Genome-sequenced
Guides
Abrostola
spectacle moths
Abrostola is a genus of noctuid moths in the tribe Abrostolini, characterized by distinctive thoracic markings resembling spectacles or goggles. The genus includes at least two well-studied European species: A. tripartita (the spectacle) and A. triplasia (the dark spectacle). Both species are associated with nettle as a primary larval host plant. The genus has been the subject of recent genomic research, with chromosomally complete genome assemblies available for both A. tripartita and A. triplasia.
Acrobasis suavella
Thicket Knot-horn, Blackthorn Knot-horn
Acrobasis suavella is a small pyralid moth native to Europe, with an established introduced population in southwestern Canada. Adults fly nocturnally during summer months and are readily attracted to light. The larva is a concealed feeder, constructing a silken gallery within which it feeds on host plant material over an extended autumn-to-spring period. The species has been the subject of genome sequencing as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Actenicerus
Marsh Click Beetles
Actenicerus is a genus of click beetles (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) comprising approximately 37 species distributed primarily across the Northern Hemisphere, with exceptional diversity in Japan where 26 species are endemic. The genus includes the well-documented Marsh Click-beetle (A. siaelandicus), a Palaearctic wetland specialist. Members exhibit the family's characteristic escape mechanism—producing an audible click to right themselves when overturned.
Adelges cooleyi
Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Douglas fir adelgid, gall adelgid
Adelges cooleyi is a gall-forming adelgid native to western North America, specifically the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains. It is a host-alternating species with a complex life cycle involving two primary hosts: spruce (Picea) species as primary hosts and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) as the secondary host. On spruce, the adelgid induces the formation of distinctive pineapple-shaped galls at branch terminals. On Douglas fir, it produces white, cottony wax masses containing eggs but causes less conspicuous injury. The species has two generations per year and exhibits morphological dimorphism: progredientes migrate to current-year needles while sistentes settle on older needles.
Aethes
Conch moths
Aethes is a genus of small tortricid moths (family Tortricidae, subfamily Tortricinae, tribe Cochylini) comprising approximately 70-75 described species distributed across the Palaearctic region. Species are characterized by small size (wingspans typically 8-23 mm), narrow forewings, and often subtle coloration in yellow, brown, or grey tones with variable fasciation patterns. Larvae are generally associated with Asteraceae, feeding in stems, roots, and seed heads of host plants. The genus includes several well-known species such as Aethes cnicana (Thistle Conch) and Aethes hartmanniana that have been subject to intensive ecological study.
Agriphila
grass-veneer moths
Agriphila is a genus of small crambid moths comprising approximately 40 species distributed across temperate Eurasia and adjacent regions. Species were historically classified under the related genus Crambus until the mid-20th century, when Agriphila gained wider taxonomic recognition. Several species are economically significant as pests of cereal crops, particularly wheat. The genus has become a subject of genomic research, with published genome sequences for A. straminella and A. tristella.
Agriphila straminella
Pearl Veneer, Straw Grass-veneer moth
Agriphila straminella is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of 16–20 mm, found across Europe and the Palearctic region. Adults are active from June to September, with flight timing varying by location. The species is attracted to light traps. Larvae feed on grasses including sheep's fescue, smooth meadowgrass, and wheat.
Agrochola
Agrochola is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1821. Species are primarily autumn-flying (late August to November) with overwintering eggs. The genus includes species of conservation concern; Agrochola litura has declined substantially in Britain (73% abundance decrease 1970–2016). Long-term monitoring data from Prague showed Agrochola lychnidis exhibited significant population decrease over 29 years. Some authorities treat Sunira as a subgenus of Agrochola.
Aleiodes
mummy-wasps, Common Mummy Wasps
Aleiodes is a large cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, commonly known as mummy-wasps. The genus was established by Constantin Wesmael in 1838 and contains thousands of described species, with exceptional diversity in the Western Hemisphere. Females are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack caterpillars, laying eggs inside living hosts. The developing wasp larvae consume the host from within, eventually killing it and causing the remains to harden into a distinctive 'mummy' from which the adult emerges.
Alucita
many-plumed moths
Alucita is the largest and type genus of many-plumed moths (family Alucitidae), containing approximately 180 species with new species continuing to be described. The genus occurs almost worldwide, though individual species have more restricted ranges. Members are distinguished by their unique wing morphology, with each wing divided into multiple feather-like plumes. The genus was established by Linnaeus in 1758 and has historically been subject to taxonomic revision, with several junior synonyms proposed by subsequent authors.
Amphipyra tragopoginis
Mouse Moth
Amphipyra tragopoginis, the Mouse Moth, is a widespread noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution. The species has undergone significant population decline in the UK, dropping over 80% between 1970 and 2016. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing an 806 Mb assembly with 13,359 protein-coding genes. The species is notable for its unusual flight behavior and attraction to sugary baits rather than light.
Anerastia
snout moths
Anerastia is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1825 and contains approximately 12 described species. The best-known member is Anerastia lotella, the Sandhill Knot-horn moth, which has been the subject of genomic research. Species occur across parts of Europe, Africa, and North America.
Anerastia lotella
Sandhill Knot-horn, Sandhill Knot-horn moth
Anerastia lotella, commonly known as the Sandhill Knot-horn moth, is a small pyralid moth with a chromosome-level genome assembly available. Adults are active in July and are single-brooded. The species shows phenotypic variation between coastal and inland populations, with coastal individuals typically larger and paler.
Anthemurgus
passionflower bee
Anthemurgus is a subgenus within Protandrena (family Andrenidae) containing at least one confirmed species, P. (Anthemurgus) passiflorae, commonly called the passionflower bee. This bee is notable for extreme host-plant specialization (monolecty) on Passiflora lutea, the yellow passionflower. The subgenus has undergone repeated taxonomic revision, having been treated as a monotypic genus, a subgenus of Pseudopanurgus, and currently as a subgenus of Protandrena. A chromosome-level genome assembly has been completed for the sole species.
Archips xylosteana
variegated golden tortrix, brown oak tortrix
Archips xylosteana is a medium-sized tortricid moth native to the Palearctic region, with a wingspan of 14–23 mm. The species exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism in size, with females typically larger than males. Forewings are broad and roughly rectangular, displaying variable coloration from yellow-brown to pinkish brown with dark reddish-brown markings. This univoltine species is a polyphagous leafroller, with larvae feeding on numerous deciduous trees and shrubs.
