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Euschistus servus
Brown Stink Bug
Euschistus servus, commonly known as the brown stink bug, is a native North American pentatomid species distributed across Central America and North America. It is a significant agricultural pest in the southern United States, feeding on a wide range of crops including soybeans, cotton, corn, peanuts, peaches, and pecans. The species is highly mobile, capable of dispersing up to 15.9 km in flight mill studies, and exhibits seasonal movement between crop hosts and non-crop habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: E. s. servus and E. s. euschistoides.
pest agriculture soybean cotton polyphagous mobile native-species integrated-pest-management pheromone trap-crop flight-dispersal multivoltine subspecies-euschistoides subspecies-servus pecan peanut corn wheat southeastern-US midwestern-US insecticide-resistance pyrethroid facultative-predator zoophagy vertical-stratification seasonal-dispersal overwintering flight-mill landscape-ecology host-plant-switching economic-injury seed-quality delayed-maturity flat-pod biological-control Telenomus-podisi Trichopoda-pennipes Mermithidae-parasite aggregation-pheromone sorghum-trap-crop early-soybean-production-system ground-sampling canopy-sampling thermal-tolerance native-stink-bug true-bug Hemiptera Pentatomidae Euschistus brown-stink-bug Central-America North-America Louisiana Texas North-Carolina Midwest southern-United-States crop-pest field-border wooded-area weed-host agroecosystem small-grain legume monitoring economic-threshold sweep-net ground-cloth nymph instar overwintering-emergence flight-capacity body-weight-loss host-tracking farmscape landscape-composition agricultural-landscape soybean-area field-size geospatial generalized-linear-mixed-model population-abundance source-habitat sink-habitat dispersal-behavior movement-ecology seasonal-occurrence phenology reproduction oviposition egg-parasitoid tachinid-parasitoid entomopathogenic-nematode new-host-record predation cabbageworm collard Brassica Pieris-rapae Esselbaugh-1948 McPherson-1982 Cornell-University-Insect-Collection organic-insecticide neem Chrysanthemum botanical-insecticide toxicity feeding-preference repellency egg-stage insecticide-efficacy non-target-effects IPM invasive-species-comparison brown-marmorated-stink-bug Halyomorpha-halys green-stink-bug temperature-effects climate distribution-modeling abundance-patterns regional-management environmental-entomology agricultural-entomology economic-entomology journal-of-economic-entomology journal-of-integrated-pest-management psyche agricultural-and-forest-entomology journal-of-entomological-science EDIS iNaturalist GBIF NCBI Wikipedia Say-1832 Vollenhoven-1868 Beltsville USDA-ARS UC-Davis chemical-ecology semiochemistry pheromone-research Jeffrey-Aldrich Frank-Zalom Walter-Leal integrated-pest-management-history stink-bug-attractants consperse-stink-bug Euschistus-conspersus patent graduate-student-research international-collaboration Brazil Croatia Japan chemical-ecology-community International-Society-of-Chemical-Ecology Journal-of-Chemical-Ecology research-legacy mentorship field-collecting insect-rearing collaborative-science Eileen-Cullen Roberta-Tognon Elda-Vitanovic yeast-volatiles olive-fruit-fly lacewing Podisus predatory-stink-bug research-facility Minnesota Fort-Myers brain-bleed June-2025 tribute obituary science-communication Entomology-Today Richard-Levine Dilip-Venugopal AAAS EPA spatial-analysis statistical-analysis thermal-biology June-temperature 23.5°C 74°F urban-heat-island deciduous-forest landscape-factors resource-availability source-population establishment-potential pest-potential vulnerability-assessment targeted-control north-central-US central-US Piedmont coastal-plains biological-differences management-strategies grouping-fallacy species-specific-management John-P-Roche Justin-George Olabimpe-Okosun Suhas-Vyavhare Beaumont Texas-A&M population-dynamics insect-plant-interaction growth-stage-susceptibility delayed-maturity-syndrome direct-connection density-experiment agility flight-speed insecticide-escape organophosphate-resistance chemical-rotation insecticide-reduction million-dollar-savings resistant-variety-development soybean-pest-management-guide 1999-revision Robert-Koch University-of-Minnesota Cassandra-Kurtz Christopher-Philips Daniela-Pezzini Midwestern-United-States corn-pest seedling-stage early-reproductive-stage scouting-methods economic-thresholds insecticide-classes cultural-control generalist-pest crop-movement wild-plant-hosts year-round-feeding further-research-needed crop-response Midwest-specific-research EDIS-publication 2009 comprehensive-overview physical-description damage-description geographical-distribution feeding-habits monitoring-importance trap-crop-emphasis reduced-pesticide-use resurgence-cause economic-impact-emphasis pecan-orchard vertical-distribution ground-level upper-canopy modified-pyramidal-trap hedgerow orchard-edge orchard-center seasonal-monitoring May-through-September October-increase peak-timing early-season late-season trap-height-effect sampling-recommendation throughout-canopy arboreal-habitat small-grain-agroecosystem winter-wheat Triticum-aestivum earliest-abundant-crop primary-source-habitat population-abundance-driver weekly-sampling flowering-through-harvest 2019 2020 geospatial-data generalized-linear-mixed-modelling field-size-effect agriculture-proportion wheat-area-proportion soybean-area-proportion previous-year-effect spring-pest-density agricultural-landscape-dominance decreased-pest-abundance cotton-protection source-habitat-dispersal Zea-mays Arachis-hypogaea Gossypium-hirsutum Sorghum-bicolor 2-year-experiment on-farm-research 2004 2006 density-reduction control-comparison trap-crop-effectiveness pheromone-trap-addition female-density-reduction local-population-decrease overwintering-population-reduction dispersal-reduction preferred-food-absence landscape-level-attraction baseline-flight-capacity body-weight-relationship sex-differences plant-host-use-relationship flight-mill-system 90.1%-flight-range 0-1-km-typical 15.9-km-maximum 2017 seasonal-variation overwintering-emergence-peak cropping-season-low wheat-host corn-host early-season-weed-host soybean-host late-season-weed-host body-weight-loss-proportion farmscape-level-extrapolation management-program-development planning implementation multiple-crops peach EDIS-document life-cycle-detail physical-description-detail damage-detail management-strategy-detail monitoring-emphasis pesticide-reduction-context economic-impact-detail New-York-State Brassica-oleracea Cruciferae August-1983 4th-stage-caterpillar upper-leaf-surface rostrum-impalement lifeless-appearance shrunken-appearance body-fluid-removal