Physiological-stress

Guides

• Anurida

  Anurida is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Neanuridae, established in 1865 by Laboulbène. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with species occupying diverse habitats including intertidal marine zones, river floodplains, riparian areas, and forest ecosystems. Well-studied species include the intertidal specialist Anurida maritima, which exhibits complex tidal-entrained behaviors, and the terrestrial A. granaria, which has documented mycophagous associations. The genus shows notable morphological diversity in chaetotaxy and eye reduction, with some species groups exhibiting cryptic genetic divergence despite morphological similarity.

  Collembolaspringtailsintertidaltidal-behaviorcryptic-speciesendosymbiontsWolbachiaSpiroplasmadiapauseunivoltinemycophagychaetotaxyNeanuridaecosmopolitan-distributioncircatidal-rhythmegg-diapausesalt-marshriver-floodplainriparian-zoneforest-habitatBeringian-faunagenetic-divergence-without-morphological-changetidal-entrainmentaggregation-behaviorsexual-dimorphism-in-foragingstarvation-mortalityholometabolous-like-developmentsetal-reductionocelli-reductionhammerae-groupAnurida-maritima-species-groupLaboulbène-1865PoduromorphaNeanurinaePseudachorutinaeterrestrialmarine-intertidalfreshwater-ripariannutrient-cyclingorganic-matter-decompositionfungal-dispersalapothecia-feedingclay-wall-nestsair-filled-cavitiestidal-refugeweather-dependent-activitytemperature-dependent-diapause-terminationmitochondrial-genome-divergenceancient-circatidal-behaviorcytoplasmic-incompatibilitymale-killingType-V-cif-genesgenome-wide-differentiationPool-seq-phylogenomicsHolarctic-distributiontemperate-zone-adaptationoverwintering-eggsautumn-mortalityphysiological-stressforaging-efficiencylow-temperature-limitationtidal-inundation-responsebehavioral-synchronizationnest-constructionsexual-reproductioncolonial-aggregationfungal-associationPeziza-arvernensisriverinagranariaoctoculatahirsutaelegansreductanarlibisetosaVladivostok-Botanical-GardenPrimorsky-KraiPolandSouthern-BrazilNorth-western-EuropeUnited-KingdomThe-NetherlandsAndeanArcticSub-arcticCapeCaribbeanCentral-Australiaconiferous-broadleaved-forestprotected-forestvertical-clay-wallscreek-wallssalt-marsh-foragingmarsh-wanderingnest-marsh-exchangemolting-refugeegg-deposition-sitessexually-mature-aggregationhibernating-eggsspring-hatchingsummer-egg-layingautumn-diapause-terminationwinter-development-suppressionadult-deathstarvation-riskglycogen-depletionlipid-depletionbody-size-declinesluggishness-at-low-temperaturelimited-low-water-periodtemperate-survival-strategycosmopolitan-species-with-local-adaptationgenetic-crosses-neededsex-ratio-studies-neededendosymbiont-effects-unknownreproductive-manipulation-potentialselfish-genetic-elementsmaternal-inheritancephylogenomic-analysissingle-copy-orthologous-genesnuclear-genome-divergencemitochondrial-lineage-associationspecies-group-conceptmorphological-stasisevolutionary-divergencesystematic-revision-neededtribe-validityNeanurinae-subdivisionPseudachorutinae-placementhigher-rank-taxonomy-matchGBIF-recordsiNaturalist-observationsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptanceNCBI-taxonomyEntognathaHexapodaEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaspringtail-biodiversitysoil-mesofaunaintertidal-invertebratemarine-terrestrial-transition-zoneestuarine-ecologytidal-flat-ecologyfloodplain-ecologyriparian-ecologyforest-floor-ecologymycophagous-collembolanfungal-feeding-springtailnutrient-cyclerdecomposerdetritivoreorganic-matter-processorecosystem-engineer-(nest-construction)microhabitat-specialisthabitat-partitionsexual-dimorphismbehavioral-plasticityenvironmental-cue-responsephototaxis-modificationthermotaxis-responsehydrotaxis-responseaggregation-pheromone-(inferred)social-behavior-(colonial)reproductive-behaviorcourtshipoviposition-site-selectionegg-guarding-(absent)diapause-evolutionlife-history-strategyunivoltinismsemelparity-(effective)annual-life-cycleseasonal-polyphenism-(absent)developmental-arrestcold-requirement-for-developmenttemperature-threshold5°C-diapause-terminationspring-warming-triggerphenologypopulation-dynamicsdemographymortality-factorstarvationenvironmental-stressclimate-sensitivityhabitat-specificityendemism-(some-species)cryptic-biodiversitymolecular-taxonomyintegrative-taxonomyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgenomic-resourcesWolbachia-genomeSpiroplasma-genomebacterial-endosymbiosishost-microbe-interactionreproductive-parasitismmutualism-(unknown)commensalism-(unknown)symbiont-phylogenyhorizontal-gene-transfer-(absent-in-data)prophage-genescif-gene-evolutionType-V-clademale-killing-gene-absenceCI-gene-presencewmk-gene-presenceSpAID-absencebacterial-genome-reduction-(inferred)host-adaptationcoevolutionsymbiont-sharing-between-host-lineagesgenetic-divergence-with-symbiont-sharingspeciation-mechanismreproductive-isolationcytoplasmic-incompatibility-as-speciation-driver-(unlikely-given-identical-cif-sequences)alternative-speciation-mechanismsecological-speciationbehavioral-isolationhabitat-isolationtemporal-isolationgeographic-isolationallopatric-divergenceparapatric-divergencesympatric-divergence-(possible)cryptic-species-identification-challengemorphological-taxonomy-limitationsmolecular-systematics-necessityDNA-barcodinggenome-skimmingPool-seqphylogenomic-inferencespecies-delimitationintegrative-species-conceptoperational-taxonomic-unitevolutionary-significant-unitconservation-unitbiodiversity-assessmentfaunisticsbiogeographydispersal-abilitypassive-dispersalactive-dispersalhabitat-fidelitysite-fidelitynest-fidelityphilopatry-(inferred)population-structuregene-flowgenetic-differentiationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-accommodationevolutionary-developmental-biologyevo-devosetal-developmentsensory-organ-developmenteye-reduction-evolutioncave-adaptation-(absent)soil-adaptationintertidal-adaptationdesiccation-resistance-(inferred)salinity-tolerancehypoxia-tolerance-(inferred)nest-air-pocket-maintenancerespiratory-adaptationcuticular-waterproofing-(inferred)osmoregulationion-regulationexcretory-systemMalpighian-tubules-(standard)labial-glandsdigestive-systemmidguthindgutfeeding-apparatusmaxillamandiblelabrumepipharynxhypopharynxmouthparts-entognathoushead-capsuleantennaesegment-numbersegment-fusionthoraxabdomenfurca-(absent-in-some-Neanuridae)tenaculumcollophoreventral-tubereticulate-patternpigmentationcolorationsize-variationbody-shapecylindrical-bodysetal-arrangementmacrosetaemicrosetaesensory-setaemechanoreceptorschemoreceptorshygroreceptorsthermoreceptorsphotoreceptorsocelli-structureeye-number-reductioneye-complete-loss-(some-species)pigment-losscuticular-granulationcuticular-tuberclescuticular-scalesbody-sclerotizationintersegmental-membranesappendage-structureleg-segmentationclaw-structureunguiculustenent-hairempodial-appendagetibiotarsusfemurtrochantercoxasubcoxaabdominal-segmentationtergite-structuresternite-structurepleurite-structuretergal-chaetotaxysternal-chaetotaxypleural-chaetotaxyaxial-setaeparaxial-setaemarginal-setaep-row-setaea-row-setaem-row-setaesetal-formulasetal-nomenclatureFjellberg-systemGisin-systemtaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actstype-speciestype-localitytype-specimenoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-redescriptionsfaunal-revisionscatalogueschecklistsdatabasesGBIFiNaturalistNCBIBOLDCOLITISEncyclopedia-of-LifeWikipediaprimary-literaturetaxonomic-literatureecological-literaturephysiological-literaturegenomic-literaturesymbiont-literaturebehavioral-literatureentomologyacarologysoil-zoologymarine-biologyintertidal-ecologyestuarine-sciencelimnologyfreshwater-biologyterrestrial-ecologyforest-ecologyfungal-ecologymicrobial-ecologysymbiosis-researchevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyconservation-biologybiodiversity-sciencesystematicsphylogeneticspaleontology-(absent)fossil-record-(absent)amber-inclusion-(possible-but-unreported)subfossil-(absent)quaternary-record-(absent)historical-ecologyanthropogenic-impactpollution-sensitivitybioindicator-potentialconservation-status-(unevaluated)IUCN-Red-List-(absent)habitat-protection-needsprotected-area-occurrenceinvasive-potential-(low)agricultural-pest-(absent)household-pest-(absent)economic-importance-(minimal)scientific-importance-(high)model-organism-potentialteaching-organismresearch-subjectbiodiversity-componentecosystem-service-providercultural-significance-(absent)traditional-knowledge-(absent)indigenous-knowledge-(absent)vernacular-names-(absent)etymologyAnurida-(etymology-unknown,-possibly-Greek-'an-'-without-+-'oura'-tail,-referring-to-reduced-furca)Laboulbène1865historical-taxonomyclassical-taxonomymodern-taxonomyfuture-research-needstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysispopulation-genomic-studyfunctional-genomic-studydevelopmental-studyphysiological-studybehavioral-studyecological-studysymbiont-studyconservation-study

