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Acleris comariana
strawberry tortrix
Acleris comariana, the strawberry tortrix, is a tortricid moth and significant agricultural pest of cultivated strawberries. Adults have two annual flight periods in summer and autumn. Larval feeding on flowers and leaves causes direct crop damage, including deformed or aborted berries. The species is difficult to distinguish from Acleris laterana without genitalic examination.
pest agricultural Tortricidae strawberry pheromone mating-disruption
Adelphocoris lineolatus
Lucerne bug, alfalfa plant bug
Adelphocoris lineolatus is a mirid bug native to the Old World that has become a significant agricultural pest following its introduction to North America in 1917. It primarily damages alfalfa and other legume crops through feeding on reproductive and vegetative structures. The species exhibits migratory behavior that facilitates rapid population dispersal and range expansion. In northern regions, it typically follows a univoltine life cycle with overwintering eggs, while southern populations may show partial second generation development.
agricultural-pest mirid alfalfa-pest introduced-species plant-bug univoltine migratory pheromone insecticide-resistance
Agriotes ferrugineipennis
Rusty Click Beetle
A click beetle (Elateridae) native to western North America. Adults emerge in spring and are active in grassy agricultural habitats. The species was identified in a 2022 study as having 7-methyloctyl 7-methyloctanoate as its major female-produced sex pheromone, to which males show strong attraction. Larvae are soil-dwelling wireworms with potential agricultural pest status.
agricultural-pest pheromone wireworm soil-dwelling western-North-America click-beetle
Agriotes lineatus
lined click beetle, wireworm
Agriotes lineatus, the lined click beetle, is a click beetle species native to Europe and western Asia that has become invasive in North America. Adults are 7.5–11 mm long with brownish-black bodies and distinctive longitudinal stripes on the elytra. The larvae, known as wireworms, are significant agricultural pests that attack roots, tubers, and seeds of crops including potatoes, maize, and strawberries. The species has a life cycle of approximately 3 years with up to 12 larval instars. Management relies on integrated pest management approaches including pheromone monitoring, crop rotation, and biological control.
agricultural-pest wireworm invasive-species pheromone integrated-pest-management soil-dwelling
Agriotes obscurus
dusky wireworm, obscure click beetle
Agriotes obscurus is a click beetle native to Europe and northern Asia that has become an established invasive pest in western North America since its accidental introduction around 1900. The larvae, known as wireworms, are significant agricultural pests that feed on tubers, seeds, and roots of numerous crops including potatoes, cereals, and vegetables. Adults are dark brown to black beetles 7–10 mm long, distinguishable from related species by their pronotum morphology and elytral ridges. The species has a prolonged life cycle of 2–4 years depending on temperature, with larvae passing through 8–13 instars before pupation.
agricultural-pest invasive-species wireworm Europe North-America grassland potato-pest cereal-pest pheromone biological-control Metarhizium
Agriotes pubescens
Pubescent Click Beetle
Agriotes pubescens is a Nearctic click beetle (family Elateridae) native to North America. It commonly co-occurs with Agriotes mancus on farmland in central Canada, where it is frequently collected in surveys targeting invasive Palearctic Agriotes species. Despite its abundance in agricultural settings, its life history and potential economic impact remain poorly studied. The species shares an identical sex pheromone—geranyl octanoate—with the invasive Palearctic species A. lineatus, resulting in cross-attraction between the two species in pheromone-baited traps.
click-beetle Elateridae pheromone invasive-species-monitoring agriculture cross-attraction Nearctic Canada geranyl-octanoate integrated-pest-management
Agromyza frontella
alfalfa blotch leafminer
Agromyza frontella, the alfalfa blotch leafminer, is a small dipteran leafminer in the family Agromyzidae. Native to Europe, it has become an established agricultural pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in North America, particularly in Canada and the northern United States. Larvae feed between leaf surfaces, creating distinctive blotch-shaped mines. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in daily activity patterns, with males most active during cooler morning and evening periods while females feed and oviposit throughout the day. It has been subject to classical biological control using the introduced parasitoid Dacnusa dryas.
agricultural-pest leafminer biological-control alfalfa introduced-species classical-biological-control Dacnusa-dryas diapause sexual-dimorphism pheromone integrated-pest-management
Aleochara curtula
Shortened Minute Rove Beetle
Aleochara curtula is a small rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, distributed across the Palearctic region and introduced to North America. Adults measure approximately 7 mm in length with distinctive two-toned elytra and brush-like antennae. The species exhibits complex sexual behaviors including male-male aggression, female mimicry through pheromone production, and active female mate choice. Larvae are ectoparasitoids of fly pupae, developing within carrion habitats.
parasitoid carrion sexual-mimicry pheromone alternative-mating-tactics sperm-competition behavioral-ecology introduced-species Staphylinidae Aleocharinae
Amyelois
navel orangeworm
Amyelois is a monotypic genus of snout moths (Pyralidae) containing a single species, Amyelois transitella, commonly known as the navel orangeworm. The species is endemic to the tropical Western Hemisphere, including the southern United States, and has become a major agricultural pest in California nut orchards. Its abundance increased substantially during the first half of the 20th century.
agricultural-pest California nut-crops pheromone mating-disruption Pyralidae
Amyelois transitella
Navel Orangeworm, Navel Orangeworm Moth
The navel orangeworm moth (Amyelois transitella) is a pyralid moth native to the tropical western Hemisphere and southwestern United States. First described from Arizona in 1899, its abundance in California increased dramatically during the first half of the 20th century. It is now the most serious insect pest of almonds and pistachios in California, with larvae feeding directly on nuts and adults capable of introducing fungi that produce aflatoxins. The species has been extensively studied for its chemical ecology, particularly its sex pheromone system, which has enabled practical mating disruption programs in agricultural fields.
pest agricultural California almond pistachio walnut pheromone mating-disruption sterile-insect-technique pyralid nut-crop
Anthonomus rubi
strawberry blossom weevil, strawberry-blossom weevil
Anthonomus rubi is a small weevil native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa that has become established in North America (first detected in British Columbia, Canada in 2019, then Washington State, USA in 2021). It is a major agricultural pest of strawberry and raspberry, with females laying single eggs in unopened flower buds before severing the stalk, causing bud death and yield losses up to 80% in severe cases. The species has been observed to exhibit prolonged adult activity year-round in protected cultivation systems, with recent documentation of direct fruit feeding behavior in addition to traditional bud damage.
pest agricultural invasive weevil strawberry raspberry rosaceae Europe North-America British-Columbia pheromone integrated-pest-management
Aphomia sociella
Bee Moth, Bumble Bee Wax Moth
Aphomia sociella, commonly known as the bee moth or bumble bee wax moth, is a small pyralid moth native to Europe that has become an economically significant pest of bee colonies. The species is notable for its unique dual-modal mating system combining sex pheromones and ultrasonic courtship songs produced by males using specialized tegular tymbals. Females lay eggs in nests of bumblebees, wasps, and occasionally weakened honeybee hives, where larvae feed on nest materials, pollen, honey, and host brood. Infestation levels increase with proximity to commercial apiaries, causing reduced host reproductive output and weakened immune responses in bumblebees.
pest parasite pollinator-threat acoustic-communication pheromone beekeeping bumblebee wasp
Arhopalus
burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)
Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.