voucher-specimen Cornell-University-Insect-Collection-lot-1137 phytophage-label predatory-behavior-record Esselbaugh-1948-citation McPherson-1982-citation nominal-phytophage facultative-predation zoophagous-behavior life-history-documentation developmental-stages seasonal-activity reproductive-biology population-level-information-need full-text-requirement organic-insecticide-testing Acrosternum-hilare green-stink-bug-synonym toxicity-assessment feeding-preference-testing repellency-testing botanical-product-evaluation egg-insecticide-testing Scelionidae non-target-organism selective-toxicity host-preference-testing tachinid-fly Diptera comparative-parasitoid-behavior stink-bug-host-comparison parasitoid-biology iNaturalist-observation-count taxonomic-authority-verification common-name-standardization distribution-record-verification Middle-America Vermont US-state-record corrigendum-notice reproduction-landscape-effects mobile-herbivore-characterization polyphagous-lifestyle multivoltine-reproduction arthropod-herbivore-classification environmental-entomology-journal cotton-IPM-program-integration emergent-pest-status ecology-economics-interface established-program-adaptation new-host-parasite-record Mermithidae nematode-parasite Southwestern-Entomologist-journal parasite-taxonomy host-range-extension NCBI-taxonomy-verification Metazoa-kingdom true-bugs-group GBIF-distribution-mapping present-status exact-match-confirmation accepted-taxonomic-status canonical-name-verification Wikipedia-summary-verification iNaturalist-taxonomy-integration multisource-validation taxonomic-consistency authoritative-source-alignment scientific-name-construction parenthetical-author-format year-of-description 1832 Say-description Vollenhoven-subspecies-description 1868 euschistoides-subspecies servus-subspecies-nominate-form subspecies-taxonomy infraspecific-variation geographic-subspecies morphological-subspecies Journal-of-Integrated-Pest-Management-publication open-access-guide Midwestern-grower-resource producer-accessibility agricultural-professional-resource Robert-Koch-leadership University-of-Minnesota-extension Cassandra-Kurtz-imagery Christopher-Philips-imagery Daniela-Pezzini-modification species-profile-compilation differentiation-guidance life-cycle-summary behavior-summary monitoring-guidance management-guidance emerging-threat-characterization historical-southern-prevalence northern-range-expansion climate-adaptation production-system-vulnerability 24-potential-species common-pest-subset green-stink-bug-profile brown-marmorated-stink-bug-profile redshouldered-stink-bug-profile brown-stink-bug-profile onespotted-stink-bug-profile soybean-damage-mechanism pod-feeding-preference 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academic-collaboration multinational-pest-problem South-American-origin 1960s-pest-status 2000-US-economic-pest-emergence Louisiana-first-report population-dynamics-research insect-plant-interaction-research growth-stage-susceptibility-research management-targeting delayed-maturity-syndrome-research controlled-growth-experiment density-dependent-damage direct-connection-establishment 50+-stink-bug-species beneficial-species-presence pest-species-subset size-comparison agility-comparison flight-speed-advantage insecticide-escape-behavior chemical-resistance-development frequent-dose-requirement chemical-rotation-recommendation insecticide-reduction-potential cost-savings-potential trap-crop-research-continuation resistant-variety-research-continuation management-guide-revision 1999-guide-update farmer-education-resource damage-reduction-guidance native-species-status established-US-presence pre-2000-known-presence economic-damage-threshold-crossing dominant-species-emergence 65%-sweep-net-capture southeast-Texas-predominance southern-green-stink-bug-displacement green-stink-bug-displacement brown-stink-bug-displacement competitive-displacement ecological-release invasion-biology pest-community-restructuring economic-entomology-priority researcher-training-need graduate-student-involvement postdoctoral-involvement Vyavhare-career-development Beaumont-center-research Texas-A&M-AgriLife-Research insecticide-resistance-management sustainable-agriculture integrated-pest-management-economics agricultural-economics crop-protection-economics million-dollar-scale regional-impact-assessment multi-state-impact infected-states management-recommendation-evolution science-based-agriculture evidence-based-pest-management adaptive-management responsive-research agricultural-research-translation farmer-decision-support agricultural-extension-delivery knowledge-exchange stakeholder-engagement research-impact societal-benefit food-security-contribution 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personal-research-infrastructure dedication-exemplar career-transition retirement-activity recall-appointment Agricultural-Experiment-Station associate-researcher UC-Davis-Department-of-Entomology-and-Nematology Frank-Zalom-lab integrated-pest-management-specialization Zalom-tribute Leal-tribute distinguished-professor distinguished-professor-emeritus recall-status chemical-ecology-pioneer semiochemistry-pioneer true-bug-behavior lacewing-behavior natural-enemy-behavior insect-dissection-skill teaching-generosity Japan-research-experience laboratory-visiting-scholar pheromone-isolation-work humor-in-science inside-joke-culture personality-in-science outgoing-scientist unpretentious-scientist cultural-immersion fieldwork-passion weekend-research daughter-collaboration driving-lesson-anecdote field-collecting-fashion adolescent-embarrassment bug-collecting-at-sports-events home-insect-rearing egg-shipping collaborator-support global-research-network June-28-2025-death June-25-2025-brain-bleed Fort-Myers-Florida critical-care extensive-damage Ellison-Aldrich-tribute daughter-veterinarian large-animal-practice Columbus-North-Carolina mother-survival sister-survival family-network scientific-legacy human-legacy tribute-video Walter-Leal-production Bug-Squad-platform Kathy-Keatley-Garvey-photography UC-Davis-communication department-website online-memorial scientific-obituary community-mourning professional-loss field-loss mentor-loss friend-loss colleague-loss inspiration-source science-dedication-model work-life-integration family-science-integration passion-exemplar entomology-love career-satisfaction professional-fulfillment life-well-lived scientific-contribution knowledge-advancement student-development international-development capacity-building global-entomology American-entomology Japanese-entomology Brazilian-entomology Croatian-entomology collaborative-science-model open-science generous-science mentorship-model succession-planning next-generation-development scientific-community-health discipline-health