Arctia caja
Garden Tiger, Great Tiger Moth
Large, conspicuously colored moth with a wingspan up to 65 mm. Forewings are cryptic brown with irregular cream-colored bands; hindwings are orange (rarely yellow) with large rounded bluish spots. This aposematic species sequesters toxic alkaloids for defense. The species has undergone significant decline in the U.K. over the past 30 years, accompanied by phenotypic changes including longer, narrower wings and reduced genetic diversity.
Athrips
Athrips is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae containing approximately 60 described species distributed across the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Species are organized into species-groups based on morphological and presumably phylogenetic relationships, with the largest diversity centered in arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia. The genus was revised taxonomically in 2005 for the Palaearctic region, with subsequent revisions for China (2009) and Africa (2010). One species, A. mouffetella, has been genome-sequenced as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Aulacorthum solani
Foxglove aphid, Glasshouse-potato aphid
Aulacorthum solani is a globally distributed agricultural pest aphid with one of the broadest host ranges of any aphid species, feeding on both dicots and monocots. It is a phloem-feeding hemipteran that causes direct feeding damage including stunted growth, leaf discoloration, and deformation, and serves as a vector for plant viruses. The species exhibits temperature-dependent development and reproduction, with optimal performance between 12.5–20°C and survival possible from 5–27.5°C. Both winged and wingless morphs occur, with parthenogenesis used for colony maintenance in laboratory settings.
Bombus flavifrons
yellow-fronted bumble bee, yellowhead bumblebee
Bombus flavifrons is a robust bumble bee native to North America, distributed across much of Canada, Alaska, and the western contiguous United States. The species exhibits intraspecific color pattern variation across its range due to Müllerian mimicry. It inhabits high-altitude and high-latitude environments including tundra, taiga, and mountain forests and meadows. The species is host to the parasitic cuckoo bumble bee Bombus insularis.
Bombus pensylvanicus
American bumblebee, Sonoran bumblebee
Bombus pensylvanicus is a threatened bumble bee species historically widespread across eastern North America. Populations have declined approximately 90% since the early 2000s, with range contractions particularly severe in northern and eastern portions of its former distribution. The species is a long-tongued pollinator favoring open grassland and agricultural habitats. It maintains a typical bumble bee colony cycle with queens initiating nests in early spring and colonies persisting until late autumn. The species is of significant conservation concern and has been proposed for Endangered Species Act protection.
Bombus vancouverensis
Vancouver Bumble Bee, Vancouver Island Bumblebee
Bombus vancouverensis is a eusocial bumblebee of subgenus Pyrobombus, widespread across mountainous regions of western North America. The species was long treated as synonymous with Bombus bifarius, with most historical literature on bifarius actually referring to vancouverensis. Genetic studies completed in 2020 confirmed their distinct status, with true B. bifarius being exclusively red-tailed and geographically restricted, while B. vancouverensis is polymorphic and broadly distributed. It is one of only two bumblebee species known to use pheromones for kin recognition.
Brachylomia
Minor Shoulder-knot (B. viminalis)
Brachylomia is a genus of small noctuid moths in the tribe Xylenini, containing approximately 17 described species. The genus occurs across the Holarctic region, with species distributed in North America, Europe, and Asia. Brachylomia viminalis, the Minor Shoulder-knot, is the best-known species and serves as the primary reference for understanding the genus. Most species are associated with damp habitats and willow-dominated vegetation.
Buathra laborator
Buathra laborator is a large, conspicuous ichneumonid wasp (Darwin wasp) in the subfamily Cryptinae, common and widespread across Britain. Both sexes are predominantly black with red legs; females possess a long ovipositor, while males display distinctive white facial markings and white hind tarsus. The species is frequently observed in open areas on flowers during its April–August flight period. Despite its abundance and visibility, it has never been successfully reared in Europe, and its host associations remain poorly documented.
Cantharis rufa
soldier beetle
Cantharis rufa is a soldier beetle (family Cantharidae) measuring 8–11 mm in length. It is widely distributed across the Palaearctic region and has been introduced to North America, where it is expanding its range. The species has an annual life cycle with two 'prolarval' and six larval instars. Adults are active from mid-May to mid-July.
Caradrina
rustics, mottled willows
Caradrina is a genus of noctuid moths erected by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816, currently comprising approximately 189 described species divided into eight subgenera. The genus includes species commonly known as rustics or mottled willows, with some subgenera (notably Paradrina and Platyperigea) treated as separate genera by certain authorities. Species within this genus exhibit bivoltine life cycles in temperate regions and show varying degrees of migratory behavior.
Caradrina clavipalpis
Pale Mottled Willow
Caradrina clavipalpis, the pale mottled willow, is a small noctuid moth native to the Palearctic region and introduced to North America since 1993. Adults are attracted to light and sugar, and feed at flowers. The species has two generations per year in temperate regions, with adults flying from April to October depending on location. Larvae feed on cereal grains and plantains, and pupate underground in robust cocoons.
Carcina
oak long-horned flat-body moths
Carcina is a small genus of micromoths in the family Peleopodidae, containing four species distributed across Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. The genus is notable for its members' distinctive appearance: pastel pink or purple wings with yellow markings and exceptionally long antennae relative to body size. The most widespread species, C. quercana, serves as host for the specialized parasitoid wasp Venanides carcinae. A recently described species, C. ingridmariae, was discovered in 2025 after being misidentified as C. quercana for over a century, representing a rare case of overlooked colorful European moth diversity.
Carcina quercana
oak lantern, long-horned flat-body, oak-skeletonizer moth
Carcina quercana is a small moth in the family Peleopodidae (Depressariidae), native to Europe and recently introduced to western North America. It is distinguished by its pastel purple and yellow wing patterning and notably long antennae. The species is moderately polyphagous on deciduous trees, particularly favoring Fagaceae. Adults fly from May to October, with peak activity in July.
Carpatolechia fugitivella
elm groundling
Carpatolechia fugitivella, commonly known as the elm groundling, is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 11–15 mm. The species is widespread across Europe, extending into Asia and North America. Adults are active from June to September and are attracted to light.
Cauchas
Cauchas is a genus of fairy longhorn moths (Adelidae) in the subfamily Adelinae, established by Zeller in 1839 and elevated to genus status in 1980. It contains approximately 17 described species distributed across Europe and Asia. The genus is characterized by small size, reduced sexual dimorphism in antennae length, and specific host plant associations with Veronica species.
Chalcis
Chalcis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Chalcididae, characterized by greatly enlarged hind femora with ventral teeth and curved hind tibiae. Members of this genus are parasitoids of stratiomyid flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), ovipositing into host egg masses laid on emergent vegetation near water. The genus includes Chalcis sispes, the first chalcidid wasp to have its genome fully sequenced.
