Phenotypic-variance

Guides

• Cyphomyrmex

  fungus-growing ants

  Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.

  fungus-growing-antsattine-antsMyrmicinaeNeotropicalmutualismfungicultureLeucocoprineaemonogynyparasitoid-waspssocial-parasitismchemical-ecologyalkaloid-venomnest-architecturebehavioral-plasticitycytogeneticschromosome-evolutionGuiana-ShieldBrazilPanamaPuerto-RicoMesoamericaArgentinaUnited-StatesTexasCaliforniaFloridayeast-gardensmycelial-gardensrimosus-complexstrigatus-complexage-polyethismtrophallaxisthanatosisfeigning-deathDiapriidaeAcanthopriaMimopriellaMegalomyrmexsocial-parasiteC.-longiscapusC.-transversusC.-laevigatusC.-rimosusC.-minutusC.-lectusC.-cornutusC.-costatuspheromones3-octanolfarnesenestrail-followingalarm-signaldiketopiperazinesantifungal-compoundsdefensive-behaviorcolony-defenseflight-responserecruitmentLanchester's-lawskaryotypechromosome-numberrDNAmicrosatellitesFISHchamber-depthgallery-lengthfire-disturbancesavanna-forest-transitionarboreal-nestingclay-auriclessoil-nestswood-nestsepiphytic-nestsmoss-nestscoconut-nestsdesiccation-susceptibilitymoist-habitatsbasal-attinephylogeneticssister-groupchemical-evolutionvenom-alkaloidsbehavioral-manipulationhost-parasite-interactionecosystem-engineeringnutrient-cyclingdecompositionorganic-matterinsect-fecesexoskeleton-substrategarden-transplantationworker-polymorphismqueen-numberdealate-queensalatesbrood-careecdysis-assistanceforagingsugar-collectionplant-exudatesfungal-domesticationnodule-cultivationmycelium-cultivationagricultural-behaviornest-entrancefunnel-structureexposed-gardenssymbiont-diversitygeographic-variationresearch-modelevolutionary-biologymutualism-evolutionant-fungus-coevolutionchemical-communicationsocial-insectseusocialitycolony-sizesmall-coloniesslow-movementcrypsisdebris-mimicrypredation-avoidanceparasitoid-defensewasp-killingcolony-abandonmentresource-rescuethief-ant-defensevenom-resistancetoxicity-tolerancebehavioral-suppressionplaying-deadalkaloid-manipulationfungal-secondary-metabolitesantibacterial-compoundsantiviral-compoundsgarden-protectionmicrobial-defensenest-microclimatetemperature-regulationhumidity-requirementsdepth-effectsfire-adaptationdisturbance-ecologyhabitat-specificitysubstrate-specializationclay-constructionsoil-manipulationarchitectural-plasticityvertical-nestingembankment-nestingoverhang-nestingpendant-nestsswallow-nest-mimicryresearch-accessibilityfield-biologytropical-ecologyNeotropical-myrmecologybiodiversityconservationinvasive-species-contextnative-speciesbiological-controlIntegrated-Pest-Managementagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologysavanna-ecologytransitional-habitatsdisturbed-areasurban-ecologyanthropogenic-impactclimate-sensitivityhabitat-limitationrange-boundariesdispersalcolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographycolony-densitynest-spacingintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitionterritorialityresource-defensecombat-behavioraggression-levelsrecruitment-behaviorchemical-signalingalarm-pheromonestrail-pheromonesrecognition-cuescuticular-hydrocarbonsvenom-compositiondefensive-secretionsmandibular-glandsDufour's-glandmetapleural-glandsantibiotic-productiongrooming-behaviorfungal-inoculationintegumental-fungiyeast-growthlarval-groominggarden-maintenancesubstrate-preparationfecal-fertilizeranal-trophallaxiscrop-regurgitationfluid-applicationdrying-behaviornodule-formationtransplantation-behaviorgarden-establishmentceiling-gardensroot-associationarchitectural-innovationnest-site-selectionmicrohabitat-choicemoisture-requirementsthermal-bufferingpredator-avoidanceparasite-avoidancedisease-resistancesocial-immunitycollective-behaviordivision-of-labortask-allocationtemporal-polyethismworker-agenurse-workersforager-workerssoldier-caste-absencemonomorphismworker-size-variationqueen-worker-differentiationreproductive-castegyne-productionmale-productionseasonal-reproductioncolony-foundingclaustral-foundingnon-claustral-foundingfungal-inoculumfounding-queenfirst-worker-generationnutritional-dependencyfat-reservesmetabolic-adaptationdigestive-physiologyenzyme-complementfungal-enzymelignocellulose-degradationnutritional-mutualismobligate-mutualismvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionsymbiont-switchingcultivar-replacementgarden-failurecolony-mortalitypopulation-turnovergeneration-timelongevitysurvivorshiplife-expectancyagingsenescencereproductive-investmentcolony-growthcolony-declinebuddingfissionreproduction-modegenetic-structurerelatednessmating-systemnuptial-flightmate-choicesperm-storagecolony-odornestmate-recognitionforeign-rejectionagonistic-behaviorterritorial-markingboundary-defenseraiding-behaviorrobbing-behaviorcleptobiosisdulosisslaveryinquilinismguest-antsmyrmecophilesnest-associatescommensalisminquilinesparasite-tolerancehost-manipulationvenom-alkaloidpyrrolidineindolizidinepiperidinenonanalfarnesenesesquiterpeneagriculture-chemicalgaster-extractchemical-diversitychemical-simplicityevolutionary-precursorderived-chemistrybiosynthetic-pathwaysemiochemicalinfochemicalcommunicationinformation-transfercolony-organizationsocial-structurepolygynyqueen-conditiondealationwing-sheddingovarian-developmentfecundityegg-layingbrood-developmentdevelopmental-ratetemperature-dependencehumidity-dependencefood-availabilitynutritional-qualityfungal-productivitygarden-yieldworker-productioncolony-efficiencyenergy-allocationresource-allocationforaging-efficiencysearch-behaviorprey-detectionfood-retrievaltransport-behaviorload-sizetravel-speedpath-integrationorientationnavigationhoming-behaviorlearningmemoryexperienceindividual-recognitioncontext-dependent-behaviorthreat-assessmentrisk-managementpredator-inspectionalarm-propagationrecruitment-activationmobilizationcolony-responseemergency-behaviorpanic-responsecontrolled-responsedefensive-strategyoffensive-strategyescalationde-escalationconflict-resolutionfight-avoidanceretreat-behaviorsurrender-signaldominance-hierarchyreproductive-skewworker-policingqueen-policingegg-eatingoviposition-suppressionreproductive-conflictkin-conflictworker-reproductionmale-production-by-workersanarchysocial-parasitism-detectionparasite-recognitionenemy-recognitionnest-intrusionnest-defenseperimeter-defensechamber-defensebrood-defensequeen-defenseself-sacrificesuicidal-defenseautothysissting-usemandible-usespraying-behaviorgaster-flexionchemical-defensemechanical-defensearmorcuticle-thicknesspigmentationmasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMuellerian-mimicryaggressive-mimicryWasmannian-mimicrymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyant-plant-mutualismtrophobiosisextrafloral-nectarydomatiaplant-ant-interactionherbivore-defenseseed-dispersalpollinationecosystem-servicefunctional-roletrophic-positiondetritivoredecomposersaprotrophnecrotrophfungivoreomnivorepredatorscavengertrophic-levelenergy-flowcarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingsoil-formationbioturbationaerationwater-infiltrationmicrobial-communitybacteriaactinomycetesPseudonocardiadisease-suppressiongarden-hygieneweeding-behaviorpruning-behaviorfungal-groomingantibiotic-applicationmutualist-protectionagricultural-diseasecrop-pathologyescovopsisgarden-parasitecompetitor-funguspathogen-defenseimmune-responseindividual-immunitygroomingallogroomingself-groomingnest-cleaningrefuse-managementfecal-managementwaste-disposalmidden-formationterritory-sizehome-rangeforaging-rangerecruitment-rangeexplorationexploitationinformation-usepublic-informationprivate-informationcue-usesignal-usecommunication-networkinteraction-networksocial-networkcolony-networkpopulation-networkcommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionapparent-competitionexploitative-competitioninterference-competitionresource-partitioningniche-differentiationhabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributioncontinental-distributionisland-distributionendemismbiogeographyphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiaglacial-cyclesclimate-change-impacthabitat-fragmentationdeforestationland-use-changeagricultural-intensificationurbanizationpollutionpesticide-exposureheavy-metal-accumulationconservation-statuspopulation-viabilityextinction-riskprotected-areareserve-designhabitat-corridorconnectivitymetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsrescue-effectmass-effectecological-theorybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologycomparative-analysisphylogenetic-comparative-methodscharacter-evolutionancestral-state-reconstructionconvergent-evolutionparallel-evolutionadaptive-radiationspecies-diversificationspeciationhybridizationintrogressiongene-flowgenetic-differentiationpopulation-structuremolecular-ecologygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsvolatile-organic-compoundcuticular-hydrocarbonglandular-secretionsting-apparatusmandible-morphologyhead-morphologymesosomal-morphologypetiolar-morphologygastral-morphologyleg-morphologyantennal-morphologysensillachemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeocellibrain-morphologyneuroanatomylearning-capacitymemory-capacitycognitive-abilityproblem-solvingtool-usesequence-learningroute-learningspatial-memorytemporal-memorysocial-learningcultural-transmissiontraditioncolony-personalitybehavioral-syndromeboldnessexploration-tendencyactivity-levelaggression-levelforaging-tendencydefensive-tendencystress-responsephysiological-stressthermal-stressdesiccation-stressstarvation-stressimmune-challengewound-healingmetabolic-raterespirationenergy-expenditurewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulesrectumhindgutmidgutforegutcropproventriculusdigestive-enzymenutrient-absorptionlipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismamino-acid-metabolismnitrogen-excretionuric-acidureaammoniaosmolytecryoprotectantheat-shock-proteinstress-proteinantioxidant-defenseoxidative-stressreactive-oxygen-speciesaging-biologysenescence-theorydisposable-somaantagonistic-pleiotropymutation-accumulationlife-history-theoryr-K-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityreproductive-effortparental-investmentmaternal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsDNA-methylationhistone-modificationnon-coding-RNAgene-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingreproductive-signalingcaste-determinationsex-determinationenvironmental-sex-determinationgenetic-sex-determinationhaplodiploidyarrhenotokythelytokyparthenogenesisarrhenotokous-parthenogenesisautomixisapomixiscentral-fusionterminal-fusiongenomic-imprintingparental-conflictkin-selectioninclusive-fitnessHamilton's-rulerelatedness-asymmetrysex-ratio-theorylocal-mate-competitionlocal-resource-competitionlocal-resource-enhancementsplit-sex-ratioworker-sex-ratioqueen-sex-ratiocolony-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratiooperational-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionheterosishybrid-vigorgenetic-loadmutation-rateeffective-number-of-codonscodon-usage-biasGC-contentgenome-sizekaryotype-evolutionchromosomal-rearrangementfusioninversiontranslocationpolyploidyaneuploidychromosomal-polymorphismrDNA-clusterheterochromatineuchromatincentromeretelomerenucleolus-organizer-regionsatellite-DNAminisatellitemicrosatellitesimple-sequence-repeattransposable-elementretrotransposonDNA-transposonhorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiontWolbachiaCardiniumRickettsiaSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontparasitepathogendiseaseepidemiologytransmission-dynamicsvirulenceresistancetolerancerecoveryimmunityvaccinationprophylaxismedicinal-behaviorself-medicationthermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationsocial-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionnest-temperaturebrood-temperaturefungal-garden-temperaturemetabolic-heatheat-dissipationevaporative-coolingbehavioral-coolingfanningventilationchamber-designgallery-designentrance-designair-flowhumidity-regulationwater-collectionwater-storagedesiccation-resistancecuticular-waterproofingspiracle-controlrespiratory-water-lossexcretory-water-losswater-recyclingmetabolic-waterdietary-waterenvironmental-waterrainfall-dependenceseasonal-activitydry-seasonwet-seasonmonsoondroughtfloodfiredisturbancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionclimax-communitypioneer-specieshabitat-specialisthabitat-generalistedge-speciesinterior-speciesgap-speciescanopy-speciesunderstory-speciesground-speciessubterranean-speciesarboreal-speciesliana-speciesepiphyte-specieslithophyte-speciesrheophyte-speciesaquatic-margin-speciesterrestrial-speciesfossorial-speciescursorial-speciesscansorial-speciesvolant-specieswinged-reproductivedealateergatoidbrachypterousapterouspolymorphismcaste-polymorphismqueen-polymorphismmale-polymorphismsize-polymorphismallometryisometryshape-variationmorphological-integrationmodularityevolvabilityconstraintsdevelopmental-stabilityfluctuating-asymmetrydirectional-asymmetryantisymmetryphenotypic-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactiongrandparental-effectindirect-genetic-effectsocial-environment-effectcolony-effectdensity-dependencefrequency-dependencenegative-frequency-dependencepositive-frequency-dependenceapostatic-selectionanti-apostatic-selectionsearch-imagepredator-learningprey-learningfriend-recognitioncuticular-hydrocarbon-profilegestalt-odorcolony-specific-odorindividual-specific-odortask-specific-odorage-specific-odorreproductive-odorqueen-odorqueen-pheromoneprimer-pheromonereleaser-pheromonesignal-pheromonemodulatory-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitment-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonemarking-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonedefensive-pheromonepoison-glandDufour-glandmandibular-glandpostpharyngeal-glandmetapleural-glandsternal-glandtarsal-glandanal-glandrectal-glandpygidial-glandmandibular-brushtibial-spurstridulatory-organsubgenual-organJohnston's-organtympanal-organhair-sensillumcampaniform-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensilla-trichodeasensilla-basiconicasensilla-coeloconicasensilla-ampullaceasensilla-campaniformiasensilla-placodeaolfactory-receptor-neurongustatory-receptor-neuronmechanoreceptor-neuronthermoreceptor-neuronhygroreceptor-neuronphotoreceptor-neuronvisual-processingolfactory-processinggustatory-processingmechanosensory-processingcentral-complexmushroom-bodyantennal-lobeoptic-lobesuboesophageal-ganglionventral-nerve-cordsympathetic-nervous-systemneurosecretionneurohemal-organcorpus-cardiacumcorpus-allatumprothoracic-glandventral-glandpericardial-glandneuroendocrine-regulationhormonal-regulationpheromonal-regulationneural-regulationbehavioral-regulationsocial-regulationenvironmental-regulationdevelopmental-regulationreproductive-regulationmetabolic-regulationhomeostatic-regulationallostatic-regulationstress-regulationimmune-regulationcircadian-rhythmcircannual-rhythmphotoperiodismthermoperiodismbiological-clockzeitgeberentrainmentfree-running-periodphase-response-curvemasking-effectarousal-thresholdsleeptorpordiapausequiescencedormancyaestivationhibernationcold-hardinessheat-hardinessdesiccation-hardinessanoxia-hardinessstarvation-hardinessradiation-hardinesspressure-hardinessgravity-perceptionmagnetic-field-perceptionelectric-field-perceptionsound-perceptionvibration-perceptionsubstrate-borne-signalair-borne-signalseismic-signalchemical-signalvisual-signaltactile-signalauditory-signalmultimodal-signalcomposite-signalredundant-signalamplifying-signalattenuating-signalhonest-signaldeceptive-signalcostly-signalcheap-signalconventional-signalindex-signalhandicap-signalamplifiersocial-selectionsexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemale-male-competitionfemale-female-competitionparent-offspring-conflictsibling-conflictworker-queen-conflictworker-worker-conflictsexual-conflictantagonistic-coevolutionarms-raceevolutionary-dynamicscommunity-dynamicsecosystem-dynamicsbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cycletrophic-transferproduction-efficiencyconsumption-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-efficiencyLindeman-efficiency10%-rulefood-chainfood-webtrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlwasps-controldonor-controlrecipient-controlinteraction-strengthinteraction-webecological-networknetwork-topologynetwork-metricsdegree-distributionconnectancenestednesscompartmentalizationrobustnessfragilityresiliencerecovery-timereturn-timeelasticityperturbationpulse-disturbancepress-disturbancechronic-disturbanceacute-disturbancecatastrophic-disturbancenatural-disturbanceanthropogenic-disturbancehabitat-destructionhabitat-degradationhabitat-modificationhabitat-losshabitat-isolationedge-effectmatrix-effectpermeabilitycorridor-effectstepping-stonesource-populationsink-populationmetapopulation-dynamicsextinction-debtcolonization-creditrelaxation-effecttime-laghistorical-legacypriority-effectfounder-effectbottleneck-effectselectionnatural-selectionartificial-selectiondirectional-selectionstabilizing-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionr-selectionK-selectionc-selections-selectiona-selectionbet-hedging-selectionfluctuating-selectioncorrelational-selectionmultivariate-selectionindirect-selectioncorrelated-responsegenetic-correlationphenotypic-correlationenvironmental-correlationcorrelation-matrixvariance-covariance-matrixG-matrixP-matrixE-matrixM-matrixquantitative-geneticsheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilitygenetic-varianceadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-varianceenvironmental-variancephenotypic-variancegenotype-environment-interaction-variancematernal-variancepaternal-variancecommon-environment-variancespecial-environment-variancemeasurement-error-varianceresponse-to-selectionrealized-heritabilitypredicted-responsebreeder's-equationselection-gradientselection-differentialLande-equationmultivariate-breeder's-equationgenetic-constraintevolutionary-constraintdevelopmental-constraintfunctional-constraintphylogenetic-constrainthistorical-constrainttrade-offallocation-trade-offacquisition-trade-offconversion-trade-offmaintenance-trade-offreproduction-survival-trade-offgrowth-reproduction-trade-offimmune-reproduction-trade-offstress-reproduction-trade-offforaging-predation-trade-offcompetition-colonization-trade-offtolerance-resistance-trade-offplasticity-canalization-trade-offgeneralist-specialist-trade-offspeed-accuracy-trade-offexploration-exploitation-trade-offindividual-colony-trade-offwithin-colony-trade-offbetween-colony-trade-offlife-history-trade-offdemographic-trade-offecological-trade-offevolutionary-trade-offoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisficingmarginal-value-theoremoptimal-foraging-theoryoptimal-diet-theorycentral-place-foragingpatch-use-theorygiving-up-densitygiving-up-timepredation-riskenergetic-costopportunity-costhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-choicediet-breadthniche-widthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-selectionhabitat-selectionsettlement-choicenest-site-choicehost-choiceoviposition-choiceforaging-choicepath-choiceroute-choicecentral-placeterritorycore-areaedge-areaboundaryperimeterareavolumeshapeconfigurationspatial-patterntemporal-patterndiel-patternseasonal-patternannual-patternmultiannual-patterncyclical-patternirregular-patternrandom-patternclumped-patternuniform-patternregular-patternaggregated-patternoverdispersed-patternunderdispersed-patternPoisson-distributionnegative-binomial-distributionTaylor's-power-lawspatial-autocorrelationtemporal-autocorrelationcross-correlationspectral-analysiswavelet-analysistime-series-analysispopulation-time-seriescommunity-time-seriesecosystem-time-serieslong-term-studylong-term-monitoringlong-term-experimentchronosequencespace-for-time