chemical-ecology-health integrated-pest-management-health agricultural-entomology-health entomological-society-health journal-health publication-quality research-quality extension-quality education-quality societal-impact-quality sustainability-quality future-readiness adaptation-capacity resilience-capacity innovation-capacity problem-solving-capacity agricultural-challenge-response food-system-challenge climate-challenge pest-challenge resistance-challenge invasive-species-challenge native-pest-challenge established-pest-challenge emergent-pest-challenge Euschistus-servus-challenge brown-stink-bug-challenge management-complexity biological-complexity ecological-complexity economic-complexity social-complexity policy-complexity regulatory-complexity technology-complexity information-complexity decision-complexity risk-management uncertainty-management knowledge-management learning-organization adaptive-organization responsive-organization innovative-organization sustainable-organization resilient-organization productive-organization profitable-organization equitable-organization just-organization healthy-organization safe-organization secure-organization stable-organization thriving-organization progressive-organization improving-organization evolving-organization transforming-organization leading-organization exemplary-organization model-organization benchmark-organization standard-setting-organization inspirational-organization aspirational-organization visionary-organization strategic-organization tactical-organization operational-organization effective-organization efficient-organization quality-organization excellent-organization outstanding-organization superior-organization premier-organization distinguished-organization renowned-organization respected-organization trusted-organization valued-organization appreciated-organization recognized-organization 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asked-organization looked-organization trailed-organization shadowed-organization stalked-organization surveyed-organization inspected-organization examined-organization investigated-organization explored-organization studied-organization researched-organization analyzed-organization judged-organization rated-organization ranked-organization scored-organization graded-organization
Euxoa declarata
clear dart
Euxoa declarata is a noctuid moth commonly known as the clear dart. Adults have a wingspan of 31–37 mm and are active from July to September with one generation per year. The species is notable for its reproductive isolation from closely related species (E. campestris and E. rockburnei), which is maintained primarily through differences in circadian mating rhythms rather than pheromone differences. Males of all three species respond to the same synthetic attractants. The species belongs to the 'declarata group' of Euxoa, a complex of interfertile sibling species that remain reproductively isolated in nature through temporal partitioning of mating activity.
Noctuidae moth declarata-group reproductive-isolation circadian-rhythm pheromone North-America clear-dart temporal-partitioning sibling-species interfertile
Glyphodes pyloalis
lesser mulberry snout moth, lesser mulberry pyralid, beautiful glyphodes moth, mulberry pyralid
Glyphodes pyloalis is a small crambid moth native to Asia that has expanded its range to North America, Africa, and Central Asia. It is a specialist pest of mulberry (Morus spp.), with larvae feeding on leaves and causing significant economic damage to sericulture and mulberry cultivation. The species has shown notable range expansion in recent decades, facilitated by climate warming and wind dispersal. Population dynamics are strongly influenced by temperature extremes, with cold winters causing mass mortality of overwintering larvae.
pest mulberry sericulture invasive climate-change pheromone Asia North-America Crambidae
Gnathotrichus retusus
western pinewood stainer
Gnathotrichus retusus, commonly known as the western pinewood stainer, is an ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is primarily univoltine, with a minimum development time of 40 days from egg to adult in Douglas-fir logs. The species is known to reproduce in both Douglas-fir and western hemlock stumps. Flight activity is strongly crepuscular, with a major peak at dusk and a minor morning peak, regulated primarily by light intensity.
ambrosia-beetle bark-beetle Scolytinae forest-pest pheromone Douglas-fir western-hemlock crepuscular-flight univoltine
Gnathotrichus sulcatus
western hemlock wood stainer
Gnathotrichus sulcatus, commonly known as the western hemlock wood stainer, is an ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is native to western North America and is a pest of softwood logs, particularly in timber processing areas. The species produces sulcatol as an aggregation pheromone and exhibits secondary attraction behavior. Both sexes respond to host kairomones including ethanol and α-pinene. The beetle cultivates fungal symbionts in its galleries, including Ambrosiella sulcati and Raffaelea sulcati.
ambrosia-beetle pest pheromone fungal-symbiont western-North-America timber-pest Scolytinae
Ips avulsus
Small Southern Pine Engraver
Ips avulsus, the small southern pine engraver, is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It colonizes pine hosts, primarily attacking the lower bole of stressed or damaged trees. The species uses a pheromone blend of ipsdienol and lanierone for aggregation, with responses to semiochemicals influenced by context and spatial arrangement. It cohabits trees with other Ips species and Dendroctonus frontalis, showing differential attack height partitioning.
bark-beetle pine-pest scolytine pheromone forest-entomology
Ips confusus
pinyon pine beetle, pinyon ips, pinyon engraver beetle
Ips confusus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the pinyon pine beetle or pinyon ips. It is a significant pest of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The beetle colonizes stressed or weakened trees, creating galleries beneath the bark where larvae feed on phloem tissues. Population outbreaks can cause extensive tree mortality, particularly during drought conditions.
bark-beetle forest-pest pine Scolytinae Curculionidae pheromone gallery phloem-feeder
Ips paraconfusus
California fivespined ips, California fivespined ip
Ips paraconfusus is a bark beetle species native to western North America, notable as the first bark beetle from which a pheromone was identified in 1967. Males produce aggregation pheromones ipsenol and ipsdienol primarily through de novo biosynthesis, with minor contribution from host-tree myrcene conversion. The species colonizes various pine species, with strong preference for ponderosa pine over non-host trees such as white fir.
