern pale-femora dark-gaster sexual-dimorphism male female ovipositor emergence rearing quarantine field-collection foreign-exploration augmentative-release pesticide-resistance sustainable-agriculture food-security rice-production cereal-pest vegetable-pest fruit-pest ornamental-pest forest-pest urban-pest invasive-species native-range introduced-range establishment spread impact non-target-effects host-specificity risk-assessment environmental-safety regulatory-approval research-symposium proceedings peer-reviewed Zootaxa ZooKeys Insect-Systematics-&-Evolution Australian-Journal-of-Entomology Far-Eastern-Entomologist Russian-Entomological-Journal Belgian-Journal-of-Entomology Florida-Entomologist Pan-Pacific-Entomologist Entomological-News Proceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-Society Transactions-of-the-American-Entomological-Society Journal-of-Natural-History 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Epistrophella emarginata
Slender Smoothtail
Epistrophella emarginata is a common North American hoverfly (family Syrphidae) with larvae that are specialized aphid predators. The species is notable for its distinctive egg-laying behavior: females oviposit specifically on leaf petioles rather than on aphid-infested foliage or other substrates. This species is widely distributed across the United States, Canada, and extends into Mexico and Central America.
hoverfly aphid-predator biocontrol Syrphidae North-America
Erannis
Erannis is a genus of geometer moths (Geometridae: Ennominae) erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus comprises approximately twelve species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in northern temperate zones. Several species are significant forest pests, with larvae feeding on coniferous and deciduous trees. Taxonomic placement remains debated: some authorities recognize the tribe Erannini with Erannis as type genus, while others merge this group into Boarmiini or Bistonini.
geometridae ennominae forest-pest larch defoliator wingless-female winter-moth biocontrol baculovirus pheromone Holarctic
Eublemma
Eublemma is a genus of small moths in the family Erebidae, containing over 400 species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The genus was described by Jacob Hübner in 1829 and has undergone taxonomic revision, previously placed in Noctuidae or as the type genus of subfamily Eublemminae. Several species are economically significant as predators of scale insects, particularly E. amabilis, which attacks lac insects (Kerria spp.) and has been investigated as a biological control agent.
moth Erebidae Boletobiinae predator scale-insect-predator biocontrol lac-pest tropical reduced-prolegs Eublemmini
Eudorylas
big-headed flies
Eudorylas is a genus of big-headed flies in the family Pipunculidae, characterized by their enlarged compound eyes and parasitoid life history. Species in this genus are known to parasitize leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), including agricultural pests such as Dalbulus maidis and D. elimatus that vector corn stunting pathogens. The genus has a global distribution across multiple biogeographic regions and contains over 400 described species. Taxonomic revisions rely heavily on male genitalia morphology and DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial COI gene.
parasitoid leafhopper-parasite biocontrol maize-pest big-headed-fly agricultural-entomology