Cheilosia grossa
Large Bulb Fly, Foxy Bulb Fly
A large, robust hoverfly species in the family Syrphidae, widespread across Europe. Adults are active in early spring, visiting willow catkins and other early-flowering plants. The species is notable for its phytophagous larvae that tunnel within thistle stems and roots, causing characteristic plant damage. Males exhibit distinctive hovering behavior at head height, occasionally forming loose swarms.
Choneiulus palmatus
Palm Millipede
A small julid millipede native to the Atlantic zone of northwest Europe, now widely distributed through synanthropic spread and human introduction. Adults reach 12–15 mm with up to 58 body rings. The species shows strong association with human-modified environments in parts of its range, particularly in northern Britain, while retaining woodland populations elsewhere. A genome assembly of 626.52 Mb has been published from an Oxfordshire specimen.
Copidosoma
copidosoma wasp
Copidosoma is a genus of chalcid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, comprising over 200 species of polyembryonic parasitoids. These wasps deposit one or two eggs into host Lepidoptera eggs, which then proliferate into thousands of genetically identical embryos. A unique caste system produces two larval morphs: sterile soldiers that defend the host from competitors and reproductive larvae that consume the host and emerge as adults. The genus has been extensively studied for its extreme clonal reproduction and is widely used in biological control programs against agricultural pests.
Cosmia
pinion moths
Cosmia is a genus of noctuid moths comprising approximately 35 described species distributed across the Palaearctic region. The genus includes notable species such as the dun-bar (C. trapezina), lunar-spotted pinion (C. pyralina), and white-spotted pinion (C. diffinis). Several species are associated with elm trees, and at least one species (C. pyralina) has experienced population decline in Britain linked to Dutch elm disease affecting its host plants. The genome of C. pyralina has been sequenced, revealing a 803.3 Mb assembly with 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules.
Crioceris
asparagus beetle
Crioceris is a genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) commonly known as asparagus beetles. The genus includes both widespread agricultural pests and rare species restricted to specialized habitats. Several species are associated with Asparagus host plants, with C. asparagi and C. duodecimpunctata being notable invasive pests. Other species such as C. quinquepunctata and C. quatuordecimpunctata are rare and occupy steppe-like habitats in Eurasia. The genus has been subject to molecular barcoding studies to distinguish closely related species.
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern House Mosquito
Culex quinquefasciatus, the southern house mosquito, is a medium-sized brown mosquito distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is a significant disease vector, transmitting pathogens including West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti), and potentially Zika virus. The species is taxonomically part of the Culex pipiens species complex and is one of the most abundant peridomestic mosquitoes globally. Its genome was sequenced in 2010, revealing 18,883 protein-coding genes.
Cylindroiulus
Cylindroiulus is a genus of cylindrical millipedes in the family Julidae, established by Verhoeff in 1894. Species in this genus are characterized by their smooth, rounded bodies and are primarily distributed across Europe. The genus includes notable species such as Cylindroiulus punctatus, which has been sequenced for genomic studies, and Cylindroiulus nitidus, which has been studied for its life-history dynamics in woodland habitats. Members are typically found in forest floor environments, including decaying wood and soil.
Dasysyrphus
Dasysyrphus is a genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) comprising approximately 50 described species distributed worldwide. The genus is relatively straightforward to identify, though species-level differentiation requires careful examination and should not rely solely on images. Adults are medium-sized with distinctive morphological features including hairy eyes and microtrichose wings. Larvae are primarily arboreal, feeding nocturnally on aphids and other small Hemiptera.
Dicyrtomina
globular springtails
Dicyrtomina is a genus of globular springtails (order Symphypleona) characterized by a rounded, compact body form distinct from elongate springtail lineages. Members exhibit latch-mediated spring-actuated (LaMSA) jumping powered by the furca, a modified fourth abdominal segment. The genus includes species such as D. minuta, which has been extensively studied for its extraordinary jumping kinematics, and D. saundersi, which displays neustonic (surface-floating) behavior. Species occur primarily in moist leaf litter habitats across Europe, North America, and other regions, with some populations adapted to aquatic surface microlayer environments.
Ditula
Ditula is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Archipini, established by Stephens in 1829. The genus contains two recognized species: Ditula angustiorana (Red-barred Tortrix or Leaf roller) and Ditula saturana. D. angustiorana has been the subject of behavioral and genomic studies, revealing atypical diel periodicity in female calling behavior.
Dromius
Dromius is a genus of small arboreal ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising approximately 108 species distributed across the Palearctic, Nearctic, Near East, and North Africa. Members of this genus are characterized by their tree-dwelling habits, inhabiting trunks and bark of deciduous and coniferous trees rather than ground-level environments. The genus includes the well-studied species Dromius quadrimaculatus, known as the Great Four-spot Treerunner, which has served as a model for understanding canopy-dwelling carabid ecology.
Ephialtes
Ephialtes is a genus of ichneumonid wasps (family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Pimplinae, tribe Ephialtini) established by Gravenhorst in 1829. The genus includes species that are ectoparasitoids of solitary aculeate Hymenoptera, with females possessing notably long ovipositors adapted for accessing host nests. Ephialtes manifestator, the type species and best-documented member, has been subject to genome sequencing and ecological study. The genus is distributed across Europe and has been recorded in North America.
Epinotia nisella
Grey Poplar Bell, Yellow-headed Aspen Leaftier
Epinotia nisella is a small tortricid moth with a Holarctic distribution across northern Eurasia and northern North America. First described by Clerck in 1759, it is highly polymorphic in forewing coloration, showing extensive variation in grey, black, and brown patterns. The species is closely related to E. cinereana, from which it was recently reinstated as distinct based on DNA barcodes and genital morphology. Larvae feed on catkins and leaves of Populus and Salix species.
Epirrhoe
Epirrhoe is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae, containing approximately 17 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. Species within this genus are generally small to medium-sized geometrid moths, many with characteristic wing patterns featuring contrasting dark and light markings. The Small Argent and Sable (Epirrhoe tristata) is among the better-known species, with a published chromosomally complete genome assembly.
Eudasyphora
Eudasyphora is a genus of muscid flies established by Townsend in 1911. The genus contains at least seven described species distributed primarily across Europe and North America. Eudasyphora cyanicolor, the best-studied species, has been the subject of genome sequencing research. Members of this genus are synanthropic and frequently associated with human dwellings.
Eulithis
grapevine loopers, spinach moths, chevron moths
Eulithis is a Holarctic genus of geometrid moths in the tribe Cidariini, established by Jacob Hübner in 1821. The genus contains approximately 25 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Several species are notable for their distinctive wing patterns, including chevron markings, and some have acquired common names reflecting their larval host plants or wing patterns, such as the grapevine loopers and spinach moths.
Eulithis testata
Chevron, Chevron Moth
A medium-sized geometrid moth with a Holarctic distribution, found across northern Eurasia and North America. Adults are active from July to mid-September, with two generations per year in some regions and one in others. The species has experienced significant population declines in the UK since 1970.
Eutomostethus luteiventris
Yellow-bellied Rush-cutter
A small sawfly measuring 5–7 mm, characterized by a black head and thorax contrasting with an orange-yellow abdomen marked with black dorsal patterns. The species is notable for its parthenogenetic reproduction in Britain and Ireland, where only females have been recorded. It completes a single generation per year in the UK, with adult activity restricted to spring. The genome has been sequenced as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, revealing a haploid assembly of 272.06 Mb.
Euwallacea similis
ambrosia beetle
Euwallacea similis is a small ambrosia beetle (2.2–2.7 mm) native to South and Southeast Asia and Australia, now globally distributed through human trade in timber and wood commodities. It colonizes stressed, cut, or recently dead host trees rather than healthy living trees, distinguishing it from related invasive species like E. fornicatus. The species exhibits haplodiploid sex determination and inbreeding polygyny, with females farming symbiotic Fusarium fungi in wood galleries. First recorded in the Iberian Peninsula in 2025, it is considered a high-risk quarantine pest due to its polyphagous habits and potential to vector pathogenic fungi.
ambrosia-beetleinvasive-specieshaplodiploidfungal-symbiosisforest-pestxyleboriniquarantine-pestwood-boring-beetleglobal-trade-vectorcryptic-species-complexsecondary-borercrepuscularlight-attractedfusarium-symbiontparthenogenesisinbreeding-polygynygenome-sequencedchromosome-fissioniberian-peninsula-introduction2025-range-expansionGandaritis
Gandaritis is a genus of geometrid moths comprising approximately 22 species, with 16 species recorded from China. The genus was established by Frederic Moore in 1868. Species within this genus are primarily distributed across the Palearctic region, with notable diversity in montane areas of western China. The Barred Straw (G. pyraliata) is the best-studied species, having been sequenced for genomic analysis.
Gerris buenoi
water strider
Gerris buenoi is a small water strider species native to North America, first described in 1911. Adults measure 8-10 mm in length and possess elongated mid-legs adapted for locomotion on water surfaces. The species exhibits wing polymorphism, with multiple wing forms corresponding to different seasons and environmental conditions. It has been extensively studied as a model organism for sexual conflict research and was the first water strider to have its genome sequenced.
Globia
arches
Globia is a genus of noctuid moths commonly called "arches", containing approximately seven described species. The genus was established in 2010 to replace the preoccupied name Capsula, which itself had replaced Archanara. Species in this genus are distributed across the Holarctic region. Several species have undergone notable range expansions in recent decades, particularly in Britain.
Gryllus longicercus
Long-cercus Field Cricket
Gryllus longicercus is a field cricket species described in 2019, notable for possessing the longest known cerci in the genus Gryllus. It represents the first New World cricket to have its genome fully assembled and annotated, with a 1.85 Gb genome containing 19,715 transcripts from 14,789 gene models. The species inhabits rocky desert landscapes and exhibits characteristic acoustic communication typical of field crickets.
Gymnocheta
Gymnocheta is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately 12 described species distributed across the Palaearctic region. The genus is distinguished by metallic green coloration in some species, a trait shared with only one other European tachinid genus. Members are parasitoids of Lepidoptera, with larvae developing inside host caterpillars. The genome of G. viridis was sequenced as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Hecatera dysodea
Small Ranunculus
Hecatera dysodea, the Small Ranunculus, is a noctuid moth native to Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. It has been introduced to North America, where it was first detected in Utah in 1998 and Oregon in 2005. The species has experienced local extinction and recolonisation in Britain, where it disappeared by the 1930s and was rediscovered in Kent in 1997. Adults are attracted to light and visit flowers, particularly of lettuce species.
Hemithea aestivaria
Common Emerald
Hemithea aestivaria, the Common Emerald, is a geometrid moth native to Eurasia and accidentally introduced to North America. Its blue-green wing coloration derives from the pigment geoverdin, which is light-sensitive and fades in both living individuals and dried specimens. The species has been sequenced with a 501.7 Mb genome assembly containing 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules and 18,477 protein-coding genes. In its native range it is univoltine, while introduced populations in Japan have been observed to be bivoltine.
Horisme
Horisme is a genus of geometrid moths in the subfamily Larentiinae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus contains multiple species distributed across Europe and North America. One species, Horisme tersata (Fern moth), has been subject to genome sequencing, revealing a chromosome-level assembly of approximately 558 Mb. Species within this genus are associated with specific host plants and exhibit characteristic wing patterning useful for identification.
Hybos
dance flies
Hybos is a genus of small predatory dance flies in the family Hybotidae, comprising approximately 242 described species globally. The genus is distinguished by morphological features including short vein Rs, long cell cup, separated eyes in most species, a spine-like proboscis, and notably thickened hind femora bearing ventral bristles. Species occur across the Palaearctic and Oriental realms, with highest diversity in Asia. Adults are active predators of small flying insects, while larvae are soil-dwelling and predate on invertebrates.
Hydraecia micacea
Rosy Rustic, Potato Stem Borer
Hydraecia micacea, known as the rosy rustic or potato stem borer, is a noctuid moth native to the Palearctic realm and introduced to eastern North America. The species exhibits significant agricultural pest status, particularly affecting hop cultivation and potato crops through subterranean larval feeding on roots and crowns. Adults are active from July to November in temperate regions. The species is univoltine with a single generation per year.
Hyles lineata
white-lined sphinx, hummingbird moth
Hyles lineata is a large, abundant sphinx moth native to North and Central America, recognized for its distinctive hovering flight and striking wing pattern. Adults display a 2–3 inch wingspan with dark brown forewings marked by white longitudinal lines and black hindwings bearing a broad pink median band. The species exhibits unusual flexibility in activity patterns, flying at dusk, dawn, and occasionally during daylight hours to feed on nectar. Caterpillars show extreme color polymorphism, ranging from black with orange spots to lime green with black markings, and possess a characteristic posterior horn. This generalist feeder has been documented on over a dozen plant families and serves as a significant pollinator and occasional agricultural pest.
Hypsopygia costalis
Gold Triangle, Clover Hayworm Moth, Clover Hay Moth
A small pyralid moth native to Europe, now established in eastern North America. Adults display a distinctive golden triangular marking on the forewings. The species is notable as a pest of stored hay and dried vegetation, with larvae feeding on clover and alfalfa hay. Adults are nocturnal, active from July through November in the British Isles, with earlier emergence (May–July) reported elsewhere. The genome has been sequenced, revealing 818 Mb across 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules.