Cerambycidae Spondylidinae Asemini conifer-pest invasive-species pheromone wood-borer pine forestry quarantine New-Zealand Australia South-America biological-invasion climate-change vector Bursaphelenchus-xylophilus integrated-pest-management monitoring trapping semiochemistry burnt-pine fire-damaged-timber sawmill-pest port-surveillance timber-export deforestation forest-health ecosystem-service decomposer nutrient-cycling life-history reproductive-biology ovarian-development larval-development survival fecundity competition coexistence species-distribution-modeling CMIP6 future-climate-scenarios range-expansion quarantine-pest biosecurity aggregation-pheromone fuscumol geranylacetone electroantennography field-trapping trap-efficacy host-volatiles ethanol alpha-pinene beta-pinene monoterpenes green-leaf-volatiles repellent oviposition-behavior crepuscular-activity nocturnal-activity anemotaxis chemotaxis thermal-biology developmental-plasticity laboratory-rearing artificial-diet 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Arhopalus rusticus
rust pine borer
Arhopalus rusticus is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae: Spondylinae) native to coniferous forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light, hiding under bark during daylight. The species has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and South America through global trade and is considered a significant forestry pest. It is a suspected vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, though research indicates its oviposition behavior does not facilitate nematode transmission. Males produce an aggregation-sex pheromone, (S)-fuscumol, which has potential applications for detection and monitoring.
cerambycidae spondylinae conifer-pest invasive-species pheromone pine-wood-nematode nocturnal wood-borer biennial-life-cycle climate-change-invasive-potential
Atheloca subrufella
Palm Bud Moth, Coconut Moth
Atheloca subrufella is a small snout moth (Pyralidae: Phycitinae) known as a significant pest of coconut and other palms. Adults have a wingspan of 14–18 mm and brownish coloration. The species occurs in the southeastern United States, Mexico, Caribbean islands, and Brazil. Larvae are specialized feeders on developing palm fruits, causing substantial agricultural damage through gallery formation in the mesocarp and premature fruit shedding.
pest coconut palm Phycitinae pheromone facilitation Aceria-guerreronis agriculture Brazil Florida Caribbean
Atlides
Great Purple Hairstreak (for A. halesus)
Atlides is a genus of gossamer-winged butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, subfamily Theclinae, tribe Eumaeini. The genus contains approximately 18 named species plus 5 or more undescribed species distributed across the Americas from the southern United States to Argentina. The most well-known species, Atlides halesus (great purple hairstreak), is notable for its iridescent blue coloration—despite its common name containing "purple"—and its exclusive larval association with mistletoe species (Phoradendron). Males of at least some species possess androconial scales producing distinctive volatile compounds; A. polybe males emit a grape-like aroma from methyl anthranilate, the first such compound reported in Papilionoidea.
Lycaenidae Theclinae Eumaeini hairstreak-butterflies mistletoe-specialist hilltopping pheromone methyl-anthranilate iridescent-blue Phoradendron Great-Purple-Hairstreak
Boisea rubrolineata
Western Boxelder Bug
Boisea rubrolineata, the western boxelder bug, is a scentless plant bug native to western North America, ranging west of the Continental Divide. This species is a specialist herbivore primarily associated with boxelder maple (Acer negundo), feeding on both pollen from staminate trees and seeds from pistillate trees. Distinguished from its eastern counterpart B. trivittata by prominent red veins on the corium, it exhibits complex semiochemical-mediated behaviors including aggregation and host foraging. The species undergoes incomplete metamorphosis and seeks sheltered overwintering sites in autumn, often becoming a nuisance pest when entering human structures.
Rhopalidae Boisea boxelder-bug western-North-America Acer-negundo seed-predator semiochemicals pheromone aggregation nuisance-pest incomplete-metamorphosis overwintering scentless-plant-bug aposematic-coloration
Bothriospilini
Bothriospilini is a tribe of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) within the subfamily Cerambycinae, comprising 11 genera with primarily Neotropical distribution. The tribe was established in 1950 by Frederico Lane and is morphologically allied to Torneutini, sharing distinctive abdominal and thoracic cavity characteristics. Several species have been subjects of chemical ecology research, with sex pheromones identified from Chlorida and Knulliana. The tribe includes notable species such as Knulliana cincta, the banded hickory borer, which extends into eastern North America.
Cerambycidae Cerambycinae Neotropical pheromone wood-borer
Campylomma
mullein bugs
Campylomma is a genus of plant bugs (family Miridae, tribe Nasocorini) comprising at least 12 recognized species. The genus is best known from detailed studies of C. verbasci, the mullein bug, which exhibits a predator-phytophage feeding strategy and has been investigated for pheromone-based mating disruption in orchard systems. Japanese species have been taxonomically revised, with emphasis on genitalic characters for identification. The genus occurs across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere including North America, Europe, and East Asia.
Miridae Nasocorini predator-phytophage pheromone orchard-pest biological-control Japan North-America Europe Asia
Carposina
Carposina is a genus of small moths in the family Carposinidae, containing approximately 100 described species distributed across multiple continents. The genus includes significant agricultural pests, notably Carposina sasakii (peach fruit moth), whose larvae bore into fruits of Rosaceae and Rhamnaceae. Species exhibit internal fruit-feeding habits as larvae and complete metamorphosis with documented digestive tract reconstruction during pupation to accommodate dietary shifts from solid to liquid food.
agricultural-pest fruit-borer internal-feeder pheromone mating-disruption orchard-pest Rosaceae Rhamnaceae molecular-diagnostics chemosensory-proteins
Chilo plejadellus
Rice Stalk Borer Moth
Chilo plejadellus, commonly known as the rice stalk borer moth, is a crambid moth described by Zincken in 1821. It is a significant agricultural pest whose larvae tunnel into rice stalks. The species has been studied for its sex pheromone chemistry, with (Z)-13-octadecenal identified as the primary female-produced attractant. Field applications of synthetic pheromone have proven effective for population monitoring.
agricultural-pest rice-pest pheromone Crambidae stalk-borer
Colopterus
Colopterus is a genus of sap-feeding beetles in the family Nitidulidae, containing approximately 10 described species. Species in this genus are associated with fermenting substrates and plant material. At least one species, C. truncatus, has been documented as a seed predator of Inga marginata and produces male-specific aggregation pheromones.