• Cyphomyrmex

  fungus-growing ants

  Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.

  fungus-growing-antsattine-antsMyrmicinaeNeotropicalmutualismfungicultureLeucocoprineaemonogynyparasitoid-waspssocial-parasitismchemical-ecologyalkaloid-venomnest-architecturebehavioral-plasticitycytogeneticschromosome-evolutionGuiana-ShieldBrazilPanamaPuerto-RicoMesoamericaArgentinaUnited-StatesTexasCaliforniaFloridayeast-gardensmycelial-gardensrimosus-complexstrigatus-complexage-polyethismtrophallaxisthanatosisfeigning-deathDiapriidaeAcanthopriaMimopriellaMegalomyrmexsocial-parasiteC.-longiscapusC.-transversusC.-laevigatusC.-rimosusC.-minutusC.-lectusC.-cornutusC.-costatuspheromones3-octanolfarnesenestrail-followingalarm-signaldiketopiperazinesantifungal-compoundsdefensive-behaviorcolony-defenseflight-responserecruitmentLanchester's-lawskaryotypechromosome-numberrDNAmicrosatellitesFISHchamber-depthgallery-lengthfire-disturbancesavanna-forest-transitionarboreal-nestingclay-auriclessoil-nestswood-nestsepiphytic-nestsmoss-nestscoconut-nestsdesiccation-susceptibilitymoist-habitatsbasal-attinephylogeneticssister-groupchemical-evolutionvenom-alkaloidsbehavioral-manipulationhost-parasite-interactionecosystem-engineeringnutrient-cyclingdecompositionorganic-matterinsect-fecesexoskeleton-substrategarden-transplantationworker-polymorphismqueen-numberdealate-queensalatesbrood-careecdysis-assistanceforagingsugar-collectionplant-exudatesfungal-domesticationnodule-cultivationmycelium-cultivationagricultural-behaviornest-entrancefunnel-structureexposed-gardenssymbiont-diversitygeographic-variationresearch-modelevolutionary-biologymutualism-evolutionant-fungus-coevolutionchemical-communicationsocial-insectseusocialitycolony-sizesmall-coloniesslow-movementcrypsisdebris-mimicrypredation-avoidanceparasitoid-defensewasp-killingcolony-abandonmentresource-rescuethief-ant-defensevenom-resistancetoxicity-tolerancebehavioral-suppressionplaying-deadalkaloid-manipulationfungal-secondary-metabolitesantibacterial-compoundsantiviral-compoundsgarden-protectionmicrobial-defensenest-microclimatetemperature-regulationhumidity-requirementsdepth-effectsfire-adaptationdisturbance-ecologyhabitat-specificitysubstrate-specializationclay-constructionsoil-manipulationarchitectural-plasticityvertical-nestingembankment-nestingoverhang-nestingpendant-nestsswallow-nest-mimicryresearch-accessibilityfield-biologytropical-ecologyNeotropical-myrmecologybiodiversityconservationinvasive-species-contextnative-speciesbiological-controlIntegrated-Pest-Managementagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologysavanna-ecologytransitional-habitatsdisturbed-areasurban-ecologyanthropogenic-impactclimate-sensitivityhabitat-limitationrange-boundariesdispersalcolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographycolony-densitynest-spacingintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitionterritorialityresource-defensecombat-behavioraggression-levelsrecruitment-behaviorchemical-signalingalarm-pheromonestrail-pheromonesrecognition-cuescuticular-hydrocarbonsvenom-compositiondefensive-secretionsmandibular-glandsDufour's-glandmetapleural-glandsantibiotic-productiongrooming-behaviorfungal-inoculationintegumental-fungiyeast-growthlarval-groominggarden-maintenancesubstrate-preparationfecal-fertilizeranal-trophallaxiscrop-regurgitationfluid-applicationdrying-behaviornodule-formationtransplantation-behaviorgarden-establishmentceiling-gardensroot-associationarchitectural-innovationnest-site-selectionmicrohabitat-choicemoisture-requirementsthermal-bufferingpredator-avoidanceparasite-avoidancedisease-resistancesocial-immunitycollective-behaviordivision-of-labortask-allocationtemporal-polyethismworker-agenurse-workersforager-workerssoldier-caste-absencemonomorphismworker-size-variationqueen-worker-differentiationreproductive-castegyne-productionmale-productionseasonal-reproductioncolony-foundingclaustral-foundingnon-claustral-foundingfungal-inoculumfounding-queenfirst-worker-generationnutritional-dependencyfat-reservesmetabolic-adaptationdigestive-physiologyenzyme-complementfungal-enzymelignocellulose-degradationnutritional-mutualismobligate-mutualismvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionsymbiont-switchingcultivar-replacementgarden-failurecolony-mortalitypopulation-turnovergeneration-timelongevitysurvivorshiplife-expectancyagingsenescencereproductive-investmentcolony-growthcolony-declinebuddingfissionreproduction-modegenetic-structurerelatednessmating-systemnuptial-flightmate-choicesperm-storagecolony-odornestmate-recognitionforeign-rejectionagonistic-behaviorterritorial-markingboundary-defenseraiding-behaviorrobbing-behaviorcleptobiosisdulosisslaveryinquilinismguest-antsmyrmecophilesnest-associatescommensalisminquilinesparasite-tolerancehost-manipulationvenom-alkaloidpyrrolidineindolizidinepiperidinenonanalfarnesenesesquiterpeneagriculture-chemicalgaster-extractchemical-diversitychemical-simplicityevolutionary-precursorderived-chemistrybiosynthetic-pathwaysemiochemicalinfochemicalcommunicationinformation-transfercolony-organizationsocial-structurepolygynyqueen-conditiondealationwing-sheddin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• Lacunicambarus diogenes

  devil crayfish, devil crawfish

  Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.

  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