Ischnus inquisitorius
Ischnus inquisitorius is a small ichneumonid wasp of the subfamily Cryptinae, approximately 7 mm in length, with distinctive sexually dimorphic coloration. The species was formerly known as I. migrator due to a misidentification of Fabricius's types, but the valid name was re-established by Horstmann in 2001. It is a widespread parasitoid of tortricid moth pupae across the Holarctic region.
Labia minor
lesser earwig, small earwig
Labia minor is a small earwig species, 4–7 mm in length including pincers, distinguished by its dull yellow-brown to chocolate brown coloration and less shiny appearance compared to the common earwig. It is notable as the first Dermapteran species to have its genome sequenced by the Darwin Tree of Life project. The species exhibits exceptional maternal care behavior, with females guarding eggs and feeding offspring for 1–2 weeks after hatching—a rarity among insects. Unlike many earwigs, it flies frequently and possesses visible hind wings.
Leucoma salicis
White Satin Moth, Satin Moth
Leucoma salicis is a medium-sized moth native to the Palearctic, introduced to North America in the 1920s where it became an invasive pest. Adults are distinguished by pure white wings with a silky sheen, held tent-like over the body, contrasting with striking black-and-white banded legs. Larvae feed on Salix and Populus species and can cause severe defoliation damage. The species is univoltine in most of its range, with adults active in June through August.
Leucophora
satellite flies, root-maggot flies
Leucophora is a genus of kleptoparasitic flies in the family Anthomyiidae, comprising approximately 60 described species with worldwide distribution except Oceania. Species are commonly known as 'satellite flies' due to their habit of hovering near host nests. The genus is associated with bees and solitary wasps, with females shadowing hosts to locate nest entrances for oviposition. Larvae are parasitic on host brood. Several species are notoriously difficult to distinguish based on external morphology alone.
Linnaemya
Linnaemya is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising approximately 130 described species distributed across three recognized subgenera: Homoeonychia, Linnaemya (sensu stricto), and Ophina. Species are predominantly parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, particularly Noctuidae (owlet moths), with some records from other host groups. The genus exhibits a broad geographic range spanning the Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, and Nearctic regions. Several species have been subjects of genomic sequencing due to their ecological significance as biological control agents.
Listronotus oregonensis
carrot weevil
Listronotus oregonensis, the carrot weevil, is a significant agricultural pest of Apiaceae crops in North America. It was first recognized as a pest in 1902 and primarily attacks cultivated carrot, parsley, celery, and dill. Larval feeding on roots causes direct damage that can reduce yields by up to 50%. The species has low dispersal capacity, moving mainly by walking despite being winged, which makes crop rotation an effective management strategy.
Lithophane
shoulder-knot moths
Lithophane is a genus of noctuid moths commonly known as shoulder-knots. Species are characterized by their autumn to winter flight periods and cryptic forewing patterning that provides bark-mimicking camouflage. The genus includes both univoltine species that overwinter as eggs and those with prolonged adult winter diapause. Several species have expanded their ranges in recent decades, facilitated by horticultural planting of introduced conifers.
Lomographa
Lomographa is a genus of geometrid moths in the tribe Baptini, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus contains multiple species distributed across the Palearctic region, with some extending into North America. The best-studied species is Lomographa bimaculata (White-pinion Spotted), which has served as a model for genomic studies. Adult moths are generally small with white or pale wings and distinctive dark markings.
Macaria notata
peacock moth
Macaria notata, the peacock moth, is a Holarctic geometrid moth with a distinctive wing pattern featuring a black spot resembling a paw print on the forewing. The species is distributed across northern Eurasia and North America, where it inhabits deciduous forests and meadows. Adults are active primarily from May to June, with two generations in central Europe. The caterpillars feed on leaves of deciduous trees including birch, oak, alder, poplar, and blackthorn.
Macrophya
Macrophya is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. The genus contains numerous species distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America, with particularly high diversity in China. Several species have been documented as pests of woody plants, including Macrophya satoi, which damages Japanese ash (Fraxinus japonica). The larvae of many species feed on foliage of trees and shrubs. Some species have had their genomes sequenced, including M. alboannulata and M. annulata.
Manduca
hornworms, hawkmoths, sphinx moths
Manduca is a genus of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) established by Jacob Hübner in 1807. The genus contains approximately 70 species distributed primarily in the Americas. Several species, notably Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) and M. quinquemaculata (tomato hornworm), are extensively studied as model organisms in biological research due to their large size and ease of laboratory rearing. The larvae, commonly called hornworms, are significant agricultural pests of solanaceous crops.
Manduca sexta
Carolina sphinx moth, tobacco hawk moth, tobacco hornworm, Goliath worm
Manduca sexta is a large sphinx moth native to the Americas, widely recognized as both a significant agricultural pest and a premier model organism in biological research. The species exhibits marked sexual dimorphism in adults and undergoes complete metamorphosis through five larval instars. Larvae are notable for their ability to sequester and metabolize nicotine from tobacco plants, using it as a chemical defense against predators. The species has been extensively studied in neurobiology, developmental biology, and immunology due to its large size, short life cycle, and accessible nervous system.
Meconema thalassinum
Oak Bush-cricket, Drumming Katydid
Meconema thalassinum is a small, pale green arboreal bush-cricket in the family Tettigoniidae. Native to Europe, it is the only native arboreal Orthopteran species in the UK and has been introduced to North America within the last 75 years. Males attract females through a unique non-stridulatory method: drumming their hind limbs against leaves to produce vibrations. Unlike most bush-crickets, this species is carnivorous, feeding on invertebrate prey.
Meganola
Meganola is a genus of moths in the family Nolidae, subfamily Nolinae, erected by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1898. The genus is distributed across multiple biogeographic regions including the Palearctic (Europe, Korea), Afrotropical (Ivory Coast, Zambia, Uganda), and Nearctic (Vermont, USA). It contains at least 35 species in West Africa alone, with taxonomic revisions ongoing. Some authorities consider Meganola a synonym of Roeselia.