Nitidulidae sap-feeding-beetles seed-predator pheromone aggregation-behavior tritrophic-interaction
Colopterus truncatus
Colopterus truncatus is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae with a broad distribution across the Americas. It has been documented as a seed predator of Inga marginata in Brazil, representing the first record of this trophic interaction. Males produce a species-specific aggregation pheromone composed of polyene hydrocarbons that attracts both sexes, with field activity requiring synergism with fermenting substrates. The species has also been identified as a principal vector of oak wilt fungus in Minnesota, highlighting its significance in both agricultural and forest ecosystems.
sap-beetle seed-predator pheromone oak-wilt-vector tritrophic-interaction Nitidulidae aggregation-pheromone polyene-hydrocarbon Inga-marginata forest-pest vector-ecology chemical-ecology invasive-potential
Corythucha marmorata
Chrysanthemum Lace Bug
Corythucha marmorata is a small lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) native to North and Central America that has become invasive in East Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. Adults measure 2.77–3.28 mm and display a brown-white marbled coloration with the reticulated wings characteristic of the family. The species is a phytophagous pest specializing on Asteraceae, with documented hosts including Helianthus tuberosus, Solidago canadensis, and numerous weedy asters. It overwinters as adults, showing chill-susceptible cold hardiness with female adults demonstrating greater supercooling capacity than males.
invasive-species pest Asteraceae cold-hardiness pheromone lace-bug overwintering edge-effect urban-ecology
Crocidosema aporema
bean shoot moth
Crocidosema aporema is a Neotropical tortricid moth and significant agricultural pest of legumes, particularly soybean, in the southern cone of South America. The species originated in Central America and has spread throughout South America, where it causes economic damage by larval feeding on vegetative plant parts, flowers, and developing seeds. Adults are nocturnal, with females exhibiting characteristic calling behavior during the scotophase to attract mates. The species is monoandrous and has been subject to increasing study due to its pest status and the need for integrated pest management strategies.
Lepidoptera Tortricidae pest soybean legumes South-America nocturnal pheromone monoandrous biological-control parasitoid entomopathogen agriculture integrated-pest-management
Cryptolestes ferrugineus
rusty grain beetle, rust-red grain beetle
Cryptolestes ferrugineus, the rusty grain beetle, is a small lined flat bark beetle and major cosmopolitan pest of stored grain products. Native to Europe, it has achieved worldwide distribution through human commerce, infesting stored cereals, grain products, and dry plant materials. The species is characterized by rapid population growth, strong flight capability for dispersal between storage facilities, and cryptic behavior hiding in cracks and crevices. Its economic impact stems from direct feeding damage to grain germ and endosperm, contamination of products, and resistance to some insecticides.
stored-product-pest grain-beetle cosmopolitan pheromone ferrulactone-II insecticide-resistance Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes economic-entomology post-harvest-pest temperature-acclimation refuge-seeking-behavior population-genetics microsatellite-markers
Cydia
Cydia is a large genus of tortrix moths in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae, and tribe Grapholitini. The genus includes numerous economically significant agricultural pests, most notably the codling moth (C. pomonella), a global pest of apple and pear orchards, and the plum fruit moth (C. funebrana). Species in this genus are characterized by their fruit-feeding larval habits, with many mining into or boring through fruits of cultivated trees. The genus name was adopted for the iOS software platform Cydia, referencing the codling moth's association with apples.
agricultural-pest tortricid fruit-borer pheromone integrated-pest-management model-organism
Cydia nigricana
Pea Moth
Cydia nigricana, commonly known as the pea moth, is a small tortricid moth native to Europe and introduced to North America. The species is a significant agricultural pest whose larvae develop inside pea pods, feeding on developing seeds. Adults emerge from overwintering cocoons in early summer and are monitored using pheromone traps for integrated pest management. The species exhibits strong male response to synthetic sex pheromone, with peak flight activity occurring in late afternoon and evening hours.
pest agricultural Tortricidae Europe North-America pea pheromone integrated-pest-management
Cylas
sweet potato weevils
Cylas is a genus of sweet potato weevils comprising over 20 described species, classified in the monogeneric tribe Cyladini within the subfamily Brentinae. The genus contains major agricultural pests, particularly Cylas formicarius, which is considered the most serious pest of sweet potato worldwide. Several species including C. formicarius, C. brunneus, and C. puncticollis are known to infest sweet potato crops, causing substantial economic losses through damage to storage roots and vines.
agricultural-pest sweet-potato pheromone Brentidae tropical-agriculture subtropical-agriculture nocturnal cryptic-feeding internal-feeder
Dendroctonus
bark beetles, tree-killing beetles
Dendroctonus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. The genus name derives from Greek 'dendron' (tree) and 'ktonos' (murder), reflecting its capacity to kill trees. Species in this genus are among the most destructive forest pests in North America, with several species capable of causing extensive tree mortality through mass attacks. The genus exhibits complex chemical communication systems involving aggregation and antiaggregation pheromones, and maintains symbiotic relationships with yeasts and bacteria that aid in digestion and pheromone production.
bark-beetle forest-pest Scolytinae conifer pheromone mass-attack tree-mortality invasive-species climate-change integrated-pest-management
Dendroctonus brevicomis
Western Pine Beetle
Dendroctonus brevicomis, commonly known as the western pine beetle, is a destructive bark beetle species in the family Curculionidae. It is a major pest of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri) in western North America. The species is known for causing extensive tree mortality during outbreaks, with documented losses of 60–90% of host trees in affected landscapes. A notable outbreak occurred in the central and southern Sierra Nevada Range from 2014 to 2017, killing millions of ponderosa pines. The beetle plays a significant role in forest dynamics but also poses substantial economic and ecological challenges.
bark-beetle forest-pest pine Scolytinae pheromone western-North-America Dendroctonus aggregation tree-mortality
Dendroctonus jeffreyi
Jeffrey pine beetle
Dendroctonus jeffreyi is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, endemic to western North America. The species is monophagous on Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), feeding on phloem and causing significant tree mortality during outbreak conditions. Adults bore into bark to create egg chambers, with larvae developing in galleries under the bark. The beetle possesses specialized mycangia for transporting the symbiotic fungus Ophiostoma clavigerum, which contributes to tree mortality. Populations show genetic structure across their range, with southern California populations most differentiated.
bark-beetle forest-pest Jeffrey-pine monophagous mycangial-fungus pheromone phloem-feeder western-North-America Scolytinae tree-mortality outbreak-dynamics semiochemicals vector symbiosis
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae
Douglas-fir beetle, Douglas fir beetle
The Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) is a bark beetle native to western North America and a major pest of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Adults are small (4.4–7 mm), light brown when young, darkening to brown or black with reddish wing covers. Outbreaks typically follow disturbances such as storms, fire, or drought, which provide stressed or dead host trees. The species has one of the most thoroughly studied pheromone systems among bark beetles, with operational use of its antiaggregation pheromone (MCH) to protect high-value trees developed over 40 years of research. The beetle also infests downed western larch (Larix occidentalis), though brood do not survive in live larch due to high 3-carene content.