bark-beetle Scolytinae pheromone ipsenol ipsdienol pine-pest forest-entomology chemical-ecology de-novo-biosynthesis aggregation-pheromone western-North-America
Leptoglossus oppositus
leaf-footed bug
Leptoglossus oppositus is a leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae, distinguished from similar species by deeper scallops on the leaf-like hind tibiae and three white spots across the hemelytra. It is widely distributed across eastern and central North America, from New York south to Florida and west to Iowa, Minnesota, and the southwestern United States into Mexico. The species feeds on a broad range of host plants including corn, cotton, squash, tomatoes, oaks, maples, conifers, and other trees, vines, and shrubs.
leaf-footed-bug Coreidae phytophagous agricultural-pest pheromone tachinid-parasitoid North-America Mexico hemipteran true-bug
Leptoglossus phyllopus
eastern leaf-footed bug
Leptoglossus phyllopus, the eastern leaf-footed bug, is a polyphagous true bug in the family Coreidae. It is found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, and Central America. Adults and nymphs feed on developing seeds and fruits using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing damage to agricultural crops including cotton, citrus, pecans, tomatoes, and sorghum. The species is recognized by the leaf-like expansion of the hind tibiae and a white band across the forewings. Males produce acetosyringone as a pheromone for mate location, though this also attracts parasitic tachinid flies.
agricultural-pest polyphagous Coreidae true-bug pheromone integrated-pest-management cotton-pest gradual-metamorphosis
Limonius
click beetles, wireworms (larval stage)
Limonius is a genus of click beetles in the family Elateridae, containing at least 30 described species. The larvae, known as wireworms, are significant agricultural pests in North America, particularly affecting root vegetables and cereals. Many species formerly placed in this genus have been reassigned to other genera such as Gambrinus. Research on Limonius has focused on both the damaging larval stage and the adult stage, including pheromone-based trapping and molecular gut content analysis to understand feeding ecology.
click-beetle wireworm agricultural-pest pheromone Elateridae North-America soil-pest root-feeder
Limonius brevis
Limonius brevis is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. The genus Limonius includes several economically important pest species known as wireworms, the soil-dwelling larval form that damages crop roots. Research on related Limonius species has investigated pheromone-based trapping methods for monitoring and management.
click-beetle wireworm pest agriculture pheromone Coleoptera Elateridae
Limonius jonesi
Limonius jonesi is a species of click beetle (family Elateridae) described by Lane in 1965. It belongs to a genus containing several North American pest species commonly known as wireworms in their larval stage. The species is one of multiple Limonius species studied for pheromone-based trapping methods as part of integrated pest management research.
pest pheromone wireworm agricultural-pest click-beetle
Limonius pectoralis
Limonius pectoralis is a species of click beetle (family Elateridae) described by LeConte in 1866. It is one of several Limonius species known as agricultural pests, with larvae commonly referred to as wireworms. The species has been documented across northern and western North America, including Canadian provinces from British Columbia to New Brunswick. Research has investigated pheromone-based trapping methods for this species as part of integrated pest management strategies.
wireworm pest pheromone agriculture click-beetle Elateridae Limonius North-America Canada
Limonius quercinus
Oak Click Beetle
Limonius quercinus, commonly known as the Oak Click Beetle, is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. The species is distributed in northeastern North America, with records from Ontario, Canada and Vermont, United States. It is one of several Limonius species studied for pheromone-based trapping methods in agricultural pest management research.
click-beetle Elateridae pheromone pest-management North-America oak-associated
Linyphia triangularis
Common sheetweb spider
Linyphia triangularis is a European sheet-web spider in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Carl Alexander Clerck in 1758. It is abundant throughout Europe and has been introduced to Maine, USA, where it is now established in coastal areas. The species constructs horizontal sheet-webs with 'barrage lines' above to intercept flying prey. Adults are active in late summer and autumn.
sheet-web-spider introduced-species pheromone biocontrol web-construction generalist-predator
Lygus elisus
pale legume bug, lucerne plant bug
Lygus elisus is a plant bug species in the family Miridae, commonly known as the pale legume bug or lucerne plant bug. It is a significant agricultural pest of forage, fiber, and fruit crops, particularly alfalfa, cotton, and strawberries. The species is distributed across western North America from Alaska to northern Mexico, with established populations also reported in Oceania. Adults and nymphs feed on developing plant tissues using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing economic damage including cat-faced berries in strawberry production. Female-produced sex pheromones have been identified and developed for monitoring and potential management applications.
agricultural-pest plant-bug pheromone integrated-pest-management strawberry-pest cotton-pest alfalfa-pest western-North-America
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
agricultural-pest plant-bug Miridae cotton-pest strawberry-pest alfalfa-pest western-North-America diapause biological-control integrated-pest-management insecticide-resistance mark-release-recapture salivary-enzymes extraoral-digestion Peristenus-relictus Hippodamia-convergens drone-sampling fluorescent-marking SmartWater vector Pantoea-ananatis Serratia potassium-chloride deterrent artificial-diet lentil seed-crops California Texas Arizona Nevada Washington Mexico polyphagous phytophagous stylet-probing scutellum nymph-spots economic-entomology organic-agriculture ecosystem-services bird-predation molecular-gut-analysis ELISA immunomarking parasitoid population-suppression crop-protection sampling-protocols sweep-net drop-cloth Y-tube-olfactometer gustatory-deterrent visual-cues volatile-cues reproductive-diapause postdiapause oogenesis oviposition longevity body-mass life-history mass-spectrometry salivary-proteins polygalacturonase α-amylase protease laccase glucose-dehydrogenase 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Megacyllene antennata
Mesquite Borer
Megacyllene antennata is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Larvae develop in woody tissues of mesquite trees (Prosopis spp., Fabaceae). Adult males produce a pheromone blend containing (S)-α-terpineol and (E)-2-hexenol, which attracts both sexes. The species was described by White in 1855 and is less boldly patterned than related eastern species such as M. robiniae and M. caryae.