Melieria
picture-winged fly
Melieria is a genus of picture-winged flies in the family Ulidiidae, characterized by distinctive wing patterning with dark spots or blotches on a lighter background. The genus contains multiple species across Europe and the Palaearctic region, with adults typically active from May to August. Species vary in size from small (4–5 mm) to medium (6 mm or longer) to relatively large (8–10 mm). Several species have been the focus of genomic sequencing as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Nasonia vitripennis
Blowfly Chalcid Wasp
Nasonia vitripennis is a small parasitoid wasp and the best-studied member of the genus Nasonia. It parasitizes pupae of carrion flies, particularly blowflies (Calliphora spp.) and flesh flies. The species exhibits haplodiploid sex determination, with diploid females developing from fertilized eggs and haploid males from unfertilized eggs. It has become a major model organism for studies of genetics, development, behavior, and Wolbachia-mediated cytoplasmic incompatibility. The genome was fully sequenced in 2010, facilitating research on venom proteins, sex pheromones, and epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation.
Nemotelus
soldier flies
Nemotelus is a genus of small soldier flies (family Stratiomyidae) containing approximately 30 described species distributed across the Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Palaearctic regions. Adults range from 4.0 to 8.0 mm in body length and are among the smallest members of the family. The genus is characterized by distinctive facial morphology with a pointed snout bearing antennae on the dorsal side, and pronounced sexual dimorphism in coloration. Most species display black bodies with variable white markings, with males typically showing more extensive pale patterning than females.
Neoitamus
Bentbristles
Neoitamus is a genus of robber flies (family Asilidae) comprising at least 60 described species. The genus has a worldwide distribution with notable presence in Europe, Asia, and North America. Species within this genus are predatory insects that hunt other insects. The common awl robberfly, Neoitamus cyanurus, has been subject to genome sequencing, revealing a 365.5 Mb chromosome-level assembly.
Neomusotima conspurcatalis
Lygodium Defoliator Moth
A small crambid moth native to South and Southeast Asia, introduced to Florida as a biological control agent for the invasive Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum). Larvae are specialist feeders on Lygodium ferns, with young larvae skeletonizing leaves and older larvae consuming entire foliage. The species has been extensively studied for its host specificity and is subject to parasitism by multiple native parasitoid species in its introduced range.
Neotoxoptera
Neotoxoptera is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising at least seven described species. The genus is best known for N. formosana, the onion aphid, a significant agricultural pest of Allium crops. Species in this genus are oligophagous, specializing on plants in the Allium genus, and are distributed across Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania, and Africa.
Neotoxoptera formosana
Onion Aphid
Neotoxoptera formosana is an oligophagous aphid pest specialized on Allium crops, originally described from Taiwan in 1921 and now distributed globally. It causes severe economic losses to Allium agriculture, particularly Allium tuberosum in China, through direct feeding damage and as a vector for plant viruses including garlic latent potyvirus and alstroemeria mosaic potyvirus. The species exhibits temperature-sensitive population dynamics with optimal reproduction at 20°C, and employs specific olfactory cues—particularly sulfur compounds like diallyl disulphide and dipropyl trisulphide—to locate host plants.
Noctua comes
Lesser Yellow Underwing
Noctua comes, the Lesser Yellow Underwing, is a common noctuid moth characterized by brown forewings and bright yellow hindwings with a black terminal band. Adults fly in a single generation from June to October. Larvae are cutworms that feed nocturnally close to the ground, damaging plant stems. The species is native to Britain and Ireland but has been introduced to North America where it can become a crop pest. Its genome of 540.7 Mb has been sequenced and assembled into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules.
Nothochrysa
black lacewings
Nothochrysa is a genus of green lacewings (family Chrysopidae) comprising approximately 10 described species. Members are commonly known as black lacewings due to their brown coloration, distinguishing them from the typically green Chrysopidae. The genus includes both extant and extinct species, with fossil representatives known from the Cenozoic. Nothochrysa capitata serves as the primary reference species for genomic studies within the genus.
Notodonta
prominent moths
Notodonta is a genus of prominent moths in the family Notodontidae, established by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1810. Species within this genus are distributed across the Palearctic region, with multiple species occurring in Europe and Asia. Several species have been subjects of genomic research through the Darwin Tree of Life Project, including the iron prominent (N. dromedarius) and pebble prominent (N. ziczac). The genus exhibits variation in brood number across latitudes, with double-brooded populations in southern regions and single-brooded populations in northern areas.
Novius
Novius is a genus of ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) and the sole member of the tribe Noviini. The genus contains over 70 species, most formerly placed in the genera Rodolia and Anovia, which are now considered junior synonyms. Species of Novius are specialist predators of scale insects, particularly cotton cushion scales in the genus Icerya, and have been widely used in classical biological control programs. The best-known species, Novius cardinalis (the vedalia beetle), was introduced from Australia to California in the 1880s and achieved historic success in controlling Icerya purchasi.
Odiellus
harvestmen
Odiellus is a genus of harvestmen in the family Phalangiidae, containing approximately 17 described species distributed across Europe and introduced regions. The genus includes Odiellus spinosus, a well-studied species with a sequenced genome and documented life history. Members of this genus are characterized by relatively short legs compared to many other harvestmen and often possess distinctive body ornamentation including spines or granulations.
Oeneis
Arctics, graylings
Oeneis is a genus of butterflies in the subfamily Satyrinae, commonly known as the Arctics or graylings. Members of this genus are remarkable for their adaptation to extreme cold environments, with most species restricted to Arctic, sub-Arctic, or high-altitude alpine habitats. The genus exhibits a disjunct distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, with species found in Europe, Arctic Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, Arctic North America, and the Rocky Mountains. Many species have biennial life cycles, with development typically spanning two years. The genus comprises approximately 32 recognized species arranged into several species groups based on phylogenetic relationships.
Oeneis chryxus
Chryxus Arctic, brown Arctic
Oeneis chryxus is a subalpine and alpine butterfly species distributed across northern and western North America. The species exhibits a distinctive semivoltine life cycle, with larvae developing over two years and adults emerging in biennial flight patterns. Populations show striking geographic variation in wing coloration, ranging from cream to orange-brown, which functions as camouflage against rocky substrates. The Ivallda Arctic subspecies (O. c. ivallda) occupies the highest elevation butterfly habitat in North America at over 4,400 meters on Mount Whitney.
Oligia
Oligia is a genus of noctuid moths comprising over 60 described species distributed across Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Species are small to medium-sized moths typically associated with grassland habitats. Several species are economically significant as pests of forage grasses, while others have served as models for studying melanism evolution. Species-level identification often requires genitalia examination due to morphological similarity among closely related taxa.
Oligia strigilis
Marbled Minor
Oligia strigilis, the Marbled Minor, is a noctuid moth distributed across Britain, Europe, and Central Asia, with accidental introduction and rapid spread in northeastern North America. It is one of three similar Oligia species in the UK that require genitalia examination for reliable identification. The species has declined by 76% in Britain since the 1970s despite potential range expansion. Melanic forms occur frequently and have been of significant evolutionary interest.