bark-beetle forest-pest pheromone Douglas-fir Scolytinae integrated-pest-management MCH antiaggregation-pheromone western-North-America phloem-feeder tree-mortality outbreak-dynamics semiochemicals limonene frontalin 3-carene sibling-broods climate-change old-growth-forest timber-protection
Dendroctonus terebrans
Black Turpentine Beetle
Dendroctonus terebrans, the black turpentine beetle, is the largest bark beetle in the southeastern United States. It attacks pine trees near the base of the trunk and in stumps, typically targeting stressed or freshly cut trees. Unlike the more destructive southern pine beetle (D. frontalis), it rarely kills healthy trees outright but can contribute to tree mortality through sustained feeding damage and by vectoring blue-stain fungi. The species produces and responds to complex semiochemicals, including frontalin and brevicomin, which facilitate mass attack behavior and may mediate interactions with other bark beetle species.
bark-beetle forest-pest pine Scolytinae pheromone blue-stain-fungus vector aggregation-pheromone kairomone biological-control
Desmocerus californicus
California Elderberry Borer, Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle
Desmocerus californicus is a longhorned beetle endemic to the United States, with two recognized subspecies. The nominate subspecies D. c. californicus occurs in California, while D. c. dimorphus (the valley elderberry longhorn beetle) is restricted to the Central Valley of California and is federally listed as threatened. Adults are active for only a few weeks per year and feed on Sambucus pollen.
Cerambycidae Lepturinae longhorned-beetle endemic threatened California Sambucus riparian pollen-feeder wood-borer aposematic-coloration pheromone conservation
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus
Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus is a federally threatened subspecies of longhorn beetle endemic to California's Central Valley. Adults display striking aposematic coloration with metallic blue bodies and orange elytral markings. The subspecies is sexually dimorphic, with males possessing notably longer antennae than females. It completes its entire life cycle in association with elderberry (Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea), with larvae developing in living stems and roots. Detection has been substantially improved through the use of synthetic sex-attractant pheromones.
cerambycidae lepturinae endemic threatened riparian aposematic sexual-dimorphism pheromone elderberry california-central-valley
Dinocampini
Dinocampini is a tribe of parasitoid wasps within the subfamily Euphorinae of the family Braconidae. Members of this tribe are known to exhibit complex mating behaviors including lek formation, as documented in the recently described species Napo townsendi. The tribe is represented in the Neotropical region, with observations from Ecuadorian cloud forest habitats.
parasitoid lekking pheromone chemical-defense cloud-forest Ecuador Neotropical
Diplotaxis bidentata
Diplotaxis bidentata is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America. The species is a small chafer that has been observed congregating on low vegetation, apparently to detect pheromone trails in search of mates.
scarab-beetle chafer nocturnal pheromone blacklight North-America Melolonthinae Diplotaxini congregating-behavior small-scarab
Diprion similis
Introduced Pine Sawfly, Imported Pine Sawfly, White Pine Sawfly
Diprion similis is a conifer-feeding sawfly native to central and northern Europe and Asia that has become invasive in North America following its accidental introduction around 1914. The species is notable for its arrhenotokous reproduction, where unfertilized eggs develop into male offspring, facilitating rapid population establishment. Larvae are gregarious defoliators of pine needles, with a strong preference for white pine (Pinus strobus) in North America. The species exhibits two generations per year in many regions, with second-generation larvae overwintering as prepupae in cocoons. Its invasive success has been attributed to parthenogenetic capabilities, lack of natural enemies in introduced ranges, and specialized pheromone communication involving the (2S,3R,7R)-propionate isomer of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol.
invasive-species forest-pest parthenogenesis pheromone defoliator white-pine Diprionidae Hymenoptera integrated-pest-management monitoring-lure arrhenotoky gregarious-larvae extended-diapause
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
gall-wasp cynipid heterogony parthenogenesis oak-gall California-endemic ant-mutualism Disholcaspis Cynipidae Hymenoptera Quercus induced-plant-structure phloem-sap-exudation biological-mutualism seasonal-dimorphism sexual-dimorphism gall-dimorphism agamic-generation sexual-generation clasping-twig-gall bud-gall twig-gall native-California-species scrub-oak leather-oak parasitoid-defense ant-plant-interaction insect-plant-interaction plant-manipulation evolution-of-asexuality Weld-1957 Zootaxa-4859 molecular-systematics host-plant-specificity Cynipini oak-woodland chaparral insect-gall gall-morphology gall-coloration sun-exposure-effects larval-chamber emergence-timing spring-emergence late-winter-emergence gall-development oviposition-behavior egg-laying-in-buds egg-laying-in-twigs female-only-generation wingless-female winged-sexual-generation gall-size-dimorphism gall-shape-dimorphism hidden-gall exposed-gall gall-wasp-life-cycle cynipid-biology gall-wasp-taxonomy 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disease-management wildlife-management habitat-management population-management harvest-management sustainable-use sustainable-harvesting adaptive-harvesting precautionary-approach ecosystem-approach ecosystem-based-management integrated-management holistic-management risk-based-management scenario-planning strategic-foresight transformative-governance adaptive-capacity transformative-capacity learning-organization learning-network knowledge-network community-of-practice epistemic-community knowledge-action-network future-earth conservation-science restoration-science ecological-economics environmental-economics natural-resource-economics resource-economics ecological-anthropology environmental-anthropology environmental-sociology environmental-psychology environmental-geography science-and-technology-studies science-policy-studies innovation-studies horizon-scanning trend-analysis weak-signal wild-card black-swan grey-rhino systemic-risk cascading-risk compound-risk complex-risk emerging-risk evolving-risk transboundary-risk planetary-risk existential-risk global-catastrophic-risk civilization-risk human-extinction-risk species-extinction-risk ecosystem-collapse-risk irreversible-change abrupt-change nonlinear-change threshold-effect path-dependence lock-in carbon-lock-in infrastructure-lock-in behavioral-lock-in institutional-lock-in technological-lock-in regulatory-lock-in financial-lock-in political-lock-in cultural-lock-in social-lock-in economic-lock-in structural-inertia resistance-to-change barrier-to-change enabler-of-change driver-of-change accelerator-of-change catalyst-of-change leverage-point intervention-point entry-point window-of-opportunity policy-window political-opportunity social-opportunity economic-opportunity technological-opportunity environmental-opportunity crisis-opportunity disaster-opportunity build-back-better green-recovery just-recovery resilient-recovery sustainable-recovery transformational-recovery disaster-risk-reduction prevention preparedness response rehabilitation reconstruction resilience-building adaptive-capacity-building transformative-capacity-building disaster-risk-management climate-risk-management environmental-risk-management financial-risk-management operational-risk-management strategic-risk-management enterprise-risk-management integrated-risk-management holistic-risk-management systemic-risk-management cascading-risk-management compound-risk-management complex-risk-management emerging-risk-management evolving-risk-management transboundary-risk-management planetary-risk-management existential-risk-management global-catastrophic-risk-management civilization-risk-management human-extinction-risk-management species-extinction-risk-management ecosystem-collapse-risk-management tipping-point-management threshold-management regime-shift-management alternative-stable-state-management hysteresis-management path-dependence-management lock-in-management carbon-lock-in-management infrastructure-lock-in-management behavioral-lock-in-management institutional-lock-in-management technological-lock-in-management regulatory-lock-in-management financial-lock-in-management political-lock-in-management cultural-lock-in-management social-lock-in-management economic-lock-in-management structural-inertia-management resistance-to-change-management barrier-to-change-management enabler-of-change-management driver-of-change-management accelerator-of-change-management catalyst-of-change-management leverage-point-management intervention-point-management entry-point-management window-of-opportunity-management policy-window-management political-opportunity-management social-opportunity-management economic-opportunity-management technological-opportunity-management environmental-opportunity-management crisis-opportunity-management disaster-opportunity-management build-back-better-management green-recovery-management just-recovery-management resilient-recovery-management sustainable-recovery-management transformational-recovery-management disaster-risk-reduction-management prevention-management preparedness-management response-management recovery-management rehabilitation-management