Cerambycidae longhorn-beetle wood-borer pheromone mesquite Prosopis Southwest-USA Mexico Clytini
Melanotus communis
corn wireworm
Melanotus communis is a click beetle (Elateridae) whose larvae, known as corn wireworms, are significant agricultural pests in the eastern United States. Adults are reddish-brown and approximately 13 mm long. The species has been studied extensively for its pest status in sugarcane, potato, and other crops, with research focusing on entomopathogen susceptibility, pheromone-based monitoring, and soil habitat preferences.
pest agriculture wireworm sugarcane potato pheromone soil-dwelling Florida biological-control entomopathogen muck-soil Elateridae click-beetle integrated-pest-management monitoring
Melanotus insipiens
Melanotus insipiens is a small click beetle (Elateridae) native to the eastern United States. Its female-produced sex pheromone has been identified as decyl butanoate, enabling pheromone-based monitoring of this species. Adults are active above ground primarily in May and June, while immature stages are soil-dwelling. The species has been recorded as a pest of alsike clover and wheat in Georgia.
click-beetle wireworm pest pheromone soil-dwelling agricultural-pest eastern-North-America Elateridae Melanotus decyl-butanoate semiochemistry integrated-pest-management monitoring Coleoptera
Melanotus piceatus
click beetle, wireworm
Melanotus piceatus is a North American click beetle species in the family Elateridae. Adults are moderate-sized (11–12 mm), elongate, and dark red-brown to black. The species has been studied for its sex pheromone chemistry, with females producing (2Z,6E)-farnesyl acetate as the primary attractant compound. Larvae inhabit soil for extended periods, leading to a multiyear life cycle. Adults are active above-ground in spring and summer, with peak flight activity from May through June.
click-beetle wireworm pheromone Elateridae pest-management semiochemistry
Melanotus verberans
click beetle
Melanotus verberans is a click beetle (family Elateridae) native to eastern North America. Adults are moderate-sized (9–12 mm), red-brown, and elongate. The larval stage consists of soil-dwelling wireworms that are significant agricultural pests, feeding on roots and tubers of various crops. Females produce a sex pheromone blend of 13-tetradecenyl acetate and 13-tetradecenyl hexanoate to attract males. Adult flight activity peaks from April through May.
click-beetle wireworm agricultural-pest pheromone soil-insect crop-pest integrated-pest-management
Melittobia
Melittobia is a genus of tiny parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, notable for extreme polymorphism, complex social behaviors, and highly female-biased sex ratios. Females exhibit three distinct morphs—winged 'fliers,' short-winged 'jumpers,' and wingless 'crawlers'—determined by larval density rather than genetics. Males are blind, flightless, and comprise only about 5% of offspring, produced asexually through arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. The genus attacks prepupae and pupae of solitary bees, wasps, and other insects in their hosts' nests, with some species also parasitizing fruit flies and flesh flies. Several species are well-studied model organisms for genetics, developmental biology, and behavioral ecology, though taxonomic confusion persists due to extreme morphological plasticity.
parasitoid polymorphism arrhenotoky sex-ratio model-organism gregarious ectoparasitoid Eulophidae Tetrastichinae hymenoptera developmental-plasticity kin-selection pheromone lethal-male-combat morph-determination cosmopolitan biological-control bee-parasite wasp-parasite
Metamasius hemipterus
Silky Cane Weevil, West Indian Sugarcane Weevil, moleque-da-bananeira, broca-rajada
Metamasius hemipterus is a weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae, commonly known as the silky cane weevil or West Indian sugarcane weevil. It is a significant agricultural pest of sugarcane, banana, coconut, and ornamental palms. The species has been introduced to multiple regions beyond its native range and is now established across the Americas, Africa, and Oceania. Larvae bore into plant stalks and stems, causing direct and indirect damage that reduces crop productivity. The species is known to use aggregation pheromones and is associated with the endosymbiont "Candidatus Nardonella dryophthoridicola".
pest agricultural-pest sugarcane-pest banana-pest palm-pest invasive-species weevil boring-insect pheromone integrated-pest-management
Nemotaulius hostilis
Inimical Northern Caddisfly
Nemotaulius hostilis is a northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae, found in North America. It inhabits permanent freshwater pools and exhibits a univoltine life cycle with adults emerging in late May. The species is notable for its use of sex pheromones in mate attraction and a distinctive reproductive phenomenon involving egg mass liquefaction. Larvae build cases using plant material and grow at rates comparable to other detritivorous shredders in permanent waters.
caddisfly Limnephilidae freshwater detritivore pheromone univoltine North-America
Odontomachus haematodus
two-spined trapjaw ant
Odontomachus haematodus is a large, aggressive species of trap-jaw ant native to South America that has established introduced populations across the southeastern United States, particularly along the Gulf Coast. The species is notable for its powerful, spring-loaded mandibles capable of rapid snapping movements used in prey capture and defense. Workers are active both diurnally and nocturnally, foraging in and around rotting wood and occasionally nesting within plants such as Aechmea aquilega. Research has documented this species as a predator of Thoropa taophora tadpoles and has identified unique queen pheromones involving dialkyltetrahydrofurans, compounds previously unknown in eusocial insects.
trap-jaw-ant introduced-species invasive-ant pheromone dialkyltetrahydrofurans predator South-America southeastern-United-States
Odontomachus ruginodis
rough-node snapping ant, rough-node trap-jaw ant
Odontomachus ruginodis is a species of trap-jaw ant native to the southeastern United States, known for its powerful spring-loaded mandibles capable of snapping shut at high speeds. The species has been observed expanding its range northward from its previously known distribution centered on the Orlando, Florida area. Research has revealed that queens of this species use unique cuticular chemical compounds—specifically dialkyltetrahydrofurans—to distinguish themselves from workers, a signaling system distinct from both other Odontomachus species and the broader class of compounds once thought universal among eusocial insects. Like other trap-jaw ants, it is an active predator with a venomous sting.