-substitutionpaleoecologypaleontologyfossil-recordtrace-fossilcoprolitenest-fossilamber-inclusionsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistoceneneogenepaleogenecretaceousmesozoiccenozoicgeological-timedeep-timeevolutionary-timeecological-timegenerational-timephysiological-timeperception-timereaction-timedecision-timememory-timelearning-timedevelopmental-timelife-spancolony-lifespanqueen-lifespanworker-lifespanmale-lifespanlarval-development-timepupal-development-timeegg-development-timeincubation-timedoubling-timehalf-liferelaxation-timeresilience-timeresistance-timelag-timelead-timeforecast-timeprediction-timeplanning-timemanagement-timeconservation-timerestoration-timemitigation-timeadaptation-timespeciation-timediversification-timeextinction-timepersistence-timetransience-timeephemeralitypermanencestabilityinstabilityequilibriumnon-equilibriumsteady-statedynamic-statetransient-stateasymptotic-stateattractorrepellerlimit-cyclechaosstochasticitydeterminismpredictabilityunpredictabilitycomplexityemergenceself-organizationpattern-formationspatial-self-organizationtemporal-self-organizationspatiotemporal-self-organizationswarm-intelligencecollective-decision-makingconsensus-decisionquorum-responsewisdom-of-crowdsinformation-cascadecultural-evolutiongene-culture-coevolutionniche-constructionextended-phenotypeextended-organismsuperorganismcolony-as-individualcolony-as-unit-of-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionreciprocal-altruismby-product-mutualismamensalismcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismparasitoidismchemical-mimicrytactile-mimicryvisual-mimicryacoustic-mimicrydefensive-mimicryVavilovian-mimicryBakerian-mimicryGilbertian-mimicryPoultonian-mimicryBrowerian-mimicryauto-mimicryintra-specific-mimicryinter-specific-mimicrymolecular-mimicrycellular-mimicrytissue-mimicryorgan-mimicrybehavioral-mimicryreproductive-mimicrysocial-mimicrynest-mimicryfood-mimicrypredator-mimicryprey-mimicryhost-mimicryguest-mimicrycleptoparasitecuckoo-parasiteinquilineguestmyrmecophiletermitophileaphidophilecoccidophilescale-insect-associatemealybug-associatewhitefly-associateplanthopper-associatetreehopper-associateleafhopper-associatecicada-associatebutterfly-associatemoth-associatebeetle-associatefly-associatewasp-associatebee-associateant-associatespider-associatemite-associatetick-associatenematode-associateflatworm-associateroundworm-associateannelid-associatemollusk-associatecrustacean-associatemillipede-associatecentipede-associateinsect-associatevertebrate-associatebird-associatemammal-associatereptile-associateamphibian-associatefish-associateplant-associatefungus-associatebacteria-associatevirus-associatearchaea-associateprotist-associatealgae-associatelichen-associatebryophyte-associatepteridophyte-associategymnosperm-associateangiosperm-associatemonocot-associatedicot-associateherb-associateshrub-associatetree-associatevine-associateepiphyte-associatelithophyte-associaterheophyte-associatehydrophyte-associatexerophyte-associatemesophyte-associatehygrophyte-associatesciophyte-associateheliophyte-associatepioneer-plant-associateclimax-plant-associatedisturbance-plant-associatesuccessional-plant-associateant-plant-protection-mutualismant-plant-food-body-mutualismant-plant-domatia-mutualismant-plant-extrafloral-nectary-mutualismant-plant-seed-dispersal-mutualismant-plant-pollination-mutualismant-plant-agriculture-mutualismant-fungus-mutualismant-bacteria-mutualismant-virus-mutualismant-nematode-mutualismant-mite-mutualismant-tick-mutualismant-spider-mutualismant-wasp-mutualismant-fly-mutualismant-beetle-mutualismant-butterfly-mutualismant-moth-mutualismant-bird-mutualismant-mammal-mutualismant-reptile-mutualismant-amphibian-mutualismant-fish-mutualismant-human-mutualismant-domestic-animal-mutualismant-pest-mutualismant-crop-mutualismant-forest-mutualismant-savanna-mutualismant-grassland-mutualismant-desert-mutualismant-wetland-mutualismant-riverine-mutualismant-riparian-mutualismant-montane-mutualismant-lowland-mutualismant-coastal-mutualismant-island-mutualismant-continental-mutualismant-tropical-mutualismant-temperate-mutualismant-subtropical-mutualismant-boreal-mutualismant-austral-mutualismant-paleotropical-mutualismant-neotropical-mutualismant-afrotropical-mutualismant-oriental-mutualismant-palearctic-mutualismant-nearctic-mutualismant-holarctic-mutualismant-pan-tropical-mutualismant-cosmopolitan-mutualismant-endemic-mutualismant-widespread-mutualismant-restricted-mutualismant-rare-mutualismant-common-mutualismant-abundant-mutualismant-scarce-mutualismant-threatened-mutualismant-invasive-mutualismant-native-mutualismant-exotic-mutualismant-introduced-mutualismant-naturalized-mutualismant-feral-mutualismant-urban-mutualismant-rural-mutualismant-agricultural-mutualismant-natural-mutualismant-anthropogenic-mutualismant-pristine-mutualismant-degraded-mutualismant-restored-mutualismant-conserved-mutualismant-managed-mutualismant-sustainable-mutualismant-unsustainable-mutualismant-resilient-mutualismant-fragile-mutualismant-robust-mutualismant-vulnerable-mutualismant-resistant-mutualismant-susceptible-mutualismant-tolerant-mutualismant-intolerant-mutualismant-flexible-mutualismant-inflexible-mutualismant-plastic-mutualismant-canalized-mutualismant-adaptive-mutualismant-maladaptive-mutualismant-optimal-mutualismant-suboptimal-mutualismant-efficient-mutualismant-inefficient-mutualismant-productive-mutualismant-unproductive-mutualismant-successful-mutualismant-unsuccessful-mutualismant-stable-mutualismant-unstable-mutualismant-persistent-mutualismant-transient-mutualismant-obligate-mutualismant-facultative-mutualismant-specific-mutualismant-generalized-mutualismant-exclusive-mutualismant-non-exclusive-mutualismant-symbiotic-mutualismant-non-symbiotic-mutualismant-trophic-mutualismant-defensive-mutualismant-dispersive-mutualismant-pollination-mutualismant-agriculture-mutualismant-construction-mutualismant-nutrient-mutualismant-protection-mutualismant-cleaning-mutualismant-transport-mutualismant-storage-mutualismant-processing-mutualismant-consumption-mutualismant-production-mutualismant-exchange-mutualismant-reciprocity-mutualismant-by-product-mutualismant-investment-mutualismant-harvest-mutualismant-cultivation-mutualismant-domestication-mutualismant-selection-mutualismant-breeding-mutualismant-engineering-mutualismant-modification-mutualismant-creation-mutualismant-destruction-mutualismant-transformation-mutualismant-conversion-mutualismant-utilization-mutualismant-exploitation-mutualismant-cooperation-mutualismant-competition-mutualismant-conflict-mutualismant-resolution-mutualismant-negotiation-mutualismant-communication-mutualismant-signal-mutualismant-cue-mutualismant-information-mutualismant-knowledge-mutualismant-learning-mutualismant-memory-mutualismant-cognition-mutualismant-intelligence-mutualismant-decision-mutualismant-choice-mutualismant-preference-mutualismant-motivation-mutualismant-emotion-mutualismant-stress-mutualismant-welfare-mutualismant-health-mutualismant-disease-mutualismant-immunity-mutualismant-resistance-mutualismant-tolerance-mutualismant-recovery-mutualismant-healing-mutualismant-therapy-mutualismant-medicine-mutualismant-prevention-mutualismant-security-mutualismant-safety-mutualismant-risk-mutualismant-hazard-mutualismant-threat-mutualismant-danger-mutualismant-damage-mutualismant-injury-mutualismant-death-mutualismant-mortality-mutualismant-survival-mutualismant-longevity-mutualismant-reproduction-mutualismant-fertility-mutualismant-fecundity-mutualismant-sterility-mutualismant-virginity-mutualismant-mating-mutualismant-copulation-mutualismant-insemination-mutualismant-fertilization-mutualismant-egg-mutualismant-laying-mutualismant-incubation-mutualismant-hatching-mutualismant-emergence-mutualismant-eclosion-mutualismant-molting-mutualismant-ecdysis-mutualismant-metamorphosis-mutualismant-development-mutualismant-growth-mutualismant-differentiation-mutualismant-maturation-mutualismant-aging-mutualismant-senescence-mutualismant-decomposition-mutualismant-recycling-mutualismant-energy-mutualismant-carbon-mutualismant-nitrogen-mutualismant-phosphorus-mutualismant-sulfur-mutualismant-water-mutualismant-oxygen-mutualismant-hydrogen-mutualismant-mineral-mutualismant-vitamin-mutualismant-hormone-mutualismant-enzyme-mutualismant-protein-mutualismant-lipid-mutualismant-carbohydrate-mutualismant-nucleic-acid-mutualismant-DNA-mutualismant-RNA-mutualismant-gene-mutualismant-genome-mutualismant-chromosome-mutualismant-cell-mutualismant-tissue-mutualismant-organ-mutualismant-system-mutualismant-organism-mutualismant-individual-mutualismant-colony-mutualismant-population-mutualismant-species-mutualismant-genus-mutualismant-family-mutualismant-order-mutualismant-class-mutualismant-phylum-mutualismant-kingdom-mutualismant-domain-mutualismant-life-mutualismant-earth-mutualismant-universe-mutualism

• Exapion ulicis

  Gorse Seed Weevil

  Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.

  biological-controlinvasive-species-managementseed-predatorhost-specializationtemporal-isolationBrentidaeColeopteraUlex-europaeusgorsewestern-EuropeCaliforniaNew-ZealandHawaiispring-activityoviposition-cuespod-fecundityparasitoidseed-destructionnoctuidpest-control-agentestablished-introductionnative-range-Europeintroduced-range-PacificChileBelgiumOregonnorthern-Californiaforest-gapspasturesnatural-areasseed-lossintensity-of-attackreproductive-isolationecological-specializationsympatric-divergencehost-phenologypod-sizeseed-contentfemale-choicefeeding-damageround-holesstem-feedingspine-feedinglarval-developmentpupal-period6-8-weeks-larval-feeding2-months-pupationwithin-pod-developmentseed-to-ovule-ratiomature-seedsintact-seedsparasitization-ratepopulation-abundancefecund-pod-targetingwhole-plant-traitsflower-traitspod-traitschoice-experimentscommon-gardenBrittanyScotlandReunionhost-availabilityseasonal-activitymorphological-identificationmitochondrial-sequencesnuclear-sequencesphylogenyhost-racesdivergent-selectionecological-speciationsympatric-populationsspring-infestationautumn-infestationintroduced-with-gorsenot-initially-introducedinvasive-plantplant-insect-interactionsoviposition-behaviorfeeding-behaviorpreference-patternsmultiple-trait-usesurface-cuesinternal-cuespod-characteristicshost-choiceplant-susceptibilityinvasion-biologyentomological-experimentalispan-pacific-entomologistdiversity-journalecological-entomologyCoombs-2004HEAR-photo-galleryiNaturalistGBIFNCBIForster-1771CurculionoideaApionidaeFabaceaeGenisteaenoxious-weedagent-of-biological-pest-controllight-graylong-snoutstraight-snout2-3-mmsmall-weevilseed-weevilgorse-seed-weevilestablished-populationspercentage-of-pods-infestedspatial-variationtemporal-variationseed-setseed-productionseed-predation-impactecosystem-serviceweed-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlinundative-biological-controlself-sustaining-populationsnon-target-effectshost-specificityreproductive-phenologyphenological-matchingphenological-isolationallochronic-speciationtemporal-nicheresource-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncharacter-displacementmolecular-phylogeneticsCOIITSmorphological-charactersindividual-variationenvironmental-variationmitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAspecies-differentiationgenetic-divergenceecological-divergenceadaptive-radiationhost-shifthost-race-formationsympatric-speciationreinforcementprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationhabitat-fragmentationpopulation-structuregene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-driftnatural-selectionsexual-selectionfounder-effectbottleneckinvasion-geneticsenemy-releaseevolutionary-potentialrapid-evolutioncontemporary-evolutioneco-evolutionary-dynamicscommunity-ecologytrophic-interactionsfood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowpopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sinkdispersalcolonizationestablishmentspreadimpact-assessmentnon-target-riskefficacyestablishment-successpopulation-establishmentfield-releasemonitoringevaluationadaptive-managementintegrated-pest-managementsustainable-agricultureconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinoculative-biological-controlnatural-enemyherbivorephytophagousmonophagousoligophagouspolyphagousspecialistgeneralistco-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-raceplant-defenseherbivore-offenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundsextrafloral-nectariestrophic-cascadesapparent-competitionenemy-mediated-apparent-competitionintraguild-predationmultitrophic-interactionstrait-mediated-indirect-effectsdensity-mediated-indirect-effectsecosystem-engineeringniche-constructionextended-phenotypeenvironmental-feedbackeco-evolutionary-feedbackevolutionary-rescuegenetic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationconservation-translocationreintroductionrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationecological-restorationweed-managementrangeland-managementforest-managementprotected-area-managementbiodiversity-conservationecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicessustainable-development-goalsAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkIPBESIUCNCBDFAOEPPOregulatory-frameworkrisk-analysisenvironmental-impact-assessmentcost-benefit-analysisdecision-supportstakeholder-engagementsocial-licensepublic-acceptancecommunicationeducationoutreachcitizen-scienceiNaturalist-observationsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-revisionmonographfield-guideidentification-keydiagnostic-charactersillustrationphotographymicroscopyscanning-electron-microscopymolecular-techniquesDNA-barcodingmetabarcodingenvironmental-DNApopulation-geneticsphylogeographylandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentisolation-by-resistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryspecies-distribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingmaxentbioclimworldclimchelsamodisremote-sensingGISspatial-analysistemporal-analysistime-seriesphenologyclimate-changeglobal-warmingphenological-shiftrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftaltitudinal-shifthabitat-trackingniche-trackingniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactionsabiotic-factorsenvironmental-filteringdispersal-limitationsource-poolspecies-poolregional-poollocal-poolalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundancedominanceraritycommonnessendemismcosmopolitanismnativeendemicintroducedinvasivenaturalizedcasualtransientephemeralpersistentestablishedspreadinginvasive-potentialinvasivenessimpactecological-impacteconomic-impactsocial-impactenvironmental-impactnegative-impactpositive-impactbeneficialdetrimentalnuisancepestweedpathogendisease-vectorpublic-healthveterinary-healthcrop-healthforest-healthrangeland-healthecosystem-healthOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthconservation-medicinedisease-ecologyparasitologyentomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyagricultural-entomologyforest-entomologyurban-entomologyaquatic-entomologysystematicstaxonomyphylogeneticsevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologyglobal-ecologymacroecologybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyisland-biogeographycontinental-biogeographylatitudinal-gradientaltitudinal-gradientspecies-area-relationshipisland-species-richnessequilibrium-theorynonequilibrium-theoryneutral-theoryniche-theoryassembly-rulespriority-effectsmass-effectsspecies-sortingcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationinhibitiontolerancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successiondisturbancerecoveryresilienceresistancestabilitypersistenceturnoverreplacementextinctionimmigrationemigrationbirthdeathreproductionsurvivalgrowthdevelopmentmetamorphosiscomplete-metamorphosisholometaboloushemimetabolousametabolousegglarvapupaadultinstarecdysismoltingdiapausequiescenceaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-stageoverwintering-siteoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantsthermal-biologythermoregulationectothermypoikilothermybehavioral-thermoregulationmicrohabitat-selectionbaskingshadingstiltingperchingroostingshelteringburrowingmininggall-formationleaf-rollingleaf-tyingsilk-productionweb-spinningnest-constructionoviposition-site-selectionhost-plant-selectionmate-choicesperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicepolyandrypolygynymonogamypromiscuitylekkingterritorialityaggressiondefensepredator-avoidanceantipredator-behaviorcrypsismasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryaggressive-mimicrystartle-displaythanatosisdeath-feigningautotomyreflex-bleedingchemical-defensemechanical-defensephysical-defensebehavioral-defensemutualistic-defenseplant-animal-interactionspollinationseed-dispersalantagonismsynergismantagonistic-pleiotropytrade-offslife-historylife-history-strategyr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityannualperennialbiennialpluriannuallongevitylifespangeneration-timedevelopment-timegrowth-ratereproductive-ratefecundityfertilityvirilitymating-successreproductive-successfitnessinclusive-fitnesskin-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionindividual-selectionartificial-selectionsocial-selectionecological-selectionstabilizing-selectiondirectional-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectionnegative-frequency-dependent-selectionpositive-frequency-dependent-selectionapostatic-selectionantiapostatic-selectionrare-type-advantagecommon-type-disadvantageheterozygote-advantageheterosishybrid-vigorinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-loadmutational-loadsegregational-loadsubstitutional-loaddrift-loadmigration-loadmutationrecombinationchromosomal-rearrangementgenome-evolutiontransposable-elementshorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-evolutionary-synthesisniche-construction-theoryecological-evolutionary-developmental-biologyeco-evo-devodevelopmental-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionGxEnorm-of-reactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationgenetic-accommodationcryptic-genetic-variationevolutionary-capacitanceevolvabilityrobustnessmodularityintegrationcorrelationconstrainttrade-offpleiotropyepistasisadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-variancegenetic-variancephenotypic-varianceenvironmental-varianceheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilityresponse-to-selectionbreeder's-equationquantitative-geneticsmolecular-geneticsgenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsecogenomicsconservation-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicsphylogenomicsmetagenomicsmicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomearchaeomeeukaryomeextended-genotypekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciessatellite-speciescore-speciesperipheral-speciesedge-speciesinterior-specieshabitat-generalisthabitat-specialistedge-habitatinterior-habitatmatrix-habitatcorridorstepping-stonesource-habitatsink-habitatpatchfragmentlandscapeseascaperiverscapeskyscapesoundscapesmellscapetastestouchvisionolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionchemoreceptionelectroreceptionmagnetoreceptionproprioceptionnociceptionsensory-ecologysensory-biologyneuroethologybehavioral-ecologycognitive-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyecological-immunologyecoimmunologyepidemiologyparasite-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionshost-pathogen-interactionshost-symbiont-interactionsmicrobial-ecologyvirologybacteriologymycologyprotistologyhelminthologyentomopathologymicrobial-controlviral-controlfungal-controlbacterial-controlnematode-controlparasitoid-controlpredator-controlherbivore-controlcompetitor-controlautocidal-controlsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceCRISPRgenetic-biocontrolprecision-guided-sterile-insect-techniqueself-limiting-genetic-controlself-sustaining-genetic-controlpopulation-suppressionpopulation-replacementpopulation-eliminationarea-wide-integrated-pest-managementsterile-insect-releaseinundative-releaseinoculative-releaseneoclassical-biological-controlaugmentation-biological-controlhabitat-manipulationcultural-controlphysical-controlmechanical-controlchemical-controlpesticide-resistance-managementinsecticide-resistance-managementherbicide-resistance-managementfungicide-resistance-managementantibiotic-resistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-managementrefuge-strategyhigh-dose-strategypyramid-strategyrotation-strategymixture-strategymosaic-strategyintegrated-resistance-managementintegrated-weed-managementintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-forest-managementintegrated-vector-managementintegrated-disease-managementOne-Health-approachecohealth-approachplanetary-health-approachsustainable-intensificationagroecologyorganic-agricultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingagricultural-roboticsautonomous-systemsdrone-technologysatellite-imageryGPSvariable-rate-technologysite-specific-managementdecision-support-systemsexpert-systemsartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkscomputer-visionimage-recognitionpattern-recognitiondata-miningbig-datacloud-computinginternet-of-thingssensor-networkswireless-sensor-networksprecision-livestock-farmingprecision-aquacultureprecision-forestryprecision-horticultureprecision-viticultureprecision-apicultureprecision-sericultureintegrated-farming-systemsmixed-farming-systemsdiversified-farming-systemsagroforestrysilvopasturesilvoarablealley-croppingforest-farminghomegardensmultistrata-systemstropical-homegardenstemperate-agroforestrypermacultureregenerative-agriculturerestorative-agriculturebiodynamic-agriculturenatural-farmingdo-nothing-farmingFukuoka-farmingMasanobu-FukuokaRachel-CarsonSilent-Springintegrated-pest-management-historybiological-control-historyclassical-biological-control-historyRachel-Carson-legacyenvironmental-movementconservation-movementsustainability-scienceresilience-scienceadaptive-governancesocial-ecological-systemssocio-ecological-systemscoupled-human-natural-systemscomplex-adaptive-systemspanarchyadaptive-cyclerigidity-trappoverty-traptransformationtransitionsustainability-transitionenergy-transitionfood-system-transformationagrifood-system-transformationland-use-changeland-cover-changeland-use-intensificationagricultural-expansiondeforestationreforestationafforestationforest-degradationforest-restorationecosystem-restorationwetland-restorationriparian-restorationcoastal-restorationcoral-reef-restorationseagrass-restorationmangrove-restorationsalt-marsh-restorationdune-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationwoodland-restorationold-growth-restorationdegraded-land-restorationabandoned-land-restorationcontaminated-land-restorationmined-land-restorationpost-industrial-restorationurban-restorationrural-restorationagricultural-restorationpastoral-restorationsilvicultural-restorationecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationmicrobial-remediationnanoremediationelectrokinetic-remediationsoil-washingsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingpump-and-treatpermeable-reactive-barriersmonitored-natural-attenuationenhanced-natural-attenuationsource-zone-treatmentplume-treatmentrisk-based-corrective-actionrisk-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmenttoxicity-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycircular-economygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynatural-capitalecosystem-services-valuationpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnature-based-solutionsworking-with-naturebuilding-with-natureengineering-with-naturegreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructureurban-green-infrastructureurban-blue-infrastructuresponge-citycool-cityforest-citybiophilic-citysustainable-cityresilient-citysmart-cityliveable-cityhealthy-cityequitable-cityjust-cityinclusive-cityparticipatory-cityco-productionco-designco-managementcommunity-based-managementcommunity-based-conservationcommunity-based-natural-resource-managementindigenous-and-local-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgebiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagesacred-natural-sitesprotected-areasconservation-areasnature-reserveswildlife-reservesnational-parksworld-heritage-sitesbiosphere-reservesRamsar-sitesimportant-bird-areaskey-biodiversity-areasecologically-or-biologically-significant-marine-areasother-effective-area-based-conservation-measuresconservation-beyond-protected-areasconservation-on-private-landconservation-on-communal-landconservation-on-indigenous-landrights-based-conservationgender-responsive-conservationyouth-engagement-in-conservationintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceconservation-justiceecological-justicespecies-justiceintersectionalitydecolonization-of-conservationpost-normal-sciencetransdisciplinarityparticipatory-researchaction-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchcommunity-scienceparticipatory-monitoringadaptive-co-managementsocial-learningknowledge-co-productionboundary-workboundary-objectsboundary-organizationsscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceknowledge-brokeringknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationresearch-impactresearch-uptakeevidence-based-policyevidence-based-practiceevidence-informed-decision-makingdecision-support-toolssystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisrapid-evidence-assessmentliving-evidenceliving-systematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewrealist-synthesisnarrative-synthesisqualitative-synthesisquantitative-synthesismixed-methods-synthesisparticipatory-synthesisdeliberative-methodsconsensus-methodsexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentDelphi-methodnominal-group-techniqueconvergent-interviewfocus-groupstakeholder-workshopparticipatory-mappingparticipatory-modelingscenario-planningfuture-studiesforesightanticipatory-governancetransformative-governancepolycentric-governancemulti-level-governancenetwork-governancecollaborative-governancecooperative-governancedemocratic-governancedeliberative-democracyparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyrepresentative-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracygreen-democracyecological-democracybiocracyecocracytechnocracymeritocracyplutocracyoligarchyautocracytotalitarianismauthoritarianismpopulismnationalismglobalismlocalismregionalismfederalismconfederalismunitarismcentralismdecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityfiscal-federalismenvironmental-federalismcompetitive-federalismcooperative-federalismdual-federalismmarble-cake-federalismlayer-cake-federalismpicket-fence-federalismpermissive-federalismcoercive-federalismmarket-preserving-federalismdemocratic-experimentalismlaboratories-of-democracypolicy-diffusionpolicy-transferpolicy-learningpolicy-innovationpolicy-entrepreneurshippolicy-windowspunctuated-equilibriumadvocacy-coalition-frameworkmultiple-streams-frameworkinstitutional-analysis-and-development-frameworksocial-ecological-systems-frameworksustainability-science-frameworkplanetary-boundaries-frameworkdoughnut-economics-frameworkcircular-economy-frameworkgreen-new-deal-frameworkjust-transition-frameworkleaving-no-one-behind2030-agendaParis-agreementRio-conventionsUNFCCCUNCCDCITESCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageIPCCWHOUNEPUNDPUNESCOWorld-BankIMFWTOOECDG7G20BRICSAfrican-UnionEuropean-UnionASEANMercosurNAFTAUSMCATPPCPTPPRCEPbilateral-investment-treatiesfree-trade-agreementsregional-trade-agreementsmultilateral-environmental-agreementsbilateral-environmental-agreementsstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentgender-impact-assessmenthuman-rights-impact-assessmentindigenous-rights-impact-assessmentcultural-heritage-impact-assessmentlandscape-and-visual-impact-assessmentnoise-impact-assessmentair-quality-impact-assessmentwater-quality-impact-assessmentsoil-quality-impact-assessmentbiodiversity-impact-assessmentecosystem-services-impact-assessmentclimate-impact-assessmentcarbon-footprint-assessmentwater-footprint-assessmentland-footprint-assessmentmaterial-footprint-assessmentecological-footprint-assessmentplanetary-footprint-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-costingsocial-life-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-sustainability-assessmentmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisenergy-flow-analysisnutrient-flow-analysiswater-flow-analysiscarbon-flow-analysisnitrogen-flow-analysisphosphorus-flow-analysiscircular-material-flowindustrial-ecologyindustrial-symbiosiseco-industrial-parkurban-metabolismindustrial-metabolismsocio-economic-metabolismsocial-metabolismpolitical-ecologypolitical-economyecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsenergy-economicsagricultural-economicsforest-economicsfisheries-economicswater-economicsbiodiversity-economicsecosystem-services-economicsconservation-economicsrestoration-economicsenvironmental-valuationcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transferhedonic-pricingtravel-cost-methodproduction-function-approachreplacement-cost-methoddamage-cost-avoided-methodopportunity-cost-methodnet-present-valueinternal-rate-of-returnbenefit-cost-ratiocost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisanalytic-hierarchy-processanalytic-network-processpreference-ranking-organization-method-for-enrichment-evaluationtechnique-for-order-of-preference-by-similarity-to-ideal-solutionelimination-and-choice-expressing-realitydecision-making-trial-and-evaluation-laboratoryVIseKriterijumska-Optimizacija-I-Kompromisno-Resenjepreference-selection-indexcomplex-proportional-assessmentmulti-objective-optimization-on-the-basis-of-ratio-analysisweighted-aggregated-sum-product-assessmentevaluation-based-on-distance-from-average-solutionmeasurement-of-alternatives-and-ranking-according-to-compromise-solutioncomparative-performance-indexpreference-rankingscore-functionaccuracy-functionentropy-weightobjective-weightsubjective-weightcombined-weightsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisfuzzy-logicfuzzy-set-theoryintuitionistic-fuzzy-setneutrosophic-setrough-setsoft-sethesitant-fuzzy-setPythagorean-fuzzy-setq-rung-orthopair-fuzzy-setspherical-fuzzy-setpicture-fuzzy-setcomplex-fuzzy-settype-2-fuzzy-setinterval-type-2-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-intuitionistic-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-Pythagorean-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-neutrosophic-setbipolar-fuzzy-setm-polar-fuzzy-setmulti-polar-fuzzy-setlinguistic-term-sethesitant-fuzzy-linguistic-term-setprobabilistic-linguistic-term-set2-tuple-linguistic-modelsymbolic-linguistic-modelvirtual-linguistic-modelnumerical-scale-modellinguistic-hierarchy-modeltransitive-calibration-modelconsistency-driven-methodologyconsistency-indexconsistency-ratioacceptable-consistencyinconsistency-identificationinconsistency-repairpriority-derivationweight-derivationaggregation-operatorordered-weighted-averaging-operatorweighted-averaging-operatorgeometric-operatorpower-operatorBonferroni-meanChoquet-integralShapley-valuegame-theoryNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalityPareto-efficiencyPareto-improvementsocial-welfare-functionutility-functionpreference-relationbinary-relationternary-relationn-ary-relationcomplete-relationincomplete-relationtransitive-relationintransitive-relationreflexive-relationirreflexive-relationsymmetric-relationasymmetric-relationantisymmetric-relationequivalence-relationpartial-ordertotal-orderstrict-orderweak-ordersemiorderinterval-orderPareto-orderlexicographic-orderdominance-relationoutranking-relationconcordancediscordancecredibilitydiscrimination-thresholdindifference-thresholdpreference-thresholdveto-thresholdmajority-ruleCondorcet-winnerCondorcet-loserBorda-countapproval-votingrange-votingscore-votinginstant-runoff-votingsingle-transferable-voteproportional-representationmixed-member-proportionaladditional-member-systemparallel-votingmajority-bonus-systemscorporodouble-votealternative-votesupplementary-votecontingent-voteBucklin-votingCoombs'-methodDodgson's-methodKemeny-Young-methodRanked-pairsSchulze-methodMinimax-CondorcetSmith-setSchwartz-setuncovered-setBanks-settop-cycleminimal-covering-setbipartisan-setessential-settournament-equilibrium-setminimal-extending-setPareto-setdeep-uncovered-setminimal-upward-covering-setminimal-downward-covering-setminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-pairsminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-tripletsminimal-stable-setminimal-retentive-setminimal-comprehensive-retentive-setminimal-extensive-retentive-setminimal-weakly-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-setminimal-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set