Perizoma
Rivulets, Carpets
Perizoma is a genus of geometer moths comprising over 150 species, with a predominantly Northern Hemisphere distribution. It serves as the type genus of the tribe Perizomini within the subfamily Larentiinae. Species are commonly known as rivulets or carpets. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1825 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with some related genera (Gagitodes, Martania, Mesotype) now included by some authorities. Several species have been introduced outside their native ranges, including P. alchemillata in Newfoundland.
Pheosia
Pheosia is a Palearctic genus of prominent moths in the family Notodontidae. The genus includes several species, with Pheosia gnoma (Lesser Swallow Prominent) and Pheosia tremula (Swallow Prominent) being the most well-documented. Species within this genus are distinguished by characteristic wing patterns and larval host plant associations with woody plants.
Philonthus
Philonthus is a large genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) containing over 380 described species. These beetles are generally robust predators found in diverse habitats including decomposing organic matter, carrion, dung, and fungal substrates. The genus has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution with particular diversity in the Palaearctic region. Several species have been documented as rapidly colonizing new habitats and competing with native species.
Philonthus cognatus
Philonthus cognatus is a relatively large rove beetle (8–11 mm) in the family Staphylinidae. Native to the western Palearctic, it has been introduced to North America where it is now established in the USA and Canada. Adults are primarily black with metallic bronze or greenish elytra and a distinctive yellow underside to the first antennal segment. The species is an important predator of agricultural pests, particularly aphids.
Photedes
Photedes is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Lederer in 1857. The genus contains approximately 17 described species distributed primarily across the Palearctic region, with some representation in North America. At least one species, Photedes minima (Small Dotted Buff), has been subject to genomic study, revealing a chromosome count of 31 (30 autosomes plus Z chromosome). Species in this genus are generally small to medium-sized moths associated with moist habitats.
Phragmatobia fuliginosa
Ruby Tiger, Ruby Tiger Moth
Phragmatobia fuliginosa, the Ruby Tiger, is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae of family Erebidae. It has a wingspan of 35–45 mm and is distinguished by dark reddish-brown forewings with a blackish comma-shaped spot and bright carmine to rose-red hindwings. The species is widely distributed across the Palearctic and into northern North America, with multiple recognized subspecies including the North American P. f. rubricosa. It exhibits geographic variation in generation time: univoltine in northern regions with adults flying in June, and bivoltine in southern Britain with adults appearing April–June and again August–September.
Plagodis
Plagodis is a genus of geometrid moths established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus includes approximately 30 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with notable diversity in both Europe and North America. Several species are recognized for their distinctive wing patterns and resting postures. The genus name derives from Greek, referring to the oblique or slanted wing posture characteristic of many species at rest.
Pollenia angustigena
Narrow-cheeked Clusterfly
Pollenia angustigena is a medium-sized cluster fly in the family Polleniidae, measuring 4.5–9.5 mm. Formerly classified in Calliphoridae, this species is now placed in Polleniidae based on morphological and molecular evidence. Adults display variable coloration with chequered abdominal dusting and distinctive golden crinkly thoracic hairs. The species is widely distributed in Britain and parts of continental Europe, with records from Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and Portugal (Madeira). Adults are active from March to October, though they may be recorded year-round indoors during winter. Like other Pollenia species, adults feed on flower nectar and may contribute to pollination, while larvae are parasitoids or predators of earthworms.
Pollenia griseotomentosa
cluster fly
Pollenia griseotomentosa is a Palaearctic cluster fly and the smallest British species in the genus Pollenia, measuring 4.5–8.0 mm in body length. It is distinguished from congeners by specific morphological characters including lack of pale wing tuft, yellow to pale brown posterior thoracic spiracle lappets, dark palpi and basicosta, and characteristic bristle patterns. Like other cluster flies, adults overwinter in sheltered locations including buildings, where they aggregate in large numbers and may become nuisance pests. The species has been introduced to North America, with records from Canada and the northeastern United States.
Polydrusus cervinus
Deer Broad-nosed Weevil
Polydrusus cervinus is a European weevil in the broad-nosed weevil subfamily Entiminae. The species has been the subject of genome sequencing as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project, yielding a chromosomally complete 713.4 Mb assembly. It is commonly known as the Deer Broad-nosed Weevil and has been recorded across multiple European countries.
Polytribax
Polytribax is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Cryptinae containing approximately 15 described species. Members are parasitoids of Lepidoptera pupae, with females adapted for ground-level foraging in leaf litter and soil. The genus exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, particularly pronounced in Polytribax perspicillator. Species are distributed across the Western Palaearctic with records extending to the Oriental and Nearctic realms.
Pyrrhia
Pyrrhia is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Heliothinae, containing approximately eight described species distributed primarily across the Palearctic region. The genus includes the Bordered Sallow moth (Pyrrhia umbra), for which a complete genome sequence has been generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project. Species within this genus are medium-sized noctuid moths with characteristic wing patterns.
Resseliella
Resseliella is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae containing at least 50 described species. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, notably R. maxima (soybean gall midge) which threatens soybean production in the north-central United States, as well as R. citrifrugis, a major citrus pest in China, and R. theobaldi (raspberry cane midge), an important pest of cultivated red raspberry in Europe. Some species exhibit mutualistic relationships with plants, such as R. kadsurae which pollinates Kadsura longipedunculata in China.
Rhagio lineola
Small Fleck-winged Snipefly
Rhagio lineola is a small snipefly in the family Rhagionidae, native to the Palearctic region and introduced to eastern North America. Adults are 5.5–8 mm in length with distinctive yellow and black coloration. The species has a two-year life cycle with adults active from late May through September. Both adults and larvae are predatory, contributing to biological control of small insects in woodland ecosystems.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae
waterlily aphid, water lily aphid
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, the waterlily aphid, is a cosmopolitan, host-alternating aphid species with a unique ability to thrive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. It is a significant agricultural pest that damages crops through direct herbivory and as a vector for plant viruses, particularly affecting Prunus spp. fruits and various aquatic plants. The species exhibits complex life history traits including rapid population growth (intrinsic rate of increase 0.315 day⁻¹, doubling time 2.2 days) and strong host preferences among aquatic vegetation.
Schizotus
fire-colored beetles
Schizotus is a genus of fire-colored beetles in the family Pyrochroidae, established by Newman in 1838. The genus contains at least three described species distributed across the Palaearctic region. Adults are small beetles, 7–9 mm in length, with distinctive pectinate (comb-like) antennae. Members are associated with dead and decaying wood, where larvae develop beneath loose bark.