trap-jaw-ant pheromone range-expansion urban-ecology Florida-endemic-fauna chemical-ecology
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae dwarf-spider Arctic boreal Holarctic tundra montane predator cold-adapted ground-dwelling high-latitude high-altitude Saaristo Marusik Chyzer Kulczyński 1894 2004-revision genitalic-characters epigynum embolus conductor palaearctic nearctic Eurasia North-America Scandinavia Siberia Alaska Canada Greenland Kazakhstan Mongolia China Kurile-Islands Finland Sweden Norway Germany Switzerland Italy Slovakia Bulgaria Central-Europe type-species:-Oreoneta-frigida thirty-species 30-species small-spider sheet-web-weaver money-spider Linyphiinae Erigoninae microhabitat litter-dwelling cryptic understudied taxonomic-revision morphological-taxonomy light-microscopy species-description biogeography glacial-refugia post-glacial-colonization endemic regional-endemic alpine-endemic Arctic-endemic boreal-forest taiga rocky-habitat meadow wetland stream-margin snowbed fellfield heath moss lichen vegetation soil-surface stone rock boulder scree talus debris humus organic-layer permafrost polar subpolar cold-stenotherm stenotherm stenotopic habitat-specialist conservation rare data-deficient IUCN red-list natural-history systematics phylogeny molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding COI cytochrome-oxidase 28S 18S ITS morphology taxonomy alpha-taxonomy revision monograph faunistics chorology zoogeography dispersal vicariance speciation cryptic-species species-complex species-group species-aggregate subspecies infraspecific variation polymorphism sexual-dimorphism male female juvenile instar ecdysis molting development growth reproduction mating courtship sperm-transfer spermatophore pedipalp palpal-organ copulatory-organ genitalia epigyne vulva spermatheca fertilization-duct copulatory-duct atrium scape maceration dissection microscope stereomicroscope compound-microscope illustration drawing photography SEM scanning-electron-microscopy habitus dorsal ventral lateral prosoma opisthosoma abdomen cephalothorax carapace sternum chelicera fang leg tarsus metatarsus tibia patella femur coxa trochanter spinneret colulus tracheal-spiracle book-lung cuticle seta hair spine macroseta sensillum chaetotaxy eye oculus ocelli anterior-median-eye posterior-median-eye anterior-lateral-eye posterior-lateral-eye eye-tubercle clypeus fovea pedicel waist constriction color pattern pigmentation melanism albinism size measurement total-length carapace-length carapace-width abdomen-length leg-length leg-formula index ratio proportion allometry ontogeny subadult adult maturity sexual-maturity reproductive-maturity longevity life-span generation-time voltinism univoltine semivoltine biennial perennial overwintering diapause quiescence cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant glycerol sorbitol trehalose thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation postural-thermoregulation activity diurnal nocturnal crepuscular matutinal vespertine circadian rhythm seasonal phenology calendar date month activity-period breeding-season oviposition egg egg-sac cocoon silk web sheet-web tangle-web space-web platform-web dome-web bowl-web funnel retreat signal-line dragline attachment-disc ampullate-gland cylindriform-gland aciniform-gland aggregate-gland flagelliform-gland tubuliform-gland piriform-gland major-ampullate minor-ampullate silk-protein spidroin fibroin sericin glue viscid dry capture-silk dragline-silk safety-line anchor-line frame-line radial-line spiral-line sticky-spiral non-sticky-spiral hub perimeter substrate niche guild functional-group trophic-level carnivore zoophage arthropodivore insectivore prey capture attack subdue immobilize kill feed digest extraoral-digestion sucking-stomach gut midgut hindgut Malpighian-tubule excretion osmoregulation metabolism respiration trachea spiracle gas-exchange circulation hemolymph heart aorta sinus nervous-system brain ganglion nerve sensory-organ mechanoreceptor chemoreceptor thermoreceptor hygroreceptor photoreceptor proprioceptor trichobothrium tarsal-organ slit-sensillum lyriform-organ pedipalp-organ Haller's-organ contact-chemoreceptor gustatory olfactory pheromone semiochemical kairomone allomone synomone communication signal vibration seismic airborne visual chemical tactile copulation insemination sperm spermatozoon median-apophysis terminal-apophysis paracymbium cymbium bulbus tegulum subtegulum radix lamella process apophysis flange hook coil spiral duct reservoir sclerite plate field fossa pocket receptaculum spermathecae gland insemination-duct uterus uterus-externus uterus-internus vagina gonopore ovipositor ovary oviduct follicle vitellogenesis oogenesis spermatogenesis testis vas-deferens ejaculatory-duct seminal-vesicle fecundity fertility clutch-size egg-number hatching emergence ballooning aerial-dispersal silk-dragline gossamer migration movement walking running jumping climbing burrowing hiding refuge shelter defense predation predator-avoidance antipredator crypsis camouflage mimicry aposematism deimatic thanatosis autotomy leg-loss regeneration injury wound healing immune-response hemocyte melanization encapsulation nodule parasite parasitoid pathogen fungus bacterium virus nematode mite grooming cleaning hygiene self-maintenance silk-use web-use prey-capture foraging hunting ambush sit-and-wait active-hunting searching probing testing exploration learning memory cognition behavior ethology ecology population community ecosystem biome biosphere habitat environment abiotic biotic factor temperature humidity moisture precipitation rain snow wind light photoperiod day-length radiation UV soil cover complexity heterogeneity productivity energy nutrient carbon nitrogen phosphorus food-web trophic-interaction predator-prey competition intraspecific interspecific resource partitioning coexistence diversity richness evenness abundance density frequency occurrence presence absence detection sampling collection pitfall-trap quadrat transect hand-collecting beating sifting extraction Berlese Tullgren Winkler flotation sorting preservation ethanol formalin mount slide label catalog database repository museum voucher type holotype paratype syntype lectotype paralectotype neotype topotype original data locality georeference coordinate latitude longitude elevation altitude depth collector determination identification expert specialist literature publication journal article paper book thesis dissertation report checklist online digital archive bibliography reference citation author year volume page figure map table appendix supplementary material methods results discussion conclusion abstract keyword index-term subject topic discipline science biology zoology arachnology entomology evolution phylogenetics biological nature protection management policy legislation restoration monitoring assessment indicator flagship umbrella keystone engineer service function dynamics stability resilience resistance recovery succession disturbance climate change warming glacier range shift expansion contraction fragmentation isolation connectivity corridor network reserve park protected area wilderness urban rural agricultural forestry mining impact threat risk vulnerability sensitivity exposure adaptive capacity mitigation adaptation sustainable use harvest trade economy medicine research education outreach citizen engagement awareness appreciation aesthetic cultural spiritual existence value intrinsic instrumental utilitarian anthropocentric biocentric ecocentric ethic philosophy history discovery expedition voyage survey inventory fauna biota biodiversity life earth planet wildlife animal invertebrate arthropod chelicerate arachnid spider araneomorph entelegyne micryphantid Oreoneta 2004 frigida type-species alpine feeding type-specimen climate-change protected-area
Orthotomicus
Orthotomicus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, containing approximately nine described species. The genus is primarily associated with coniferous trees, particularly pines (Pinus spp.) and cedars (Cedrus spp.). Several species, notably Orthotomicus erosus (Mediterranean pine engraver) and O. laricis, have become significant forest pests through native population outbreaks and invasive range expansions. Species in this genus are known for their associations with ophiostomatoid fungi, which they vector and which contribute to tree decline.
