Weed-biological-control

Guides

• Aceria chondrillae

  chondrilla gall mite, skeletonweed gall mite, rush skeletonweed gall mite

  Aceria chondrillae is a gall-forming eriophyid mite specialized as a biological control agent for rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea), an invasive herbaceous perennial. Native to the Mediterranean region and ranging from southeast Russia to Portugal, this deuterogynous mite induces leafy galls in host plant buds, causing stunting and reduced seed production. It was introduced to Australia in 1971 and has been released in North America for weed management. The mite exhibits high host specificity and completes its entire life cycle within galls, with populations declining markedly in winter and recovering rapidly in summer.

  eriophyid-mitegall-mitebiological-controlweed-biological-controlinvasive-species-managementagricultural-pest-managementChondrilla-juncearush-skeletonweed

• Bactra

  nutsedge borers

  Bactra is a genus of small tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) comprising species primarily associated with sedges and nutsedges (Cyperus species). Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for weedy nutsedges, particularly purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Some species have expanded their host range to agricultural crops, with Bactra bactrana documented as a pest of sweet pepper in Greece. The genus occurs across temperate and tropical regions including Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia.

  TortricidaeOlethreutinaebiocontrolnutsedgestem-borerCyperusagricultural-pestweed-biological-control

• Eustenopus villosus

  yellow starthistle hairy weevil

  Eustenopus villosus is a small weevil in the family Curculionidae, widely known as the yellow starthistle hairy weevil. It is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region and has been introduced to the western United States as a biological control agent against the invasive weed yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Both adults and larvae feed on the plant's reproductive structures, with larvae capable of destroying nearly all developing seeds within a single flower head. The species is considered one of the more effective biocontrol agents for this noxious weed.

  biocontrolinvasive-species-managementCurculionidaeseed-predatorclassical-biological-controlweed-biological-controlyellow-starthistleCentaurea-solstitialis

• Exapion ulicis

  Gorse Seed Weevil

  Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.

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• Hadroplontus litura

  Canada thistle stem weevil, minute seed weevil

  Hadroplontus litura is a stem-mining weevil in the family Curculionidae, widely known as the Canada thistle stem weevil. It is an endophagous herbivore that develops within the stems of its host plants. The species has been investigated extensively as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Research indicates it can complete its life cycle on multiple Cirsium species, including five native thistle species in the upper Midwest of North America, raising concerns about non-target impacts on native flora.

  biological-controlinvasive-speciesnon-target-riskstem-minerCurculionidaeCirsiumCanada-thistlephenologyweed-biological-controlendophagous-herbivore