reconstruction-management resilience-building-management adaptive-capacity-building-management transformative-capacity-building-management disaster-risk-management-management climate-risk-management-management environmental-risk-management-management financial-risk-management-management operational-risk-management-management strategic-risk-management-management enterprise-risk-management-management integrated-risk-management-management holistic-risk-management-management systemic-risk-management-management cascading-risk-management-management compound-risk-management-management complex-risk-management-management emerging-risk-management-management evolving-risk-management-management transboundary-risk-management-management planetary-risk-management-management existential-risk-management-management global-catastrophic-risk-management-management civilization-risk-management-management human-extinction-risk-management-management species-extinction-risk-management-management ecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management tipping-point-management-management threshold-management-management regime-shift-management-management alternative-stable-state-management-management hysteresis-management-management path-dependence-management-management lock-in-management-management carbon-lock-in-management-management infrastructure-lock-in-management-management behavioral-lock-in-management-management institutional-lock-in-management-management technological-lock-in-management-management regulatory-lock-in-management-management financial-lock-in-management-management political-lock-in-management-management cultural-lock-in-management-management social-lock-in-management-management economic-lock-in-management-management structural-inertia-management-management resistance-to-change-management-management barrier-to-change-management-management enabler-of-change-management-management driver-of-change-management-management accelerator-of-change-management-management catalyst-of-change-management-management leverage-point-management-management intervention-point-management-management entry-point-management-management window-of-opportunity-management-management policy-window-management-management political-opportunity-management-management social-opportunity-management-management economic-opportunity-management-management technological-opportunity-management-management environmental-opportunity-management-management crisis-opportunity-management-management disaster-opportunity-management-management build-back-better-management-management green-recovery-management-management just-recovery-management-management resilient-recovery-management-management sustainable-recovery-management-management transformational-recovery-management-management disaster-risk-reduction-management-management prevention-management-management preparedness-management-management response-management-management recovery-management-management rehabilitation-management-management reconstruction-management-management resilience-building-management-management adaptive-capacity-building-management-management transformative-capacity-building-management-management disaster-risk-management-management-management climate-risk-management-management-management environmental-risk-management-management-management financial-risk-management-management-management operational-risk-management-management-management strategic-risk-management-management-management enterprise-risk-management-management-management integrated-risk-management-management-management holistic-risk-management-management-management systemic-risk-management-management-management cascading-risk-management-management-management compound-risk-management-management-management complex-risk-management-management-management emerging-risk-management-management-management evolving-risk-management-management-management transboundary-risk-management-management-management planetary-risk-management-management-management existential-risk-management-management-management global-catastrophic-risk-management-management-management civilization-risk-management-management-management human-extinction-risk-management-management-management species-extinction-risk-management-management-management ecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-management tipping-point-management-management-management threshold-management-management-management regime-shift-management-management-management alternative-stable-state-management-management-management hysteresis-management-management-management path-dependence-management-management-management lock-in-management-management-management carbon-lock-in-management-management-management infrastructure-lock-in-management-management-management behavioral-lock-in-management-management-management institutional-lock-in-management-management-management technological-lock-in-management-management-management regulatory-lock-in-management-management-management financial-lock-in-management-management-management political-lock-in-management-management-management cultural-lock-in-management-management-management social-lock-in-management-management-management economic-lock-in-management-management-management structural-inertia-management-management-management resistance-to-change-management-management-management barrier-to-change-management-management-management enabler-of-change-management-management-management driver-of-change-management-management-management accelerator-of-change-management-management-management catalyst-of-change-management-management-management leverage-point-management-management-management intervention-point-management-management-management entry-point-management-management-management window-of-opportunity-management-management-management policy-window-management-management-management political-opportunity-management-management-management social-opportunity-management-management-management economic-opportunity-management-management-management technological-opportunity-management-management-management environmental-opportunity-management-management-management crisis-opportunity-management-management-management disaster-opportunity-management-management-management build-back-better-management-management-management green-recovery-management-management-management just-recovery-management-management-management resilient-recovery-management-management-management sustainable-recovery-management-management-management transformational-recovery-management-management-management disaster-risk-reduction-management-management-management prevention-management-management-management preparedness-management-management-management response-management-management-management recovery-management-management-management rehabilitation-management-management-management reconstruction-management-management-management resilience-building-management-management-management adaptive-capacity-building-management-management-management transformative-capacity-building-management-management-management
Dryocoetes
Dryocoetes is a genus of bark beetles (subfamily Scolytinae) in the weevil family Curculionidae. Species are distributed across North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The genus includes both conifer- and hardwood-associated species, with documented hosts including fir, spruce, pine, alder, birch, beech, poplar, liquidambar, and walnut. Several species are economically significant forest pests or invasive species.
bark-beetle Scolytinae forest-pest invasive-species pheromone fungal-vector conifer hardwood saproxylic
Ectropis
Engrailed Moths
Ectropis is a genus of geometer moths (Geometridae) comprising approximately 100 species distributed primarily across paleotropical regions, Australia, and Asia. The genus includes several economically significant pests, notably E. obliqua and E. grisescens, which are sibling species known as tea loopers that damage tea production in China. These two species are morphologically similar but exhibit differences in geographical distribution, sex pheromone composition, and Wolbachia symbiont abundance. Only one species or species complex (E. bistortata/E. crepuscularia, the Engrailed/Small Engrailed) occurs in Europe. The genus has a complex taxonomic history with several invalid junior synonyms and homonyms.
geometer-moth inchworm tea-pest sibling-species pheromone reproductive-interference Wolbachia
Empyreuma
spotted oleander caterpillar moth
Empyreuma is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae, containing three species. The genus name derives from the Greek ἐμπύρευμα, meaning "a live coal covered with ashes." Adults exhibit striking aposematic coloration with orange and black patterns that mimic stinging wasps. Larvae feed exclusively on oleander (Nerium oleander), a toxic plant containing cardiac glycosides that the caterpillars sequester for their own defense. The genus is notable for its acoustic courtship behavior, with males producing sounds detected by female tympanic organs.
tiger-moth aposematic-coloration mimicry acoustic-communication cardiac-glycoside oleander chemical-defense day-flying-moth introduced-species Florida Caribbean Syntomeida Arctiinae Erebidae Lepidoptera insect-defense tympanic-organ pheromone courtship-behavior ornamental-pest
Enarmonia
cherry bark tortrix (E. formosana)
Enarmonia is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae. The genus contains approximately six described species, with Enarmonia formosana (cherry bark tortrix) being the most extensively studied due to its economic significance as a pest of Prunus species. Larvae develop as concealed feeders under bark, mining the cambium layer. Adults are active in spring and communicate via species-specific sex pheromones.