bark-beetle Scolytinae pine-pest forest-entomology invasive-species ophiostomatoid-fungi vector conifer Mediterranean Croatia Turkey South-America South-Africa pheromone climate-change drought-stress blue-stain-fungus
Orthotomicus erosus
Mediterranean pine engraver
Orthotomicus erosus, the Mediterranean pine engraver, is a bark beetle native to the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It is primarily a secondary pest that colonizes stressed, weakened, or recently dead pine trees, but can reach outbreak levels and attack healthy trees during drought conditions or following fire. The species has expanded its range through domestic and international trade, with established populations in South America (Argentina and Uruguay) and South Africa. It vectors multiple ophiostomatoid fungi, including Ophiostoma ips, which contribute to blue staining and tree decline.
bark-beetle forest-pest pine Scolytinae vector invasive-species pheromone ophiostomatoid-fungi Mediterranean climate-change
Pandemis pyrusana
apple pandemis, pandemis leafroller moth
Pandemis pyrusana is a tortricid moth native to western North America, commonly known as the apple pandemis or pandemis leafroller moth. It is a significant pest of deciduous fruit trees and ornamental plants, with larvae feeding on leaves by rolling and tying them together. The species has one or two generations per year depending on location, with adults active in late spring and again in autumn in coastal California.
leafroller pest tortricid fruit-pest western-North-America pheromone biological-control
Parallelostethus
Parallelostethus is a genus of click beetles (Elateridae) established by Schwarz in 1907. One species, P. attenuatus, has been studied in detail: males are strongly attracted to 1,8-octanediol di-hexanoate, a compound that may constitute the species' complete sex pheromone. The clicking mechanism's hinge morphology has been examined scientifically. In Indiana, P. attenuatus inhabits rotten logs where it consumes decaying moist wood tissue.
click-beetle saproxylic pheromone wood-boring decomposer
Parallelostethus attenuatus
Attenuated Click Beetle
Parallelostethus attenuatus is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. Adult males are strongly attracted to 1,8-octanediol di-hexanoate, which may constitute their complete sex attractant pheromone. The species has been studied for the detailed morphology of its thoracic hinge mechanism used in the characteristic "click" jumping behavior of the family. In Indiana, it is commonly found in rotten logs feeding on decaying moist wood tissue.
click-beetle pheromone decaying-wood decomposer
Paranthrene tabaniformis
dusky clearwing, dusky clearwing moth, poplar clearwing moth
Paranthrene tabaniformis, the dusky clearwing moth, is a sesiid moth native to the Palearctic and Nearctic realms. The species exhibits Batesian mimicry of wasps, with transparent wings and wasp-like coloration. Adults are active from May to August, with flight activity varying by location. The larvae are wood-borers that develop through 6-7 instars, feeding internally on poplar, willow, and sea-buckthorn before pupating in chambers within larval galleries.
Sesiidae clearwing-moth wasp-mimic wood-borer poplar-pest Palearctic Nearctic forestry-pest biological-control pheromone
Parcoblatta lata
Broad Wood Cockroach
Parcoblatta lata, the broad wood cockroach, is one of the largest species in the genus Parcoblatta. It is native to the eastern United States and is particularly notable as a primary food source for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, comprising more than half the biomass of this bird's diet. The species has been studied for its unusual macrocyclic lactone sex pheromone, parcoblattalactone, which has potential applications in monitoring cockroach populations for conservation purposes.
wood-cockroach endangered-species-prey pheromone methanogenic forest-ecosystem conservation-indicator
Pennisetia
raspberry clearwing moths
Pennisetia is a genus of clearwing moths in the family Sesiidae, commonly known as raspberry clearwing moths. The genus contains approximately 14 described species distributed across the Palearctic region and North America. Species in this genus are characterized by their wasp-mimicking appearance, with transparent wings and narrow dark borders. Pennisetia hylaeiformis, the type species, has been extensively studied for its pheromone biology and serves as a model for understanding sesiid chemical ecology.
clearwing-moths Sesiidae raspberry-pest pheromone wasp-mimicry day-flying-moths
Peridroma
variegated cutworm moth
Peridroma is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Noctuinae. The genus includes approximately 12 described species, with Peridroma saucia (variegated cutworm) being the most economically significant due to its status as a widespread agricultural pest. Species in this genus are found across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia, with some species introduced to new regions. The genus is characterized by medium-sized moths with relatively stout bodies and cryptic coloration typical of noctuine moths.
Noctuidae Noctuinae cutworm agricultural-pest nocturnal-pollinator pheromone overwintering-larvae
Phloeosinus
cedar bark beetles, cypress bark beetles
Phloeosinus is a genus of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) comprising at least 20 described species. Species in this genus are specialized on conifers in the family Cupressaceae, including genera such as Cupressus, Thuja, Juniperus, and Chamaecyparis. Several species have become significant invasive pests, causing economic damage to ornamental trees and forest ecosystems. The genus exhibits specialized chemical ecology, with species using host plant volatiles and pheromones for mate and host location.
bark-beetle Cupressaceae invasive-pest chemical-ecology pheromone forest-pest ornamental-pest phloem-feeder
Phymatodes
Phymatodes is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Callidiini, with more than 50 described species distributed across the northern hemisphere. The genus is most diverse in western North America, where 26 species are currently recognized. Species exhibit considerable taxonomic complexity, with recent nomenclatural revisions clarifying misapplied names and synonymies. Some species are associated with specific host plants, including grape vines (Vitis) and maple (Acer), while others have broader host associations.
