Pheromones
Guides
Bombus vancouverensis
Vancouver Bumble Bee, Vancouver Island Bumblebee
Bombus vancouverensis is a eusocial bumblebee of subgenus Pyrobombus, widespread across mountainous regions of western North America. The species was long treated as synonymous with Bombus bifarius, with most historical literature on bifarius actually referring to vancouverensis. Genetic studies completed in 2020 confirmed their distinct status, with true B. bifarius being exclusively red-tailed and geographically restricted, while B. vancouverensis is polymorphic and broadly distributed. It is one of only two bumblebee species known to use pheromones for kin recognition.
Choristoneura
spruce budworms
Choristoneura is a genus of tortricid moths comprising nearly forty species distributed across North America and Eurasia. Most species are serious pests of conifers, with several causing major forest defoliation events. The genus includes notable forest pests such as the eastern spruce budworm (C. fumiferana) and western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis), which undergo periodic population outbreaks that can devastate spruce-fir forests. The genus exhibits complex population dynamics and is extensively studied for its economic and ecological impacts.
Ctenuchina
Handmaidens
Ctenuchina is a subtribe of tiger moths within the family Erebidae, commonly known as handmaidens. These moths are diurnal and exhibit striking coloration that mimics unpalatable beetles and wasps. Males possess specialized scent-dispersing structures called androconia, used in pheromone communication during courtship. The group is taxonomically diverse, with many species distributed in the Neotropical region.
Cyphomyrmex
fungus-growing ants
Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.
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Echinothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae containing approximately seven described species. The genus is best known through Echinothrips americanus, a polyphagous pest of greenhouse and agricultural crops that has spread globally from its native range in eastern North America. Species in this genus are phytophagous, feeding on leaves, flowers, and fruits by piercing and sucking plant cells. The genus exhibits haplo-diploid reproduction with arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, where unfertilized eggs produce haploid males and fertilized eggs produce diploid females.
Monochamus
sawyer beetles, sawyers
Monochamus is a large genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) distributed worldwide. Commonly known as sawyer beetles, species in this genus are characterized by larvae that bore into dead or dying coniferous trees, particularly pines. Several species serve as vectors for the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), the causative agent of pine wilt disease. The genus exhibits strong sexual dimorphism in antennae length, with males typically bearing antennae twice as long as their bodies.