Silvanus unidentatus
Silvanus unidentatus is a small bark-dwelling beetle in the family Silvanidae, measuring 2.3–2.8 mm. Native to the Palaearctic region across 33 countries plus Korea, it has been introduced to North America and Chile. The species inhabits the space beneath tightly attached bark of dead broadleaved trees, where both larvae and adults develop. It has been the subject of genome sequencing research, yielding a chromosome-level assembly of 187.15 Mb.
Sisyra
spongillafly, spongilla-fly
Sisyra is a genus of spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae), a small family of aquatic insects. The genus comprises at least eight described species distributed across multiple continents, including Brazil, Panama, Australia, and Asia. Sisyra species have been documented in freshwater habitats, with larvae associated with freshwater sponges. The family holds a basal phylogenetic position within Neuroptera, and at least one species (S. nigra) exhibits an unusual achiasmatic sex chromosome segregation mechanism not observed in other neuropterans.
Sisyra nigra
Black Spongillafly, Black Spongefly
Sisyra nigra is a small lacewing in the family Sisyridae, commonly known as the Black Spongillafly. It is the most widely distributed of the three British Sisyridae species and occurs across the Holarctic region. The species has a unique life cycle with fully aquatic larvae that are specialized predators of freshwater sponges, while adults are terrestrial and dispersive. S. nigra is notable for its distinctive achiasmatic sex chromosome segregation mechanism during male meiosis, which differs from other Neuroptera and supports the basal phylogenetic position of Sisyridae within the order.
Suillia variegata
Suillia variegata is a Palearctic species of heleomyzid fly distributed throughout Britain and Ireland, with highest occurrence in England and Wales. The species exhibits a mixed feeding strategy, primarily mycophagous but also associated with decaying flowers, roots, and bird's nests. Adults display an earthy brown thorax with sparse hairs and a pale striped abdomen, with distinctive wing spines useful for identification. The species peaks in density during April/May and July/August.
Sussaba
Sussaba is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Diplazontinae. Species are parasitoids of hoverfly (Syrphidae) larvae, with adults typically measuring around 4 mm in forewing length. The genus has a wide geographic distribution spanning Europe, North America, and parts of Asia including India. Sussaba pulchella is the best-studied species, with a published chromosome-level genome assembly.
Sussaba pulchella
Sussaba pulchella is a small ichneumonid wasp in the subfamily Diplazontinae, with forewings approximately 4 mm in length. It is the first species in its genus to have a high-quality genome sequenced, completed as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project. The species is a parasitoid of hoverfly larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae) and has a broad geographic distribution across the Palaearctic, Nearctic, and India.
Sylvicola
wood gnats, window gnats, window midges, window flies
Sylvicola is a genus of wood gnats in the family Anisopodidae containing over 80 described species. The genus is widely distributed across the western Palaearctic, with some species introduced to North America and oceanic islands. Adults are active year-round in temperate regions and are frequently observed indoors near windows, earning them the common name 'window gnats.' The most thoroughly documented species, S. cinctus, serves as a representative for understanding genus-level traits.
Tetanops myopaeformis
sugar beet root maggot, sugarbeet root maggot
Tetanops myopaeformis is a picture-winged fly (family Ulidiidae) and the most economically significant pest of sugar beet in North America. Larvae feed on sugar beet roots, causing yield losses up to 100% in affected fields. The species overwinters as freeze-tolerant third-instar larvae in soil, with some individuals exhibiting prolonged diapause lasting multiple years. It is native to North America, though its original host plant remains unidentified; sugar beet, introduced to the continent, became its primary agricultural host.
Thecophora
A genus of medium-sized conopid flies (4–7 mm) in the family Conopidae, characterized by black coloration with variable abdominal dusting and distinctive leg markings. Adults are active flower visitors from May to October. Larvae are internal parasitoids of halictid bees, with females depositing single eggs into flying hosts. The genus includes three species in Britain, with *Thecophora atra* being the most widely distributed and the subject of a complete genome sequencing effort.
Tholera
Feathered Gothic
Tholera is a genus of noctuid moths comprising approximately five species distributed across the Palearctic region. The most extensively studied species, Tholera decimalis (Feathered Gothic), has served as a model for genomic and ecological research. Males of this genus are characterized by prominently feathered antennae, an adaptation for pheromone detection. Populations of Tholera decimalis experienced significant decline and range contraction during the late 20th century, followed by partial recovery and expansion in recent decades.
Thymelicus lineola
Essex Skipper, European Skipper
Thymelicus lineola is a small skipper butterfly native to Europe and introduced to North America prior to 1910. In Europe it is known as the Essex Skipper; in North America it is called the European Skipper. The species has spread extensively across eastern Canada and the northern United States, with populations established as far west as British Columbia. It is univoltine with five larval instars. Adults are active in summer and exhibit thermoregulatory basking behavior. Males use perching and patrolling strategies to locate mates and release pheromones from androconial scent scales during courtship.
Toxonevra
flutter flies
Toxonevra is a genus of small flies in the family Pallopteridae, commonly known as flutter flies. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed across Europe and North America. Members are characterized by distinctive wing patterns and male courtship behavior involving wing vibration. One species, T. muliebris, has been sequenced as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Trigoniulus corallinus
Rusty Millipede, Common Asian Millipede
Trigoniulus corallinus is a large millipede native to the Indo-Malayan region that has become established as an introduced species across multiple continents. Adults reach 50–75 mm in length and are characterized by a uniform reddish-brown coloration. The species inhabits moist terrestrial environments, particularly areas rich in decaying organic matter. It was the first millipede to have its genome sequenced (2015), and subsequent research has identified an XX/X0 sex chromosome system with males possessing modified seventh-leg pairs (gonopods) used for mating.
Urophora cardui
Canada thistle gall fly, Thistle Stem Gall Fly
Urophora cardui is a tephritid fruit fly native to Central Europe, from the United Kingdom east to near the Crimea and from Sweden south to the Mediterranean. It has been introduced to North America as a biological control agent for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), an invasive weed. The species forms stem galls on its host plant and has been extensively studied for its population genetics, dispersal patterns, and interactions with parasitoids. Despite establishment in eastern Canada, its impact on host weed populations has remained limited.
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada Dampwood Termite, Nevada Termite
Zootermopsis nevadensis is a eusocial dampwood termite in the family Archotermopsidae, native to the western United States. It is a hemimetabolous species with complex caste differentiation including workers, soldiers, alates, and neotenic reproductives. The species has been extensively studied for its genomic characteristics, including exceptionally high DNA methylation levels and reduced opsin genes associated with its subterranean lifestyle. Two subspecies are recognized: Z. n. nevadensis and Z. n. nuttingi, with the latter having its genome sequenced.