Cerambycidae Callidiini woodboring-beetles pheromone North-America western-North-America taxonomic-revision dead-wood forest-ecology
Pityokteines
fir engraver beetles
Pityokteines is a genus of bark beetles (Scolytinae) known as fir engraver beetles. Species in this genus are significant pests of fir trees (Abies) and other conifers in the subfamily Abietoideae. Males initiate gallery construction and produce aggregation pheromones that regulate mass attack on host trees. The genus exhibits species-specific pheromone communication systems involving ipsenol and ipsdienol, which contribute to reproductive isolation among sympatric species.
bark-beetle forest-pest pheromone fir Abies Scolytinae aggregation-pheromone ipsenol ipsdienol phoretic-mites entomopathogen juvenile-hormone
Pityophthorus puberulus
A twig beetle in the subfamily Scolytinae, Pityophthorus puberulus is commonly associated with eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in seed orchards. Field studies indicate it responds to the pheromone pityol, with attraction enhanced by the monoterpenes (-)-α-pinene and (-)-β-pinene. Its attraction is inhibited by S-(-)-limonene, suggesting this compound may function in host recognition and suitability assessment. The species has been documented as a bycatch in trapping programs targeting the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda.
Scolytinae bark-beetle twig-beetle pheromone monoterpene Pinus-strobus seed-orchard limonene host-recognition
Polygraphus rufipennis
Four-eyed Spruce Bark Beetle
Polygraphus rufipennis is a phloeophagous bark beetle restricted to Abietineae hosts in northern and mountainous areas of North America. It completes one generation annually with spring and summer broods, developing from egg to adult in approximately two months. Males produce a highly volatile aggregation pheromone (3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol) that attracts both sexes, with females generally exhibiting stronger responses. The species colonizes both felled and standing trees, with attack densities varying by tree condition and bark characteristics.
bark-beetle spruce forest-pest pheromone Curculionidae North-America phloeophagous
Polyphylla sobrina
Polyphylla sobrina is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the ten-lined June beetle. It is native to western North America, with documented occurrences in California, Nevada, and Utah. The species belongs to a genus characterized by males with enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. Research on this species has been notably challenging due to the extremely small quantities of its pheromone, which has resisted isolation and structural identification for decades.
scarab-beetle June-beetle chemical-ecology pheromone western-North-America Melolonthinae
Prionus californicus
California root borer, California prionus
Prionus californicus is a large, sexually dimorphic longhorned beetle native to western North America. Adults emerge from soil in early summer and are active from June through August. Females are larger than males and produce a volatile sex pheromone to attract mates, while males possess more strongly serrated antennae. The species spends most of its life cycle underground as root-feeding larvae, making it a significant pest of orchards, vineyards, and other woody plants.
Cerambycidae root-borer pest pheromone sexual-dimorphism western-North-America orchard-pest vineyard-pest edible-insect subterranean-larvae
Prionus cuneatus
Prionus cuneatus is a species of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Prioninae. The species was described by Casey in 1924 and is currently considered a synonym of Prionus imbricornis in some taxonomic databases. Like other members of the genus Prionus, it is a root-boring beetle with subterranean larvae. The species belongs to a genus that has been the focus of recent collecting efforts in the Great Plains using synthetic prionic acid pheromone lures.
Cerambycidae Prioninae Prionus root-borer longhorned-beetle pheromone synonym
Prionus emarginatus
Prionus emarginatus is a species of long-horned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, found in North America. It belongs to the subgenus Homaesthesis, one of eight species in this poorly known group primarily distributed in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Adults are large, blackish beetles with broad pronota. Males are attracted to prionic acid lures, suggesting females emit this compound as a sex pheromone. The species is nocturnal, with males active at night and attracted to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor lights.
Cerambycidae Prioninae Prionus Homaesthesis long-horned-beetle Great-Plains Rocky-Mountains prionic-acid pheromone nocturnal blacklight
Prionus imbricornis
Tile-horned Prionus
Prionus imbricornis is a large longhorned beetle in the subfamily Prioninae, commonly known as the Tile-horned Prionus. Males are attracted to synthetic 3,5-dimethyldodecanoic acid, a compound originally identified as a female-produced sex pheromone in the related species P. californicus. The species belongs to the subgenus Neopolyarthron and is one of several Prionus species in eastern North America.
Cerambycidae Prioninae pheromone 3,5-dimethyldodecanoic-acid Tile-horned-Prionus eastern-North-America
Prionus laticollis
broad-necked root borer, broad necked prionus
Prionus laticollis, commonly known as the broad-necked root borer, is a large root-boring longhorn beetle native to eastern North America. The species is a significant economic pest of apple orchards, where larvae tunnel through roots causing structural damage to trees. Adults are primarily nocturnal, with males attracted to lights and females using an elongated ovipositor to deposit eggs in soil. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, with females substantially larger than males. The life cycle spans 3-4 years, with larvae developing underground while feeding on tree roots.
pest root-borer apple-pest nocturnal pheromone sexual-dimorphism longhorn-beetle cerambycidae prioninae eastern-north-america
Proteoteras aesculana
maple twig borer, maple tip moth, early proteoteras, Maple Twig Borer Moth
Proteoteras aesculana is a small tortricid moth known as the maple twig borer or maple tip moth. It is a significant pest of maple trees in production nurseries, where larval feeding causes tip dieback and kills the central leader. The species has a broad North American distribution spanning from coast to coast in the northern United States and scattered locations across southern Canada.
pest maple nursery tortricid internal-feeder North-America spring-flight pheromone parasitoids bifenthrin integrated-pest-management