Tortricidae Olethreutinae bark-borer Prunus-pest pheromone biological-control parasitoid-host
Enarmonia formosana
cherry-bark moth, cherry bark tortrix, cherrybark tortrix
A small tortricid moth native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, with introduced populations in North America. Adults are active from May to October in temperate regions. Larvae tunnel beneath bark of mature Rosaceae trees, producing reddish frass at tunnel entrances. The species serves as host for multiple hymenopterous parasitoids in Europe and is managed using synthetic sex pheromones in North America.
tortricidae pest pheromone parasitoid rosaceae bark-borer biological-control invasive-species Europe North-America
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoid biological-control gall-associated leafminer-parasitoid Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Eulophidae Entedoninae tropical-forest agricultural-pest-control sawfly-parasitoid thrips-parasitoid ant-associated rice-pest Cecidomyiidae Tenthredinidae Pontania Closterocerus Ceranisus Afronympha Ametallon Chrysonotomyia Omphale-genus-group canopy understorey ecological-plasticity Bangladesh Panama Africa New-Zealand Europe Senegal South-Africa Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo Uganda endoparasitoid larval-parasitoid egg-parasitoid host-specificity forest-habitat degraded-habitat mid-altitude-rainforest lowland-rainforest tropical-America classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control integrated-pest-management rice-hispa Dicladispa-armigera gall-wasp sawfly-gall leafminer ant-symbiosis Formicidae Khaya-senegalensis Ochna-pulchra morphological-taxonomy molecular-taxonomy 28S-rDNA COI CytB new-species-description generic-revision host-range parasitoid-complex food-web ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management entomophagous hyperparasitoid inquiline curculionid Apion-minimum Phyllocolpa-leucosticta Chrysocharis Entedon Asecodes Pleurotroppopsis Afrotroppopsis Zaommomentedon Apleurotropis Kratoysma Platocharis Schizocharis Parahorismenus Atullya Tropicharis Chrysochuris cruy mirabilis oryzamyntor eminpashai carinatum dussiae longicaudata machaeriae unimaculata claviger gorgonaense auripunctata galbina laeviscuta phenacapsia cecvora elongata pontaniae heyeri risbeci milletiae newbyi Förster-1856 Chalcidoidea-phylogeny biodiversity species-richness cryptic-species molecular-diagnostics host-plant-association habitat-specificity canopy-fauna understorey-fauna forest-stratification tropical-biodiversity Afrotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Nearctic Oriental Australasian Pacific Holarctic biogeography taxonomic-revision annotated-key catalogue type-specimen museum-collection slide-mounted-specimens morphometrics genitalia wing-venation antennae clypeus mandibles malar-space scape pedicel flagellum gaster vertex suture color-pattern pale-femora dark-gaster sexual-dimorphism male female ovipositor emergence rearing quarantine field-collection foreign-exploration augmentative-release pesticide-resistance sustainable-agriculture food-security rice-production cereal-pest vegetable-pest fruit-pest ornamental-pest forest-pest urban-pest invasive-species native-range introduced-range establishment spread impact non-target-effects host-specificity risk-assessment environmental-safety regulatory-approval research-symposium proceedings peer-reviewed Zootaxa ZooKeys Insect-Systematics-&-Evolution Australian-Journal-of-Entomology Far-Eastern-Entomologist Russian-Entomological-Journal Belgian-Journal-of-Entomology Florida-Entomologist Pan-Pacific-Entomologist Entomological-News Proceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-Society Transactions-of-the-American-Entomological-Society Journal-of-Natural-History Zoological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-Society BioControl Journal-of-Economic-Entomology Entomologia-Experimentalis-et-Applicata Environmental-Entomology Oecologia Cladistics Molecular-Phylogenetics-and-Evolution Heredity Canadian-Entomologist Proceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-Washington Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Bulletin-of-Entomological-Research Neotropical-Entomology Journal-of-Asia-Pacific-Entomology Turkish-Journal-of-Zoology Polish-Journal-of-Entomology North-Western-Journal-of-Zoology Entomologica-Americana Entomologische-Berichten Sahlbergia Dugesiana Acta-Zoologica-Lilloana Folia-Entomologica-Mexicana Revista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-Argentina Boletin-de-la-Asociacion-Espanola-de-Entomologia Entomologicheskoe-Obozrenie Entomological-Review Zoological-Institute-RAS Proceedings-of-the-Zoological-Institute-of-the-Russian-Academy-of-Sciences Taiwan-Agricultural-Research-Institute Council-of-Agriculture University-of-California Riverside Entomology-Research-Museum California-Department-of-Food-and-Agriculture Pierce's-Disease-Control-Program biological-control-program integrated-pest-management-program research-progress-report annual-summary technical-report symposium-proceedings conference-abstract poster-presentation invited-paper monograph book-chapter identification-guide illustrated-key annotated-catalogue type-material voucher-specimen collection-curation taxonomy systematics phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding species-complex sibling-species species-boundaries geographic-variation population-genetics gene-flow reproductive-isolation host-race biotype strain laboratory-rearing insectary mass-production release monitoring impact-assessment efficacy economic-evaluation cost-benefit-analysis farmer-adoption extension education policy regulation international-cooperation capacity-building training workshop field-day demonstration on-farm-research participatory-research farmer-field-school sustainable-intensification agroecology conservation-biological-control habitat-management floral-resources refuge buffer-zone landscape-complexity connectivity spillover natural-enemy-diversity food-web-structure trophic-interactions multitrophic indirect-effects trait-mediated density-dependent inverse-density-dependent functional-response numerical-response searching-efficiency handling-time oviposition-behavior host-selection host-acceptance host-suitability host-quality host-stage-preference egg-load progeny-allocation sex-ratio local-mate-competition sib-mating inbreeding fitness longevity fecundity development-time thermal-requirements degree-days phenology synchrony asynchrony seasonal-adaptation diapause quiescence cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal flight walking foraging patch-use area-restricted-search oviposition-marking host-marking superparasitism multiparasitism intraguild-predation hyperparasitism autoparasitism heteronomous-hyperparasitism facultative-hyperparasitism obligate-hyperparasitism primary-parasitoid secondary-parasitoid tertiary-parasitoid mummy aphid-mummy scale-mummy pupal-parasitoid egg-larval-parasitoid larval-pupal-parasitoid idiobiont koinobiont ectoparasitoid solitary gregarious polyembryony thelytoky arrhenotoky diploid haplodiploid chromosome-number genome-size transcriptome proteome metabolome morphome phenome extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering keystone-species ecosystem-service-provider functional-group guild trophic-level energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensalism competition apparent-competition exploitative-competition interference-competition scramble-competition contest-competition resource-partitioning niche-differentiation character-displacement co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen geographic-mosaic local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-adaptation epigenetics transgenerational-effects maternal-effects paternal-effects parental-care mating-system sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice mate-choice lek territory aggression alarm defense venom allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone trail-pheromone alarm-pheromone aggregation-pheromone sex-pheromone marking-pheromone oviposition-deterrent host-marking-pheromone plant-volatile induced-plant-defense systemic-acquired-resistance induced-systemic-resistance priming volatile-organic-compound green-leaf-volatile terpenoid phenylpropanoid jasmonic-acid salicylic-acid ethylene abscisic-acid gibberellin auxin cytokinin brassinosteroid strigolactone nitric-oxide reactive-oxygen-species hypersensitive-response programmed-cell-death autophagy apoptosis necrosis pathogen-associated-molecular-pattern damage-associated-molecular-pattern pattern-recognition-receptor effector-triggered-immunity gene-for-gene avirulence virulence effector toxin phytotoxin mycotoxin bacterial-toxin viral-toxin insecticidal-protein cry-protein vip-protein cyt-protein spore conidium appressorium haustorium mycelium sclerotium fruiting-body basidiocarp ascocarp perithecium cleistothecium pycnidium acervulus sporodochium symptom sign disease-triangle disease-cycle epidemic endemic pandemic outbreak eradication containment management control prevention forecasting warning-system decision-support-system expert-system model simulation economic-threshold economic-injury-level action-threshold treatment-threshold damage-threshold aesthetic-injury-level cultural-control physical-control mechanical-control chemical-control genetic-control sterile-insect-technique incompatible-insect-technique precision-agriculture site-specific-management variable-rate-application remote-sensing geographic-information-system global-positioning-system unmanned-aerial-vehicle drone sensor imaging spectroscopy machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network computer-vision image-analysis pattern-recognition classification segmentation detection tracking counting sampling sampling-plan sequential-sampling binomial-sampling presence-absence-sampling fixed-precision-sampling variable-precision-sampling spatial-sampling temporal-sampling stratified-sampling cluster-sampling systematic-sampling random-sampling convenience-sampling judgment-sampling expert-sampling quota-sampling snowball-sampling respondent-driven-sampling capture-recapture mark-recapture mark-resight distance-sampling line-transect point-transect strip-transect plot quadrat pitfall-trap Malaise-trap pan-trap water-pan yellow-pan blue-pan white-pan flight-interception-trap window-trap canopy-fogging beating-tray sweep-net aerial-net ground-net aquatic-net D-vac vacuum-sampler aspirator mouth-aspirator mechanical-aspirator berlese-funnel Tullgren-funnel Winkler-extractor pitfall barber-trap pitfall-array drift-fence funnel-trap light-trap UV-light black-light mercury-vapor sodium-vapor LED actinic color-trap sticky-trap pheromone-trap synthetic-pheromone natural-pheromone kairomone-trap food-bait protein-bait sugar-bait fermentation-bait alcohol-bait vinegar-bait molasses-bait fruit-bait meat-bait fish-bait dung-bait carrion-bait decoy lure attractant repellent deterrent antifeedant oviposition-stimulant arrestant suppressant toxicant stomach-poison contact-poison fumigant systemic translaminar residual persistent non-persistent broad-spectrum narrow-spectrum selective non-selective target-specific host-specific mode-of-action nerve-poison acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor GABA-antagonist sodium-channel-modulator nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-agonist ryanodine-receptor-modulator chitin-synthesis-inhibitor juvenile-hormone-mimic ecdysone-agonist microbial-pesticide entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-bacterium entomopathogenic-virus entomopathogenic-protozoa Bacillus-thuringiensis Bt Bacillus-sphaericus Paenibacillus-popilliae Serratia-entomophila Metarhizium-anisopliae Beauveria-bassiana Lecanicillium-lecanii Isaria-fumosorosea Nomuraea-rileyi Hirsutella-thompsonii Entomophthora Neozygites Nosema Vairimorpha Thelohania Anticarsia-gemmatalis-nucleopolyhedrovirus AgMNPV Cydia-pomonella-granulovirus CpGV Spodoptera-exigua-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirus SeMNPV Autographa-californica-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirus AcMNPV nucleopolyhedrovirus granulovirus cypovirus entomopoxvirus iridovirus parvovirus tetravirus nodavirus reovirus picornavirus iflavirus densovirus birnavirus totivirus partitivirus hypovirulence mycovirus bacteriophage phage transduction conjugation transformation horizontal-gene-transfer vertical-gene-transfer mobile-genetic-element transposon plasmid integron genomic-island pathogenicity-island symbiosis-island metabolic-island resistance-island virulence-factor antibiotic-resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance fungicide-resistance bactericide-resistance nematicide-resistance molluscicide-resistance rodenticide-resistance resistance-management resistance-monitoring resistance-detection resistance-diagnosis resistance-mechanism metabolic-resistance target-site-resistance penetration-resistance behavioral-resistance cross-resistance multiple-resistance negative-cross-resistance synergism antagonism potentiation safener adjuvant surfactant spreader sticker extender buffer acidifier defoamer drift-retardant rainfastness UV-protectant formulation emulsifiable-concentrate wettable-powder water-dispersible-granule suspension-concentrate capsule-suspension microencapsulation nanotechnology controlled-release slow-release attract-and-kill sterile-insect-release inundative-release inoculative-release conservation augmentation classical neoclassical new-association targeted area-wide suppression protection production integrated-crop-management integrated-production organic-farming biodynamic-farming permaculture agroforestry silvopasture climate-smart-agriculture conservation-agriculture digital-agriculture smart-farming agriculture-4.0 internet-of-things big-data cloud-computing blockchain distributed-ledger traceability transparency certification standard governance stakeholder value-chain supply-chain food-system nutrition-security livelihood income employment gender youth social-inclusion equity fairness justice ethics animal-welfare environmental-protection biodiversity-conservation ecosystem-restoration land-degradation-neutrality desertification deforestation reforestation afforestation forest-restoration wetland-restoration grassland-restoration soil-restoration soil-health soil-organic-matter soil-carbon soil-biodiversity soil-fauna soil-microbiome rhizosphere phyllosphere anthroposphere technosphere biosphere ecosphere hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere pedosphere cryosphere climate-change global-warming greenhouse-gas carbon-dioxide methane nitrous-oxide fluorinated-gas carbon-sequestration carbon-storage carbon-sink carbon-source carbon-neutral carbon-negative net-zero climate-adaptation climate-mitigation climate-resilience vulnerability exposure sensitivity adaptive-capacity transition pathway scenario projection forecast prediction uncertainty risk hazard damage loss adaptation mitigation resilience sustainability sustainable-development sustainable-development-goals SDG Agenda-2030 Paris-Agreement Convention-on-Biological-Diversity CBD Nagoya-Protocol Cartagena-Protocol Aichi-Targets Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework post-2020-biodiversity-framework One-Health Planetary-Health EcoHealth One-Welfare One-World One-Future interdisciplinary transdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary intersectoral multistakeholder partnership collaboration cooperation network platform hub center-of-excellence capacity-development institutional-strengthening policy-support science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy science-diplomacy technology-transfer knowledge-transfer knowledge-exchange knowledge-sharing open-access open-data open-science open-innovation citizen-science community-based-monitoring action-research transformative-research solution-oriented-research problem-driven-research impact-oriented-research implementation-research operational-research applied-research basic-research fundamental-research strategic-research tactical-research adaptive-research innovation invention discovery breakthrough frontier emerging converging enabling disruptive transformative exponential digital biological physical cognitive social institutional technological ecological evolutionary revolutionary incremental radical systematic holistic integrated comprehensive inclusive participatory bottom-up top-down middle-out hybrid mixed-methods qualitative quantitative empirical theoretical conceptual analytical computational experimental observational descriptive correlational causal mechanistic predictive prescriptive normative evaluative assessment appraisal review audit evaluation outcome-evaluation process-evaluation cost-effectiveness cost-benefit cost-utility multi-criteria-decision-analysis stakeholder-analysis social-network-analysis institutional-analysis political-economy-analysis gender-analysis youth-analysis vulnerability-analysis risk-analysis uncertainty-analysis sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis systems-analysis life-cycle-assessment footprint water-footprint carbon-footprint ecological-footprint nitrogen-footprint biodiversity-footprint land-footprint material-footprint social-footprint health-footprint planetary-boundary safe-operating-space doughnut-economics regenerative restorative circular green blue bioeconomy circular-economy sharing-economy gig-economy platform-economy digital-economy knowledge-economy creative-economy care-economy wellbeing-economy degrowth post-growth steady-state doughnut sufficiency prosperity flourishing thriving buen-vivir ubuntu harmony balance equilibrium homeostasis robustness adaptability flexibility plasticity evolvability innovability transformability sustainability-science resilience-science complexity-science systems-science network-science data-science information-science computer-science cognitive-science behavioral-science social-science natural-science life-science earth-science environmental-science agricultural-science veterinary-science medical-science health-science nutrition-science food-science material-science engineering-science interdisciplinary-science transdisciplinary-science convergence-science team-science responsible-science ethical-science inclusive-science decolonized-science feminist-science indigenous-science traditional-knowledge local-knowledge expert-knowledge lay-knowledge tacit-knowledge codified-knowledge explicit-knowledge implicit-knowledge procedural-knowledge declarative-knowledge epistemic-knowledge ontological-knowledge practical-knowledge theoretical-knowledge scientific-knowledge indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge TEK farmers'-knowledge fishers'-knowledge herders'-knowledge hunters'-knowledge gatherers'-knowledge women's-knowledge men's-knowledge youth-knowledge elder-knowledge intergenerational-knowledge transgenerational-knowledge ancestral-knowledge inherited-knowledge learned-knowledge acquired-knowledge constructed-knowledge co-produced-knowledge participatory-knowledge collaborative-knowledge transdisciplinary-knowledge interdisciplinary-knowledge multidisciplinary-knowledge cross-disciplinary-knowledge integrated-knowledge holistic-knowledge systemic-knowledge complex-knowledge uncertain-knowledge ambiguous-knowledge contested-knowledge negotiated-knowledge agreed-knowledge shared-knowledge common-knowledge public-knowledge private-knowledge proprietary-knowledge open-knowledge free-knowledge accessible-knowledge usable-knowledge actionable-knowledge relevant-knowledge timely-knowledge credible-knowledge legitimate-knowledge salient-knowledge authoritative-knowledge stakeholder-knowledge policy-maker-knowledge practitioner-knowledge researcher-knowledge academic-knowledge technical-knowledge managerial-knowledge administrative-knowledge bureaucratic-knowledge political-knowledge economic-knowledge social-knowledge cultural-knowledge historical-knowledge geographical-knowledge ecological-knowledge biological-knowledge agricultural-knowledge environmental-knowledge climate-knowledge health-knowledge nutrition-knowledge food-knowledge safety-knowledge security-knowledge risk-knowledge disaster-knowledge emergency-knowledge crisis-knowledge conflict-knowledge peace-knowledge development-knowledge sustainability-knowledge resilience-knowledge adaptation-knowledge mitigation-knowledge transformation-knowledge innovation-knowledge technology-knowledge digital-knowledge data-knowledge information-knowledge communication-knowledge media-knowledge journalism-knowledge education-knowledge learning-knowledge training-knowledge capacity-knowledge institutional-knowledge 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Erannis
Erannis is a genus of geometer moths (Geometridae: Ennominae) erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus comprises approximately twelve species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in northern temperate zones. Several species are significant forest pests, with larvae feeding on coniferous and deciduous trees. Taxonomic placement remains debated: some authorities recognize the tribe Erannini with Erannis as type genus, while others merge this group into Boarmiini or Bistonini.
geometridae ennominae forest-pest larch defoliator wingless-female winter-moth biocontrol baculovirus pheromone Holarctic
Estigmene acrea
Salt Marsh Moth, Acrea Moth
Estigmene acrea, commonly known as the salt marsh moth or acrea moth, is a native North American moth in the family Erebidae. The species is notable for its highly variable caterpillar coloration, ranging from pale yellow to dark brown or black, and its unique relationship with pyrrolizidine alkaloids—compounds it can detoxify and convert into sex pheromones. Adults display striking sexual dimorphism: males have yellow-orange hindwings while females have white hindwings, with both sexes bearing black spots. The species exhibits unusual mating behavior including male lek formation and female calling.
moth tiger-moth caterpillar salt-marsh alkaloid pheromone lek polyphagous pest North-America
Eucosma giganteana
Giant Eucosma Moth
Eucosma giganteana is a North American tortricid moth and specialist herbivore of Silphium species. It has emerged as a major pest threatening the domestication of Silphium integrifolium (silflower), a novel perennial oilseed crop. Adults are active in early to mid-summer, with larvae damaging flower heads and root crowns. Flight capacity studies show adults can travel 23 km in 24 hours, with peak flight activity in morning hours.
pest specialist-herbivore silflower pheromone flight-capacity native-range prairie oilseed-crop integrated-pest-management
Euschistus conspersus
consperse stink bug
Euschistus conspersus, the consperse stink bug, is a pentatomid stink bug native to North America and an agricultural pest of processing tomatoes in California. Research has characterized its seasonal pheromone trap response dynamics and established laboratory life history parameters. Females attracted to methyl (2E,4Z)-decadienoate pheromone traps are exclusively reproductively active with matured eggs, enabling phenology-based management strategies targeting susceptible nymphal stages.
agricultural-pest stink-bug tomato-pest pheromone integrated-pest-management California-agriculture chemical-ecology pentatomidae heteroptera